0 оценок0% нашли этот документ полезным (0 голосов)
158 просмотров13 страниц
The introduced Egyptian forage sorghum hybrid ‘Mabrouk’ was tested against three standard checks (Pannar888, Kambal and AbuSabin) under seven environments in the Sudan during 2010-2011.
Оригинальное название
Release of Introduced Forage Sorghum Hybrid for the Sudan
The introduced Egyptian forage sorghum hybrid ‘Mabrouk’ was tested against three standard checks (Pannar888, Kambal and AbuSabin) under seven environments in the Sudan during 2010-2011.
The introduced Egyptian forage sorghum hybrid ‘Mabrouk’ was tested against three standard checks (Pannar888, Kambal and AbuSabin) under seven environments in the Sudan during 2010-2011.
Release of introduced grain sorghum x Sudangrass hybrid
Mabrouk for forage production in the Sudan
By
Maarouf I. Mohammed
Fatih E. A. Hamza, Mozzamil A.M. Eltalib , Hussein Muhi Eldin, Mohammed Al Assad, Mohammed Ismail Ahmed and Hassan A. Tambal
Submitted to the Variety Release Committee Khartoum, Sudan (July, 2012)
2
Release of introduced grain sorghum x Sudangrass hybrid Mabrouk for forage production in the Sudan By Maarouf I. Mohammed 1 and Fatih E. A. Hamza 2
Contributors Mozzamil A.M. Eltalib1 1
Hussein Muhi Eldin 3
Mohammed Ismail Ahmed 4
Hassan A. Tambal 5
Abstract An introduced Egyptian forage sorghum hybrid from Misr HyTtech Co. Mabrouk was tested against three standard checks (Pannar888, Kambal and AbuSabin) under seven environments in the Sudan during 2010-2011. Four environments were in Khartoum State and one each at River Nile, Northern and White Nile States. The genotypes were arranged in RCB Design with 4 or 3 replicates. The performance of the introduced hybrid was also demonstrated in the Farmers field in Khartoum State. Green and dry forage yield and some related traits were studied. Chemical analysis for crude protein, Neutral (NDF) and Acid (ADF) Detergent Fibers were carried out The results obtained indicated that the hybrid Mabrouk consistently outyielded the standard checks in all environments with average yield advantage over the checks ranging from 22 % to 40 % for green matter yield and 28 % to 48 % for dry matter yield. Its performance in the 2 nd cut was comparable if not better than the best yielding check. Mabrouk has better yield stability than the check Pannar888 and kept its yield superiority under farmer-managed trial. Its crude protein content was 11.6 %, higher than that of the check AbuSabin. The release of the hybrid Mabrouk has been recommended for commercial fodder production under the irrigated sector of the Sudan.
1 Shambat Research Station Agricultural research Corporation (ARC) 2 Merowe Research Station / ARC 3 Faculty of Forestry and Range Sciences. Sudan University. Suba. 4 Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Bakht El Ruda. Ad Duwaym 5 Shendi Research Station / ARC 3
Introduction In Sudan, the demand for animal products is increasing in response to the ever rising populations in the urbanized sector. Such growing demand calls for continuous supply of fodder throughout the year. Accordingly, great expansion in the area allocated to fodder crops has occurred. Based on the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture recorded for the year 2009, the area under fodder crops in Khartoum State amounted to 200 thousand feddans whereas in the River Nile and Northern States, around 60 and 30 thousand feddans were cropped to forage crops, respectively. Sorghum is the most crop capable in meeting the demand for large quantities of high- quality green fodders, especially in the hot and drier parts of the world. Compared to other cereals specially maize, it is more drought tolerant, less input demanding and thrive better under harsh conditions. Hybrids of forage sorghums are specialized forms of sorghum crop fully dedicated for fodder production. According to Maunder (1983), the release of the first forage sorghum hybrid occurred in 1959. Nowadays, such hybrids are common in many parts of the world. In the Sudan, work on introduction of exotic forage sorghum hybrid started in the early 1980s (EL Ahmadi et al, 2003) when Pioneer International introduced Pioneer 988, which was evaluated by the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) and released in 1989 ( Ishag, 1989). Since then, four forage sorghum hybrids were tested and released by ARC, namely: Speedfeed and Jumbo from Pacific seed Co. (Khair et al., 1995), Pannar 888 from Pannar Seed Co. (Nour et al., 1998) and Safed Moti from Proagro seed Co. (ElAhmadi et al., 2003). Another exotic hybrid CFSH30 from Agriculture Environmental Renewal Canada Inc. (AERC Inc.) has also been tested and submitted for release by ARC in 2010, but was not approved by the Variety Release Committee (Mohammed and Thabit, 2010). Today, the seeds of only two or three of the released hybrids are marketed in the Sudan, coming mainly from South Africa and India. In this study, the performance of an Egyptian forage sorghum hybrid has been evaluated under Sudan conditions with the objective of testing its validity for commercial release.
4
Materials and Methods Plant materials: Four forage sorghum genotypes comprising one introduced grain sorghum x Sudangrass hybrid from Misr HyTtech Mabrouk and three standard checks ( Pannar888, Kambal and AbuSabin) were investigated. Kambal was AbuSabin selection developed and released by the ARC in 2004 (Mohammed et al, 2008). 'Pannar888' was developed by Pannar Seed Company of South Africa and released by ARC in 1998 (Nour et al., 1998). It is characterized by having high dry matter production per day and relative earliness compared to other commercial hybrids used in Sudan (Mohammed, 2001). AbuSabin was included as a farmers check representing the bulk of forage sorghum grown in the Sudan. Environments: The genotypes were investigated in seven environments during 2010- 2011 four of them were in Khartoum State (Shambat 2010, Suba 2010, FekiHashim 2011, Shambat 2011) and one each at River Nile (Shendi 2010), Northern (Merowe 2010), and White Nile States (Ad Duwaym 2011). All the trials were conducted in the winter season 2010/011 except in Shambat 2011 and Ad Duwaym 2011 where they were conducted during summer and kharif seasons, respectively. Cultural practices: In the year 2010, sowing dates were effected on: 25 Oct., 27 Oct., 7 Nov. and 28 Nov. at Shendi, Suba West, Shambat, and Merowe sites, respectively. In the year 2011, the materials were sown on 15 April, 20 Sept., and 18 Dec. at Shambat, Ad Duwaym, and FekiHashim sites, respectively. Seeding was done on both sides of the ridges in all sites by placing 3 to 5 seeds in holes spaced at 5 x 75cm along and between the ridges, respectively. In most cases, the plot consisted of 5 ridges 4 to 6 m long with gross area ranging from 20 to 30m 2 . Nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) was added at second irrigation at a rate of 55 Kg N/ha. Irrigation water was applied at 10 to 15 day intervals. Weeds populations were minimized by hand removal during the first month from sowing. Pests, specially stem borers, were monitored and controlled when necessary. After taking the first cut, nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) at a rate of 55 Kg N/ha was added and the irrigation water was applied to assess the second cut Data collected: The green matter yield (GMY) was estimated by harvesting the whole plot at the flowering stage. A sample of 0.5 kg was taken from the GMY of each harvested plot and air dried to estimate the dry matter yield (DMY). Plant height and days 5
to 50% heading were measured in 5 out of 7 environments. Chemical analysis for crude protein (CP) Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) were carried out for the hybrid Mabrouk and the check AbuSabin in the laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum. Shambat. Experimental design and statistical analysis: The genotypes were arranged in RCB Design with 4 replicates except at FekiHashim (3 replicates). Separate ANOVA for the seven irrigated environments was performed for yield and related traits before running the combined analysis. Stability analysis was performed following Wricke (1962). The estimates of GxE statistics obtained by this method (Wi ecovalence) are the effects for each entry, squared and summed across all environments, as a measure of stability. As the ecovalence value increases, the genotype's contribution to the total GXE sum of squares also increases.The statistical package GenStat for Windows (2011) was used to run the ANOVA whereas Agrobase Gen II (2008) was used to run the stability analysis Demonstration plots The performance of hybrid Mabrouk was demonstrated in the Farmers field in Khartoum State at Sururab West (30 km north of Omdurman) in an area of aprox. 0.11 ha. The hybrid Pannar888 and Kambal were used as checks. Sowing date was on 28.Oct.2010. The site was sown and managed by the farmer under technical supervision of the research staff. Six samples, 1 m 2 each, were randomly taken from each plot to estimate fresh forage yield of the first and the second cuts. At harvest, a field day attended by farmers, extension and research staff was organized.. Results and Discussions Tables I and 2 show mean squares from combined ANOVA for forage yield and related traits, respectively. Differences among genotypes were highly significant for all characters studied. Genotype by environment interaction (GxE) was highly significant for fresh and dry forage yield of the first cut. Forage yield The first cut Green matter yield (GMY): Table 3 shows the GMY of four forage sorghum cultivars obtained in each of the seven environments and the average yield combined. Differences among cultivars for GMY were significant in all environments except at Suba 2010. 6
The hybrid Mabrouk consistently outyielded the standard checks in all environments with significant gains in yield in most cases. Its GMY ranged from 27.4 to 51.5 t/ha at Suba and Ad Duwaym, respectively, whereas the respective GMYs shown by the check Pannar888 were 19.2 and 36.8 t/ha. The GMY obtained by Kambal ranged from 22.6 to 43.2 t/ha. Across the seven environments the hybrid Mabrouk averaged the best GMY (35.5 t/ha) outyielding Pannar888 (28.2 t/ha), Kambal (29.2 t/ha) and AbuSabin (25.4 t/ha) with respective yield advantage amounting to 25.9% 21.6% and 39.8%. The dry matter yield (DMY): Table 4 shows the DMY of four forage sorghum cultivars obtained in three environments. Differences between cultivars in DMY were highly significant in each environment. The hybrid Mabrouk significantly outyielded the standard checks in each environment averaging 8.76 t/ha. Its increase in DMY over Pannar888, Kambal and AbuSabin amounted to 27.9 %, 33.5 % and 47.5 %, respectively. The second cut : Table 5 shows the GMY of the second cut obtained by the four cultivars in three environments. Differences between cultivars for GMY were significant in each environment. The GMY obtained by the hybrid Mabrouk was higher than that of Pannar888 in two environments, however the difference was not statistically significant. Pannar888 outyielded Mabrouk in Shendi environment. Across the three environments, the hybrid Mabrouk averaged 17.92 t/ha, better than Pannar888 that yielded 16.72 t/ha but the difference in yield was not statistically significant. Analysis of yield stability based on Wi-Ecovalence parameter (Table 6) showed that the hybrid Mabrouk has the second lowest contribution to the total GxE pointing to its relative stability across the test environments. The check Pannar888 gave the greatest contribution to the total GxE. Yield related traits Tables 7 and 8 show the results obtained by cultivars in each of the five environments for days to 50 % heading and plant height, respectively. Differences among cultivars for both characters were significant in three out of the five environments. The results from the combined data of the five environments showed that the hybrid Mabrouk was taller and 2 to 3 days later in heading than the standard checks.
7
Chemical analysis Chemical analysis revealed that the crude protein (CP) of the hybrid Mabrouk was 11.6%, higher than that obtained for the check AbuSabin (10.3 %). This could be attributed to the increased leafiness or high leaf to stem ratio (not measured in this study) observed for the hybrid Mabrouk in comparison with the check AbuSabin. The NDF and ADF values for Mabrouk were 66.6 % and 43.6 %, respectively, whereas those shown by the check AbuSabin were 62.3% for NDF and 43.1% for ADF. The demonstration plot Table 9 shows forage yield of the first and the second cut obtained in the demonstration field at Sururab site. The hybrid Mabrouk gave the highest GMY averaging 35.4 and 21.25 t/ha in the first and the second cut, respectively, whereas the best yielding check Pannar888 yielded respective GMY of 26.7 and 17.8 t/ha. Conclusion The introduced forage sorghum hybrid Mabrouk was tested against three standard checks (Panaar888, Kambal and AbuSabin) in 7 environments during 2010-2011. The results obtained indicated that the hybrid Mabrouk consistently outyielded the standard checks across environments with average yield advantage over the checks ranging from 21.6 % to 39.8 % in green matter yield and 27.9 % to 47.5 % in dry matter yield. In the GMY of the 2 nd cut, Mabrouk was comparable if not better than the best yielding check. The hybrid Mabrouk has better yield stability than the check Pannar888 and kept its yield superiority under farmer-managed demonstration plot. Its crude protein content was 11.6 %, higher than that of the check AbuSabin. Recommendations Based on the results obtained in this study we recommend to the Variety Release Committee the` release of the forage sorghum hybrid Mabrouk for commercial production under the irrigated sector of the Sudan. The major features of this hybrid are described in Appendix I. We suggest keeping the original name: Mabrouk :
8
References Agrobase Gen II (2008) version 18.5.1 Agronomix software, inc. Canada ElAhmadi, A.B.; Khair, M. A. M and Mohammed, Maarouf. I.. (2003). Comparative performance of Safed Moti, a grain sorghum x Sudan Grass hybrid from India. A paper submitted to the Variety Release Committee. ARC. W. Medani. Sudan Genstat. (2011). GenStat Release 10.3DE ( PC/Windows 7) VSN International Ltd. (Rothamsted Experimental Station) . UK. Ishag, H. M. (1989). Pioneer 988- a forage sorghum for irrigated Gezira. A report submitted to the Variety Release Committee. ARC. W. Medani. Sudan. Khair, M. A. M; Babiker, E.A.; Ibrahim, B. A. and Mohammed, B.A. (1995). Speed feed and Jumbo, new sorghum/Sudan Grass hybrids for irrigated areas in the Central Sudan. A paper submitted to the Variety Release Committee. ARC. Wad . Medani. Sudan. Maunder, B. A. (1983). Development and perspectives of the hybrid seed industry in the Americas. In: G. Ejeta Ed., Hybrid Sorghum Seed for Sudan. Proceedings. Purdue University. Pp. 39-48. Mohammed, Maarouf. I. (2001). Annual Research Report (2000/2001). Shambat Research Station. ARC. W. Medani. Sudan Mohammed, Maarouf, I.; Gamal, E. Khalifa; Ghada, H. Abdulrahman and Mohammed, I. Elmahi. (2008). Improvement of the traditional forage sorghum cultivar 'AbuSabin'. Sudan J. Agric. Res. 11: 25-33. Mohammed, Maarouf, I and Ahmed, T. M. (2010). Proposal for the release of the new forage sorghum hybrid CFSH30. A paper submitted to the Variety Release Committee. Khartoum, Sudan. Nour, A.M.; Khair, M.A.M. and Mohammed, B.A. (1998). Performance of forage sorghum hybrids under Sudan conditions. A paper submitted to the Variety Release Committee. ARC.W.Medani Wricke, G. (1962). ber eine Methode zur Erfassung der ekologischen Streubreite in Feldversuchen Z. Pflanzenzcht. 47:92-96.
9
Table 1. Mean squares from combined ANOVA for green (GMY) and dry (DMY) matter yields in forage sorghum Source of variation d.f. GMY (t/ha) d.f. DMY (t/ha) 2 ND cut GMY Block 3 29.73 3 1.8671 5.64 Environment (E) 6 752.60** 2 70.9805** 154.25** Block in E. 17 50.83 6 1.7731 12.25 Genotype (G) 3 510.01** 3 17.7131** 214.22** G x E 18 51.26** 6 4.0789** 42.52* Residual 60 18.98 27 0.6603 14.46 Total 107 47 *, ** significant at 0.0 5 and 0.01 probability level, respectively
Table 2. Mean squares from combined ANOVA for two yield related traits in forage sorghum Source of variation df Days to 50% heading Plant height (cm) Block 3 1.912 479.7 Environment (E) 4 615.731** 18528.5** Block in E. 12 5.756 291.4 Genotype (G) 3 28.579** 3611.2** G x E 12 6.715** 589.8** Residual 45 2.432 222.2 Total 79 ** significant at 0.01 probability level
Table 3. GMY 1 st Cut (t/ha) obtained in single and combined environments 10
Table 4. Dry matter yield (t/ha) of four forage sorghum cultivars obtained in single and combined environments. Environment Cultivar Shambat 2010/011 Shendi 2010/011 Merowe 2010/011 Combined average Percent increase in yield Pannar888 (check) 4.80 8.65 7.10 6.85 27.9 % Mabrouk 6.52 11.40 8.36 8.76 0.0 % Kambal (check) 5.45 9.38 4.84 6.56 33.5 % AbuSabin (check) 5.51 8.34 3.98 5.94 47.5 % Mean 5.57 9.44 6.07 7.03 P. Value 0.009 0.017 <.001 <.001 SE 0.265 0.569 0.319 0.235 CV(%) 9.5 12.0 10.5 11.6
Table 5. Green matter yield (t/ha) of the 2nd cut obtained by four forage sorghum cultivars in single and combined environments. Environment Cultivar Shambat 2010/011 Shendi 2010/011 Merowi 2010/011 Combined average 11
Table 6. Yield stability in forage sorghum across seven test environments based on Wi- Ecovalence parameter Genotype GXE Statistic Contribution to total GxE Pannar888 (check) 80.608 35.15 % Mabrouk 49.181 21.44% Kambal (check) 38.767 16.90% AbuSabin (check) 60.783 26.50%
Table 7. Days to heading in forage sorghum under single and combined environments Environment Cultivar Shambat 2010/011 Shendi 2010/011 Merowi 2010/011 FekiHashim 2011/012 Ad Duwaym 2011/012 Combined average 12
Table 8. Plant height (cm) in forage sorghum under single and combined environments Environment Cultivar Shambat 2010/011 Shendi 2010/011 Merowe 2010/011 FekiHashim 2011/012 Ad Duwaym 2011/012 Combined average PANNAR888 (check) 158 178 211 117 165 166 Mabrouk 169 230 230 123 201 191 Kambal (check) 168 200 188 112 168 167 AbuSabin (check) 158 180 178 116 171 160 Mean 163 197 202 117 176 171 P. Value 0.113 0.021 0.003 0.805 0.004 <.001 SE 3.74 10.42 7.41 8.44 5.39 3.33 CV(%) 4.6 10.6 7.4 14.5 6.1 8.7
13
Table 9. Green matter yield (t/ha) of the first and the 2nd cut obtained by three forage sorghum cultivars in the demonstration plot conducted at Sururab site (Khartoum State, 2010/11) Cultivar First cut 2nd cut AbuSabin (check) 19.5 8.85 Mabrouk 35.4 21.3 Pannar888 (check) 26.7 14.8 Mean 27.2 15.0 SE 1.594 1.042 : Farmer Name Khalid Abbas, Location Almahmodab Alsururab Sagia no. 41
Appendix I. Description of some features of the forage sorghum hybrid Mabrouk from Misr HyTtech Co Egypt. Character Description Stage of observation Seedling : anthocyanin colouration of coleoptile Purple seedling Plant: total height medium 151-260 cm maturity Plant: time of panicle emergence (50% of the plants with complete panicle emergence) medium (66-75 days) panicle emergenc Stem : diameter (at lower one third height of plant) small (< 2 cm) maturity Stalk juiciness Juicy maturity Leaf: length of blade of the third leaf from top medium (41 60 cm) maturity Leaf: width of blade of the third leaf from top medium (4.1 6.0 cm) maturity Leaf : mid rib colour (5th fully developed leaf) dull green 5 leaf Panicle : density at maturity (ear head compactness) loose maturity Panicle : length without peduncle medium (21 30 cm) maturity : Based on IBPGR Sorghum Descriptor