1.

(penalty for sig fg error =1mark per question)

(a) neutron: relative mass = 1 relative charge = 0 1
(not neutral)
electron: relative mass = 1/1800 0/negligible or
5.56 10

0 relative charge = 1 1

(b)
1!
"/"
1!
mass number (Do not accept 17.0) 1
o#$gen s$mbol %"& 1
(if oxygen ! mass num"er = 17(1))
(if oxygen ! mass num"er = 17(0))
(if at #
0
gi$en "ut % &' treat as con for ())
(if lp on *e' +iagram = 0)
(ignore "on+ angles)
(not +ot an+ cross +iagrams)
[4]
2. (a) (i) ' ( n / number o) nucleons (accept protons an+ neutrons) 1
(,ncorrect reference to electrons = contra+iction)
(ii) *ean /average mass o) a molecule/entit$/)ormula1l/1+
th
mass o)
atom o)
1+
, 1
-#ot 1.1)
th
mass of molecule of
1+
/ 0 (mark
in+epen+ently)
OR *ass o) 1 mole o) molecules/entities(1)l/1+
th
mass o) 1 mole o)
1+
,
(1)
OR -verage mass o) a molecule/entit$(1).elative to the mass o) a
1+
,
atom ta/en as 1+ / 1+.000 (1)
((ean.a$erage = state+ or explaine+)
(mass = state+ or explaine+)
(1enalise 2eig3t once only)
(,gnore a$erage mass of
1+
/)
(Do not allo2 mass of a$erage molecule)

(b) (i) +s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
6
s
1
01
10
(accept 4+
2
5s
+
) 1
(accept su"scripts or caps)
-1enalise missing s3ell num"ers0
(ii) 1 / 3 -#67 4+. transition element0 1
(iii) 06 -#67 48.00 1

(c) (i) *ore
60
,u atoms than
65
,u atoms 1
(i+ea of more a"un+ant
60
/u isotope 9 #67 :ust
reference to peak 3eig3ts)
(ii) 4lectron )rom electron gun / high s'ee1 electron / high energ$
electron 1
(accept electron gun fre+ at)-#67 "om"ar+e+
2it3 electrons0
/noc/ electron o5 (,u atom) / i1ea o) loss o) e

/ a''ro'riate
e6uation 1
((ark in+epen+ently)
(iii)
60
,u
+(
or e6uivalent -#67 84.0 9 penalise t3is error once only0 1
m.; = 60/+ (=01.5) or e6uivalent1*ore energ$ nee1e1 to remove
secon1 electron OR 1
60
,u
+(
statisticall$ less li/el$ to remove
secon1 electron(71ea that not man$
60
,u
+(
ions )orme1 OR
e#'lains 8h$ )e8 are)orme1 e.g. more energ$ nee1e1)
,f
84
/u not gi$en' can only a2ar+ () < (4
9otes on :7) 65 use1; lose *1 and *+<
(c) (iii) :7) mass number missing )rom i1entit$ but a''ears in e#'lanation;
'enalise *l but allo8 *+ i) earne1<
[12]
3. (a) (i) (atoms 8ith the) same number o) 'rotons / same atomic number /
atoms o) the same element=1(molecules = contra+iction)>ut 1i5erent
number o) neutrons / 1i5erent mass number=1(not +i=erent atomic
mass or >
r
)

(ii) 1etecte1 b$: (ve ions colli1e 8ith / are 1irecte1 or 1e?ecte1 to /
are collecte1 at the 1etector=1causing current to ?o8 / 1etecte1
electricall$ /i1ea o) electricit$ or voltage generate1=1(not c3arge
pro+uce+ or +etecte+ electronically)abun1ance measure1: i1ea
that current 1e'en1s onabun1ance/number o) ions hitting
1etector= 1

(b) (i) mean /average mass o) an atom / all the isoto'es=l/1+
th
mass o)
atom o)
1+
, =
(mark in+epen+ently)
".
mass o) 1 mole o) atoms (o) an element)=l/1+
th
mass o) l mole o)
1+
,=
".
average mass o) a molecule/entit$=relative to the mass o) a
1+
,
atom ta/en as 1+ / 1+.000= +
(penalise 2eig3t once only)(ignore a$erage
mass of
1+
/)(+o not allo2 mass of a$erage atom )

(ii) = 1= 55.2= 1

(c) (i) 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
6
= 1
(accept su"scripts or caps? ignore 5s@) (penalise
missing s3ell num"ers)
(ii) highest energ$ level / last sub@shell to be Alle1 / is (0)1=
6A
outermost electrons in the 1 sub@shell/orbital= 1
(not incomplete + su"9s3ell)(not $alance electron
in + su"9s3ell)
(iii) no 1i5erence=1same e

arrangement / same number o) e

/ same
valence e

.
6A
same chemical 'ro'erties=
6A
chemical 'ro'erties 1etermine1 b$ electrons= 1
(() tie+ to correct ans2er for (1)
[13]

4. (a)
Barticle .elative charge .elative mass
Broton (1 or 1( 1 (1)
9eutron 0or no
charge/neutral/C
ero
1 (not 1) (1)
4lectron 1 or 1 1/1800 to 1/+000 (1)
or negligibleor Ceroor 5.0
10

to 5.6 10

if g in mass column - wrongpenalise once
0

(b) (1)(1)
llow num!ers !efore or af"er r
+
(c) B: 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'

(1)
llow upper case le""ers
B
)C
D 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
6
(1)
#f use su!scrip" penalise once
+

(1) *lock: ' (1)Explanation: Dighest energ$ or outer orbital is (0) '
OR ou"er elec"ron$ %alenc& elec"ron in (3) p'O( 2p e"c.
+
[)]
*. (a) number o) 'rotons in one atom or nucleus (1)
llow pro"ons + elec"ronsdo no" allow pro"ons , elec"rons or
elec"rons
1
(b) (1) 9a (1)
OR 'a or 'a (1) , unam!iguous s"a"emen" of mass no. and
a"omic no.
+
(c) 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
1
(1)
llow 'e 3s
2
3p
1
1
(1) 1 (1) 1
(e) (1) 1+ (1)
Reference "o mass num!er no" mass -... / 0OR s"a"ed in moles
OR compared wi"1 1212 of a
12
- a"om or rela"i%e"o
12
- w1en
"a3en as 12
+
()) (i) electron gun (1)

(ii) ('articles must be charge1) (ions) be)ore attraction to a charge1
'late (or electric Ael1) (1)(or onl$ ions can be attracte1 or
accelerate1 b$ an electric Ael1)
or con%erse4 if no" c1arge no" a""rac"ed "o elec"ric 5eld
(iii) magnetic Ael1 (or magnet) (1)

(iv) magnetic Ael1 (1) (accelerating 'otential or strength o) magnet)
allow magne"

(g) (i) (1) mar/ )or an$ m/C relative abun1ance

#f numera"or is correc" !u" 100 1as ... conse6 ... -1#f ... on
100 allow conse6 correc" answer pro%ided numera"or is correc"
= +.5 (1)
llow 24.* "o 24.*2ignore uni"s

(ii) magnesium (1) (or *g) (allo8 conse6 on 8rong -
r
)

(iii) abun1ance o) isoto'es is 1i5erent (1) (or di7eren" iso"opes)
5
[18]

8. (a) (i) = electron; 9 / neutron an1 - = 'roton all correctl$ i1entiAe1 (1)
1o not give i) an$ re)erence to cation / anion 1

(ii) neutron / n
0
/ 9 has no charge an1 so is un1e?ecte1 (1)
'roton / '
(
/ - an1 electron / e

/ attracte1 to ve an1 (ve

'latesres'ectivel$ (1)
correct 1irection an1 sha'e )or one 'article gains one mar/
mass ' E mass e

so 1e?ecte1 less / mass - E mass so

1e?ecte1 less (1)
allo8 this mar/ )or vali1 1i5erence in 'ro'ert$ an1 e#'lanation o)
sha'e
allo8 re)erence to other 'articles here 0

(b) (i) to 'ro1uce high s'ee1 electrons / stream o) electrons or to Are
electrons orto bombar1 8ith electrons or is an electron gun (1)
8hich remove electrons )rom s'ecies cause )ormation o) 'ositive
ionsno" to ionise (1) +

(ii) to accelerate / s'ee1 u' 'ositive ions / ions / )ragments (1)no"
electrons atoms / molecule / sam'leallo8 'articles / molecular ion
to 1e?ect / ben1 ions / ion stream (not to 'rovi1e magnetic Ael1)
or se'arate ions accor1ingl$ to mass / charge ratio (1)

to 1etect 'ositive ions / ions / 'articles / )ragments / molecular ion
(1)allo8 'ur'ose o) s'eciAc 1etector or ion 1etectorno" Fust
1etector or collector
allo8 secon1 an1 thir1 mar/s i) 8rong t$'e o) 'article given 0
[11]
:. (a) number o) 'rotons (1) 1
(b) 1i5erent number o) neutrons (1)
t3ey are isotopes C not enoug3 for t3e mark 1

(c) (i) mass s'ectrometer (1)
allo2 spectroscope
(ii) (or average)
or
or mean mass o) an atom (1)
or com'are1 8ith Gan atom o)
1+
, ta/en as 1+ G o) a
1+
, atom
,f molecule' element or entity instea+ of atom lose 1 mark 1

(iii)

(1) = 8.16 (1)
allo2 &5.1 to &5.) ignore units 5

(1) outer electron in .b is in 5
th
shell (or a11itional shell) (1))urther a8a$
(or more shiel1e1) )rom nucleus (1)
mark in+epen+ently "ut if t3ere is contra+iction C no marks +
[)]

;. (a) (i) the number o) 'rotons an1 neutrons / number o) nucleons in the
nucleus / atom 1
no" in an element
(ii) 8eighte1 average / mean mass o) the isoto'es or o)atoms no" o)
an element / average mass in an isoto'ic mi#ture / average mass
o) all naturall$ occurring isoto'es (1)
measure1 on the
1+
, scale / relative to
1
/
1+
th the mass o) one
atom o) the
1+
, isoto'e (1) +
independen" of 5rs" mar3

(b) (1)
0+.1 (ignore units) ans8er onl$ gets both mar/s (1) +

[*]
). (a) 9umber o) 'rotons H number o) neutrons (1) 1
(b) +
(c) (i)
Barticle 'roton neutron 4lectron
*ass /g
1.6!+5 10
+
1.6!8 10
+
0.0002 10
+
.elative charge +1 0 1

(ii) 1.6!0 10
+
g (1)
(iii) 1.00!8 g (1)
(iv) other isoto'es 'resent (1)

(1) (i) electric Ael1 (or charge1 'late) (1)
(ii) magnet (1)
(iii) 1i5erent isoto'es (1)
(or 1i5erent masses)

(iv) accelerate ions more
(or re1uce magnetic Ael1) (1)
(v) (easurement 1 (1)
(easurement ) abun1ance (1) 6
[13]

10. (a) electron gun (1) 1
(b) accelerate1 (1) 1

(c) s'ee1 (1) 1
(1)
= 8.1 (1) 0
[8]

11. (a) -toms/isoto'es/'articles/s'ecies 8ith the same (number o)) 'rotons
an1 11i5erent (number o)) neutrons
-#ot atomic num"er.mass
num"er.molecules.same element.+i= electrons0
(b) 1! H ,l 1
*ass number 1
-#ot 47.00 -(ark in+epen+ently0 -ignore c3arges0

(c) (i) +s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
6
01
10
s
+
'
+
1
-allo2 re$erse+ 5s
)
4+
10
0-allo2 capitals.su"scripts0
(ii) -
r
= 1
-Frong approac3 or not +i$i+ing "y 100 = /E = 00
= !+. 1
->ns2er to 1 +.p.0 -(ark conseq on transcription
error0

(iii) *agnet/electromagnet/magnetic Ael1 / electric Ael1/charge on
negative/accelerator 'late 1
,orrect lin/ bet8een 1e?ection an1 m.; 1
,orrect lin/ bet8een 1e?ection an1 Ael1 1
-1enalise reGecte+.+i=racte+ once only0
-,gnore references to molecules.atoms.particles0
-/onsolation markD allo2 correct link "et2een
mass an+ +eGection for 1 mark out of t3e )0

(iv) Ie onl$ 1
Bame m.; as
48
B

1
-(ark in+epen+ently0
[11]
12. (a) aluminium: 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
1
(1)
$ana+ium: 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
6
s
+
01
0
or 01
0
s
+
(1) +
(b) s@bloc/ 1
[3]
13. (a)
0
J (1)
16 (1) +
(b) 1.65 10
+
(1)
(1) = 1+ 22 (1)
or 6.0+0 10
+0
+.158 10
+0
= 1+.228 (1)
an$ use o)
1+
, H
10
, (1)
(1)
= 1+ 01 (1) 6
[;]

14.
(a) 4lectron gun (1)/noc/s out electron(s) )rom the 'article (1) +

(b) Aeason 1 acceleration (1)
Aeason ) 1e?ection (1) +

(c) 10 ( 11 (1)
= 10.8 (1) +
[8]
1*. (a) (1s
+
+s
+
) +'
6
0s
+
0'
+
(1) 1
(b) Ji(g) Ji
(
(g) ( e

balance1 (1)
Ji
(
(g) Ji
+(
(g) ( e

balance1 (1)
correct state s$mbols in both e6uations (allo8 even i) not balance1)
(1) 0
[4]
18. (a) 'ro'ortion / ratio / )re6uenc$ / 'ercentage / abun1ance o) eachisoto'e /
1i5erent t$'e o) atom / s'eciAc atomno" amount unless relative
amount com'are1 to total amount (1)
'resent in the (natural) isoto'ic mi#ture / sam'le o) theelement /
com'oun1 containing the element (1)
re)erence to relative atomic mass 8orth Cero mar/s +
(b) (0.080+ 6) ( (0.0!01 !) ( (0.!081 8)( (0.055 2) (
(0.050+ 50) (1)/ !.2 (ignore units) (1) +

[4]
1:. (a) 1s
)
+s
+
+'
6
(acce't ca'itals an1 subscri'ts) 1

(b) %s& bloc/ (not a s'eciAc %s& orbital e.g. +s) 1

(c) *g
+(
ion smaller than 9e atom / *g
+(
e

closer to nucleus 1
(#ot atomic ra+ius fo (g
)
)
*g
+(
has more 'rotons than 9e / higher nuclear charge or 1
e

is remove1 )rom a charge1 *g

+(
ion / neutral neon atom
(accept con$erse arguments)
(,f use+ ,t or (g.magnesium.(g
4
etc. < )
correct reasons' allo2 (1))
(1) (i) tren1: increases (if +ecreases' /E = 0.4) 1
4#'l
n
: more 'rotons / increase1 'roton number /increase1 nuclear
charge 1
(#67 increase+ atomic num"er)
same shell / same shiel1ing / smaller siCe 1

(ii) <o= re)erence to the e
@
'air in the 0' sub@level 1
(penalise if 2rong s3ell' e.g. )p' quote+)
re'ulsion bet8een the e

in this e

'air 1
(if not state+' e
C
pair must "e clearly implie+)
(mark (5 an+ (H separately)
[)]
1;. (a) J'in (1) 1
(b) Kurther )rom nucleus (1)(or more shiel1e1) 1
(c) 4nerg$ to remove 1 electron (1) (or 1 mol electrons))rom a gaseous
atom (1) (or molecule or 1 mol o) atoms/molecules) +

(1) >e&s outer electron is in an s (+s) orbital (1)>&s outer electron is in a '
(+') orbital (1)>&s outer electron is higher in energ$ (1) 0
(e) 4lectron is not shiel1e1 )rom nucleus (1) 1
[;]
1).
(a) (i) increases= 1
(ii) lo8er than e#'ecte1 / lo8er than *g /1less energ$ nee1e1 to
ionise= e

remove1 )rom (0)' sub@level=1(e

remo$e+ may "e

implie+)o) higher energ$ / )urther a8a$ )rom nucleus / shiel1e1 b$
0s e

s= 1

(b) -l
(
(g) -l
+(
(g) ( e

= 1
[*]
20. (a) 9a(g) 9a
(
(g) ( e

". 9a(g) ( e

9a
(
(g) ( +e

(-) on elec"ron no" essen"iale6ua"ion (1)s"a"e s&m!ols (1)#gnore

s"a"e s&m!ols on elec"rons
+
(b) 7ren+ : 7ncreases (1)
Explanation : 7ncrease1 nuclear charge or 'roton number (1)Jtronger
attraction (bet8een nucleus an1 (outer) e

) (1)
(rend wrongllow >2 onl& if >3 correc" (con)
0

(c) Io2 $alues +e$iate from tren+: (both values) too lo8 (1)Explanation
for >l: e

remove1 )rom (0) ' (1) e

or orbital is higher in energ$ level

or better shiel1e1 than (0)s or ' electron is shiel1e1
b$ 0s electrons (1)
llow e
?
is fur"1er awa&
>ar3 independen"l&
Explanation for B: e

remove1 )rom (0)' electron 'air (1)re'ulsion

bet8een 'aire1 e

(re1uces energ$ re6uire1) (1)

>ar3 separa"el&#f de%ia"ion wrong allow >2 and >4#f >3 and 2
or >* rig1" 0 (con)#f used d ra"1er "1an p or!i"al - lose >2 ,
>4 !u" ma& ge" >3$ >* (e@plana"ion mar3s)
5
[10]
21. (a) Deat / enthal'$ / energ$ )or removal o) one electron (1) )rom a
gaseous atom (1)can score in an e6uation
mus" 1a%e 5rs" mar3 "o score "1e second
+
(b) (i) + (1)
(ii) L8o elements (or 9a / *g) be)ore the 1ro' (in energ$) to -l (1)
(iii) ionisation energ$ o) -l M that )or *g (1)
(iv) )all in energ$ )rom B to J (1)
or discon"inui"& in "rend
Krom -l to B there are 0 a11itional electrons (1)
or "1ree elemen"s
5
Aor second mar3 idea of !loc3 of 3 elemen"s
[:]
22. 9umber o) 'rotons increases (1)4lectrons in same shell (1) (or same
shiel1ing) +
[2]
23.
(a)
0

(b) 9e ?9e
(
( e

(1) 1

(c) Explanation for neon 9eon&s electron is in a lo8er (+') shell (1)
attracte1 more strongl$ to (or less shiel1e1 )rom) the nucleus (1)
Explanation for magnesium more 'rotons (1)
electrons in same shell
or similar shiel1ing (1)
(1) -ls outer electron is in a 0' sub@shell (1)
higher in energ$ than 0s in *agnesium (1) +

[10]
24. increase1 nuclear charge / nuclear attraction number o) 'rotons (1)
same shiel1ing / electrons a11e1 to same or outer shell / increase in number
(1)o) electrons in outer shell
there)ore (outer) electrons attracte1 / 'ulle1 in more strongl$ or more
closel$ (1)
%increase1 e5ective nuclear charge& 8orth + mar/s
[3]
2*. (a) Broton: mass 1; charge ( 1 (1)9eutron: mass 1; charge 0 (1)4lectron
1/180; charge @1 (1)
llow mass / 0$ or negligi!le$ or 121;00 "o 122000

7soto'es have the same number o) 'rotons (1)
OR a"omic num!er
1i5erent number o) neutrons (1)
7soto'es have the same electronic conAguration (1)
OR same num!er of elec"rons
,hemical 'ro'erties 1e'en1 on electrons !
(b) 1+ (1)
OR B 12 or in words
J'ectrum gives (relative) abun1ance (1)
OR C or amoun"

-n1 m.; (1)*ulti'l$ m.; b$ relative abun1ance )or each isoto'e (1)
llow ins"ead of m2D mass no$
r
or ac"ual %alue from e@ample
Jum these values (1)3ivi1e b$ the sum o) the relative abun1ances (1)
onl& award "1is mar3 if pre%ious 2 gi%en
>a@ 2 if e.g. 1as onl& 2 iso"opes !
[14]
28. (a) 7onisation (1)Digh s'ee1 or high energ$ electrons or electron gun
(1)
'O( !om!ard'O( !eam or s"ream of elec"rons
Nnoc/s out (outer) electron (1)
Korming 'ositive ion @ coul1 be )rom Li Li
(
( e

(1)
ccep" , ion la"er in 6ues"ion "o clarif& c1arge of ion(i , e
?
(i
,

, 2 e
?
wor"1 2 mar3s#gnore s"a"e s&m!ols
-cceleration (1)
>$ electric Ael1 or attraction to negative 'late or electrostatic
attraction (1)
'O( repelled !& , pla"ellow passed "1roug1 posi"i%e +
nega"i%e pla"es 2 opposi"el&c1arged pla"es'o" Eus" c1arged
pla"es
3e?ection (1)
>$ magnetic Ael1 or magnet or electromagnet (1)
3etection (1)
71ea that ions collecte1 at 1etector an1 generate current (1)
>oth ions have the same m / C value (o) +) or vali1 argumentsin terms
o) the 1ouble1 charge on
8
Li
+(
e#actl$ counteracting its1ouble1 mass
(1)
3e?ecte1 e6uall$ (so 1etecte1 together) or 1e?ection 1e'en1enton
m / C value (1)
-an" ge" "1is from pre%ious sec"ion
10
(b) 3i5er in mass number or number o) neutrons (1)Jame 'roton / atomic
number (1)
#gnore reference "o elec"rons 1ere
7soto'es have the same chemical 'ro'erties (1)
because all have the same electron conAguration or number o)
electronsor same number o) valence electrons (so no chemical
1i5erence) (1)
(1is mar3 is "ied "o "1e a!o%e mar3 or near miss [similar e"c] in
>3

(c) *ean mass o) an atom or (isoto'e) (1) :9"L mass o) average atom<
.elative to 1/1+ mass o)
1+
, atom atc. Or to
1+
, ta/en as 1+.000 or
e#actl$ 1+ (1)
#so"ope can !e accep"edOR (1) B 12 (1)OR (1) B 12 (1)
>
r
= (6 .080+) ( (! .0!01) ( (8 .!081) ( (2 .055) ( (50
.050+) (1) = !.20 ans8er to + 1.' (1)
4:.)2 is accep"a!le>us" !e * se"s of %alues#gnore "ranscrip"ion
errors 9F( GO'( ignore missing 100 -...#f missing iso"ope -...

[1;]
2:. (a) 'rotons mass (1 charge ( (1)neutronsmass
(1 charge Cero (1)electronsmass O Cero (orM1/1800);
charge (1)nitrogen 1 has a nucleus 8ith ! 'rotons
an1 ! neutrons (1)surroun1e1 b$ electrons in shells (or orbitals) (or
+;5) (1)8ith conAguration 1s
+
+s
+
+'
0
(scores last + mar/s) (1) 6
(b) isoto'es have the same atomic number (or same number o) 'rotonsor
same element) (1)but 1i5erent number o) neutrons (or mass number)
(1) +

(c) )raction o) each com'onent is rel. int./ (1):the mar/ is )or ; i) +
ma# 1<relative atomic mass= 1 80/ ( 5 8+/( 5 80/ ( +5
8/ ( 8 86/ (1)= 80.2 (1)Nr$'ton (1)
[12]
2;. (a) *ean (average) mass o) an atom / all the isoto'es or 1
1/1+
th
mass o) atom o)
1+
, 1
*ass o) 1mole o) atoms o) an element or
1/1+
th
mass o) 1mole o)
1+
,
average mass o) an atom / all the isoto'es
.elative to the mass o) a
1+
, atom ta/en as e#actl$ 1+ / 1+.000
('enalise %8eight& once onl$) (ignore %average& mass o)
1+
,)
(not %mass o) average atom&)

(b) -
+
= (6 0.082) ( (66 0.+!8) ( (6! 0..1!) ( (68 0.186) 1
= 65.!
(mark () conseq on transcription error or incorrect a++ition of J)1
i1entit$: Cinc / Pn 1
(/onseq on >
+
"ut only if t3eir >
+
is 2it3in range of 1erio+ic 7a"le)
(c) electron gun (Ares) electrons or high s'ee1/energ$ electrons 1
(not :ust "om"ar+e+ "y electrons or "om"ar+e+ "y electron gun)
/noc/s o5 e

)rom < 1
(may "e earne+ from a real or generic equation)
.easons: to allo8 ions to be: 1
accelerate1 (b$ an electric Ael1)
1e?ecte1 (b$ a magnet/magnetic Ael1) 1
1etecte1 / 1escri'tion o) current )orme1 at the 1etector/sensor 1
(accept in any or+er)
(allo2 clear +escriptions of accelerate+' +eGecte+' +etecte+)
[10]
2). general increase across 'erio1 (1)
can score t3is an+ points 5' 7 on grap3
because number o) 'rotons (or nuclear charge) increases (1)
but electrons in same shell (or similar shiel1ing) (1)
)all )rom *g to -l (1)
-l&s outer electron is in a p orbital (1)
higher in energ$ than s electron in *g (1)
if 2rong perio+ C1
)all )rom 1 to B (1)
t8o o) the p electrons in B are 'aire1 (or in same orbital) (1)
[)]