Introduction

Concrete is currently the most common material used in the construction industry,
however It has been a drawback where the dead load is an important factor. It is too
heavy to be practical , especially in the construction of floor slabs and roofs , as these
will are designed to withstand live loads (people and furniture), these loads are
transmitted to the girders , these columns and finally to the foundation and the ground.


Cellular concrete or aerated with which densities ranging between 200 and 1920 kg /
m
3
, suitable for fillings, floors, walls, slabs, etc. are achieved; Concrete reinforced with
fibers that help control the classical concrete cracks and increase the tensile strength
and understanding; Structural lightweight concrete that can be used in precast or cast in
situ.


For us the students of this career is basic and essential to approach topics that involve
processes that will take place throughout our working lives.
The concrete technology becomes in one of the selective tools for the world of civil
engineering as it provides greater improvements in safety and structural level.
The concrete is an alloy of materials for the building and it is the base that represent
civil engineering. Now we are going to explain in detail what we call concrete
technology.




Index

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Objectives ... Page 3

Definition ... Page 3

Breakthrough Technologies that improve concrete.. Page 3

Constructive Evolution of Techniques.. Page 4

New Technologies in the concretes... Page 4

Construction procedures.. Page 5
Gathering Materials
Curing
Dosage
Mixing
Posted in molds
Compaction
Transportation

Types of Concrete Technology Page 5
Cellular concrete, aerated concrete (with encapsulated air)
Concrete reinforcing fiber
Structural lightweight concrete
Concrete eco light

Concrete Technology for the Panama Canal Expansion.. Page 7
Production of concrete and aggregates
Vocabulary .... Page 8

Annexes. Page 10

Conclusion Page 12

References Page 13

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Objectives
One of the objectives of the development of the aforementioned technologies is to
achieve greater energy efficiency, and lower consumption of water, minerals and other
non-renewable materials. The way in which technologies are handled concrete
construction, has a significant influence on the durability of the works that are done with
it and the quality broadly subject to the aggressive actions exerted by the environment,
especially the surrounding climate and the conditions of their production and operation.

Definition
The concrete is a compound employed in construction consisting essentially of a binder
to which is added: particles or fragments of an aggregate, water and specific additives.
Concrete Technology is the application of additives that modify the properties of
concrete to give it superior to the original mix characteristics. These technologies have
concrete with higher load capacity, greater resistance to chemicals that destroy,
waterproofness, fluidity, setting speed, lightness with the inclusion of air flow without
compromising strength, etc.


Breakthrough Technologies that improve concrete
The ready mix is one of the most versatile materials in the construction industry today.
Great works of architecture such as bridges, tall buildings and dams require the highest
standards of engineering. With the help of our additives, concrete is able to meet these
standards! New technologies, such as high-strength concrete, pervious concrete, self-
consolidated concrete, and the application of color and texture have increased the
attractiveness of concrete as a building material.

In today's world the production of concrete technologies, have reach a high level of
development of mechanization and automation, being high consumers of energy, water
and other material resources that have a decisive influence on the environment of
action.

The main structural feature of concrete is that it resists very well the compression
forces, but it has good resistance to other stresses (tensile, bending, shear, etc..), For
this reason it is customary to use associated with certain reinforcing steel receiving in
this case the name of reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete or pre-in some places;
behaving very favorably to all the various stresses. When a concrete structure is
projected dimensions of the elements are set, the type of concrete, additives and steel
to be placed depending on the efforts must support and be exposed to environmental
conditions.
Constructive Evolution of Techniques
The evolution of techniques made the analysis and design methods grew increasingly
sophisticated, as they appeared in the construction market new higher strength steels to
breakage.
Concrete technology has seen significant advances; there have been several types of
this material have proven to be ideal for various structural applications
The particular essential industry, housing and infrastructure, is the material most
commonly used in the construction industry.
The technological process is generated in universities. It is focused on improving the
properties of this material by developing concrete aggregates with properties that
exceed the aspects of durability, biodegradability, thermal insulation, optimization of
resources, among others. This leads to the production of mixtures offer advantages to
both the productive sector and society.

New Technologies in the Concretes
The high density or volume weight of conventional concrete it has been inconvenient
where the dead load is an important factor. It is too heavy to be practical, especially in
the construction of floor slabs and roofs, as these will are designed to withstand live
loads (people and furniture); these loads are transmitted to the girders, these columns
and eventually to the foundation and the ground.

To correct these undesirable characteristics have been made through the multi-year
research with surprising results. Among them are aerated or cellular concrete, fiber
reinforced concrete (to help control the classical concrete cracks and increase the
tensile strength and understanding) and light structural concrete (which can be used in
precast or cast in site).

The composition of the mass of concrete has a great importance in the cohesion of the
components. Their study is to determine the optimal mix of different aggregates
available so that the resulting is as compact as possible and wrap it with the right
amount of cement and water to obtain a material qualities are necessary for the
construction of a work or part of it .

The efforts for sustainable development and environmental preservation are necessary
to balance the economic, social and environmental impacts of the ever growing human
population. Of course, the concrete industry is no exception. Although concrete contains
a reasonable amount of cement and this is not one of the largest supplies of energy
intensity, is responsible for a considerable production of greenhouse gases.
The growing concern of intensive exploitation of natural aggregates made of lightweight
synthetic aggregate environmental waste from a new structural viable source of
aggregate material. The uses of lightweight structural concrete grade significantly
reduce the load on a structure and allow the handling of larger units of pre-molded.

Construction Procedures
Quality control during preparation and processing of concrete in order to obtain a
homogeneous mixture as possible is important.

Collection Materials: Both fine and coarse aggregate must be parked in stacks of low
altitude in order to avoid segregation that produces gravity to cause the heavier
grains tend to sink to the bottom of the stack, thereby undermines the particle size
aggregate.
Transportation: segregation of the mixture should be avoided in the journey from the
place of its production to its placement in the molds. Should be avoided, too,
evaporation so that it becomes the minimum as a means of preventing the onset of
the sets.
Dosage: It is important to check that it meets the specified dosage and, if necessary,
correct the deviations found for the resulting concrete meets the provisions of sizing
calculations,
Mixing: The mixing time should be kept at least 60 seconds to ensure that the cement
paste coat perfectly all aggregates and not exceed 90 seconds or so, to avoid
segregation by centrifugation.
Posted in molds: You should take care that the placement of the laundry in the forms,
not heights over five feet free for the purpose of avoiding segregation of materials by
gravity fall exceeded.
Compaction: Compaction, both either manually through the use of steel rods as
mechanical vibrators through, must be done without touching the armor and the
forms and always in the period in which the concrete is in a state of fresh mixture
before to start the hardens because in the latter case, this may destroy the binding
properties of the material.
Curing: Curing of concrete should be protecting structures on its surface through wet
bags, polyethylene, straw, damp earth, etc.


Types of Concrete Technology
Cellular concrete, aerated concrete (with encapsulated air)
It's been several decades since they were created lightweight concrete (cellular) to
reduce costs, simplify or improve the quality of buildings. However, Mexico has not
been, so far, fertile land for development. The country has no culture of new
materials.

Composition and characteristics
The cellular concrete also known as aerated concrete, is created including a
multitude of micro bubbles in a mixture of cement sand and other silica materials.
This is accomplished by mixing the Chemical Agent skimmer with water and foam
generating dilution, usually with compressed air.

The aerated concrete is recommended for:
a) The warm climate. The particular cell is in the group of lightweight materials and
also prevents heat penetration inside the house.;
b) Cold weather. It is ideal for low temperatures where thermal materials should be
used to promote the accumulation of heat inside preventing cooling.
c) it is used especially in those regions where the climate is temperate, semi-or cold
extremes in winter and summer. Its use in these climates has been an example of
adequacy of housing environment.

Particular cell types
The types of cellular cements are pure cell Cement,
Concrete Mobile sandblasting, concrete cell with lightweight aggregates, concrete
cell with expansive aggregates, Mobile Concrete amended

Physical properties of cellular concrete.
The most outstanding feature is the foam concrete density, however their thermal,
acoustic properties, workability, etc., generate large benefits in the construction
industry. Its feasibility design allows great comfort to those who use and benefit from
it.


Concrete reinforcing fiber
Concrete with fibers appropriate for large areas that tend to fracture length precisely
for its walls, slabs, flooring and industrial flooring.
As mentioned, the addition of fibers of various kinds and types to cellular concrete
can reduce the unfavorable contraction.
Within the world of concrete with fibers, the largest barrier that currently exists is the
lack of understanding of contractors, owners or officers of regulations about the
value, performance and recording of the fibers.


Structural lightweight concrete
It is a hydraulic mix concrete for use in construction projects where the required
volume of a light weight structural strength.
The high density cellular concrete mixed with sand is increasingly used as a
structural building element.

Uses and applications
Elements of low structural requirements such as:
Divisions for all types of buildings.
Layers leveling floors or slabs.
Lighten dead loads in structures.
Housing construction in series or monolithic type.
Prefabricated structural components for decorative or craft uses.
Protection of structures against fire.
Items that are not subject to chemical and / or severe environmental attacks.

Advantage
Uniform quality, guaranteed by the dosage of controlled materials.
Improved ease of placement, in relation to traditional concrete mixtures.
Decreased staffing required for concrete placement.
Flow capacity without segregated, both horizontally and vertically, minimizing
vibration in eliminating placement.


Concrete eco light
In recent years, many applications have been developed
for lightweight concrete can be prestressed as batteries, pilings and structures afloat. A
concrete of this type particularly well prestressing has disadvantages compared to
conventional concrete.

The main application of these cellular concretes is in ceiling tiles using metal structures
such as decking shuttering slab-steel or the like.

Lightweight concrete has been particularly useful in multi-level structures where minimal
camber and location for the columns required is limited and very high bridges where the
dead load of the superstructure requires excessively large columns and abutments to
resist seismic forces.

Advantages
The plant can be mobile and get up on site to avoid transportation costs and
save time.
One plant can produce ecol light concrete needed to build a house up
material.
This material not only reduces costs but avoids wasting, than in conventional
construction techniques is at least ten percent.
Cellular concrete eco light is resistant to impact and compression.













Concrete Technology for the Panama Canal Expansion
In this mega-project, located in the harsh and demanding conditions of the rural
environment of the Panama Canal, production, mix designs, placement and finishing of
concrete have been one of the most important aspects. According to the builders, this
important work will consume more concrete than any other structure in the world.
Pouring concrete for the construction of the locks began in late June 2011 on the
Atlantic side and early July of the same year in the Pacific. To avoid surface defects that
require future repairs, has paid special attention to areas that receive direct contact of
seawater.

Production of concrete and aggregates
To build the new locks, the project has its own industrial parks (one in each sector) that
are used for the production of aggregates and concrete preparation. For dispensing
concrete mixtures, extracted rock excavation area in the Pacific, known as basalt, used
in aggregate and sand is used. To transport the material is disposed of two barges,
each with 7,000 tons capacity, which made two trips per day. Water for production is
taking Gatun Lake to the Atlantic and the Pacific Miraflores Lake.

Concrete mixes being used will be exposed to extreme conditions. Thus were created,
and adjusting, while the respective assays and models conditions that will face the
structure are made, resulting in four types of concrete mixtures. One is the structural
marine concrete. This type of concrete was designed to withstand the force of
compression and contraction from good durability and low permeability. It is especially
used for parts of the locks that will be in contact with water and areas of high flow as it
tunnels that go under the camera, niche gates and the lower chambers.




Concrete is also highly resistant to abrasion, which as well as its name implies, is
designed to withstand marine particles that may affect friction.

The leveling concrete was used in the foundation of the dam core Atlantic and massive
concrete was encapsulated in the large marine structural concrete shell. This is to reach
60 cm thick on the walls of the locks.

This extraordinary piece of engineering, which took into account social and
environmental aspects to achieve full potential of its geographical position and become
the Logistics Center of America, reached its first million cubic meters of concrete in
March this year. There will also be used more than 4.7 million cubic meters of concrete
one is completed in 2015.


Vocabulary


1) Additives
The additives improve the properties of concrete: setting time, viscosity, porosity,
mechanical strength, etc. There are different types of additives: accelerators, retarders,
plasticizers, flow, air-entraining agents, antifreeze, waterproof and curatives.

2) Cal
Lime is a binder obtained from calcination of limestone. It can be divided into two
categories, depending on whether is achieved by exposure to carbon dioxide (slaked
lime) or water (hydraulic lime).

3) Cementitious
Called "cement additives", these minerals are used in varying proportions during the last
phase of the cement production process. The additives make it possible to obtain a
range of cements with different properties.

4) Cement
Cement is a hydraulic bonding agent is made by heating and grinding a mixture of
limestone and clay. Most of the cement clinker produced with additives normally used in
powder form. The Forge cement when mixed with water. Combined with sand and
aggregates becomes mortar or concrete, both with the hardness of the stone.

5) Ductility
Ductility refers to the ability of each material to stretch or bend without breaking.
Materials that do not have this attribute are called fragile.

6) Formwork
The formwork is a temporary mold into which the liquid concrete to be removed once
the concrete has set pour. The formwork should be sturdy enough to withstand the
weight and / or the pressure of wet concrete without changes in its initial form.

7) Concrete
Concrete is very strong in compression material, but it is less tensile and flexural
strength. By contrast, the steel is very flexible due to their high strength. Reinforced
concrete is a combination of the various properties of the steel and the concrete to
produce a material with a high compressive strength and flexural strength.

8) Self-Compacting Concrete
Self-compacting is special and highly fluid concrete which set in place only by gravity
and therefore require no vibration. They are designed for use in tight formwork.




9) Concrete Leveling
The self-leveling concrete self-compacting is a variant that has a particular composition
formulated and dosed to ensure that the material is spread smoothly.

10) Bituminous Concrete
Bituminous concrete are made of gravel, sand, other fillers and bitumen (a byproduct of
petroleum) and act as binders. Normally used as wearing course on the roads.

11) Prestressed Concrete
The steel reinforcements give the concrete a great tensile strength, this being the
principle applied to the concrete. However, the strength of the steel is sometimes not
enough to ensure the safety of a structure. In this case, be employed specific
techniques, consisting of tensioning the web (like a spring) to compress the concrete
still unloaded before being placed into service.

12) Fiber reinforced concrete
It is a concrete which is added to the fibers, they may be of different types
(polypropylene, metal, fiberglass, carbon, etc.). Such fibers create a reinforced mesh
improves the strength and resistance to cracking of the concrete.

13) Concrete reinforced with high strength fibers
Fiber reinforced high strength concrete is an innovative construction material. By adding
metal fibers, is multiplied by six resistance compared with standard concrete, and its
durability is increased.

14) Portland
The name "Portland" comes from a peninsula of Great Britain. The gray stone this area
has a composition and appearance similar to that of cement. Portland cement is the
generic name given to basic hydraulic cements and high efficiency.

15) Plaster
Gypsum is a construction material that is produced by baking the gypsum ore in an
oven, and subsequently grinding it. It can be used as a paste or in the form of
prefabricated panels. It has several important properties: acoustic and thermal
insulation, fire resistance, etc.












Annexes


INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY




The American Federation of Ready Mixed Concrete - FIHP , an organization
that brings together associations , institutes and companies from 20 countries
of the region, in order to promote the proper use of concrete, sustainable
buildings that use this item and competitiveness of the sector in general, jointly
organized the "International Conference on Concrete Technology " . The event
was attended by guest speakers FIHP of Argentina , Brazil, Colombia , Mexico ,
Panama and Peru , in addition to outstanding members of its Board of Directors
.

Issues such as the development of architecture in particular, sustainability and
competitiveness of concrete pavements, safety in construction, material
technological innovation and expansion project of the Panama Canal were
presented.

It had an attendance of 100 participants, consisting of specialists in item
construction professionals in search of constantly updated with technological
advances in the international scene.






Conclusion




To terminate the written work; we must conclude that the innovations in
concrete technology are of great importance for humanity; since
improving every day but the composion, physical properties and
endurance of concrete we are well advanced in the world of construction.
Besides that the concrete too important to what relates to construction;
ie; all the surrounding buildings have not particular; us as future
engineers also have to consider what are the trends of the best types of
concrete in the market; so to ensure our projects.

after sharing this information with every one of you we can conclude that
handle this type of information is essential to us in improving national
and global engineering, besides this is the main compound used in civil
engineering. also highlights the importance of knowing the materials that
compose the concrete.




























References



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http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/ediciones/cemento_y_concreto_concreto
___aspectos_varios-2012-02-01_19

http://civilgeeks.com/category/tecnologia-del-concreto-2/

http://www.slideshare.net/Consultora_KECSAC/modulo-iv-tecnologa-del-
concreto

www.uap.edu.peesp...pregrado08syllabus5C080108303.pdf

http://www.revistacyt.com.mx/


http://www.cemexmexico.com/DesarrolloSustentables/CentroDeTecnologia
.aspx