:

CHAPTER 14.0:
VARIATION
Chapter 14.0: Variation

14.0 Variation
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Continuous & discontinuous variations
14.1.2 Sources of Variation
14.2 Selection
14.3 Speciation
Chapter 14.0: Variation
Chapter 21: Variation
Learning Outcomes :
14.2 a) Explain natural selection

14.2 SELECTION
Natural
Selection

Disruptive
Selection
Directional
Selection
Stabilizing
Selection

Artificial
selection
Inbreeding Outbreeding
Chapter 14.0: Variation
Learning Outcomes :
14.2 a) Explain natural selection

SELECTION
Selection is a process by which 1 or more factors
acting on the various phenotypes within a population
produce differential mortality & success in
reproduction
Individuals with advantageous phenotypes will be
selected to survive & reproduce while others will
have lesser chances for survival & reproduction
Chapter 14.0: Variation
Learning Outcomes :
14.2 a) Explain natural selection

SELECTION

2 types of selection:
i. natural selection
ii. artificial selection
Learning Outcomes :
14.2 a) Explain natural selection

NATURAL SELECTION
a mechanism of evolution caused by environment
pressure
members of a population become adapted to the
environment /have greater fitness
Favorable traits increase in successive generation
less favorable traits become scarce/disappear
caused phenotypic variation in the population
does not involved human intervention



Chapter 14.0: Variation
3 main types of natural selection:

i. stabilizing selection
ii. directional selection
iii. disruptive selection
NATURAL SELECTION

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


Natural selection that favours intermediate
variants by acting against both the
extremes phenotypes
Stabilising selection
1. STABILIZING SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection



Eg: Newborn babies between
34 kg are more likely to survive
than babies which are much
smaller or larger than this

Reduces genetic variability
Maintain the phenotypic
characteristics


...STABILIZING SELECTION

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


Stabilizing selection favors those values of a particular trait that are intermediate
between the extremes in a distribution curve.
...STABILIZING SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


Occurs when selection favours one
extreme trait/phenotype
2. DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Original
population
Population after
selection
Selection against 1 extreme
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


Favoured individuals have greater survival &
reproductive success;
increasing the chances of advantageous
phenotypes to be passed on to the next
generation
This shifts the frequency curve for certain
phenotype in one certain direction
Most common members of a population inhabit
area with extreme condition or the population
migrate to a new habitat with different environment
conditions
Reduces genetic variability
DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


E.g.:
- Increase in insecticide-resistant pest
- moth Biston betularia
- the evolution of the long necks of giraffes


DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Industrial melanism proving a directional selection for the
peppered moths (Biston betularia)
as the industrial activities increased & trees became
more darkened, the number of dark moths increased
Example:
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Directional selection favors one extreme value for a particular trait
in a distribution of these values.
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


3. DISRUPTIVE / DIVERSIFYING SELECTION
Selection against intermediate group
Original
population
Population
after
selection
Natural selection that favours both
extremes phenotypes in a population
by acting against the intermediate
group
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
8.2b) Describe types of natural selection


DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

After many generations, this may cause formation of 2
separate gene pools & formation of 2 different species
E.g.: Populations of African fire-bellied seedcracker
finches contain individuals with large & small
beaks, but very few with intermediate-sized beaks

Promotes genetic variability
Chapter 8: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
Distribution before selection
Distribution after selection
Extreme disruptive selection
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
Disruptive selection favors both extreme values for a
particular trait in a distribution curve.
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 b) Describe types of natural selection


MODES OF NATURAL SELECTION

(Campbell & Reece, 4th
Edition)
Chapter 14.0: Variation
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Altering the genotype and producing a new strain of
the organism for a specific purpose.
The basis of artificial selection is the isolation of
natural populations and selective breeding of
organisms showing traits which have some
usefulness to humans
This alters frequencies of alleles & genotypes in a
population
This is an evolutionary mechanism which gives rise
to new breeds, strains, varieties, races and
subspecies
Involves human intervention

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 c) Describe artificial selection


Chapter 14.0: Variation
...ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 c) Describe artificial selection


In all cases these groups have isolated gene pools,
but they have retained the basic gene and
chromosomal structure which is characteristic of
the species to which they still belong
2 forms of selective breeding:
i. inbreeding
ii. outbreeding
Example:
Cow - Hereford and Aberdeen Angus for quality and
quantity of their meat.
Jersey and Guernsey for their milk.
Chapter 14.0: Variation
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i. Inbreeding

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 c) Explain Inbreeding


Selective mating between closely related
individuals that have similar genotypes
The extreme example: self-fertilization or self-
cross involving individuals from same parents
This may increase frequency of homozygous
genotypes for the selected characters as it tends
to maintain the desirable phenotypes
Other examples: marriage between relatives
(cousin)
Chapter 14.0: Variation
i. Inbreeding

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 c) Explain Inbreeding


Disadvantages:
- decrease hybrid vigor
- decrease variability
- organism grows slowly
- more susceptible to diseases
- yield is getting less
- size getting smaller
- become less fertile
- lifespan decreases
Chapter 14.0: Variation
Selective mating between unrelated individuals
(of different species) or distantly related
individuals (of same species)
Used to combine desirable characters from 2
different parents
May increase heterozygosity & show more
variation
If this involves 2 different species, the offspring
are known as hybrids which are sterile
Usually, offspring have new & superior
phenotypes with greater potential to adapt to
environmental changes; showing hybrid vigour
(heterosis)

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 c) Explain Outbreeding


ii. Outbreeding
Chapter 14.0: Variation

Learning Outcomes :
14.2 c) Explain Outbreeding


ii. Outbreeding
Usually used in the production of crop plants with
high quality seeds or fruits
Eg:
X
produces fruits that do not drop easily & have high oil content
Oil palm plant Pisifera Oil palm plant Dura
Hybrid oil palm plant Tenera
Chapter 14.0: Variation
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Chapter 8: Variation
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Chapter 14.0: Variation
USES OF SELECTIVE BREEDING
Hybrids from different populations show
advantages such as:
Increased fruit size and number
Resistance to disease
Earlier maturity.

Chapter 14.0: Variation
USES OF SELECTIVE BREEDING
High yielding crops, such as
wheat are produced by
collecting the seeds from
only the plants that have a
good yield of wheat.
Disease resistant crops can
be developed
Chapter 14.0: Variation
USES OF SELECTIVE BREEDING
Animals on farms are bred
so that they produce more
food
e.g. cows with better meat,
hens that lay more eggs
Animals such as dogs
and cats are bred for
fashion. They may also
be bred to do a
particular job (e.g.
sheepdogs).
Chapter 14.0: Variation