Appendix: Bayer Process Raw Materials

Table: Basic raw materials for bayer process with its use, source, specification and justification
Raw material Use Sources Specification Justification
Bauxite (s) Source of alumina
extraction and posses
numerous minerals
content/impurities
Boke Guinea -70.35% gibbsite
5.29% boehmite
- Low content of
impurities (kaolin,
quartz, hematite and etc)
-High composition of
gibbsite which
equivalent to high
alumina content
extraction potential
-Low impurities promise
high quality alumina
production and low
caustic soda loss

Caustic Soda (aq) Solvent for caustic
descaling and alumina
extraction
The Dow Chemical
Company
-Caustic soda solution
50%, low salt grade
-0.01 wt% NaCl max
-Low content of heavy
metal (Fe , Cu, Ni)
-Low cost in liquid form
-High purity with low
salt content and
impurities

Burnt limestone (s) -For salt causticisation
- To act as filter aid for
filtration control
-To control liquor
impurity like phosphate
-For catalyst preparation
-For liquor stabilization
- To transform iron
material
- To promote
monohydrate (diaspore,
boehmite) dissolution of
Zouping Changshan
Zefeng Fertilizer Co.,
Ltd.


CaO 92%-94%
MgO 0.8%
SiO
2
1%
-High purity of calcium
oxide
- Ensure high process
efficiency



alumina.
Fuel Oil (l) -Use in calcinations of
alumina and lime
burning
-For the generation of
steam and electricity
Slovnaft -Heavy fuel oil
(number 4 fuel oil)
-low sulphur content
1wt%
-Feed for alumina
calciner
- Industrial boiler feed
-Low sulfur fuel oil
manufacturer
-Low emission of SO
2
,
particulate matter and
NOx
-Less deposit/clog of
sulfur on the heating
equipment
Coal (s) Fuel for steam and
electricity generation
Tidy Mart Perfect
Sourcing
-Thermal coal
(GCV 7000-6800)
-Ash content (<12%)
-High energy content
thermal coal
manufacturer
-Suitable for industrial
use for power generation
-High thermal efficiency
with low ash content
Synthetic Flocculant (s) Enhance settling rate of
red mud in thickener
Zhengzhou Guangyang
Environmental
Protection Technology
Co. Ltd
-Anionic polyacrylamide
-Ultra high charge
degree
-granule form
-High degree of anionic
charge
-High performance
-High surface area
Water (l) -Act as mud washers to
recover caustic liquor
-For dilution of solution
-Feed for boiler (steam
generation)
Water Company of
Guinea (SEG)
-Clean water
-High purity
-Low dissolve mineral
content
-Guinea solely and
government owned
water supply company
-Low scaling
-High efficiency of
equipment
Soda Ash (s) To react with burnt
limestone through
Eltee chemicals -Soda ash light
-Na
2
CO
3
99.2% min
-Top grade purity
-Excellent composition
causticization for the
generation of caustic
soda
purity - Impurities free


Notation
(s) solid form
(l) liquid form
(aq) aqueous form
NaCl Sodium chloride
Fe Iron
Cu Copper
Ni- Nickel
CaO Calcium oxide
MgO Magnesium oxide
SiO2- Silicon dioxide
Na
2
CO
3
Sodium carbonate
GCV-Gross calorific value

References
Bauxites
https://www.facebook.com/ajax/messaging/attachment.php?attach_id=9ac731882fbdaaabf8d17c242fdde34b&mid=mid.14078863399
71%3A9a602a37846895c953&hash=AQAkbNNOXX2GJz2n
book

Burnt limestone (source specs)
http://csfertilizer.en.made-in-china.com/product/nejQTmsvaBrR/China-Calcium-Oxide-Cao-80-95-Industrial-Grade.html
Uses
http://www.emt-india.net/process/aluminium/pdf/aluminium_ch2.pdf
book
high purity is important one of the limiting factor
http://agtgroup.cl/mining/doc/OverviewLimeSlakingProcess.pdf

Caustic soda
Use book
justification
http://www.chemlink.com.au/caustic_asia98.pdf
company and spec
http://www.dow.com/causticsoda/offer/
low content of heavy metal
http://www.panachem.com/msds/caustic%20spec.pdf

Coal
Justification
http://maheshwarifuel.com/blog/importance-of-steam-coal-for-electricity-generation-and-industrial-applications-in-india/
Spec
http://www.tidymart.com/indonesian-coal-specification.pdf
company
http://www.tidymart.com/coal-exporters.html

Fuel oil
Justification
http://www.achrnews.com/articles/the-benefits-of-low-sulfur-heating-oil
Spec
http://inspectapedia.com/heat/Types_of_Oil_Fuels.htm
company and spec
http://www.slovnaft.sk/en/business_centre/products/fuel_oils/heavy_fuel_oil/
Justification
http://www.cfd.com.au/cfd_conf09/PDFs/026MAR.pdf (feed to calciner can be either heavy fuel oil or combination of natural gas
and heavy fuel oil)

Synthetic flocculant
Spec and company
http://cn-wanhua.en.alibaba.com/product/761627721-
0/specification_anionic_polyacrylamide_polyacrylamide_for_mining_flocculant.html

Water
Company-justification
http://www2.jica.go.jp/en/evaluation/pdf/2012_0505700_4.pdf
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/waterfs_coolingtowers.pdf

Soda ash
Company- justification and spec
http://www.elteechemicals.com/best-quality-soda-ash-light-manufacturers-in-india--1291312.html

All the use for the raw materials are extracted from book