Roel B.

Calano
Philippine
Electrical
Code
Roel B. Calano
Roel B. Calano
Introduction
PEC Part I Consist of rules which regulates electrical installation or
design done inside the building
PEC Part II Consist of rules which regulates electrical installation or
design done outside the building
Enforcement of the rules
The PEC is intended for mandatory application by the government
bodies exercising legal jurisdiction over electrical installation
Mandatory rules shall be characterized by the use of the terms shall
or shall not
Permissive rules shall be characterized by the use of the terms shall
be permitted or shall not be required
Explanatory rules reference to other materials
Roel B. Calano
Introduction
Coverage of PEC Not Covered of PEC
Public and Private building Aircrafts
Generating and industrial Plant Motor Vehicle
Electric Substations, Industrial
Plants and Transformer Stations Railways rolling stack
Airfields
Switchyards
Recreational establishment
Quarries and mines
Offshore establishment
Mobile homes
etc.
Roel B. Calano
Branch Circuit Loading
Roel B. Calano
Branch Circuit Loading
The floor area for each floor shall be computed from
the outside dimensions of the building
Apartment, or other area involved.
For dwelling unit(s), the computed floor area shall
not include open porches, garages, or unused or
unfinished spaces not adaptable for future use.
based on minimum load conditions
In dwelling units and guest rooms or guest suites of
hotels and similar occupancies the voltage shall not
exceed 230 volts for hp load or 1440 VA
In all occupancies the minimum load for each outlet
for general-use receptacles and outlets not used for
general illumination
Roel B. Calano
Branch Circuit Loading
The minimum number of branch circuit shall be
determined from the total calculated load, size and
rating of the circuit
For dwelling units there shall be two or more small
appliance branch circuit
At least one 20 A branch circuit for Laundry circuit
At least one 20 A to supply bathroom receptacle
outlet
For dwelling unit having a floor are of not more
than 50 sq mm and shall not exceed 3680 VA
single 20 A branch circuit are permitted
Roel B. Calano
Branch Circuit Loading
Outlet for specific appliance or other load except
for a motor load = Ampere rating of appliance or
load served.
Outlet for motor load = Motor rating
An outlet supplying recessed lighting fixture(s) shall
be the maximum volt-ampere rating of the
equipment and lamps for which the fixture(s) is
rated.
Outlet for heavy-duty lamp holder = 600 volt-
amperes
Other outlets = 180 volt-amperes per outlet
For receptacle outlets, each single or each multiple
receptacle on one strap shall be considered at not
less than 180 volt-amperes.
Roel B. Calano
General Lighting
Type of Occupancy
Unit Load per
sq m Area--VA
Type of Occupancy
Unit Load
per sq m
Area--VA
Armories Auditoriums 8 Lodge Rooms 12
Banks 28** Office Buildings 28**
Barber Shop and Beauty Parlors 24 Restaurants 16
Churches 8 Schools 24
Clubs 16 Stores 24
Court Rooms 16 Warehouses (storage) 2
Dwelling Units 24
In any of the above
occupancies except one-Family
dwelling and individual
dwelling units of Two-family
and of multifamily dwellings:
Garages Commercial (storage) 4
Hospitals 16 Assembly Halls and Auditoriums 8
Hotels and Motels, including
apartment houses Without
provisions for coking by tenants
16
Halls, Corridors, Closets,
Stairways
4
Industrial Commercial (Loft)
Building
16 Storage Spaces 2
Roel B. Calano
Ampacity and Rating
Branch Circuit Rating = 100 % (Sum of Non Continuous Load) +
125 % (Sum of Continuous Load)
Additional
receptacle if
more than
1700 mm
Roel B. Calano
Receptacle General Provision
Roel B. Calano
Receptacle General Provision
Receptacles shall be installed that no point
measured horizontally along the floor line in any
wall space is more than 1800 mm from receptacle
outlet
Receptacles in floors shall not be counted as part
of the required number of receptacle outlet unless
located within 450 mm of the wall
Receptacle outlet shall be located above, but not
more than 500 mm above, the countertop
Receptacle outlet in bathroom shall be located
within 900 mm from basin
Basement and garages one receptacle outlet
Roel B. Calano
Ampacity and Rating
Fastened in a place = 50 %
Not Fastened in a place = 80 %
Roel B. Calano
Ampacity and Rating
Other Loads -- All Occupancies. In all occupancies, the minimum
load for each outlet for general-use receptacles and outlets not
used for general illumination be not less than the following,
the loads being based on nominal branch-circuit voltages.
1.Outlet for specific appliance
2.Outlet for motor load
3.Recessed lighting
4.Outlet for heavy-duty lamp holder -660 VA for admedium type
or not less than 750 for others
5.Track lighting
6.Sign and outline lighting1200 W
7.Other outlets-180 volt-amperes per outlet.
Roel B. Calano
Ampacity and Rating
Roel B. Calano
Ampacity and Rating
Apply a demand factor of 75 % of the total Load for
four or more dedicate loads connected in outlet
Roel B. Calano
Fuses and Fixed-Trip Circuit Breakers. The standard ampere ratings
for fuses and inverse time circuit breakers shall be considered
15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,
110, 125, 150, 175,
200, 225, 250,
300, 350,
400, 450,
500,
600,
700,
800,
1000, 1200, 1600, 2000,
2500, 3000, 4000,
5000, and 6000 amperes. Additional standard ampere ratings for
fuses shall be 1, 3, 6, 10, and 601. The use of fuses and inverse
time circuit breakers with nonstandard ampere ratings shall be
permitted.
Ampacity and Rating
Roel B. Calano
Circuit Rating
Amperes
Receptacle
Rating Amperes
Maximum Load
Amperes
15 or 20 15 12
20 20 16
30 30 24
Circuit Rating
Over current
Protection
Maximum Load
15 A 15 A 15 A
20 A 20 A 20 A
30 A 30 A 30 A
40 A 40 A 40 A
50 A 50 A 50 A
Branch Circuit
Branch Circuit Rating = Receptacle (outlet) Rating = Size of the
Protective Device = Ampacity of the serving conductor = Maximum Load
Roel B. Calano
A. 15- and 20-Ampere Branch Circuits. A 15- or 20-ampere branch
circuit shall be permitted to supply lighting units or other
utilization equipment, or a combination of both
1. Cord-and-Plug-Connected Equipment. The rating of any
one cord-and-plug-connected utilization equipment shall not
exceed 80 percent of the branch-circuit ampere rating.
2. Utilization Equipment Fastened in Place. The total rating
of utilization equipment fastened in place, other than
luminaires lighting fixtures, shall not exceed 50 percent of
the branch-circuit ampere rating where lighting units, cord-
and-plug-connected utilization equipment not fastened in
place, or both, are also supplied.
Branch Circuit
Roel B. Calano
B. 30-Ampere Branch Circuits. A 30-ampere branch circuit shall be
permitted to supply fixed lighting units with heavy-duty lamp
holders in other than a dwelling units or utilization equipment in
any occupancy. A rating of any one cord-and-plug-connected
utilization equipment shall not exceed 80 percent of the branch-
circuit ampere rating.
C. 40- and 50-Ampere Branch Circuits. A 40- or 50-ampere branch
circuit shall be permitted to supply cooking appliances that are
fastened in place in any occupancy. In other than dwelling units,
such circuits shall be permitted to supply fixed lighting units
with heavy-duty lamp holders, infrared heating units, or other
utilization equipment.
Branch Circuit
Roel B. Calano
D. Branch Circuits Larger Than 50 Amperes. Branch circuits larger
than 50 amperes shall supply only non-lighting outlet loads.
1. General Provisions. In every kitchen, family room, dining
room, living room, parlor, library, den, sunroom, bedroom,
recreation room, or similar room or area of dwelling units,
receptacle outlets shall be installed
2. Spacing. Receptacles shall be installed so that no point
measured horizontally along the floor line in any wall space is
more than 1800 mm from a receptacle outlet.
Branch Circuit
Roel B. Calano
E. Bathrooms. In dwelling units, at least one wall receptacle outlet
shall be installed in bathrooms within 900 mm of the outside
edge of each basin. The receptacle outlet shall be located on a
wall or partition that is adjacent to the basin or basin
countertop.
F. Outdoor Outlets. For a one-family dwelling and each unit of a
two-family dwelling that is at grade level, at least one
receptacle outlet accessible at grade level and not more than
2000 mm above grade shall be installed at the front and back of
the dwelling
Branch Circuit
Roel B. Calano
G. Laundry Areas. In dwelling units, at least one receptacle outlet
shall be installed for the laundry.
H. Basements and Garages. For a one-family dwelling, at least one
receptacle outlet, in addition to any provided for laundry
equipment, shall be installed in each basement and in each
attached garage, and in each detached garage with electric
power.
I. Hallways. In dwelling units, hallways of 3000 mm more in length
shall have at least one receptacle outlet.
J. Show Window. At least one receptacle outlet shall be installed
directly above a show window for each 3600 linear mm major
fraction thereof of show window area measured horizontally at
its maximum width.
K. Heating, Air conditioning and Refrigeration Receptacle located
within 7600 mm
Branch Circuit
Roel B. Calano
Number of Branch Circuits. The minimum number of branch
circuits shall be determined from the total computed load and
the size or rating of the circuits used. In all installations, the
number of circuits shall be sufficient to supply the load served.
Small Appliance Branch Circuits. Dwelling Unit. In addition to
the number of branch circuits determined in accordance with
above, two or more 20-ampere small appliance branch circuits
shall be provided for all receptacle outlets for the small
appliance loads.
Small Appliance Circuit load. Computed at 1500 VA
Electric Clothes Dryer. Computed at 5000 VA or nameplate
rating whichever is larger
Branch Circuit
Roel B. Calano
Laundry Branch Circuits Dwelling Unit. In addition to the
number of branch circuits determined at least one additional
20-ampere branch circuit shall be provided to supply the laundry
receptacle outlet(s) required. This circuit shall have no other
outlets.
Load Evenly Proportioned Among Branch Circuits. Where the
load is computed on a volt-amperes-per-meter basis, the wiring
system up to and including the branch-circuit panelboard(s)
shall be provided to serve not less than the calculated load. This
load shall be evenly proportioned among multioutlet branch
circuits within the panelboard(s). Branch-circuit overcurrent
devices and circuits need only be installed to serve the
connected load.
Branch Circuit
Roel B. Calano
Feeder conductors shall have sufficient ampacity to
supply the load served
Where a feeder supplies continuous loads or any
combination of continuous and noncontinuous load,
the rating of the overcurrent device shall not be less
than the noncontinuous load plus 125 percent of the
continuous load.
Where the assembly including the overcurrent devices
protecting the feeder(s) are listed for operating at 100
percent of their rating, neither the ampere rating of the
overcurrent device nor the ampacity of the feeder
conductors shall be less than the sum of the
continuous load plus the noncontinuous load.
Feeder Loading
Roel B. Calano
Permitted Reductions A service or feeder supplying
the household electric ranges, wall mounted ovens,
counter mounted cooking units and electric dryers are
permitted to have as additional demand factor of 70%
for the portion of the unbalance load in excess of the
200 A load
Prohibited Reductions There shall be no reduction
of the neutral or grounded conductor capacity applied
to any portion of 3 wire circuit consisting of 2 phase
and neutral of 4 wire, 3 phase wye connected system
Additional feeders capacity the load is in excess of
2000 A and the supply is 600 V
Feeder Loading
Roel B. Calano
Type of Demand
Occupancy
Potion of Lighting Load to
Which DF Apply
DF
Dwelling Units
First 3,000 or less
From 3,001 to 120,000
Remainder Over 120,000
100
35
25
Hospitals
First 50,000 or Less
Remainder Over 50,000
40
20
Hotels and Motels
Including Apartment
House
First 20,000 or less
From 20,001 to 100,000
Remainder Over 100,000
50
40
30
Warehouse
First 12,500 or less
Remainder Over 12,500
100
50
All Others Total VoltAmpere 100
Feeder Demand Factors for General
Lighting Load and Small Appliance Load
Roel B. Calano
Conductors-Wires and Cables
Factors that affect conductor sizes
1. Continuous loads
2. Terminal temperature ratings
3. Conductor insulation
4. Conductor ampacity
5. Special application
6. System voltage
7. Number of conductors in raceways
No of strand =
3n
2
- 3n +1
Roel B. Calano
Conductors-Wires and Cables
5.5 sq mm 600 V THHN
Wire Gauge
Operating Voltage
Thermoplastic Insulation
Ambient Temperature Level
Outer Layer Covering
Branch Circuit conductor that supply load shall have an
ampacity not less than 2.0 sq mm
Roel B. Calano
Conductors-Wires and Cables
C = Cotton
FEP = Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
MI = Mineral magnesium oxide
PFA = Perfluoroalkoxy
R = Rubber sometimes Neoprene
S = Silicone "rubber"
SA = Silicone-asbestos
T = Thermoplastic
TA = Thermoplastic-asbestos
TFE = Polytetrafluoroethylene "Teflon"
X = Cross-linked synthetic polymer
Z = Modified ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
Roel B. Calano
Conductors-Wires and Cables
Heat Rating
no H (ex TW, UF) = 60 degrees Celsius
H = 75 degrees Celsius
HH = 90 degrees Celsius
Outer Covering Jacket
N = Nylon
Special Service Conditions
U = Underground
W = Wet
Roel B. Calano
Conductors-Wires and Cables
Short Circuit
Temperature =
150 degrees
Celsius
Roel B. Calano
Conductors-Wires and Cables
Cu
Al
I
Al
= 84 % I
Cu
Cu
Al
A
cu
= 84 % A
Al
2.0 sq mm 2.0 sq mm
15 A 15 A
Conductor Correction Factor
Roel B. Calano
LV 1kV and Below
120, 120/240, 208Y/120, 240, 347, 480Y/277, 480, 600Y/347, 600
MV 1 kV to 34.5 kV
4.16 kV, 13.8 kV, 21 kV, 22 kV, 34.5 kV
HV 34.5 kV to 230 kV
69 kV, 115 kV, 230 kV
Voltage Class
Roel B. Calano
Voltage Class
Electric Field
Magnetic Field
Voltage
Current
The higher the operating voltage the thicker the insulation
requirementBIL (Basic Insulation Impulse Level)
Roel B. Calano
Voltage Class
Conductors of Different systems can occupy the same
raceway, cables, or enclosures if the insulation voltage
rating is not less than the maximum circuit voltage
480 V
600 V
120 V
Roel B. Calano
Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop depends on the
load current, conductor size,
distance of load to supply
and temperature
Roel B. Calano
Conduit Fill
4 -6 80
7-9 70
10-20 50
21-30 45
31 -40 40
41 and above 35
Roel B. Calano
Ampacity Derating Factor
600 mm
Roel B. Calano
Color Coding
White or Gray Neutral
Red and/or Black Hot
Green - Grounding
Roel B. Calano
Color Coding
Roel B. Calano
Conductor Size and Support
Voltage Application
Size for span less than
15 m
Size for span less than
15 m
600 Volts or less 5.5 sq mm Copper 8.0 sq mm Copper
600 Volts or less 8.0 sq mm Aluminum 14.0 sq mm Aluminum
600 Volts or more 14.0 sq mm Copper
8.0 sq mm Cable
Copper
600 Volts or more 22.0 sq mm Aluminum
14.0 sq mm Cable
Aluminum
Festoon Lighting Overhead conductor shall not be smaller than 3.5
sq mm copper unless the conductor is supported by a messenger
wire. In span exceeding 12 m there shall be messenger wire.
Roel B. Calano
Service Entrance
Roel B. Calano
Service Entrance
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600 Volts, Nominal, or Less. Conductors of 600 volts, nominal, or
less, shall comply with the spacing provided in PEC
Over 600 Volts, Nominal. Conductors of over 600 volts, nominal, shall
comply with the spacing provided in PEC
Separation from Other Circuits. Open conductors shall be separated
from open conductors of other circuits or systems by not less than
100 mm.
Service Entrance
Roel B. Calano
Conductors on Poles. Conductors on poles shall have a separation of
not less than 300 mm where not placed on racks or brackets.
Conductors supported on poles shall provide a horizontal climbing
space not less than the following:
1. Power conductors below communications conductors 760 mm
2. Power conductors alone or above communications conductors:
a. 300 volts or less 600 mm.
b. Over 300 volts 760 mm.
3. Communications conductors below power conductors same as
power conductors
4. Communications conductors alone no requirement
Service Entrance
Roel B. Calano
Overhead spans of open conductors and open multi-conductor cables
of not over 600 volts, nominal, shall conform to the following:
3000 mm above finished grade, sidewalks, or from any platform or
projection from which they might be reached where the voltage does
not exceed 150 volts to ground and accessible to pedestrians only
3600 mm over residential property and driveways, and those
commercial areas not subject to truck traffic where the voltage does
not exceed 300 volts to ground
4500 mm for those areas listed in the 3700 m classification where
the voltage exceeds 300 volts to ground
5500 mm over public streets, alleys, roads, parking areas subject
to truck traffic, driveways on other than residential property, and
other land traversed by vehicles, such as cultivated, grazing, forest,
and orchard
Service Drop
Roel B. Calano
Above Roofs. Conductors shall have a vertical clearance of not less
than 2500 mm from the roof surface. The vertical clearance shall
be maintained for a distance not less than 900 mm in all directions
from the edge of the roof.
Horizontal Clearances. Clearances shall not be less than 1000 mm
Clearance from Windows. Final spans to the building they supply,
or from which they are fed, shall be permitted to be attached to
the building, but they shall be kept not less than 900 mm from
windows that are designed to be opened, and from doors, porches,
balconies, ladders, stairs, fire escapes, or similar locations.
Zone for Fire Ladders. Where buildings exceed three stories or 15
meters in height, overhead lines shall be arranged, where
practicable, so that a clear space (or zone) at least 1800 mm wide
will be left either adjacent to the buildings or beginning not over
2500 mm from them to facilitate raising of ladders when necessary
for fire fighting.
Service Drop
Roel B. Calano
Service Equipment Enclosed or Guarded. Energized
parts of service equipment shall be enclosed as
specified below,
Enclosure - Energized parts shall be enclosed so that
they will not be exposed to accidental contact or guarded
Guarded - Energized parts that are not enclosed shall
be installed on a switchboard, panelboard, or control
board and guarded. Such an enclosure shall be provided
with means for locking or sealing doors giving access to
energized parts
Grounding and Bonding - Service equipment,
raceways, cable armor, cable sheaths, etc., and any
service conductor that is to be grounded shall be
grounded
Service Equipment
Roel B. Calano
Common Neutral -The ampacity of the neutral conductor shall not
be less than the maximum net computed load current between the
neutral and all ungrounded conductors connected to any one phase
of the circuit.
277 Volts to Ground - Circuits exceeding 250 volts nominal,
between conductors and not exceeding 277 volts nominal, to ground
shall be permitted to supply lighting fixtures for illumination of
outdoor areas of industrial establishments, office building,
institutionals, stores, and other commercial or public buildings where
the fixtures are not less than 900 mm from windows, platforms, fire
escapes, and the like.
600 Volts Between Conductors - Circuits exceeding 277 volts
nominal, to ground and not exceeding 600 volts nominal, between
conductors shall be permitted to supply the auxiliary equipment of
electric-discharge lamps
Lighting Equipment on Poles or
Other Structure
Roel B. Calano
Wiring on Buildings - The installation of outside wiring on surfaces
of buildings shall be permitted for circuits of not over 600 volts
nominal as open wiring on insulators, as multiconductor cable, as
Type MC cable, as Type MI cable, as messenger supported wiring,
in rigid metal conduit, in intermediate metal conduit, in rigid
nonmetallic conduit, in cable trays, as cablebus, in wireways, in
auxiliary gutters, in electrical metallic tubing, in flexible metal
conduit, in liquid-tight flexible metal conduit, liquid-tight flexible
nonmetallic conduit, and in busways.
Open-Conductor Supports - In spans exceeding 12 metres, the
conductors shall be supported by a messenger wire; and the
messenger wire shall be supported by strain insulators. Conductors
or messenger wires shall not be attached to any fire escape,
downspout, or plumbing equipment
Lighting Equipment on Poles or
Other Structure
Roel B. Calano
Service Entrance
Roel B. Calano
Service Entrance
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Service Entrance
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Rating of Disconnect
One Circuit Installation For a limited load the rating
shall not be less than 15 A
Dwelling Unit With a single branch circuit the
disconnect shall not be smaller than 20 A
Two Circuit Installation For not more than two 2 wire
branch circuit the disconnect shall have a rating of not
less than 30 A
One Family Dwelling The feeder disconnecting means
shall have a rating of not less than 60 A
All Others shall not have a rating of not less than 30 A
Roel B. Calano
Methods of Grounding
Grounding can be divided into two areas: system
grounding and equipment grounding.
These two areas are kept separate from each other
except at the point where they receive their source of
power, such as at the service equipment or at a
separately derived system.
Grounding is the intentional connection of a current-
carrying conductor to ground or something that serves
in place of ground.
In most instances, this connection is made at the supply
source, such as a transformer, and at the main service
disconnecting means of the premises using the energy.
Roel B. Calano
Methods of Grounding
There are three basic reasons for grounding:
To limit the voltages caused by lightning or by
accidental contact of the supply conductors with
conductors of higher voltage
To stabilize the voltage under normal operating
conditions (which maintains the voltage at one level
relative to ground, so that any equipment connected
to the system will be subject only to that potential
difference)
To facilitate the operation of overcurrent devices,
such as fuses, circuit breakers, or relays, under
ground-fault conditions
Roel B. Calano
On AC premises wiring systems, the conductor to be
grounded shall be as specified in the following:
1. Single-phase, 2-wire one conductor
2 .Single-phase, 3-wire the neutral conductor
3. Multiphase systems having one wire common to all
phases the common conductor
4. Multiphase systems where one phase is grounded
one phase conductor
5. Multiphase systems in which one phase is used as in 2
the neutral conductor
Grounding System
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System
Used green color as grounding conductor
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System
Used green color as grounding conductor
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System
Roel B. Calano
Grounding System
The grounding rod
resistance should
be 25 ohms or less
Roel B. Calano
On AC premises wiring systems, the conductor to be grounded
shall be as specified in the following:
1. Single-phase, 2-wire one conductor
2 .Single-phase, 3-wire the neutral conductor
3. Multiphase systems having one wire common to all phases the
common conductor
4. Multiphase systems where one phase is grounded one phase
conductor
5. Multiphase systems in which one phase is used as in 2 the
neutral conductor
Grounding System
Roel B. Calano
Neutral Conductor
Roel B. Calano
Cable Trays - Are open raceway like assemblies made of steel
aluminum or a suitable non-metallic material they are used in
buildings to route cables and support them out of the way of
normal building activities
Trough Type Trays - Protect cables from damages and give good
support and ample ventilation through straight sections
Ladder Trays - Provide maximum ventilations to power cables
and other heat-producing cables
** Cables suitable for use in cable trays are marked CT (Cable Tray)
on the outside of the jacket
Raceway Methods and Materials
Roel B. Calano
Electrical System Protection Basic
Components
Voltage transformers and current transformers: To
monitor and give accurate feedback about the
healthiness of a system.
Relays: To convert the signals from the monitoring
devices, and give instructions to open a circuit under
faulty conditions or to give alarms when the equipment
being protected, is approaching towards possible
destruction.
Fuses: Self-destructing to save the downstream
equipment being protected.
Roel B. Calano
Electrical System Protection Basic
Components
Circuit breakers: These are used to make circuits
carrying enormous currents, and also to break the circuit
carrying the fault currents for a few cycles based on
feedback from the relays.
DC batteries: These give uninterrupted power source to
the relays and breakers that is independent of the main
power source being protected
Roel B. Calano
0 5 10 15
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Time in cycles
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
p
u
I
F
= 5 pu
Roel B. Calano
T
R
CB
Roel B. Calano
Motor Installation
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Motor Installation
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Multiple Motor Installation
Feeder Rating = 125 % HFLA
in a group
+ 100 % sum of
Other FLA
in a group
Roel B. Calano
Multiple Motor Installation
Inverse Time Setting = 250 % HFLA
in a group
+ 100 %
sum of Other FLA
in a group
Roel B. Calano
Motor Installation
Roel B. Calano
Wiring Methods
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Drives, Excitation and Regulation
Exciter
AC Motor
DC Generator
Power
Drives
Excitation
System
Automatic Control
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Generator Operation
The Generator Spins above synchronous speed
Mechanical Energy is Transformed into Kinetic Energy
and is Converted into Electrical Energy
Delivers Active Power to the Electrical System
The Electrical System must provide Reactive Power for
the creation of Magnetic Field
High Engine speeds produced greater electrical output
Exciter
Prime Mover
Generator
Load
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Generator Operation
The Generator size is affected by the rating, enclosure
and the application
Typical prime mover is a diesel engine
Power Rating is expressed in Watts
Generator exciter provides residual magnetism
As the load of Generator increases the frequency
decreases
Exciter
Prime Mover
Generator
Load
Roel B. Calano
Power Measurement
Exciter
Generator
Load
Wattmeter Ammeter Voltmeter
Roel B. Calano
Surge Arrester Selection
Circuits of Less Than 1000 Volts. The rating of the surge
arrester shall be equal to or greater than the maximum
continuous phase-to-ground power frequency voltage
available at the point of application.
Surge arresters installed on circuits of less than 1000
volts shall be listed for the purpose.
Circuits of 1 kV and Over Silicon Carbide Types. The
rating of a silicon carbide-type surge arrester shall be
not less than 125 percent of the maximum continuous
phase-to-ground voltage available at the point of
application.
Roel B. Calano
Connecting Surge Arrester
Installed at Services of Less Than 1000 Volts.
Line and ground connecting conductors shall not
be smaller than 14 AWG copper or 12 AWG
aluminum. The arrester grounding conductor
shall be connected to one of the following:
Grounded service conductor
Grounding electrode conductor
Grounding electrode for the service
Equipment grounding terminal in the service
equipment
Roel B. Calano
Surge Arrester Selection
Line and ground connecting conductors shall not be
smaller than 14 AWG copper or 12 AWG aluminum.
A surge arrester shall be permitted to be connected
between any two conductors ungrounded
conductor(s), grounded conductor, grounding
conductor.
The grounded conductor and the grounding conductor
shall be interconnected only by the normal operation of
the surge arrester during a surge.
Roel B. Calano
Surge Arrester Selection
Circuits of 1 kV and Over Surge-Arrester Conductors.
The conductor between the surge arrester and the line
and the surge arrester and the grounding connection
shall not be smaller than 6 AWG copper or aluminum.
Roel B. Calano
Lightning arrester are protective devices for limiting
surge voltages due to lightning strikes or equipment
faults or other events, to prevent damage to equipment
and disruption of service.
Lightning Arrester
Roel B. Calano
Armored Cable ( AC, ACT, and ACL ) - fabricated assembly of
insulated conductors enclosed in a flexible metal sheath used
both in exposed and concealed work for branch circuit and
feeders in both exposed and concealed work and in cable tray
where identified for such use.
Metal Clad Cable ( MC ) - factory assembled cable of one or
more conductors, each individually insulated and enclosed in
a metallic sheath interlocking tape, or a smooth or corrugated
tube, used specifically for services, feeders, branch circuit,
either exposed or concealed, and for indoor or outdoor work.
Metal Insulated Cable, Metal Sheathed Cable ( MI ) - factory
assembled cable of one or more conductors insulated with
highly compressed refractory mineral insulation and enclosed
in a liquid tight and gas tight continuous copper sheath, used
in a dry , wet, or continuously moist location as in service,
feeders, or branch circuits, indoors or outdoors, exposed or
concealed.
Cable Wiring Methods and
Materials
Roel B. Calano
Non-metallic Sheated Cable (NM and NMC) - factory assembled
two or more insulated conductors having a moisture resistant,
flame retardant and non-metallic outer sheath. used specifically
for one or two family dwellings, multifamily dwellings and other
structure
Shielded Non-metallic Sheated Cable (SNM) - A factory
assembled two or more insulated conductors in an extruded core
of moisture resistant and flame resistant non-metallic, covered
with an overlapping spiral metal tape and wire shield and
jacketed with an extruded moisture, flame, oil, corrosion, fungus
and sunlight resistant non-metallic material. Used where
operating temperature do not exceed the rating worked on the
cable
Service Entrance Cable (SE & USE) - A single or multi-conductor
assembly provided with or without an overall covering, primarily
and for services. Used for installation in cable trays, raceways or
where supported by a messenger wire
Cable Wiring Methods and
Materials
Roel B. Calano
Underground Feeder and Branch Circuit Cable (UF) - A
moisture resistant cable. Used for underground, including
direct burial in the earth, as feeder or branch circuit cable
Power & Control Tray cable (TC) A factory assembled two or
more insulated conductors with or without associated bare or
covered grounded conductor under nonmetallic sheath.
Flat Cable Assemblies (FC)- An assembly of parallel
conductors formed integrally with an insulating material web
specially designed for field installation in metal surface
raceway. Used for branch circuit not exceeding 30 amperes
and in locations where they will not be exposed to severe
physical damage.
Cable Wiring Methods and
Materials
Roel B. Calano
Flat Conductor Cable (FCC) - Consists of three or more flat
copper conductor placed edge to edge & separated and
enclose within an insulating assembly. Used for general
purpose and appliance branch circuits and for individual
branch circuits specifically in hard, smooth, continuous floor
surfaces specially for under carpet (up to 914 mm
2
) wiring to
floor outlets (floor mounted type FCC).
Medium Voltage Cables (MV) - single or multi-conductor solid
dielectric insulated cable rated at 2,001 or higher. Used for
power system up to 35,000 volts nominal, in wet or dry
locations, in raceway, cable trays.
Integrated Gas Spacer Cable (IGS) - A factory assembled
cable of one or more conductors, each individually insulated
and enclosed in a loose fit nonmetallic flexible conduit rated 0
600 V.
Cable Wiring Methods and
Materials
Roel B. Calano
Integrated Gas Spacer Cable (IGS) - A cable and conduit
system for underground use, including direct burial in the
earth, as service-entrance conductors or as feeder or branch
circuit conductors advantages include low material and
installation cost, eliminate field pulling or cables into conduit
and eliminates the cost of assembly of conduit in the field.
Uses SF6 (sulfuric hexafluoride gas) insulation.
Cable Wiring Methods and
Materials
Roel B. Calano
Raceways - The raceways wiring accessories or channels
designed for holding wires cables, or busbars which are either
made of metal or any insulating material. They provided
mechanical protection to conductors while keeping them
accessible for wiring changes: conduits connectors, conduit,
coupling, clamps, hangers etc. cable trays, bus metal raceway,
non-metal raceways.
Conduits - Either pipes or tubing, which are either flexible or rigid
for electric wires. The most common electrical raceways.
Fittings - Accessories such as locknuts, bushing couplers,
adapters nipples and connectors or other part wiring system that is
intended primarily to perform a mechanical rather than function.
Connectors - A metal sleeve, usually made of copper, that is
slipped over and secure to the butted ends conductors in making a
joint. Also called a splicing sleeve.
Raceway Methods and Materials
Roel B. Calano
Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) - A metal raceway of circular
cross-section with integral or associated couplings, connectors and
fittings approved for the installation of electrical conductors has
wall thickness less than rigid metal conduit but greater than EMT
used in all atmospheric conditions and occupancies, or areas
subject to severe corrosive influences when protected by corrosion
protection
Rigid Metal Conduit - Similar to that of IMC and when installed in
concrete or in contact with coil, it does not generally require
supplementary corrosion protection unless subject to severe
corrosive influences
Rigid Non-metallic Conduit - Resistant to moisture and chemical
atmospheres underground materials, fiber, soapstone, rigid polvinyl
chloride (PVC), fiberglass, epoxy, and high density polyethylene,
above ground (PVC)
Raceway Methods and Materials
Roel B. Calano
Electrical Metallic Tubing - General purpose raceway of the
same nature as rigid metal conduit and IMC used for both exposed
and concealed work where it will not be subjected to severe
physical damage or (unless suitably protected) to corrosive agents
Flexible Metallic Tubing - Circular in cross-section, flexible,
metallic and liquidtight without a nonmetallic jacket used in dry
locations, in accessible locations when protected from physical
damage or concealed such as above suspended ceilings and
branch circuits
Surface Metal Raceway - Used for exposed wiring where the
possibility of severe physical damage is not a problem restricted to
dry locations and voltages under 300 volts its principal use is for
rewiring or extending existing electrical system.
Raceway Methods and Materials
Roel B. Calano
Under Floor Raceways - Called under floor ducts, consist of
separate duct system buried in the concrete floor or flush with
surface of the floor it come complete with junction boxes and
fittings to provide access along the length of the duct for
receptacles and telephone outlets may consists of single, double,
or triple ducts run parallel to provide telephone signal and power
raceways.
Wire ways - Ducts with square or rectangular cross-section made
of sheet metal and the standard length of each ducts is 10 feet
where the wiring is readily accessible through cover plates, which
make up one of the walls of the ducts, is 10 feet cover plates may
be hinged or unhinged, screwed in place, or merely snapped into
place cannot be buried, concealed in walls or exposed to
corrosives atmosphere for in general they are mounted exposed
outdoors and may carry systems rated at 600 volts.
Raceway Methods and Materials
Roel B. Calano
Cellular Floor Raceways - Maybe metal or concrete, where cells
of the cellular floor system is assigned with particular usage for
power or signal wiring, and a header ducts tap into the cells and a
carry the wiring to the necessary panel board or boxes.
Busways - An approved completely assembled metal troughing
and fitting when contain bare conductors intended for use as
feeders, the conductors being suitably supported of insulators.
Factory made systems of copper of aluminum bars, rods, or tubes
designed to carry heavy currents from 50 to 6,000 amp conductors
can be solid bars, square or rectangular hollow tube hollow ovals
or solid 1 beams. Can be mounted horizontally or vertically and
can be also used as service entrance feeders.
Raceway Methods and Materials
Roel B. Calano
Continuous plug in Busways - used to serve equipment that
may be relocated periodically, such as in wood working shops.
Have regularly spaced openings that permitted plugging of
switches or circuit breakers and conduit or flexible cable is then run
from devices to the equipment being served.
Trolley Busways - Permits travelling equipment to be connected
to a power source a rolling power takeoff in contact with the
busways conductors as the equipment moves, the trolley contact
on the conductor.
Cablebus - An approved assembly of insulated conductors with
fittings and conductor terminations in a completely enclosed,
ventilated protective metal housing
Raceway Methods and Materials
Roel B. Calano
Electrical System Design
Receptacle spacing = 1800 mm
from the door
Riser Diagram/Distribution System
Roel B. Calano
Thank You