POLAR CURVES

Angle between radius vector and tangent

If be the angle between radius vector and the tangent at any point of the curve ( ) r f then
( )
d
tan r
dr

.
Angle of intersection of two curves:
2 1

Length of the perpendicular form pole to the length:
2
2 2 4
sin
1 1 1
p r
dr
p r r d

'
_
+

,

Pedal Equation:-
If r! be the radius vector of any point on the curve p! the length of the perpendicular from the pole on the
tangent at that point" then the relation between p and r is called the pedal e#uation.
1. $ind the angle between the radius vector and the tangent for the following curves:
a% r
2
cos2&' a
2
ans: ' -2&
b% r
m
' a
m
(cosm& ) sin m&% ans: ' )m&
c% = 1)cos& ans: ' tan
-1
d% r '
(1 cos % a +
ans:
* 2
2 r ap
e% r
2 2 2
sin a ans:
* 2 1
r a p
f% r cos
m m
m a ans:
1 m m
pa r
+

2. $ind the angle between the radius vector and the tangent. Also find the slope of the tangent
as indicated for the following curves:
a% rcos2 (&+2% ' a at & ' 2,+* ans: ' " tan ' 1
b% ' 1- cos& at &' 2,+* ans: ' "tan '
3. $ind the angle of intersection of the following pair of curves:
a% r ' and r ' a log& ans: 2 tan
-1
e
b% r
2
sin 2& ' 4 and r
2
' 1- sin2& ans:
c% r ' - cos & asnd r ' 2(1) cos &% ans:
d% r
n
' a
n
sec(n& ).% and r
n
' b
n
sec( n& )/% ans: .- /
e% r ' and r ' ans:
f% r ' a ' a+ ans :
g% r ' a and r ' 2acos& ans:
h% r ' *cos& and r ' 1)cos& ans:
4. 0how that the following pairs of curves intersect each other orthogonally.
a% r ' a(1)cos&% and r ' a(1-cos&%
b% r
n
' a
n
cosn& and r
n
' b
n
sin n&
c% r
2
sin2& ' a
2
and r
2
cos 2& ' b
2
d% r ' ae
&
and re
&
' b
e% r ' 4 sec
2
(&+2% and r ' 1 cosec
2
(&+2%
f%
2 2
1 cos " 1 cos
a b
r r
+
g% r ' a cos&" r ' a sin&
h% r
2 2 2 2
sin 2 " cos 2 a r b
i% r ' a(1)cos&%" r ' b(1-cos&%
5. $ind the pedal e#uation of the following curves:
a% r (1-cos&% ' 2a ans: p
2
' ar
b% r
m
cosm& ' a
m
ans: pr
m-1
' a
m
c% ' 1) ecos & ans:
2
2 2
1 -1 2 e
p l lr
+
d% r
2
cos 2& ' a
2
ans: pr ' a
2
e% r ' a sin*& ans : p
2
2 2ar )b
2
- a
2
3' r
4
f% r
n
' a
n
sin & ) b
n
cosn& ans: p
2
2 a
2n
)b
2n
3 ' r
2n)2
g% r
2
' a
2
cos 2& ans r
*
' pa
2
h% r' ae
& cot.
6. $ind the length of the perpendicular from pole to the tangent at the point ( ." ,+2% on the
curve r ' a(1- cos &% .
7. 4etermine the length of the perpendicular from the pole to the tangent at the point &' ,+*
on the curve r ' a sec
2
( &+2%.