!"#$%&%$ (#%)*+ !"#$%&%$ ,-./%+0 1!,2 3%4#5.

+%$ 6%7$87%+0


! = "g SG =
"
H
2
O@4
!
C
"
v =

"

9-#77:-# 6.-%.+%84 ;<#.= ,.7 >.(

p = !h + p
o
p = "RT


?0<-87+.+%$ @8-$# 84 . 9=.4# !:-&.$#

F
R
= !h
c
A

! y = y
c
+
I
x x
Ay
c
! x = x
c
+
I
x y
Ay
c

A#-48:==% BC:.+%84 D.77 @=8( E.+# 68=:5# @=8( E.+# F/#-.)# 6#=8$%+0

p
!
+
V
2
2g
+ z = const m = "V #dA
A
$
Q= V #dA
A
$
V =
"V #dA
$
A"


E#048=<7 G-.47"8-+ G*#8-#5


DB
SYS
Dt
=
!
!t
"#d$+ "
CS
%
CV
%
#VdA
H84+%4:%+0 BC:.+%84

0 =
!
!t
"d#+ "VdA
CS
$
CV
$


>%4#.- D85#4+:5 BC:.+%847 %4 H.-+#7%.47 H88-<%4.+#7

F
x
= F
Sx
+ F
Bx
=
!
!t
u"d#+ u"VdA
CS
$
CV
$


F
y
= F
Sy
+ F
By
=
!
!t
v"d#+ v"VdA
CS
$
CV
$


F
z
= F
Sz
+ F
Bz
=
!
!t
w"d#+ w"VdA
CS
$
CV
$


>%4#.- D85#4+:5 BC:.+%84 &8- . H84+-8= 68=:5# 58/%4) (%+* $847+.4+ /#=8$%+0

FS + FB =
!
!t
Vxyz"d#+ Vxyz"VxyzdA
CS
$
CV
$

D8/%4)I J84K<#&8-5%4) H84+-8= 68=:5#
If the contiol volume moves at a constant velocity


then
!
V
CV
!Vxyz =V "
!
V
CV

wheie:

VCV = contiol volume velocity,

V xyz = ielative velocity with iespect to the !" anu

V = absolute
velocity. The ielative velocity

V xyz is the fluiu velocity seen by an obseivei moving with the contiol
volume. The contiol volume velocity,

VCV , is the velocity of the contiol volume as seen fiom a fixeu
cooiuinateu system

>%4#.- D85#4+:5 BC:.+%847 &8- HL6 (%+* E#$+%=%4#.- F$$#=#-.+%84

F
Sx
+ F
Bx
! a
refx
"d#=
$
$t
u
xyz
"d#+ u
xyz
"VxyzdA
CS
%
CV
%
CV
%


F
Sy
+ F
By
! a
refy
"d#=
$
$t
v
xyz
"d#+ v
xyz
"V xyzdA
CS
%
CV
%
CV
%


F
Sz
+ F
Bz
! a
refz
"d#=
$
$t
w
xyz
"d#+ w
xyz
"VxyzdA
CS
%
CV
%
CV
%

F4):=.- D85#4+:5 9-%4$%"=#


r ! FS + (r ! g)
CV
"
#d$+ Tshaft =
%
%t
r !V#d$+ r !
!
V #VdA
CS
"
CV
"

,#4#-.= B4#-)0 BC:.+%84



If steauy flow, wheie

B4#-)0 BC:.+%84 &8- 7+#.<0I 84#K<%5#47%84.= &=8(I %4$85"-#77%M=# &=:%< %4 . "%"# (flow fiom 1
!2)


p
1
!
+
V
1
2
2g
+ z
1
+ H
p
=
p
2
!
+
V
2
2
2g
+ z
2
+ H
t
+ H
L

98(#- )#4#-.+#< M0 +*# +:-M%4#



W
T
= m gH
T
!
T
wheie

!
T
: efficiency


98(#- -#C:%-#5#4+ M0 . ":5"



W
P
=
m gH
P
!
P
=
Q"H
P
!
P
wheie

!
P
: efficiency
D8+%84 8& . @=:%< 9.-+%$=# 13%4#5.+%$72


!
V = u(x, y, z, t)

i + v(x, y, z, t)

j + w(x, y, z, t)

k


!
a =
D
!
V
Dt
= u
!
!
V
!x
+ v
!
!
V
!y
+ w
!
!
V
!z
+
!
!
V
!t

N%&&#-#4+%.= H84+%4:%+0 BC:.+%84


N%&&#-#4+%.= D85#4+:5 BC:.+%847 &8- . J#(+84%.4 @=:%<O J./%#-K!+8P#7 BC:.+%847







N%5#47%84.= F4.=07%7 Q N#+#-5%4.+%84 8& 9% G#-57
1. List all vaiiables that aie involveu in the pioblem.
2. Expiess each vaiiable in teims of basic uimensions.
S. Beteimine the iequiieu numbei of Pi teims.
4. Select a numbei of iepeating vaiiables, wheie the numbei iequiieu is equal to the numbei of
iefeience uimensions (usually the same as the numbei of basic uimensions).
S. Foim a Pi teim by multiplying one of the non-iepeating vaiiables by the piouuct of iepeating
vaiiables each iaiseu to an exponent that will make the combination uimensionless.
6. Repeat Step S foi each one of the iemaining vaiiables.
7. Check all iesulting Pi teims to make suie they aie uimensionless.
8. Expiess the final foim as a ielationship among the Pi teims anu think about what it means.
!%5%=%+:<#O to achieve similaiity between mouel anu piototype it is iequiieu complete geometiic,
kinematic, anu uynamic similaiity. In auuition, all the coiiesponuing Pi teims must be equal
between mouel anu piototype.



!"u
!x
+
!"v
!y
+
!"w
!z
+
!"
!t
= 0
;4+#-4.= ;4$85"-#77%M=# 6%7$8:7 @=8( 1@=8( %4 9%"#2
D.R8- ?#.< =877#7

H
loss
= f
l
D
!
"
#
$
%
&
V
2
2g
Baicy - Weisbach equation
foi laminai flow,

f = !(Re) foi tuibulent flow,

H
l
= f = ! Re,
"
D
#
$
%
&
'
( ;

Re =
!VD

Equation-Baseu Coiielations foi the Baicy Fiiction Factoi:











D%48- ?#.< >877#7

H
loss
= K
i
!
V
2
2g
wheie

K
i
-> loss coefficient
minoi losses can be also calculateu using equivalent lengths,








H
loss
m
= f
L
e
D
!
"
#
$
%
&
V
2
2g
'
BS+#-4.= @=8(
A8:4<.-0 >.0#- &=8( 8/#- . &=.+ "=.+#
$%&'(%) *+,-


!
x
=
5.48
Re
x
; C
f
=
0.730
Re
x
(using a velocity profile
u
U
= 2
y
!
"
#
$
%
&
' (
y
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
2
)
./)0/+1(2 *+,- (

5 !10
5
< Re
x
<10
7
)


!
x
=
0.382
Re
x
1 5
; C
f
=
0.0594
Re
x
1 5
(using a velocity profile
u
U
=
y
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
1 7
)

wheie the Skin fiiction coefficient !* is given by

C
f
=
!
w
1
2
"U
2

N-.) H8#&&%$%#4+

C
D
=
F
D
1
2
!V
2
A
=
"
w
dA
PS
#
1
2
!V
2
A
; where PS: plate surface
9:-# @-%$+%84 N-.)O @=8( 8/#- . &=.+ "=.+# ".-.==#= +8 +*# &=8(
$%&'(%) *+,-O

C
D
=
1.33
Re
L
T
./)0/+1(2 *+,-3

C
D
=
0.0742
Re
L
1 5
(valid for 5 !10
5
< Re
L
<10
7
)

C
D
=
0.455
(logRe
L
)
2.58
(valid for Re
L
<10
9
)
4,) % 5,/(6%)7 +%71) 28%2 '9 '('2'%++7 +%&'(%) %(6 /(61):,19 2)%(9'2',( %2 9,&1 ;,'(2 ,( 281 ;+%21


C
D
=
0.0742
Re
L
1 5
!
1740
Re
L
(valid for 5 "10
5
< Re
L
<10
7
)


C
D
=
0.455
(logRe
L
)
2.58
!
1610
Re
L
(valid for 5 "10
5
< Re
L
<10
9
)









ueometiic Piopeities of some common shapes

















Table A.9 Piopeities of Aii at Atmospheiic Piessuie (0.S. Customaiy 0nits)

Table A.1u Piopeities of Aii at Atmospheiic Piessuie (SI 0nits)

Table A.7 Piopeities of Watei (0.S. Customaiy 0nits)











Table A.8 Piopeities of Watei (SI 0nits)