Pyi Khaing Phyo-USDA

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NDD-DRD
P.O Box 179
Mae Sot, Tak
63110, Thailand
ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com
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twGuf w&m;0ifygww D pfct k oGif zefw;D +yD; Edik if aH &;avmuxJo@kd 0ifa&muf&ef ajcvSr;f jyif
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2
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9
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10
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11
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10
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13
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qD;rdco hJ nf? xdu k pd u P kd òr@d e,fjynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u c&dik jf ynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J xH wdik =f um;awmif;qdk
ojzifh jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k ESihf trsK;d orD; 37 OD;udk jyefvw $ af y;cJo h nf?12
xd@k jyif jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifuwfjym;&Sv d #if rnforl qdk Edik if t H wGi;f vGwv f yfpmG c&D;
oGm;vmEdik o f nf? toif;0ifu'fjym;udk Ekikd if o H m;rSwyf w Hk ifwckuo hJ @kd tok;H jyKEikd o f nf? rdom;pk
tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf rdwaf qGtaygi;f toif;rsm;. aetdrrf sm;wGif ntdyw f nf;ckv d #ivf nf; vGwf
13
vGwv f yfvyf wnf;cdEk ikd o f nf? txl;ojzifh jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifu'fjym; udik af qmifxm;jcif;
a=umifh tusKd ;tjrwf&&So d rl sm;rSm jrefrm¶d[ k if*smrsm; jzpfonf? jrefrm¶d[ k if*smrsm;taejzifh
jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifuwfjym;rsm;udk jyoEdik yf gu jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f wGif vGyv f yfpmG c&D;oGm;
vmEdik o f nf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonfh ¶d[ k if*smvlrsKd ;rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f c&D;oGm;vm
a&;wGif jrefrmEdik if o H m; pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm; r&Sad oma=umifh tcuftcJrsm; r=umc% awG@
}uKH &onf? xdak =umifh jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifuwfjym; vuf0,f&jdS cif;onf ‚if;wd@k twGuf c&D;oGm;
vma&;udk ydrk v kd , G u f l acsmarG@apcJo h nf?14
jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd tdr, f mjcHajrrsm;udv k nf; t
15
zd;k tcenf;enf;jzifh aqmufvyk af exdik cf iG hf &&S=d uonf? txl;tcGit hf a&;rsm;taejzifh jynf
ckid +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;. aetdrrf sm;wGif w,fvzD ek ;f v_id ;f rsm;wyfqifay;jcif;/ (um;r&Sad omf
vnf;)wpfvv#if "gwq f *D gvH (60) xkwaf y;jcif;/ Ekid if jH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;apvGwjf cif;/ pojzifh
tzG@J 0ifr[kwo f rl sm;ESihf tcGit hf vrf;rsm;pGm uGmjcm;aeonfukd awG@&onf?16 +rdK@e,fjynfcikd f
+zdK; tr_aqmifrsm; e,fajrpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;xGu&f mwGiv f nf; jynfe,frS pufb;D rsm;ESihf
17
qdik u f ,frsm; axmufyahH y;cJo h nf? Ekid if jH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;tqifq h ifrh S t
vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; vli,fa&;&mudp&P yfrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Iaomf
vnf;aumif;/ Edik if w H umtawG@t}uHK &&Sad &;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif; jynfyEdik if rH sm;od@k
apv$waf y;cJo h nf? 1995 ckEpS rf S 1997 ckEpS t f wGi;f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;rS toif;om; OD;a&(160)
OD;udk tm&SEiS hf Oa&my&Sd Ekid if aH ygi;f (20)ausmo f @kd tacgut f a&twGut f m;jzifh (65)acguf
18
yd@k aqmifapv$wcf o hJ nf?
jynfcidk +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;taejzifh toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/
14
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0ifa&mufpuG zf ufaeykrH sm;udv
k nf; qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
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,ae@jrefrmjynf. ynma&;pepfukd avhvm=u!frh nfqv kd #if jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;.
=oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm&Sad eonfukd awG@&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEkid if w H iG f tajccHynmtqifjh zpf
aom pmoifausmif; pkpak ygi;f (40521)ausmif;ESihf tqifjh rifyh nmtqifjh zpfaom wuUov kd f
ESihf aumvdyaf ygi;f (64)ck &So d nf? tajccHynmtqifw h iG f q&m/ q&mraygi;f (240878)OD;ESihf
ausmif;om; ausmif;olaygi;f (7783400)OD; &S+d y;D / tqifjh rihyf nmtqifw h iG f q&m/ q&mraygi;f
(10232)OD; ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olta&twGuf (705784)OD; &So d nf?19 tpk;d &0efxrf;
rsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k wm0efwpfct k aejzihf r0if
rae& 0ifa&muf&ef owfrw S jf yXmef;xm;onf? txl;ojzihf ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;pkonf
ud,k yf ikd q
f ENrygyJ jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf zdtm;ay;cHc&hJ olrsm;
jzpfonf? ‚if;wk@d taejzihf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef jiif;qefcyhJ gu ausmif;rSxw k yf pf&ef +cdr;f
ajcmufjcif;/ pmar;yGrJ sm;wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdck iG hf rjyKjcif;/ pmar;yGaJ tmifrw S f jynfrh aDS tmif
ray;jcif;/ pojzifh enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuft=uyfuikd jf cif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf?20
Oyrmtm;jzifh 2006 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (3)&ufae@wiG f jrefrmEdik if t H v,fyikd ;f jrif;+cH
tpd;k &enf;ynmaumvdyrf S ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
tm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay;+cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? c&kid f jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;. trde@f t&
[kqu kd m tqdyk gaumvdyrf S enf;jyq&m/ q&mrrsm;u jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifypHk rH sm;udk wapmif
v#if (200)usyEf e_ ;f jzifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk twif;t"rRa&mif;csco hJ nf? tu,fI
jynfcikd ;f +zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdyk gu pmar;yG0J ifa&mufajzqdck iG rhf jyK[kvnf; +cdr;f
ajcmufajymqdck o hJ nf?21 tcsK@d aom ausmif;om;rsm;.tqdt k & jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k r0if
a&mufv#if jynfwiG ;f jynfy avhvma&;c&D;rsm;/ pm=unfw h u kd of ;Hk pGcJ iG rhf sm;/ um,avhusichf ef;
oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufjcif;/ ponft h cGit hf a&;rsm; qk;H &_;H onf[k qdo k nf?22
xd@k jyif 2006 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (15) &ufpjJG zifh xkwjf yefaom ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f m ausmif;
om;or*~tzG@J csKyf (Edik if jH cm;a&;&maumfrwD) owif;xkwjf yefcsuw f iG v f nf; jrif;+cH+rdK@ tpd;k &
enf;ynmaumvdyf (*sw D pD )D rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk rjzpfrae jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
c&kdifat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD (c,u)ESifh +rdK@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSwqifh zdtm;aycJo h nf[k azmfjyxm;onf? toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
vufrw S rf xd;k onfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;ac:csed f rSww f rf;ray;[kqI kd ausmif;om;rsm;
rSm ausmif;ac:csed rf jynfv h #if pmar;yG0J ifa&mufajzqdck iG @f r&rnfupkd ;kd &draf oma=umifh qENr&Syd J
15
rausreyfjzifh vufrw S x f ;kd cJ&h onf?

&Hzef&cH g ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufap&ef }udK
wifaqG;aEG; wdik yf ifjcif;r&Syd J tjcm;vkyif ef;wpfcu k kd ta=umif;jyum jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k
oGwo f iG ;f cJo
h nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rE aW v;+rKd @wiG f touf(12)ESpt f xuf&dS ausmif;ol/ ausmif;
om;rsm;tm;vk;H udk Edik if o H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym; xkwaf y;&eftwGu[ f al om ta=umif;jycsujf zifh
yufpyd@k p"f mwfyrkH sm;udk a'ocHtm%mydik rf sm;xH ay;tyf&ef q&m/ q&mrrsm;rS awmif;cHchJ
onf? ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k xH jynfcikd +f zdK; toif;0ifu'fjym;rsm; a&mufvm
aomtcsed u f srS ‚if;wd@k ."gwyf rkH sm;udt k oH;k csI jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tjzpf t"rRow G o f iG ;f
cHvu kd &f a=umif; od=u&onf?23
ausmif;om;vli,fwpfO;D csi;f pD. ynma&;qdik &f m tcGit hf vrf;rsm;onf jynfcikd +f zKd ;
toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:wGif rlwnfae+y;D toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif ynma&;tcGihf
tvrf;rsm;udk rufv;kH wpfct k aejzifh toH;k jyKcJo h nf? ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk toif;
0ifrsm;tjzpf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f &mwGif ynma&;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&udprP sm;Y vG,u f l acsmarG@
ap&ef pDpOfay;rnf[k jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;u rufv;Hk rsm;ay;cJo h nf? txl;tcGit hf a&;
wcktaejzifh jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;wGif wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifaqmif&u G af eonfh jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;
0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk Edik if &H yfjcm;od@k ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;cGijhf yKrnf[k ynm
a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu trde@f xw k jf yefco hJ nf?24 ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol trsm;pkonf toif;0if
jzpf&ef qENr&Sad omfvnf; ynma&;ESihf tjcm;tcGit hf vrf;rsm;a=umifh toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh
=uonf?
xd@k jyif wmcsv D w d +f rKd @rS jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D .tqdt k & toif;od@k 0ifa&mufaom
ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;onf oufqikd &f m bmom&yfrsm;wGif tenf;qk;H trSwf (20)cef@
tydak qmif; &&daS =umif; od&onf?25 toif;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tcsed u f ek I f ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;
udk rvdu k Ef ikd cf ahJ omfvnf; tcsed w f efv#if vkt d yfonft h rSwrf sm;udk jznfah y;cJo
h nf? jynfwiG ;f
c&D;oGm;vma&;udprP sm;wGiv f nf; Edik if o H m;pdppfa&;u'fjym;rvdt k yfyJ jynfcidk +f zdK; toif;0if
26
u'fjym;jzihf vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmcGi&hf &do S nf? xd@k jyif xl;c|eaf om toif;0ifausmif;ol/
ausmif;om;rsm;udk vl&nfc|efrsm;tjzpf jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;u todtrSwfjyKI
*k%jf yKqkcs;D jrSichf @J onf? Tod@k jzifh tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udyk g jynfcikd +f zdK;
toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmatmif qGaJ qmifpnf;&k;H cJ=h uonf?
pD ; yG m ;a&;
jynfaxmifp}k uHch ikd af &;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif; tm%mydik t
f qifqh ifo
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jynfe,f/ wdik ;f em,ursm;ESihf jynfe,f/ wdik ;f wm0efcH A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmifrsm;. oabmwl
16
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cGijhf yKcsurf &bJ rnfonfph ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;udrk # vkyu f ikd jf cif;rjyK&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEpS /f
Zefe0g&v D 23 &ufpyJG g pmtrSw-f 5§}u@H cikd af &;§95 (061) jzifv h nf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifp}k u@H
cdik af &;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;/ &yfuu G §f aus;&Gmrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tvk@d imS rnfonfph ;D yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;udrk # vkyu f ikd cf iG rhf jyKa=umif; XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D 23 &ufpyJG g pmtrSw-f
5§}uH@cikd af &; §95 (547)jzifv h nf;aumif; !$e=f um;xm;onfukd awG@&onf?
od@k aomfvnf; 1995 ckEpS /f Zlvidk_ v f 9 &ufae@wiG f jyKvyk o f nfh jynfcikd +f zKd ; A[dt k vkyf
tr_aqmiftzG@J (11§95)tpnf;ta0;rS jynfe,f§wdik ;f §c&kid §f +rKd @e,f jynfaxmifpk }u@H cikd af &;
ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rsm;onf toif;.&HyaHk iGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd cf iG jhf yK&ef
qk;H jzwfco hJ nf? tqdyk gp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif&mwGiv f nf; pnfrsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;ufkd
txl;owdjyK vku d ef maqmif&u G o
f mG ;&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEpS /f Zlvid_ v f 27 &ufae@pyJG g pm
trSwf 5§}uH@cikd af &;§95 (547)jzifh !$e=f um;cJo h nf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; vkyaf qmif&mwGif
vku d ef m&rnfh pnf;urf;csurf sm;rSm-
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hf rl sK;d twGuf tusK;d ,kwaf prnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;rjyK&ef?
(c) toif;tqifq h if.
h pnf;&k;H a&;udk xdcu kd af prnfh tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aqmif
&Guaf eonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifaqmif&u G rf _ rjyK&ef?
(*) toif;tqifq h if.
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f u d mQ udk !_;d EGr;f ao;odraf paom/ toif;0ifrsm;. tusiphf m&dwW
ysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforl sm;.tjrifwiG f rwifw h ,faom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif
&Gujf cif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm-t&ufqikd v f yk if ef;/ om;owfvyk if ef;) ponfw@dk jzpfonf?27
trSew f u,fvufawG@wiG rf l jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif

&mwGif azmfjyygtcsurf sm;ESihf qef@usiaf eayonf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;u jrefrmEdik if . H pD;yGm;a&;
tcef;uÀwpfck &,lxm;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &tm; aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepftwGi;f &Sd
pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;rsm;udk tvG,w f ul xde;f csKyfEikd af tmif vrf;zGiahf y;cJoh nf?28
jref*% k jf rifu
h rk %
` o
D nf jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;. t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;jzpfonf? 1995
ckEpS q f ef;rSpI e0w(,ck etz). yHyh ;kd r_jzifh usyf 68 oef; &if;ES;D jrKyfEI HS “jref*%k jf rif”h ukr%
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udk wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? e0w (etz)u v$aJ y;onfh '*Hòk r@d opfajrmufyikd ;f yifv&kH wem
aps;}uD;&Sd qdik cf ef; 382 cef; a&mif;&aiG usyf 39 oef;ESihf vpOfimS ;&rf;c usyf 6 aomif;cGEJ iS hf
e0w (,ck tez)u v$aJ y;onfh ajreDuek ;f aps;rSvnf; usyo f ef; 200 &&Scd o hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh
jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf EdkifiHydkift&if;tjrpfrsm;udktoHk;ðy+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&u G cf &hJ m wpfEpS t f wGi;f usyaf iG 36 ukaÉausmEf iS hf qdik cf ef;iSm;crsm;vnf; vpOfoef;csI D
29
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hJ nf? 1995 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv jynfcidk +f zKd ;ESpyf wfvnf tpnf;ta0;od@k wifoiG ;f aom
17
tpD&ifcpH mt& jynfcikd +f zKd ;taejzihf Edik if aH wmfyikd yf pPn;f rsm;udk tok;H jyKI pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f ikd cf &hJ m
30
tjrwfaiGppk ak ygi;f 362 oef; &&Scd o hJ nf?
xd@k jyif jrefrmhausmufrsu&f wemaps;uGuEf iS hf jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;OD;ydik v f rD wD uftygt0if
31
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;pGmudv k nf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u xde;f csKyfxm;onf? jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;
onf &efuek w f ikd ;f / vdi_ +f rdK@e,f ajrwdik ;f &yfuu G f trSwf (24)&Sd ajr{&d,m{u (15.507)udk vGJ
ajymif;&,lxm;+y;D ‚if;ajruGurf sm;udk csw d yf w
d wf if'gpepfjzihf a'ocHv,form;rsm;tm; tiSm;
32
csay;cJo h nf? ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / rif;uif;òr@d e,fwiG v f nf; tqifjh rifh v,f,majrazmfxw k af &;rsm;
twGuf a'ocHjynfov l x l k axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmudk t"rRvyk t f m;ay; apcdik ;f cJ+h yD; tEdik u f sirhf _
rsm; ðyvkycf o hJ nf? ‚if;v,f{uopf (3000) teuf armfvu kd w f iG f tajcpdu k o f nfh cr& 364
ESihf cr& 366 wyf&if;rsm;u {u (1000) pD/ rif;uif;òrd@e,f jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;u {u (500)
cGaJ 0,l+yD; useo f nfh {u (500) udo k m a'ocHjynforl sm; &&Scd o hJ nf?33
etzppftpd;k &. axmufyt hH m;ay;r_ od@k r[kwf Edik if aH wmfyikd f b¾maiGrsm;ESihf ypPn;f
rsm;udk toH;k jyKI vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G af eaom vkyif ef;rsm;pGmvnf; &So d nf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h
&xm;/ vdik ;f um; ponfh c&D;onfo,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;/ tiSm;um;vkyif ef;/ tcGeaf iG
aumufcjH cif;vkyif ef;/ Edik if u H ;l vufrw S rf sm;xkwaf y;jcif;vkyif ef;/ pdu k yf sL;d a&;ESihf igarG;jrLa&;
vkyif ef;rsm;/ ajruGurf sm;ESiahf ps;qkid cf ef;rsm;tiSm;cspm;jcif;/ bdvyfajrtdyrf sm; o,f,yl @kd aqmif
a&;vkyif ef;/ aomufo;Hk a&jzef@a0jcif;vkyif ef;/ ausmufxw k v f yk if ef;/ tkwzf w k v f yk if ef;/ za,mif;
wdik f a&mif;csonfv h yk if ef;/ tif;vkyif ef;/ ul;wd@k vyk if ef;/ pyg;oD;pm;csjcif;vkyif ef;/ yJ/ESr;f 0,f,l
odak vSmifjzef@jzL;jcif;vkyif ef;/ jynfyrS armfawmfum;rsm;/ armfawmfqikd u f ,frsm;ESihf wm,mrsm;
udk tcGeu f if;vGwpf mG jzifh wifoiG ;f jcif;vkyif ef;/ pojzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;
jzpf=uonf?34
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vnf; wjznf;jznf;csi;f v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd v f mcJo h nf? ,cifu Adv k cf sKyfcif!e$ @f OD;aqmifaom
ppfaxmufveS ;f a&;rsm; vkyu hJ nfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;enf;wl“ a&$pif” AD'G ,
f ikd cf o D kd &ku d uf ;l
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hJ nf? ,cif
ppfaxmufveS ;f a&;tzG@J &pdS Ofu“ apwref ”emrnfEiS hf AD'G , D /kd pD'/D ADpG 'D D aw;pD;&D;xkwv f yk af &;
rsm;omru/ &ky&f iS x f w k v f yk af &;vkyif ef;rsm;udyk g pD;yGm;jzpf us,jf yef@pmG vkyaf qmifco hJ nf?
Adv k cf sKyfcif!e$ @f OD;aqmifonfh ppfaxmufveS ;f a&;rsm;udk acsre_ ;f +yD;onfah emufyikd ;f umvwGif
xdak pwrefurk % ` u D kd vuf&pdS pftpd;k &u odr;f ,lum ,ckjynfcidk +f zKd ; (ac: ) jynfaxmif}u@H cikd af &;
ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;u a&$pif trnfjzifh jyefvnfz@JG pnf;I vkyaf qmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?35 xd@k jyif
pma&;q&mrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sifo¶kyfaqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tEkynmvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;
toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:r_wnfI uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf r_ sm; &Scd o hJ nf? om"utm;jzifh
18
m;pkk
jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0if tEkynm&Sirf sm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k . tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk a&mif;cs&m

wGiv f nf;aumif;/ yHEk ydS x f wk af 0&mwGiv f nf;aumif; atmifjrifr&_ &S&d ef tcGit hf vrf; ydrk sm;onf?
jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdak om tEkynm&Sirf sm;udk 4if;wd@k . tEkynmvkyif ef;
rsm; ydwyf ifc&H rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf?36
jrefrmEdik if tH wGi;f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;opfrsm; xlaxmifvyk u f ikd &f ef vkyif ef;cGijhf yKcsuf
trde@f rsm; csay;jcif;udv k nf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u OD;pD;csKyu f ikd cf ohJ nf? xdv k yk if ef;rsm;udk ,cifu
37
ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;a[mif;rsm;rS OD;pD;vkyu f ikd cf ohJ nf? vkyif ef;Xmewpfcw k iG f twdu k tf cHtif
tm;pktzG@J rsm;rS tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tvkycf ef@tyfxm;onfukd awG@&ydS gu vkyif ef;&Sit f aejzifh
vkyif ef;cGijhf yKcsuf vdik pf if&yk o f rd ;f jcif; cH&onf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;u &efuek +f rKd @&dS um;ydik &f iS rf sm;udk
trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy0f ifrsm;tm; ,mOfarmif; (od@k r[kw)f um;py,f,mtvkyrf sm;wGif
cef@xm;jcif;rjyK&ef/ tu,fIvku d ef m&ef ysuu f u G cf yhJ gu ‚if;wd@k .vkyif ef;rsm;udk ydwyf ifjcif;
(od@k r[kw)f axmif'%f tjypfay;jcif;rsm;udk &ifqikd rf nf[k +cdr;f ajcmuf!e$ =f um;cJo h nf?38
toif;.pnf;urf;csut f & toif;tqifq h ifh *k%o f u d mQ udk !S;d EGr;f ao;odraf paom
toif;0ifrsm;. tusiphf m&dwyW sujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforl sm;.tjrifrmS rwifw h ,faom/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G jf cif;rjyK&[k !$e=f um;xm;aomfvnf; vufawG@wiG f jynfcidk +f zKd ;
tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf t&ufqikd rf sm; zGiv hf pS af &mif;csI pD;yGm;&Smaeonfukd awG@&&dS onf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh rE aW v;+rKd @/ r[matmifajr+rKd @e,f/ oDwmat;&yfuu G &f dS jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvnf;jzpf/
&yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u)vnf;jzpfonfh OD;at;az qko d ul
t&ufqikd u f kd ajymifajymifwif;wif; zGiv hf pS af &mif;csI pD;yGm;&SmcJo h nf?39
jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;. +cdr;f
ajcmufrr_ sm;/ taESmift h ,Suf ay;r_rsm;udk r=umc% &ifqikd &f onf? 2005 ckepf/ Ed0k ifbmv
(4)&ufae@wiG f jrefrmEkid if t H v,fyikd ;f yckuLU +rKd @e,frS e,fajrcH jynfcidk +f zKd ;twGi;f a&;rSL; wpfO;D
jzpfol udak usmw f ifu
h 4if;.wynf@rsm;udt k oH;k jyKI +yKd ifbufp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siw f pfO;D jzpfol
ud&k edS 0f if;.vkyif ef;rsm;wGif rqDrqdik f 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf+y;D touftE &W m,fuykd g +crd ;f ajcmuf
&ef&mS cJo h nf? tqdyk gtwGi;f a&;rSL;onf {&m0wDjrpfavSqyd . f ukew f ifuek cf svyk if ef;rsm;udk
vnf; csKyfuikd x f m;cJo
h nf? r=umc%qko d vkd toif;&HyakH iGtwGu[ f t k a=umif;jyI pD;yGm;a&;
40
orm;rsm;xHrS aiGa=u;aumufc+H y;D rdru d , kd u f sKd ;twGuf ok;H pGcJ o hJ nf? Ttcsuo f nf tjcm;
pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS vkyaf qmifaeaom pD;yGma&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKif
aqmif&u G jf cif;rjyK& [kqo kd nfh jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;rS jyXmef;xm;onfh pnf;urf;csurf sm;ESihf zDvm
qef@usif jzpfaecJo h nf?
19
tpd k ; &Xmersm;
tpd;k &0efxrf;rSev f #if tvdt k avsmuf jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpfonf[k jyXmef;xm;
aoma=umifh jrefrmEkid if &H dS tpd;k &XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom Xmeqdik &f m
0efxrf;rsm;tm;vk;H onf toif;0ifciG ahf v#mufvm$ ykpH rH sm;udk rjznfph u G &f yJ tvdt k avsmuf
jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tcsK@d tpd;k &tr_xrf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k tm; today;
jcif; od@k r[kwf ‚if;wd@k .oabmwlnrD r_ &Sb d J jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvm&jcif;a=umifh
rnfonfah e@&ufwiG f toif;od@k 0ifa&mufco hJ nfuh kd owdrrlrcd =hJ uacs?41
2007 ckEpS w f iG f u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd qufo, G af &;XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf;
aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;udv k nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef !$e=f um;vmcJo h nf?
tvm;wlpmG tm%mydik rf sm;u 1998 ckEpS rf pS I todtrSwjf yKxm;onfh Zlvikd v f (3) &uf
jrefrmEdik if t H rsK;d orD;rsm;ae@ukd *k%jf yKonfh taejzih[ f q k ukd m u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd 0efxrf;
rsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfcikd +f zdK;/ trsKd ;orD;a&;&mtzG@J EiS hf rdcifEiS u hf av;apmifah &Smufa&;toif;od@k
tjrefq;Hk 0ifa&muf=u&ef jynfe,f at;csr;f om,ma&;ESizhf @HG +zKd ;a&;aumifp(D y,u)u !$e=f um;
csuw f pfapmif xkwjf yefco hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if &H w J yfz@JG &JcsKyf&;kH uvnf; jrefrmEkid if &H dS &Jwyfz@JG 0if
tm;vk;H udk jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf+yD;jzpfa&; tav;xm;=uyfrwf aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef
oufqikd &f m+rdK@e,frsm;tm; !$e=f um;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif av#mufvm$ rwif&ao;onfh wyfz@JG 0if
rdom;pkrsm;udv k nf; wpfvtwGi;f tm;vH;k av#mufxm;&ef trde@f xw k ! f e$ =f um;cJoh nf?42
tpd;k &Xmersm;Y tvkyv f yk u f ikd &f ef qEN&o dS rl sm;onf jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifr[kwyf gu
oufqikd &f m +rKd @e,fjynfcikd +f zKd ; OuUXESifh twGi;f a&;rSL;wk@d xrH S axmufcaH =umif; vufrw S af &;xd;k
xm;onfh axmufcpH mrsm; wygwnf; ,laqmifvm&onf? tqdyk gaxmufcpH mrsm;&&S&d ef
twGuf +rKd @e,fjynfcikd +f zKd ;OuUXESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;udk tenf;qH;k aiGusyw f pfaomif;cef@ ay;&
onf? axmufccH surf yg&ydS gu tpd;k &tvkyw f pfck &&S&d eftwGuf tcGit hf vrf; tvGeef nf;
43
yg;onf? wpkw H pfa,mufonf tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfvmygu tvkyu f kd ab;tE &W m,f
uif;&Si;f pGm a&&Snv f yk af qmifEikd &f eftwGuf Edik if aH &;ESiu hf if;&Si;f &onf? tjzpftysuw f pfct k &
tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D onf trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyu f pDpOfcahJ om toem;cHpm (Petition)
wpfct k m; vufrw S af &;xd;k cJjh cif;ESiyfh wfoufI jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;u etzppftm%m
ydik rf sm;xH wdik =f um;cJo h jzifh tvkyrf S xkwyf ,fjcif;cHc&hJ onf?44
twd k u f t cH t if t m;pk r sm;

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f cHygwrD sm; txl;ojzifh trsKd ;om;'Dru
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onf jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;. toif;om;pkaqmifa&; enf;AsL[mrsm;ESihf xdyw f u
kd f &ifqikd af e&
onf? txl;ojzifh NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwrD S E_wx f u
G &f ef rufv;Hk ay;qGaJ qmifjcif;/ zdtm;
20
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ay;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udk ae@pOf&ifqdkifcJh&onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&owif;pmrsm;wGif NLD

tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwu D kd qef@usiEf w _ x
f u G af eonf[k r=umc%qdo k vdk a&;om;azmfjycJo h nf?
trSew f u,ftm;jzifh ygw0D iftrsm;pkonf ygwu D kd qef@usiI f Ekwx f u G =f ujcif;r[kwyf J tm%m
ydik rf sm;. zdtm;rsm;ESihf rufv;Hk ay;qGaJ qmif pnf;&k;H jcif;rsm;a=umifh Ekwx f u G cf &hJ jcif;jzpfonf?
tzG@J 0iftrsm;pkonf ynma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;rsm; ydrk &kd &Srd nf[al om ar#mv f ifch suf
rsm;jzifh tzG@J csKyfrS E_wx f uG =f uonf? tjcm;wbufwiG u f m; tm%mydik rf sm;. qENrsm;udk
r vdu k af vsmygu rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf a&&Sn&f yfwnfa&;udyk g +crd ;f ajcmufvmEkid o f nfh
twGuf tzG@J csKyfrES w k x f uG cf &hJ ol trsm;tjym;&Scd o hJ nf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap tm%mykid rf sm;.
twm;tqD; taESmuft,Surf sm;=um;xJuyif }uH@}uH@c+H yD; tzG@J csKyfvyk if ef;rsm;udk wpku d f
rwfrwf vkyaf qmifaeolrsm;vnf; &Scd o hJ nf?
jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygwt D m; tiftm;csed @J ap+yD; aemufq;kH wGif ygwt D m;
vk;H 0zsuo f rd ;f ypfEikd &f eftxd xdyw f ef;ppft&m&Srd sm;. ulnyD yhH ;kd r_jzifh pepfwus pDru H ed ;f a&;qGJ
vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? xd@k enf;wlpmG jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;onf ppftpd;k &u csrw S x f m;aom tao;
pdwpf rD cH surf sm;twdik ;f toif;om;opfrsm;udv k nf; pepfwus pkaqmif;cJo h nf? toif;0ifopf
rsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif tESmuft,Suaf y;jcif;/ +crd ;f ajcmufjcif; po!fh enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyK
vkyaf qmifaeaomfvnf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;. xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf sm;ESihf tpD&ifcpH m trsm;
tjym;wGirf _ toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;udk ydrk o kd rd af rG@aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&u G af e
a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
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qyfaumfrwDrsm;tm;vk;H od@k jzef@a0aom awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f. vsKd @0u S pf rD cH suw f pfcw k iG f
jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyEf iS hf tjcm; twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;. pdw"f gwf
a&;&mESihf v_y&f mS ;r_e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vmap&efEiS hf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;rS omref
tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmap&ef pnf;&k;H vkyaf qmif&r!fh jynfcikd +f zdK;
toif;. pDrcH surf sm;udk &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf? wcsed w f nf;Yyif ‚if;OD;wnfcsurf sm;udk
taumiftxnfazmfEikd &f eftwGuf jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;u vkyef nf;vky[ f ef trsKd ;rsKd ;udk pepf
wus yHpk cH s pDpOfco hJ nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pnf&;Hk a&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI jynfcidk +f zdK;
toif;0ifrjzpfao;olrsm;tm; toif;0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pnf;&k;H &efEiS hf toif;0iftjzpf
ryg0ifEikd o f rl sm;udk twdu k tf cHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f od@k r0ifa&mufomG ;Ekid af tmif pnf;&k;H &ef
wd@k jzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qef@usib f uftzG@J tpnf;rsm;.e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vm
ap+y;D wjznf;jznf; yaysmufomG ;atmif; vkyaf qmif&efjzpfonf? xd@k jyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm; OD;armhrvmEdik af tmif ‚if;wd@k vyk af qmifaeaom
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvm+yD; tvm;o¾mefwl pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
21
xlaxmifI ,SOòf ydiv f yk af qmif&ef jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif omreftwdu k tf cHtzG@J 0ifrsm;. pD;yGm;
a&;vkyif ef;onf jynfph o Hk nft h &if;tES;D r&Syd gu jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trmcHrsm;rSwqifh yk*Kd~ vaf &;
cifrifatmif aygi;f oif;+yD; &if;ES;D aiGaxmufyI Hh ‚if;wd@k tm; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k yg0ifvm
45
atmif qGaJ qmifpnf&;Hk &efw@kd jzpfonf?
2007 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f Y jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f
a&;rSL; OD;bxl;udk tzG@J csKyfuae E_wx f u G af y;&ef +rdK@e,fjynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;
toif;rS OD;cifarmifat;u rufv;Hk ay; qGaJ qmifpnf;&k;H cJo h nf? OD;bxl;.tqdt k & ygw0D if
rsm;udk tzG@J csKyfrES w k x f u G &f ef vdu k v f pH nf;&k;H &mwGif tm%mydik rf sm;u aiGa=u;rsm;/ *st D ufpf
trf w,fvzD ek ;f rsm;ESihf vkyif ef;vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf efx&ku d rf sm; ay;urf;I pnf;&H;k cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf;
jyifO;D vGif tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;u tm%mydik rf sm;. rufv;Hk rsm;udk *&krpdu k yf J tzG@J csKyfvyk if ef;rsm;udk
t&Sed t f [kerf ysuf qufvufvyk u f ikd o
f mG ;rnf[k qk;H jzwfcsucf sco hJ nf?46
1998 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvwGif jrefrmEkid if aH wmifyidk ;f urf;&k;d wef;wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfwiG f
jyKvkyaf om tpnf;ta0;wpfcw k iG f wufa&mufvmaom trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J
0ifrsm;udk trSw(f 19) ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;Xmet}uD;tuJ Adv k rf LS ;jrifOh ;D u “rdrw d @kd taejzifh
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udk av;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfov l x l t k aejzifh NLD ygwu D kd w&m;r0iftoif;tjzpf wm;
jrpfyw d yf ifay;&ef arwWm&yfcx H m;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh +rw d +f rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd ygw0D ifrsm;taejzifh
,ckvrukecf if tzG@J csKyrf ES w k x f u G af y;=u&ef ajym=um;vdak =umif;/ owfrw S &f uftwGi;f tzG@J csKyf
rS Ekwx f uG af y;&ef ysuu f u G o f rl sm;udk ta&;,laqmif&u G o f mG ;rnfjzpfa=umif;” xkwaf zmf ajym
=um;oGm;cJo h nf? tqdyk gowday;csuo f nf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if 1000 ausmf
ESihf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f 200 OD;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f +y;D r=umcif xGuaf y:vmjcif;jzpf
47
onf?
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ygwt D m; qef@usi¶f @H_ csjcif;ESihf ygwt D m; zsuo f rd ;f ay;&ef awmif;qdak ejcif;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd ;
pHk toH;k jyKI vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? ppftpd;k &ydik rf 'D , D mrsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; NLD ygwD
0ifrsm; Ekwx f uG af eonft h a=umif;udk r=umc% tus,cf s@J I azmfjycJo h nf? 2006 ckepf/
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48
a=unmcJo h nf? od@k &mwGif NLD ygwo D nf tzG@J 0if (4)OD;. w&m;0ifEw _ x f u G pf mrsm;udo k m
&&Scd o hJ nf?49 Ttcsuu f kd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjcm;E_wx f u G rf r_ sm;onf twif;tusyf apcdik ;f
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2006 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif jrefrmEdik if t H v,fyikd ;f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / a&$b+kd rdK@e,fwiG f
22
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h nf? 2007 ckEpS /f ZGev f (11)&ufae@wiG v f nf; rE aW v;wdik ;f / jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@ om,muke;f
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zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u) tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ e,fxrd ;f &Jrsm;/ jynfcikd +f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm; a&muf&Sd
vm+yD; tzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufay;&ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif jyifOD;vGif
aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyfpnf;tzG@J 0if ud0k if;Adv k f udv k nf; ZGev f (17) &ufae@Y &,urS
ac:,l+cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; owif;ay;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfru _ kd ud0k if;Adv k u f jiif;qdck o hJ nf?50
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trsK;d rsK;d ay;I tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS Ekwx f u
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tjzpfrS Ekwx f uG cf ikd ;f cJo
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51
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toif;0ifrsm;onf rE aW v;wdik ;f twGi;f &Sd NLD ygwt D zG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrf sm;od@k oGm;a&mufI
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qdck +hJ yD; ygwrD ES w _ x f u h nf?52 xd@k tjyif jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f v$waf wmfu,
G cf idk ;f cJo kd pf m;vS,f OD;armif
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53
armif0if;onf ygwrD S Ekwx f u G &f ef jiif;qdck o hJ nf?
jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tjcm;enf;
vrf;trsK;d rsK;d ok;H Ivnf; taESmuft,Suaf y;cJo h nf? 1999 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D 20/21 wGif
&efuek w f ikd ;f tif;pde+f rKd @e,frS jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (3)OD;onf ayguu f aH us;&GmrS a'ocH&mG om;(20)
ausmw f @kd tm; trnfpm&if;rsm;ESiw hf uG oGm;a&mufI NLD ygwrD S E_wx f u G af =umif; twif;
t"rR vufrw S af &;xd;k ckid ;f cJo h nf? tqdyk g&mG om;rsm;onf trSew f u,f NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;
r[kw=f uacs? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tqdyk g&mG om;rsm;tm; t}urf;zuf
vky&f yfrsm;wGif NLD ygwED iS hf ylaygi;f }upH nfonf[k pGypf u JG m twif;t"rRvufrw S f a&;xd;k ckid ;f
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&kaH &;aumfrwD vli,fpnf&;Hk a&;wm0efcH a':cifEiS ;f =unftm; vuf&&dS mxl;rS Ekwx f u G af y;&ef
twif;t"rR zdtm;ay; vufrw S af &;xd;k cdik ;f cJoh nf? tu,fI rE_wx f u G v
f #if 4if;.cifyeG ;f jzpfol
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23
taetxm;od@k qdu k af &mufco hJ nf?54

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atmifjrif/h ud0k if;pdeEf iS hf udw k if!e$ @f w@kd OD;aqmifaomtzG@J onf aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vSn@f vnfI
NLD ygw0 D ifrsm;tm; tzJ@G csKyfrS Ekwx f u G af p&ef zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? wHwm;OD; +rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd
ZD;yif&yd af us;&GmrS trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy0f ifrsm;udk wpftrd v f #if wpfa,mufEe_ ;f qifah c:I
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tu,fI rE_wx f u G yf gu anmifEpS yf iftrsK;d om;nDvmcHt+yD; tzG@J csKyftm; w&m;r0iftzG@J
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wm0ef,El idk v f rd rhf nfr[kwaf =umif; ajymqdI k Ekwx f u h nf?55
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56
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awG@=u&+y;D ynma&;qdik &f mtcGit hf vrf;rsm;vnf; enf;yg;apcJo h nf? 2004 ckEpS w f iG f weoFm&D
wdik ;f / +rdw+f rdK@e,frS a'ocHtm%mydik rf sm;u NLD ygw0D ifrsm;tm; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif
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24
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ausmif;rS Ekwx f u G &f ef zdtm;ay;cJo h nf?58
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a&mufI tu,fIygwrD S Ekwx f uG +f yD; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qufvufjiif;qdk
aev#if pwd;k qdik t f wGuf wESpw f pf}urd f xkwaf y;aeonfh cGijhf yKcsuyf grpfukd xkwaf y;awmhrnf
r[kw[ f k +crd ;f ajcmufajymqdck o hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pk a&&Snpf m;0wfaea&;udk xnfh
oGi;f pOf;pm;+yD; ygwrD ES w k x f uG I f jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufc&hJ onf?59
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25
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26
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rsm;onf tem*wf'rD u kd a&pDxal xmifa&;twGuf tajccHtw k jf rpfrsm;udk +zdKvSaJ ejcif;jzpf+yD;/
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tcsu(f 7)csuyf g Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajrykEH iS hf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd axmufct H m;ay;o!fh
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a0;yGrJ sm;udk jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;u wm0ef,u l si;f ycJo h nf? xd@k tjyif 1990 a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f
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&ef zdtm;ay;cH&olrsm; jzpf=uonf? jynfov l x
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ae&jcif;onf ‚if;wd@k tay: usa&mufvmEdik o f nfh ab;tE &W m,fq;kd usK;d rsm;udk a=umuf&@HG ae&
aoma=umifh jzpfayonf?
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jynf o l @ tusd K ;awmf a qmif

ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcidk +f zKd ; ac: jynfaxmifp}k u@H cikd af &;ESizhf @HG +zKd ;a&;toif;onf
jynfov l xl u k kd tusK;d jyKaeaom vlra_ &;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ponfh vkyif ef;rsm;wGif 0if
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Edik if v H @l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f toGio f ¾mef trsKd ;
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a&&Snzf @HG +zdK;a&;ESihf wnf+idraf &;twGuf rsm;pGm pd;k &drpf &mjzpfayonf?
jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;twGuf &HyaHk iGrsm;&&S&d m ae&mtcsK@d ukd avhvm=unfrh nfqv kd #if
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rsm;taejzifv h nf; toif;twGuf aiGa=u;rsm;udk tvSLaiGtaejzifx h nf0h if&ef apcdik ;f jcif;
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&Scd o hJ nf? cGw J rf;pepft& wpfEpS v f #if ok;H }urd /f av;}urd cf ef@ aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd jynforl sm;xHrS tvSL
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tvSLaiGrsm; ray;aqmif&aomfvnf; a'ocHpnf;&k;H a&;rSL;rsm;udk w&m;0if&;Hk pmrsm; xkwaf y;
+y;D &yfuu G /f aus;&Gmrsm;twGi;f tvSLaiGrsm; vdu k v f pH ak qmif;&ef wm0efay;avh&o Sd nf? tvSL
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twGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ toif;0ifav#mufv$mykHpHtwGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ jynfcdkif+zdK;
wkid ;f tqifah cgi;f aqmifrsm; vma&mufvnfywf&ef {nfch pH m;&dwt f wGu[ f k vnf;aumif;
ta=umif;trsKd ;rsK;d jyI omrefjynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tygt0if jynfov l xl x k rH S aumufcH
pkaqmif;=uonf? tcsK@d aom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm;udk wdu k &f udk af umufcjH cif;
r&Sad omfvnf; jynfcikd +f zdK;rS OD;pD;usi;f yaom vlra_ &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;om;
0wfpzHk ;kd rsm;twGu[ f k ta=umif;jyI vukev f #if ‚if;wd@k .vpmaiGrsm;xJrS jzwfawmuf,jl cif;
udk cH=u&onf? jynfcikd +f zKd ; toif;rSaumufcaH om aiGa=u;yrm%udk rvSL'ge;f Edik o f rl sm;onf
vkyt f m;ay; vdu k =f u&onf? vkyt f m;ay; ud, k w f ikd rf vdu k Ef ikd of rl sm;onf ‚if;wd@k .ae&mwGif
tjcm;wpHw k a,mufukd iSm;&rf;I tpm;xd;k ay;&onf?61
ppftpd;k &rS wkid ;f jynfukd pwiftyk cf sKyfcahJ om 1962 ckEpS rf pS I tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wGif
rGeb f mom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;cGihf rjyKcJah y? od@k aomfvnf; aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd rGev f xl u
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&Gmrsm;wGif rGepf mayESihf Ak'b < mom,Ofaus;r_toif;rsm; wnfaxmifI rGepf moifausmif;rsm;
zGiv hf pS +f y;D rGepf mwwfajrmufa&; oifwef;rsm;ay;&ef }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G cf ohJ nf? od@k aomfvnf;
2004 ckepf/ Zlvikd v f twGi;f u etz Adv k cf sKyfarmifbu kd a&;+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd rGeb f mompum;
oif=um;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;udk ydwyf pf&efEiS hf tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmif&ef a'ocH
tm%mydik rf sm;udk !$e=f um;cJo h nf? 2005 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D usKu d rf a&m+rd@k wiG f jyKvkyaf om
tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u rGefbmompum;
oif=um;jcif;onf Ekid if aH wmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf pnf;vk;H nD!w $ af &;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf
ckjzpfonf[k ajymqdo k mG ;cJoh nf? jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udv k nf; rGeaf usmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;
tm; taESmuft,Suaf y;&efEiS hf qufvufziG x hf m;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;tm;ydwyf if&ef
62
apcdik ;f cJo h nf? Tod@k jzifh jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;onf ae&mwdik ;f / vltzG@J tpnf;wkid ;f wGif tpk
tzG@J wpfck ay:ayguv f mrnfukd tvGet f rif; pd;k &drcf =hJ uonf?
NLD ygwr D S vkyaf qmifaeaom vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;.
wm;qD;[ef@wm;aer_rsm; &Scd o hJ nf? jrefrmjynftES@H wiG f zG@J pnf;xm;aom Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;
rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pkrsm;tm; tultnDay;aeonfh vlru _ n l aD &;tzG@J rsm;uJo h @kd tvm;wl
tzG@J wpfcu k kd NLD ygwu D wrl;a'owGizf @JG pnf;&ef 2004 ckepf/ {+yv D twGi;f u }uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf?
od@k aomfvnf; wrl;c¶dik jf ynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;OuUXu tqdyk gvrl u _ n l aD &;tzG@J zG@J pnf;olrsm;tm;
‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif wefjyef*,uf¶u kd rf r_ sm;ESihf awG@}uKH &vdrrhf nf[k +crd ;f ajcmuf
63
ajymqdI k taESmuft,Suaf y;cJo h nf? 2004 ckepfwiG v f nf; jrefrmjynfatmufyikd ;f &Sd a&ab;
'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; NLD ygwrD S qefvLS 'ge;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf? xdt k csed Yf jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u
29
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64
onf[k rrSerf uef ajymqdck o hJ nf? xd@k jyif twdu k t f cHygwrD sm;. vlra_ &;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;
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rsm;udk pnf;&k;H onft h cgwikd ;f jynfcikd +f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfov l x l t k m; rvkyaf qmif&ef
65
avmfpyDumrsm;ESihf atmf[pfI [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S cf ohJ nf?
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wm;aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm; jyKvyk v f mcJo h nf? jrefrmjynfov l x l .k txl; tm;ud;k ,k=H unfru _ kd &&Sad e
onfh &ky&f iS o f &kyaf qmif udak usmo f l OD;pD;aom ema&;ulnrD t _ oif;(&efuek )f tygt0if vlra_ &;/
bmoma&;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&; toif;tzG@J (24)ckukd tm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay;cJo h nf?
TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; vkyif ef;vkyyf ikd cf iG o hf ufwrf; xyfw;kd ay;awmhrnf r[kwaf =umif; 2007
ckEpS t f wGi;f Y w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif 2006 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGiv f nf; ema&;
ulnrD t _ oif;(&efuek )f . a=umfjimcGi/hf tvSLaiGvufccH iG rhf sm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u wm;jrpf
ydwyf ifrr_ sm; jyKvyk cf +hJ y;D toif;.tr_aqmiftcsK@d ukd ac:,laqG;aEG;ar;jref;r_rsm; jyKvyk cf o hJ nf?
udak usmo f l OD;pDonfh ema&;ulnrD t _ oif; (&efuek )f udk 2001 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (1)
&ufae@wiG f rwnfaiG usy(f 5)ode;f jzifh ud, k xf u l ,kd x f pwifz@JG pnf; xlaxmifco hJ nf? toif;
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tultnDay;cJo h nf? toif;. (5)ESpw f m oufwrf;umvtwGi;f vl (4)aomif;eD;yg;. ema&;
udprP sm;udk ulnaD xmufyaHh y;Edik cf o hJ nf? wpfjynfv;Hk &Sd +rKd @e,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGiv f nf; tvm;
wl ema&;toif;rsm;udk vdu k v f zH @JG pnfay;cJo h nfh apwem&Siv f rl a_ &;toif; wpfcjk zpfonf?66
jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;onf apwem&Siv f rl t_ zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk jyifyrS [ef@wm;
aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nft h jyif tvm;wlpif+ydKiftzG@J tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifI taESmuf
t,Suaf y;jcif;/ apwem&Siv f rl t _ zG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f od@k jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0iftrmcHrsm; t
wif;t"rRxnfo h iG ;f I taESmuft,Suaf y;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? om"utaejzifh
&ky&f iS of &kyaf qmif ausmo f l OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;ay;cJah om oma&;ema&;toif;rsm;xJrS wpfct k yg
t0ifjzpfonfh rauG;wkid ;f / atmifv+H rdK@e,f arwWmrGef oma&;/ema&;toif;tzG@J twGi;f od@k
jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (2)OD;udk A[dak umfrwDtjzpf twif;t"rRxnfo h iG ;f cJo
h nf? vlra_ &;toif;
rsm;wGif jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm; wdu k &f ukd yf g0ifywfoufvmjcif;onf toif;rsm;taejzifh
tvSL&Sirf sm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm; qufvuf&&Sad &;twGuf twm;tqD;wpfck jzpfapcJo h nf?67
2006 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGif pwifz@JG pnf;cJ+h y;D rauG;wdik ;f / acsmuf+rKd @e,f&dS ema&;vkyif ef;
rsm;udk tcrJah qmif&u G af y;aeaom raemjzL ema&;ulnrD t _ oif;rS jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifwcsK@d
30
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ESihf tay;t,lvyk +f y;D raemjzLema&;toif;. vkyif ef;rsm;udk aESmifah ES;atmif vkyaf qmifc=hJ u
onf? acsmuf+rdK@wiG f e,fajr(16)ck&+dS yD; tcsK@d e,fajrrsm;onf &yfuu G f (2)ck/ (3)ck pkaygi;f xm;
onf? ,cifu acsmuf+rKd @&dS ema&;vkyif ef;rsm;. av;yko H ;Hk yku
H kd raemjzLema&;ulnrD t _ oif;u
tcrJh ulnaD qmif&u G af y;cJo h nf? ,ckaemufyikd ;f umvrsm;wGif jynfcikd ;f +zdK;ema&;toif;u
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfuikd v f mcJo h nf?68
tm%mydik rf sm;onf qif;&Jom;jynforl sm;udk tultnDay;aeaom ema&;ulnrD _
tzG@J rsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm; ay;aeaomfvnf; &efuek &f dS wyfr
awmfEiS hf &Jwyfz@JG t&m&Srd sm;. rdom;pkrsm;. oma&;/ ema&;udprP sm;udrk l Ekid if aH wmfpm;&dwEf iS hf
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jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;onf jynfwiG ;f &Sd tcrJah q;ukay;aeaom aq;cef;rsm;
enf;wl pif+yKd iaf q;ukcef;rsm; zGiv hf pS I
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ulnrD t _ oif; (&efuek )f onf aq;0g;rukoEkid o f nfh qif;&Jom;vlxt k wGuf 2007 ckEpS /f rwfv
rSpI &efuek w f ikd ;f / oCFe;f u|e;f +rdK@e,f ynmy&d,wWpd moifwu kd f bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;wGif
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OD;txdvufc+H yD; q&m0ef 7 OD;jzifh tcrJu h o k ay;aeonft h jyif a&m*gEiS hf vlemtajctae
tvdu k f aq;&kw H ifuo k a&;twGuf aqmif&u G af y;onfh tcrJah q;cef;wckvnf; jzpfonf?69
xdak q;cef;zGiv hf pS +f y;D 2 vcef@t=umwGif &efuek w f ikd ;f / jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J uvnf; oCFe;f u|e;f +rKd @e,f
i§u &yfuu G f pHcsed o f pfvrf;&Sd &yfuu G jf ynfcikd +f zKd ;&k;H wGif +zKd ;apwemaq;ukcef; [kqu kd m pif+yKd if
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f ikd w f ufa&mufc+hJ y;D rnfou l rkd qdk tcrJu h o k ay;
rnf[k ajymqdck o hJ nf?
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31
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a&mufuo k aom vlemrsm;xHrS tvSLaiG[t k a=umif;jyI aiGa=u;rsm; aumufccH o hJ nf?
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32
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xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdik if o H @kd vma&muf=uaom ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m
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tyf&ef}udK;yrf;aeonfh Ekid if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; rsm;pGm pdwt f aESmuft,Sujf zpfapcJh
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75
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33
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76
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at*sipf rD sm;udv k nf; qufvufrvkyaf qmifEikd af tmif wif;usyaf om pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;
csrw S f jyXmef;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh u&ifjynfe,fEiS hf rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f Y 2001 ckEpS rf S pwifI
use;f rma&;qdik &f mtultnDrsm; vkyaf qmifaeaom jyifopftajcpdu k f e,fjcm;rJq h &m0efrsm;
tzG@J onf 2006 ckEpS /f rwfvwGif tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef jiif;qef+yD; jrefrm
77
jynfrS xGucf mG oGm;cJo h nf?
tvm;wlpmG jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f &Sd tusO;f om;rsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&muf
um Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awG@qjHk cif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdt k yfaomypPn;f rsm;udk axmuf
yHah y;aeaom *seD AD mtajcpdu k f tdik pf t
D mpD (ac: ) urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J }uD;udv k nf; tm%m
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1999 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEdik if H jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;XmerS cGijhf yKcsuf &&dcS o hJ nf? xdck sed rf pS I jynfwiG ;f
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1999 ckEpS rf S 2005 ckEpS t f wGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k (435)}udrf oGm;a&mufc+hJ yD;jzpfonf?
use;f rma&;vkyif ef;rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;ESihf ajcwkvyk if ef;rsm;tjyif Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;.
rdom;pkrsm;udv k nf; aiGa=u;axmufyrHh r_ sm; ulnaD qmif&u G af y;cJo h nf?78
od@k aomfvnf; 2005 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSpI jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&muf
vnfywfaer_rsm; &kww f &ufqikd ;f iho H mG ;ojzifh axmifwiG ;f &Sd Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajc
tae qd;k 0g;vmcJo h nf? 2006 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 21 &ufae@ ICRC . xkwjf yefausnmcsut f &
ICRC tzG@J onf jrefrmjynf tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif Eki d if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajctaersm;
udk avhvm&eftwGuf om,m0wDtusO;f axmifo@kd oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef pDpOfco hJ nf?
xdck &D;pOfwiG f jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J u tdik pf t D mpDtzG@J EiS t hf wl vdu k yf gciG jhf yK&rnf[k twif;tusyf
awmif;qdck o hJ nft h wGuf ICRC taejzifh tqdyk gc&D;pOfukd zsuo f rd ;f cJo
h nf? jynfcidk +f zKd ;tm%m
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xd@k a=umifh Edik if wH um=uufajceDtzG@J rsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k
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%mydik rf sm;onf 2005 ckEpS rf pS I urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J rsm;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo k ;kH I tusO;f
34
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aESmif;ydik ;f wGif rE aW v;/ armfv+rdKif/ bm;tH/ awmif}uD;ESihf usKid ;f wkH ponfh +rdK@}uD; (5)+rdK@wiG f
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80
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82
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H iG f 1988 ppftm%modr;f +y;D uwnf;u 2006 ckEpS f
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wif;t"rRac:,l pkaqmif;I Ekid if w H 0Sr;f vk;H wGif tqufrjywf usi;f ycJo h nf? 1994 ckEpS /f
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aom twkta,mif vlxak xmufcyH rJG sm;/ qef@usi&f w _ cf syrJG sm;ESihf vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk Edik if wH pf
0Sr;f usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf?
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jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;taejzihf ,if;twkta,mifaxmufcyH rJG sm;ESihf vlpv k al 0;

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2003 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif ppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajrykt H m; axmufcq H ENjy&ef
+rdwcf &kid t f wGi;f &Sfd jynforl sm;udk wpftrd af xmifv#if 2 a,mufEe_ ;f jr{&mabmvk;H uGi;f wGif
vma&mufp&k ;Hk &ef urf&;dk wef;wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfwidk ;f rSL;u trde@f ay;cJo h nf? wufa&muf&ef ysuf
uGuyf gu '%fa=u;aiG (500)usyf ay;aqmif&onf? ,if;vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;od@k ppfwyfro d m;pkt
odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;ygrusef wufa&muf&ef apcdik ;f jcif;cH&onf? 2003 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y
etzppf&;kH csKyf tajrmufwyfz@JG !$e=f um;a&;rSL; Adv k rf LS ;csKyfjr0if;onf weoFm&Dwikd ;f / xm;0,f
+rdK@EiS hf +rdw+f rdK@rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI tajrmufwyf&if; trSwf (201)/ (301)/ (302)/ (304)/
(306)/ (307)/ (309)/ (501)ESihf (401)wd@k rS rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; Adv k cf sKyf
85
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2007 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv ucsijf ynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ axmufcyH rJG sm;twGuf
jynfov l xl u k kd wpftrd w f pfa,mufEe_ ;f wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? wufa&muf&ef
ysuu f u G f ygu jyif;xef;pGmta&;,lrnf[k ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyw f ikd ;f rSL; Advk cf sKytf ek ;f jrifu h
86
trde@f xkwcf o hJ nf? Aef;armf+rdK@&dS Xmeqdik &f maygi;f pkrH S 0efxrf;rsm;/ jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf
pGr;f tm; &Sif pkpak ygi;f tiftm; 200 cef@ukd Aef;armf-rE aW v; ajy;qGaJ eonfh rSev f bHk wfpu f m;
5 pD;jzifh jzpf}uD;em;od@k ac:aqmifvmI twkta,mif axmufcyH rJG sm;udk usi;f ycJo h nf?87
xdak xmufcH yGrJ sm;wGif autdik t f kd ac: ucsiv f w G af jrmufa&;tzG@J vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
od@k aomf ucsiv f il ,f (200)ausmcf ef@onf ppftpd;k &.axmufcyH rJG sm;tay: autdik t f . kd
&yfwnfcsuEf iS yhf wf owfI tcsu(f 7)csuu f akd wmif;qdu k m qef@usi&f w _ cf sco hJ nf? awmif;qdk
csu(f 7)csuw f iG f ppfreS o f nfh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf/ wef;wltcGit hf a&;/ ucsiv f rl sK;d pkrsm;tm;vk;H
tjrefpnf;vH;k nD!w $ rf &_ &daS &;/ etzppftpd;k &. trsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdak xmufcrH u _ kd qef@
usi+f y;D axmufcaH eonfh ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;tm;vk;H udv k nf; rvdv k m;a=umif;/ trsK;d om;nDvm
cHukd }udKqdak xmufcjH cif;tm;jzifh urBmt h jrif/ trsm;tjrifwiG f us&;H_ oGm;onfh *k%o f u d mQ udk
jyefvnf&yk o f rd ;f &efEiS hf trsm;.,k=H unfr&_ &Sad &; jyKvyk &f ef tcsed jf zpfonf[k azmfjyyg&cdS o hJ nf?88
jynfcikd +f zdK;onf ppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ay:vpDrsm;udk axmufct H m;ay;onfh twk
ta,mifaxmufcyH rJG sm;udk usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nft h jyif twku d t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usif
&_wcf sonfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udv k nf; usi;f ycJo h nf? ,if;onf jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;.
&nf&, G cf surf sm;xJrS wpfct k ygt0ifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh tm%mydik rf sm;. txl;ypfrw S x f m;
wdu k cf u kd cf &H onfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrk mS +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb k ,fvq f &k iS f a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;
aqmifaom jrefrmEdik if w H iG f t}uD;rm;qk;H twdu k tf cHtzG@J tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonfh 1990 a&G;
36
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aumufyt JG Edik &f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfyifjzpfonf? jynfcikd +f zdK;tm%mydik rf sm;onf
tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf olr. tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; uef@uu G q f ENjy
&ef wpftrd v f #iw f pfa,mufEe_ ;f rvmrae& vma&muf&ef trde@f xw k cf o hJ nf? rvma&mufygu
vkyt f m;ay; apckid ;f cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdk I twif;t"rR vlpak qmif;cJo h nf?
wpf&mG v#if tenf;qk;H vl(4)OD;rS (20)OD;txd &,u (&yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;
aumifp)D rS rvmrae& twif;t"rR qifah c:ojzifh vma&muf=u&onf? xd@k jyif a':atmifqef;
pk=unftm; }uKd qdv k #if axmif'%f (7)ESpf jypf'%fcsrnf[v k nf; &yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&;
ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifprD sm;u w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? ,if;&_wcf syrJG sm;twGuf vl (200)
cef@ukd t&ufwu kd If vnf;aumif;/ aiGay;Ivnf;aumif; pnf;&k;H ac:aqmifco hJ nf?89
vGwv f yfpmG pk&;Hk cGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG qENjyydik cf iG o hf nf vlom;tm;vk;H .,k=H unfcsuf
jzpfonf? rnforl qdk rdrw d @kd qENukd xkwaf zmfjyoEkid cf iG &hf o dS nf? txl;tcGit hf a&;wpfct k aejzifh
jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J ukd qENjyydik cf iG ahf y;jcif;udk vufcEH ikd af omfvnf; tcsK@d jynforl sm;udk twif;t
usyf rvdu k rf ae& qENjycdik ;f aejcif;onf vufcEH ikd zf , G &f mr&Sad =umif; 2003 ckEpS /f arv (29)&uf
rkH&Gm+rdK@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufjycJo h nf?90
1998 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv rS 1999 ckEpS /f Zefe0gvtxd tifet f ,fv'f yD gwu D kd
qef@usiaf om vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk Ekid if wH 0Sr;f vk;H &Sd +rKd @}u;D (19)ckwiG f usi;f yjyKvyk cf o hJ nf? jynfo@l
qENazmfxw k yf [ JG k ppftpd;k &u trnfwyfxm;aom tqdyk g qef@usi&f w _ cf syrJG sm;udk Ekid if wH pf0rS ;f
wGif jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifusi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynforl sm;udk
a'ocHtm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJ+h y;D / wufa&mufvmoltrsm;pkrmS jynfcikd f
+zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uHcikd af &;ESizhf @HG +zdK;a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf?91 txl;ojzifh 2007
ckEpS /f pufwifbmvESihf atmufwb kd mvrsm;wGif jyKvkycf ahJ om tifet f ,fv'f yD gwD qef@usif
a&; twkta,mif vlpv k al 0;rsm;onf ppftm%mydik rf sm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . vufuikd w f w
k f jynfcikd f
+zdK;toif;. tm%m&Sio f &kyrf eS u f kd ydrk ykd jD yifpmG ay:vGiaf pcJo h nf?
Edik if aH &;twku d t f cHygwrD sm;udk qef@usiu f ef@uu G of nfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;wGif tm%m
ykid rf sm;bufrS vkyaf vhvyk x f &Sod nfh tcsuw f pfcrk mS ‚if;wd@k u toifah &;I,laqmifvmaom
pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk y&dwo f wfxrJ S vlwcsKd @tm; wufa&mufI zwf=um;jycdik ;f jcif; jzpfonf?
aeylusu J sJ uGi;f jyif}uD;xJwiG f t"rRac:,lpak qmif;xm;aom vlx}k uD;u qENrygaomfvnf;
tm%mydik rf sm;tvdu k s axmufcaH =umif; vufcyk w f ;D ay;&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfcikd +f zdK;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;u “tifet f ,fv'f yD gwu D wdik ;f jynfe@J vli,fawGukd zsuq f ;D aew,f/ ud, k hf
wdik ;f jynfukd jynfyvufxaJ &mufatmif vJa$ y;aew,f/ wkid ;f jynfukd pGe@f ypfxm;wJh opPmazmuf
awGjzpfw,f” pojzifh &_wcf saecsed w f iG f jynfov l u l “ NLD ygw/D a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS /hf
37
OD;wifO;D wd@k ukd qef@usi=f u”[k vufo;D vufarmif;wef;I atmf&onf? jynfov l x l tk rsm;pkrmS
uef@uu G &f w _ cf syrJG sm; +yD;pD;oGm;aomfvnf; rnfonft h a=umif;t&mrsm; ajym=um;cJo h nf/
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92
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pOfb0rsm;udyk g xdyg;+cdr;f ajcmufvmcJo h nf? rE aW v;+rdK@wiG u f si;f yonfh vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk
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ay;cJo h nf? wufa&muf&efysuu f u G yf gu a&/ rD;rsm;udk jzwfawmufypfrnft h jyif wpfO;D v#if
'%faiG (100) usyu f v kd nf; ay;aqmif&rnf[k +rdK@wiG ;f &Sd jynfov l x l u k kd tm%mydik rf sm;u
w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh +rdK@aevlx. k (90)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f onf tm%mydik rf sm;.
trde@f ay; +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;udk rvGeq f ef&o J nft h wGuf qENrygbEJ iS hf vdu k ef mvkyaf qmifchJ
93
&onf? axmufcyH rJG sm; wufa&muforl sm;udk aiG (3000)usyf ay;rnf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u
rufv;Hk ay; pnf;&k;H cJah omfvnf; wu,fv h ufawG@wiG rf _ ay;aqmifjcif;r&So d nft h jyif jynfol
tcsK@d rmS twkta,mifaxmufcyH u JG mvrsm;twGi;f ‚if;wd@k .0rf;a&;twGuyf if tcuftcJ
94
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rwufrae&trde@f jzihf jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J rS twif;tusyf ac:,lpak qmif;cJo h nf? axmufcyH w JG uf
a&muforl sm;udk usyaf iG (1500)ay;rnf/ xrif;au|;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay;+y;D jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;
u pnf;&k;H cJo h nf? rwufa&mufonfh tdrrf sm;udk wpftrd v f #if '%faiG (10000)usyf ay;aqmif
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&. trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyH rJG sm;wGiv f nf; jynfov l xl u
k kd wufa&muf&ef t"rR qifah c:cJh
onfukd awG@&onf? tm%mydik rf sm;u wufa&mufvmolrsm;udk usyaf iG (1500) usyaf y;+yD;
rwufa&mufv#if usyaf iG (3000)usyf jyefay;&rnf[k +crd ;f ajcmufco hJ nf?96 xd@k jyif rauG;wdik ;f /
rauG;+rKd @ axmufcyH rJG sm;wGiv f nf; tvm;wl zdtm;ay;r_rsm;&Scd o hJ nf? tpd;k &axmufcyH rJG sm;udk
wufa&muf&ef jynfcikd +f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J rsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd a'ocHrsm;udk rwufrae&
vufrw S x f ;kd cdik ;f cJo
h nf? rwufa&mufygu Edik if aH wmfukd rxDrjhJ rifvyk rf E_ iS hf +rdK@e,fr,uudk
wdik =f um;rnf[k vSnv hf nfausnm+y;D usyaf iG (3000)rS (10000)txd '%faiG&u dk rf nf[v k nf;
97
+cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf? atmifv+H rdK@wiG f wpf&yfuu G vf #if vlO;D a& (50)E_e;f wufa&muf&ef
38
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98
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ta,mif axmufcyH rJG sm;wGif jynfov l xl u k kd twif;"rR ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;a=umifh rdvm† oef@&iS ;f
r_ enf;yg;jcif;/ cku d &f efjzpfymG ;jcif;rsm; r=umc% jzpfay:cJo h nf? cdu k &f efjzpfymG ;r_rsm;a=umifh
wufa&mufvmolrsm;xJwiG f aoqH;k r_rsm;yif &Scd o hJ nf? vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm; usi;f yaepOfumv
twGi;f &moDOwkyjl yif;vGe;f jcif; od@k r[kwf rd;k onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f jcif; ponfh tajctaersm;
udv k nf; }uKH awG@c&hJ onf? rnfonft h ajctaersm;wGirf qdk jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;u twk
ta,mif vlpv k al 0;yGrJ sm;udk tpDtpOftwdik ;f qufvufusi;f ycJo h nf?
1994 ckepfwiG f yJc;l wkid ;f / jynf+rKd @Y usi;f yaom etzppftpd;k &tm; axmufcaH =umif;
jyoonfh vlpv k al 0;yGwJ pfcw k iG f vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGmtm; twif;t"rR wufa&muf&ef
apcdik ;f cJo
h nf? jynforl sm;udk vlpv k al 0;yGJ rusi;f ycifwpf&uftvdw k iG f jc0H if;wpfcx k YJ pk&;Hk apcJh
onf? jynforl sm;tm; tdro f mtoH;k jyKcGiu hf ykd if ydwyf ifxm;cJo h nf? xdt k ajctaersm;a=umifh
tcsKd @rmS xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmuf&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? xdu k ohJ @kd xGuaf jy;&ef }uKd ;yrf;olrsm;onf
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vl (2) a,mufonf ajcjzifh uefausmuf/ eif;ajcI owfjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ onf? ausm&k;d usK;d oGm;
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xd@k jyif 2007 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f Yvnf; rdo k nf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f r_a=umifh
rauG;wdik ;f / rauG;+rdK@wiG jf yKvkyo f nfh twkta,mif ppftpd;k &axmufcyH o JG @kd wufa&muf&ef
jynforl sm;udk o,faqmifvmonfu h m;wpfp;D ntcsed w f iG f wdr;f arSmufco hJ nf? jynfot l csK@d
'%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&Scd +hJ yD; tjcm;jynforl sm;vnf; wpfnvk;H qif;qif;&J&EJ iS hf aecJ&h onf?
od@k aomfvnf; +rKd @e,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;aumifpu D tqdyk gowif;tm; oufqikd f
100
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wGiv f nf; rd;k onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f r_a=umifh ausmif;om;vli,frsm; ruse;f rrm jzpfc=hJ uonf?101
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tvkyrf x S w k yf ,fjcif; (od@k r[kw)f '%faiGay;aqmifjcif;rsm; cH&rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdck hJ
onf? csi;f jynfe,f&dS t"du+rdK@}uD;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;apv$w&f ef zdtm;ay;apcdik ;f cJ+h yD;
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105
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107
tm%mydik rf sm;u '%faiG aumufccH o hJ nf?
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40
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112
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113
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115
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116
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125
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tm%mydik rf sm;onf aus;vufp;D yGm;a&; tqifjh riS w hf ifa&;ESiyhf wfoufI v,f,m
pdu k yf sK;d a&;rsm; azmfxw k v f yk af qmifay;cJjh cif;/ v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;twGuf "gwaf jr=oZmESihf
yd;k owfaq;rsm; jzef@jzL;&mwGif ulnaD y;jcif;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifay;Edik cf o hJ nf[k qdo k nf?126 od@k
aomfvnf; rauG;wdik ;f +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;&Sd jrefrmhpu kd yf sK;d a&;t&m&Srd sm;/ oufqikd &f m r,u OuUX
rsm;ESihf jynfaxmifp}k u@H cikd af &;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;0ifrsm;ud, k wf ikd f e,fqif;+y;D awmifov l ,fo
rm;rsm;udk =unf;/av/a& !SdE_dif;uGyfuJa&;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;.om; atmifoufref;
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h nf? xda&mufrr_ &Sad om "gwaf jr=oZmtwkrsm;a=umifh pyg;yifrsm;txGuw f ;kd r_ avsmeh nf;
44
m;pkk
ap+y;D v,form;rsm;udv k nf; aiGuek v f yl ef; jzpfapcJo h nf? wpf{uv#if (2)tdwEf e_ ;f jzifh twif;
t"rRa&mif;csco hJ nfh "gwaf jr=oZmtdwrf sm;onf tmedoifr&So d nft h jyif tjcm;"gwaf jr=oZm
tdwrf sm;xuf aps;}uD;aeaoma=umifh awmifov l ,form;rsm; rausreyfjzpfco hJ nf?
a&eHacsmif;+rKd @e,f/ yif;0aus;&Gmtkypf rk S jynfcidk +f zKd ;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf oufqidk &f m
ajrwkid ;f t&m&Srd sm;udak usm+f yD; ajrEku|e;f cGaJ 0a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd cf o hJ nf?
v,f,majrrsm; cGaJ 0&mwGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;od@k &HyaHk iG ydrk x kd nf0h ifEikd o f rl sm;udk OD;pm;
ay;cGaJ 0cJo h nf? pyg;cif;rsm; a&ay;a0onfh a&ajrmif;rsm;udv k nf; oufqikd &f m qnfajrmif;
Xmersm;udak usm+f y;D &Gmom;rsm;udk ajrmif;wl;vkyt f m;ay; qifah c:ckid ;f apcJo h nf? tqd;k &Gm;qk;H rSm
vkyt f m;ay;rvmolrsm;udk jynfcidk +f zKd ;vlru dk tf zG@J rsm;ESihf tiftm;jyI aiGa=u;awmif;cHco hJ nf?
‚if;tjyif pdu k yf sK;d a&;b%frS acs;aiGxw k af y;rnf[q k u kd m ykpH aH v#mufvm$ wpfapmif
v#if (150) usyEf e_ ;f jzifh awmifov l ,form;rsm;xH a&mif;csco hJ nf?127 ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f
rsm;onf a&eHacsmif;+rKd @/ yif;acsmif;wpfav#muf&dS v,f,majraumif;rsm;udv k nf; toif;&HyHk
aiGtjzpf odr;f ,l+y;D / useaf jrnHrh sm;udk wpf{uv#if 15000 usyEf e_ ;f jzifh a'ocHv,form;rsm;udk
cGw J rf;cs a&mif;pm;cJo h nf?128 xd@k jyif &cdik jf ynfe,f/ ppfawG+rdK@wiG f usyEf pS o f ef;wefz;kd &Sad om
ajruGurf sm;tm;odr;f ,lI tqdyk gajruGuaf e&mrsm;wGif ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;¶H;k rsm;udk wnf
aqmufco hJ nf? 2002 ckepfwiG f ‚if;ajruGurf sm;tm; jyefvnfa&mif;cs&mwGif &&So d nft h usK;d
129
tjrwfrsm;udk jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;od@k &HyaHk iGtjzpf ay;tyfco hJ nf? Tod@k jzifh jynfcikd +f zKd ; wjzpfvJ
jrefrmppftm%m&Sirf sm;onf rSeu f efaom vlxpk nf;&k;H a&;rsm;udk rvkyaf qmifEikd o f nft h jyif
ppfreS af om v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;jrSiwhf ifr_ tcef;u¾udyk g xdcu kd yf supf ;D apcJo h nf?
jynfcikd +f zKd ;acgi;f qmifrsm;onf trsm;ydik af iGa=u;rsm;udv k nf; r=umc% tvGo J ;kH pm;
jyKvkycf o hJ nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f &Sd rD;avmifysupf ;D oGm;aom tajccHrv l
wef;ausmif;tm; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf a&eHacsmif;+rKd @e,f jynfaxmifp}k u@H cikd af &;ESihf
zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf etz. anmifEpS yf iftrsKd ;om;nDvmcH ud, k pf m;
vS,v f nf;jzpfaom OD;atmifeidk 0f if;tm; bdvyfajrtdyf (500) ESihf usyaf iG(5)oef;udk ay;tyf
+yD; wm0efay;cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;atmifEidk 0f if;onf ausmif;raqmufyJ tqdyk g ypPn;f
rsm;jzifh ‚if;twGuf ud, k yf ikd t
f rd f (2)vk;H udk aqmufvyk cf o hJ nf? OD;atmifEidk 0f if;. vmbfpm;r_ukd
a'ocHausmif;om;rdbrsm;u oufqikd &f mtm%mykid rf sm;xH wdik =f um;cJah omfvnf; etzu
ta&;,laqmif&u G cf jhJ cif; r&Sad cs?130
tvm;wlpmG 2004 ckEpS /f arv (19)&ufae@ &cdik jf ynfe,f ayguaf wm+rdK@e,fwiG f
rkew f ikd ;f wdu k cf wfra_ =umifh avab;'%fc&H ol tdraf xmifprk sm;tm; wpfpv k #if usyaf iG (20000)
pD xkwaf y;cJonf? avab;'%fc&H olrsm;taejzifh (14000)usyu f okd m vufc&H &dcS o hJ nf?
useaf iG (6000)udk avab;ulnaD &;tzG@J wiG yf g0ifaom jynfcidk +f zdK;/ trsK;d orD;a&;&mtoif;/
45
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onf? od@k aomfvnf; aiGvufiif;jzwfyikd ;f wGirf l usyaf iG (20000) &&Sad =umif;/ avab;tul
tnD &&So d rl sm;u vufrw S af &;xd;k ay;cJ&h onf? avab;tultnDrsm;udk jynfov l x l x k oH @kd
jynfjh ynf0h 0 xkwaf y;jcif;r&Sb d J avab;ulnaD &;tzG@J u &ku d pf m;/ jzwfpm; vkyjf cif;tay: raus
eyfI wm0ef &So d rl sm;xH wdik =f um;cJo h rl sm;udk wdik ;f rSL;Adv k cf sKyaf rmifO;D trde@f jzihf zrf;qD;cJo h nf?131
xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f wk jf zpfonfh jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf jynfov l x l k
tay: enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aiGa=u;aumufcjH cif;/ aiGrsm;tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif; ponfh t*wdvu dk pf m;
r_rsm;udv k nf; usL;vGev f #u&f o dS nf? om"utm;jzif-h jrefrmEkid if o H pfawm0ef}u;D XmerS bdu k
av;+rKd @/ trSw(f &)&yfuu G &f dS rlvwef;ausmif;twGuf y&dabm*rsm;0,f,&l ef csay;xm;onfh
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pm;jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? tvm;wlpmG {&m0wDwikd ;f / 0g;c,fr+rKd @e,f&dS Aefarmftpk}u;D aus;&Gm rlvwef;
ausmif; jyKjyifaqmufvyk &f eftwGuf csay;xm;onfh aiGusyo f ed ;f (30)udv k nf; &yfuu G af t;
csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u)OuUXESihf tzG@J 0ifrsm;u tvGo J ;Hk pm; jyKvkycf hJ
132
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ponfh ud, k u f siw hf &m; ysujf ym;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfov l x l rk mS 'kuaQ &mufc=hJ u&onf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh rauG;wdik ;f / acsmuf+rKd @e,fwiG f &k;H aqmuf&ef txufrcS say;onfh usyaf iG ode;f (50)udk
jynfcikd +f zdK;pnf;&k;H a&;rSL; OD;ausmjf rifEh iS hf tzG@J u ‚if;wd@k u, kd u f sK;d twGuf ok;H pGcJ o hJ nf? xd@k tjyif
a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;. tyef;ajz&dyo f mudo k rd ;f ,lI jynfcikd +f zdK;&k;H rsm; zGiv hf pS jf cif;/ &k;H
aqmufrnfh ajrae&may:wGif pm;aomufqikd rf sm;zGiv hf pS +f y;D ud, k uf sK;d &Smjcif;rsm;udv k nf; jyKvyk f
133
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h nf?
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wjyif; vdt k yfae+yDjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfov l xl w k &yfv;Hk udk ppftm%m&Sirf sm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k
. vufuikd w f w k f Ekid if aH &;toif;tzG@J rsm;uvGI J tjcm;rnfonft h zG@J tpnf;ESirhf # xdpyfciG hf
r&&Sad tmif enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d tok;H jyKI }udK;yrf;tm;xkwcf o hJ nf?
---------------------------
46
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pk}u@H cikd af &;ESizhf @HG +zKd ;a&;toif;onf ,Ofaus;odraf rG@aom jrefrmhvt l zG@J tpnf;twGi;f Edik if aH &;
t=urf;zufrt _ rsK;d rsK;d wGif ud, k wf ikd uf , kd u f s yg0ifywfoufco hJ nfukd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awG@jrif&
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wck ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf twdu k t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tygt0if ‚if;wd@k vyk if ef;pOfrsm;udk
qef@usio f nf[k ,lq&olrsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J u enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t=urf;zuf+zKd ciG ;f
cJo
h nf?
2002 ckEpS /f ZGev f 25 &ufae@ armfv+rdKif+rdK@ atmifqef;cef;rY usi;f yjyKvkyaf om
jynfcikd +f zKd ;txl;tpnf;ta0;wpfcw k iG v f nf; Adv k cf sKyt f ek ;f jrihuf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy. f
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134
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arG;+yD; Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;udk pepfwus ESyd u f yG +f zdKcGi;f cJo h nf?
jynfcikd +f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;/ ppftpd;k &udk qef@usif
onf[k ,lq&olrsm;tm;vk;H ESihf taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;rsm;a=umifh ay:ayguv f mrnfh jynf
wGi;f r+ird rf oufrr_ sm;udk t=urf;zuf+zKd ciG ;f &ef t+rw J ap }upH nfvyk af qmifc=hJ uonf? ,if;tpD
tpOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G &f ef jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;0if vli,frsm;tygt0if
omrefjynforl sm;udk qEN&o dS nfjzpfap/ r&So d nfjzpfap vufeufuikd Ef iS hf umuG,af &;enf;AsL[m
oifwef;rsm;/ t"du&ke;f ESrd ef if;a&; oifwef;rsm;/ axmufvrS ;f a&;oifwef;rsm;/ owif;pm oif
wef;rsm;/ Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; vdrn f mvSnjhf zm;enf; oifwef;rsm;135 tygt0if
oifwef;rsK;d pku H kd ay:ay:xifxif oif=um;yd@k csay;cJo h nf?
jynfcidk +f zdK;toif; em,u}uD; Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef;a&$.tqdt k & aus;vufrS A[dk
tqifx h d zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nfh oifwef;rsK;d pkw H iG f jynfcikd +f zKd ;vli,faygi;f (29)oef;ausmf wufa&mufchJ
onf? ESppf Of vli,f(2)oef;ausmu f kd avhusio hf if=um;ay;cJo h nf? 2006-2007 ckEpS rf sm;
twGi;f Yyif jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0if vli,faygi;f (3.1)oef;ausmu f kd avhusiahf y;cJo h nf?136
ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f wk f jynfcikd +f zdK; ac: jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif;
onf twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;I EdkifiHa&;t=urf;zufr_rsm; usL;vGef&ef
pepfwus }uKd wifjyifqifco hJ nfukd awG@&onf? 2003 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pyJG g jynfcikd f
+zdK;toif;. awmifOuUvmypDrcH suw f iG f twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;. rdom;pkrsm;twGi;f
47
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udk wkev f y_ af csmufjcm;apI trsm;.,k=H unfav;pm;r_ r&&Sad tmifaqmif&u G jf cif;ESihf tzG@J 0if
tjzpfrS E_wx f u G af patmifaqmif&u G jf cif; pojzifh jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;. aumufusp, f w k rf m
onfh acsre_ ;f a&;enf;AsL[mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? tqd;k &Gm;qk;H rSm twdu k t f cHygwrD sm;
txl;ojzifh NLD ygw. D rnfonfv h y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udrk qdk tiftm;ok;H I xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd f ajz&Si;f
137
cdik ;f onf@ enf;vrf;rsm;yif jzpfonf?
xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpS /f {+yDvwGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;A[du k NLD tzG@J csKyfukd +zdKcG&J ef enf;
AsL[mopfrsm; a&;qGcJ srw S cf o hJ nf? xdek nf;AsL[mopfrsm;wGif NLD tzG@J csKyf acgi;f aqmifrsm;
ESiyhf wfoufI yk*Kd~ vfa&;wdu k cf ukd xf m;onfh pmrsm;udk wpfEikd if v H ;Hk twdik ;f twmESihf jzef@a0&ef/
NLD rS xkwy f ,fcx H m;&aom tzG@J 0ifa[mif;rsm;udv k nf; tzG@J csKy&f ;Hk rsm;a&S@wiG f oGm;a&muf+y;D
tzG@J csKyf0iftjzpf jyefvnfvufcaH y;&eftwGuf qENjyawmif;qdck ikd ;f +y;D ,if;awmif;qdak eaom
ykrH sm;udk pepfwus rSww f rf;wif AD'G , D &kd u
dk u f ;l I owif;*sme,frsm;wGif ykrH eS x f nfo h iG ;f azmfjy&ef
138
ponfh enf;AsL[mrsm; yg0ifonf?
jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;onf Edik if aH &;t=urf;zufrr_ sm; usL;vGe&f ef vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm;
tjynft h 0 &&Sx d m;onf? aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf +rKd @e,frsm;. vH+k cKH a&;ESihf xde;f odr;f }u;D =uyfa&;qdik &f m
vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; wpxufwp yg0ifywfoufvmcJ+h y;D twdu k t f cH
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDa&;axmufcv H y_ &f mS ;olrsm;udk axmufvrS ;f apmif=h unfI h t
xufo@kd owif;ay;yd@k onfh Informer tvkyrf sm;udyk g vkyaf qmifvmcJo h nf? xd@k jyif w&m;Oya'
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jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;onf wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%mydik rf sm;omjzpfonft h wGuf Edik if t H wGi;f
ay:ayguo f nfh rnfonfjh y\emtwGurf qdk ppftpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;Yom wm0ef&o Sd nf?
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Edik if w
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tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESi@f tpd;k &opPmcHrsm;u pepfwus }udKwifppD OfI t=urf;zufwu dk cf u kd cf jhJ cif;jzpf
48
m;pkk
onf? wwd,ajrmuf Edik if aH &;t=urf;zufro _ nf2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvrsm;

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+ird ;f csr;f pGmqENjyaeaom &[ef;awmfrsm;tygt0if jynfov l x l k &mESichf sI
D aoqk;H cJ+h y;D axmif
aygi;f rsm;pGm zrf;qD;jcif;cHc&hJ onf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftpd;k &u aoqk;H olta&twGuEf iS hf zrf;qD;
cH&onfh ta&twGuw f @kd ukd wdwud sus razmfjycJah y?
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twGi;f &Sd jynfcidk +f zKd ;.tcef;u¾/ jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;rS bmoma&;t=urf;zufrr_ sm; jzpfymG ;
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pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI tenf;i,f wifjyvdo k nf? pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J onf
jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;uJo h @kd ppftm%m&Sipf epfoufq;kd &Snaf p&eftwGuf Edik if aH &;vuf&;Hk tjzpf
&nfreS cf sux f m;+y;D pepfwus w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh tzG@J wpfcrk [kwaf y? jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd
qif;&Jom;jynforl sm;twGuf vlra_ &;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G af y;aeaom vlra_ &;toif;
(od@k r[kw)f tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzG@J tpnf; (tife*f st D )kd vnf; r[kwaf y? ppftpd;k &rS vdt k yf
onft h csed w f iG f tca=u;aiGay;I ac:,ltok;H jyKonfh vlwpfpo k m jzpfonf? “pGrt f m;&Si”f
qdo k nfh pum;vk;H udk tm%mydik rf sm;u2000-2001 ckEpS rf sm;rSpI omrefpwif ok;H pGv J mcJh
aomfvnf; txl;ojzifh 2003 ckEpS /f arv 30 &ufwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;udk t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufcJhonfh 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_
t+y;D wGif tm%mydik rf sm;u ydI k wGiw f iG u
f s,u f s,f ok;H pGv
J mcJoh nfukd awG@&onf? owif;t
axmuftxm;wcsK@d t& pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J rsm;onf 1997 ta&;tcif;rsm;uwnf;u yg0if
ywfoufcahJ =umif; avhvmawG@&&dS onf?139 od@k aomfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;taejzifh pGr;f tm;&Sif
tzG@J wnf&jdS cif;. &nf&, G cf suEf iS hf t"dyg` ,u f kd jynfov l x l t
k m; &Si;f rjycJah y?
2006 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (2)&ufae@wiG f &efuek +f rdK@Y usi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf etz
ppftpd;k &. owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ (7§2006)wGif *s*D so D wif;XmerS owif;axmufwpfO;D u
pGr;f tm;&Si. f t"dyg` ,u f kd &Si;f jyay;&ef ar;jref;cJo h nf? xdt k cg &JcsKyfcif&u
D “pGr;f tm;&Siq f wkd hJ
t"dyg` ,u f sawmh usaemfw@kd wkid ;f jynfrmS jynfojl ynfom;awG[m wdik ;f jynf&@J pGr;f tm;jzpfyg
w,f? wdik ;f jynf&@J tm;yJjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd u wdik ;f jynf&@J ta&;t&mudpaP wG
tm;vk;H udk ajz&Si;f wJt h cgrmS tJ'pD rG ;f tm;awG tJ'jD ynfoal wG&@J tm;awGukd ,l+yD;awmh tok;H
cs+yD;awmh usaemfw@kd aqmif&u G &f wm jzpfygw,f? tcku|eaf wmfw@kd vuf&aSd qmif&u G af ewJh
49
w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;/ &yf&mG at;csr;f om,ma&; pwJh vkyif ef;t&yf&yfukd aqmif&u G w f t hJ cgrmS
rD;owfw@kd / =uufajceDw@kd / &,uwd@k / ponfjzifh tJ'yD *k Kd~ vaf wG[m vpm &dumQ wjym;wcsyrf rS &
bJe@J oD;jcm;apwemtav#muf ulnaD y;aewJh pGr;f tm;rsm;jzpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh 'Dy*k Kd~ vrf sm;udk
pGr;f tm;&Siv f @kd Edik if aH wmfu pmvH;k a&G;cs,o f wfrw S +f y;D awmh *k%jf yKac:a0: jcif; jzpfygw,f”[k
140
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r,u/ &,utzG@J 0ifa[mif;rsm;/ jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;rS trmcHvufa&G;pifrsm;/ axmifxu G f
rsm;/ vlq;kd vlru kd f rSww f rf;0ifrsm;/ csaJ &mif;olrsm;/ t&ufyek ;f a&mif;olrsm;/ avmif;upm;'dik u f ikd f
olrsm;/ Zdrcf ef; axmifpm;olrsm;ESihf vlayvlawrsm;vnf; yg0ifonfukd awG@&&dS onf? ‚if;wd@k ukd
ppftpd;k &u ta&;ay: vdt k yfonft h csed u f sro S m tca=u;aiGay;I ac:,lpak qmif;+y;D !$e=f um;
avh&o dS nf? txl;ojzifh oufqikd &f m+rKd @e,f jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf +rKd @e,fr,utm%m
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aqmif&rnfh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;tvdu k f wm0efrsm;ay;tyfum txuftm%mydik t f qifq h ifh
udk tpD&ifcpH m wifjy&onf?
pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm; taumiftxnfazmfaqmifonfh vkyif efrsm;onf ppftpd;k &udk qef@
usio f nfh jynforl sm;tygt0if Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;/ Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_trsK;d
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kd jf cif;ESihf t=urf;zuf zrf;qD;
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axmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf &JaxmufvrS ;f a&;rsm;u v#K@d 0u S af pcdik ;f onhf tzsut f arSmifv h yk if ef;rsm;udk
vnf; vkyaf qmif=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf 2003 ar(30) 'Dy, J if;vlowfy/JG 2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwf
ESihf pufwbFmv qENjyyGrJ sm;wGif pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;onf tm%mydik rf sm;. wm0efay;cdik ;f apcsuf
t& Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;/ jynfov l x l Ek iS hf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf &du k Ef u S f
owfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ t=urf;zufzrf;qD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nfukd awG@&onf?
pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;twGuf ukeu f spm&dwrf sm;udk oufqikd &f mwdik ;f ESijhf ynfe,f jynfcikd +f zKd ;
tzG@J 0ifrsm;. txl;&HyakH iGrS usco H ;kH pGo J nf[k ,lq&onf? 2007 =o*kw/f pufwbFmvrsm;
twGi;f &efuek w f ikd ;f wGif jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh
qENjyyGrJ sm;udk t=urf;zuf +zdKcG&J eftwGuf toH;k jyKcJo h nfh pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;twGuf wpfywfpm
toH;k pm&dwt f jzpf usyo f ed ;f (100) owfrw S +f y;D &efuek +f rKd @awmf0ef Adv k rf LS ;csKyf atmifoed ;f vif;
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txl;ojzifh xdt k a&;tcif;umvt+yD;wGif pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;onf tm%mydik rf sm;. !$e=f um;
csut f & ppftpd;k &tm; qef@usio f nfv h y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfo h wif;yd@k &ef wpfae@v#if
usyaf iG (2000) rS (3000)txd &onft h jyif tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udv k nf; vkyf
50
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onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f ikd vf o kd rl sm;twGuf +rKd @v,fae&mrsm;wGif uGr;f ,mqdik rf sm;/ vufzuf&nf
qdik Ef iS hf rke@f qikd rf sm; zGiv hf pS Ef ikd &f ef tm%mydik rf sm;u ajrae&mrsm;pDpOfay;+y;D vlxu k kd apmif=h unfh
142
I owif;yd@k onfv h yk if ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifcikd ;f cJo h nf?
,if;od@k jzihf ppftm%mydik rf sm;onf +rdK@v,f{&d,mrsm;wGif tpd;k &tm; qef@usif
onf[, k q l &onfh rnfonfv h y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;udrk qdk ‚if;wd@k u,
kd pf m; toGit f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh apmih=f unfh
owif;yd@k &eftwGuf pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;tm; enf;trsKd ;rsK;d jzihf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f cJo h nf? aemufyikd ;f
umvrsm;wGif tm%mydik rf sm;. aiGa=u;axmufyrhH r_ sm; &yfqikd ;f oGm;onfuwa=umif;/ t
a&mif;t0,frsm; enf;ygvmonfuwa=umif;/ +rKd @v,f{&d,mrsm;wGif tm%mydik rf sm;u pDpOf
ay;xm;aom aps;qdik if ,frsm; enf;yg;vmum pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;. tpd;k &qef@usio f rl sm;tay:
143
apmif=h unfo h wif;yd@k onfh vkyif ef;rsm;onfvnf; wjznf;jznf; enf;yg;vmcJo h nf? Ttcsuf
rsm;udk avhvm=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh ppftpd;k &u pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f xm;aom pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;onf
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. apcdik ;f csurf sm;udk vkyaf qmifae&onfrmS odomxif&mS ;ayonf? od@k aomfvnf; Edik if t H wGi;f
vk+H cKH a&;ESihf axmufvrS ;f a&;udprP sm;wGif ppftpd;k &u w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh jynfcikd +f zKd ; rsm;
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Adv
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vlrsK;d tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufaeonfh wpfcw k nf;aom trsKd ;om;a&;tiftm;
pkjzpfonf[k cs;D usL;ajymqdck +hJ y;D oifwef;om;rsm;udk ppfa&;jy/ ppfenf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh vufeuf
udik of ifwef;rsm; yd@k csay;rnf[k xkwaf zmfajymqdck o hJ nf?144 2002 ckepfwiG v f nf; Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D
oef;a&$. !$e=f um;csujf zifh “jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[m vufawG@toH;k csvufp”JG [k acgi;f pOfay;
xm;aom pmapmifrsm;udk xkwaf 0cJo h nf? xdv k ufppJG mapmifwiG f jyifyrS usL;ausm0f ifa&mufr_
jzpfymG ;ygu vlxx k rJ S jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; a&G;cs,o f ifwef;ay;I jynfo@l ppfrsm;tjzpf
zG@J pnf;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?145
1997 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f tapmydik ;f umvwGif jynfcikd +f zKd ;em,utzG@J 0if 'kA, kd cf sKyrf LS ;}u;D
armifat;onf jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;tm; ‘trsK;d om;umuG,af &;t&Hwyfz@JG ’[k &nf!e$ ;f ajym
qdck +hJ yD; jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;. jynfwiG ;f vH+k cHKa&;tcef;u¾tm; todtrSwjf yKcJo h nf?146
51
jynfyusL;ausmrf r_ sm;udk ckcu H muG,&f ef[k ta=umif;jyum jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;

tm; avwyfEiS ahf &wyfqikd &f moifwef;rsm;tygt0if tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk yd@k csay;cJo h nf?
xd@k jyif jynfo@l ppfrsm;udv k nf; Edik if w H 0Sr;f zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;
ESihf &Gmol&mG om;rsm;udk tajccHppfynmrsm; oif=um;ay;+y;D jynfo@l ppfrsm;zG@J pnf;&ef cGijhf yKxm;
jcif;jzifh Edik if t
H wGi;f Y ay:ayguv f mrnfh rnfonfq h yl v
l y_ &f mS ;r_rsK;d udrk qdk ‚if;wd@k taejzihf wdu k f
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k f 0ifa&mufuikd w f , G jf cif;rjyK&yJ jynfot l csi;f tcsi;f xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd f tiftm;oH;k t=urf;
zufapjcif;jzifh vG,u f pl mG ESrd Ef iS ;f Edik rf nf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u ,lqcJo h nf? tjcm;wpfbufwiG f
um; jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf &Gmol&mG om;rsm;udk tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; wpxufwp wk;d jriS hf
ay;aejcif;onf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f wnf+idraf &;xuf ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;aom t=urf;zufrr_ sm;qDo@kd
ydIk OD;wnfvmapcJo h nf? jynfo@l ppfrsm;udk jynfwiG ;f twdu k t f cH Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;tm;
t=urf;zuf +zKd ciG ;f &eftwGuo f mruyJ wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f yk pf rk sm;udk wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f
&mwGiv f nf; tok;H jyKco hJ nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;jzpfonfh tufpf
tufpaf t/ autife, f w l @kd EiS hf wdu k yf rJG sm;jzpfymG ;ygu tqdyk gjynfo@l ppfrsm;udk t&Hwyfz@JG rsm;
147
tjzpf tok;H jyKcJo h nf?
jrefrmppftm%mydik rf sm;onf Zlvidk v f 21 &ufae@ukd jynfy&efumuG,af &; jynfo@l
ppfrsm; pwifavhusiahf &;ae@tjzpf owfrw S cf +hJ y;D wpfEikd if vH ;Hk twdik ;f twmtaejzifh jynfo@l ppf
oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k csco hJ nf? tqdyk g ppfoifwef;rsm;od@k jynfcikd +f zKd ;/ jynfov l x l /k 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf
ppfwyf/ &Jwyf rdom;pktodik ;f t0kid ;f rsm;ygrusef rwufrae& wufa&muf=u&onf? txl;
ojzifh Toifwef;rsm;udk ppftpd;k &vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zdK;/ pGr;f tm;&Sit f zG@J EiS hf +rKd@e,f
148
tm%mydik rf sm;u }uD;=uyfco hJ nf?
2007 ckEpS /f rwfvydik ;f wGif umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xmevufatmuf &efuek w f ikd ;f ppfXme
csKyfe,fajrtwGi;f &dS ajcvsiw f yf&if;wyfz@JG rsm;rS &Jabmfrsm;. ZeD;rsm;ESirhf cDS o kd l touf (18)ESpf
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vufeufi,f jzKwjf cif;/ wyfjcif;/ wdu k cf |wjf cif; ocFe;f pmrsm;tygt0if wdu k cf u kd af &;ESihf ppfa&;jy
149
ocFe;f pmrsm;udk oif=um;=u&onf? tvm;wl &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f Yvnf; ta&S@ajrmuf
wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfvufatmufcH wyf&if;wyfz@JG rsm;tvdu k f rdom;pktrd af xmifonfrsm;ESifh om;
orD;rsm;udk umuG,af &;t&H tiftm;pktjzpf pepfwusz@JG pnf;+y;D vufeufu, kd pf jD zifh ppfoif
150
wef;rsm; avhusiahf y;cJo h nf?
2003 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvwGiv f nf; &efuek w f ikd ;f / tvk+H rKd @e,fwiG f puf&0Hk efxrf;
rsm;udk jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufcikd ;f cJo h nf? &yfuu G af ygi;f pkH yg0ifonfh oifwef;om;
200 twGuf oifwef;ae&m 5 ae&mudk trSwf (4) opfpuf0ef;ESihf txu (4)tygt0if
tjcm;pmoifausmif; 3 ckY jyKvkycf o hJ nf? xko d ifwef;zGiyhf t JG crf;tem;wGif tcrf;tem;rSL;u
52
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rdrEd ikd if uH kd usL;ausmw f ukd cf u kd vf mv#if jyefvnfwu kd cf ukd Ef ikd af tmif oifwef;ay;&jcif;jzpf
a=umif;/ jynforl sm;udk vufeufxw k af y;oifv h #if xkwaf y;&rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdck o hJ nf?151
tvm;wlpmG 2007 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f ESihf atmufwb kd mvrsm;wGiv f nf; &efuek w f ikd ;f
+rKd @e,ftcsK@d wiG f jynforl sm;udk tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;ESihf t"du&k%;f ESrd ef if;a&; oifwef;rsm;udk
tokwv f u kd cf I
JG yd@k csay;cJo h nf? atmufwb kd mvtwGi;f Y r*Fvmawmif!e$ @f +rKd @e,fwiG f a'o
cHjynfo(l 120)cef@ukd tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? oifwef;wufa&muforl sm;udk w&uf
v#if (3000)usyaf y;rnf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u uwday;cJ+h yD; trsm;pkonf qif;&Jom;rsm;ESihf
tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; jzpf=uonf? jynforl sm;onf qENrygyJ pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh
wufa&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfa=umif; ay:vGicf +hJ y;D ,if;ppfoifwef;rsm; jyKvkyaf ejcif;tay: +rKd @cjH ynfol
rsm;uvnf; apm'uwufc=hJ uonf?152
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ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? 2004 ckEpS w f iG f rGejf ynfe,f&dS jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;tm; jynfcikd +f zdK;
wyfrLS ;wpfO;D / aus;&Gmat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG+H zdK;a&;aumifpOD uUXrsm;rS acgi;f aqmifEpS Of ;D /
jynfcidk +f zdK; vlxq k ufqaH &;t&m&SEd pS Of ;D ESihf tiftm;q,fO;D pD yg0ifonfh wyfpyd w f pfcpk uD kd
}u;D =uyf&aom wyfpyd rf LS ; 10OD; yg0ifonfh jynfo@l ppfwyf&if;wpfck zG@J pnf;&ef trde@f ay;cJo h nf?
oifwef;om;tm;vH;k onf ud, k af &;&mZ0ifEiS yhf wfoufonfh tcsuf (22)csuyf g ykpH w H pfcu k kd
153
jznf ph u G &f onf? xd@k jyif 2007 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f Y &efuek w f ikd ;f / ta&S@yikd ;f c&dik f cr& (656)
v#ypf pftif*sief , D mwyf wyfe,frLS ;u 2007 ckEpS o f nf ta&;ygaomumvjzpfI ppftpd;k &udk
qef@usiu f efu h u G o f nfh v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmv#if ESrd ef if;&ef ta&S@yikd ;f c&dik t f wGi;f &Sd +rdK@e,f
rsm;rS wpf&yfuu G v f #if jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J rS (15)OD;/ &yfuu G af t;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;
aumifpt D zG@J 0ifrsm;jzpfonfh &mtdrrf LS ;/ q,ftrd rf LS ;rsm;rS (15)OD;/ pkpak ygi;f (30)OD;us yg0if
rnf@ v#K@d 0u S t f zG@J wpfcu k kd zG@J pnf;xm;&ef !$e=f um;cJo h nf?154
2003 ckepfwiG f rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; ppfwyfrS tajccH
ppfoifwef; ay;aea=umif;udk tpD&ifcpH mwpfcYk azmfjycJo h nf? touf(18)ESprf S (40)ESpf
twGi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;tm; +rdK@e,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpt D zG@J 0ifrsm;u T
tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&muf&ef pnf;¶H;k pkaqmif;cJo h nf? &Gmom;rsm;udk rwufrae&
qifah c:cJ+h y;D oifwef;.&nf&, G cf suu f vkd nf; &Si;f vif;ajymqdck jhJ cif; r&Sad y? &Gmwpf&mG v#if vltif
tm;(1000)eD;yg;cef@ukd tajccHppfoifwef; wufa&muf&ef apckid ;f cJo h nf? &Gmom;trsm;pkonf
Tppfoifwef;rsm;udk wufa&muf&ef qENr&So d nft h wGuaf =umifh oifwef;tm; a&Smif&mS ;Edik f
&ef enf;vrf;rsm; &Sm}ucH =hJ uonf? od@k aomf wufa&muf&efysuu f u G yf gu tm%mydik rf sm;tm;
155
aiGusyf (10000)rS (20000)txd ay;aqmif=u&onf?
tvm;wlpGm csif;jynfe,fwGifvnf; a'ocHcsif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk jynfckdif+zdK;
53
tm%mykid rf sm;. rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk ESppf Ofusi;f ycJo h nf? 2006
ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif csi;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f / rwly+D rKd @wiG f aus;&Gm(10)&GmrS a'ocH&mG om; (200)
ausmcf ef@ukd tm%mydik rf sm;u rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? wuf
a&muf&ef ysuu f u G yf gu jyif;xefpmG tjypfay;ta&;,lrnf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u trde@f xw k cf hJ
onf? qd;k &Gm;onft h csurf mS oifwef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;eyf&u d mQ rsm;udk tdraf xmifpk (1)pk
v#if qef(2)uDvEkd iS hf usyaf iG(1000)udk pm;0wfaea&; =uyfwnf;onf=h um;u wpfywfv#if
(1) }udrf axmufyahH y;&onf?156
2007 ckEpS f arvtwGi;f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / rk&H mG c&dik f t&mawmf+rdK@e,fwiG f wpf&mG v#if
wpfa,mufEe_ ;f rwufrae& ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u trde@f xw k cf ohJ nf? oif
wef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;p&dwt f ygt0if taxGaxGuek u f spm;&dwrf sm;twGuf wpftrd af xmif
v#if 1000 usyf aumufccH o hJ nf? wcsed w f nf;Yyif rE aW v;wdik ;f / rdwv Dˆ m/ rv_id /f ompnf/
0rf;wGi;f &Sd +rKd @rsm;wGiv f nf; jynfcidk +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvil ,frsm;udk ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf?157 2003
ckEpS /f Zlvid_ v f twGi;f rauG;wdik ;f Yvnf; &JEiS hf ppfwyfro d m;pk0ifrsm;udk rwufrae& ppfoif
wef;ay;&ef !$e=f um;cJ+h y;D jynfo@l ppfoifwef;twGuf wpf&yfuu G v
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158
jynfcikd +f zdK; +rdK@e,ftm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf?
xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpS /f rwfvtwGi;f yJc;l wdik ;f / jzL;+rdK@e,fwiG f +rdK@e,fv;Hk u|wf jynfo@l
ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csco hJ nf? xdt k csed u f +rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd vli,frsm;udk jynfo@l ppfoifwef;
rwufrae& trde@f jzifh a'ocHtajcpdu k pf pfwyf cr& 306 wyf&if;rS OD;aqmifI jyKvkycf o hJ nf?
wufa&muf&ef ysuu f u G o
f rl sm;udk '%faiG&u kd rf nf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf?
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tcuftcJrsm; awG@c=hJ u&onf? tvm;wl yJc;l wdik ;f wGif +rdK@e,faygi;f 28 +rdK@e,f&+dS yD; tjcm;+rdK@
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aejcif;onf ppftm%m&Sirf sm;. tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,af y;&ef jzpfonf? 2006 ckEpS /f
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rsm; zG@J pnf;ay;cJo h nf? txl;ojzifh &cdik jf ynfe,fonf w&kwEf ikd if t H ygt0if Edik if jH cm; ukr% ` D
trsm;tjym;rS a&eHEiS hf obm0"gwaf iG@rsm; &SmazGaeaom t"duae&mwck jzpfonf? ppftpd;k
&. 0ifaiG&&S&d m ae&mjzpfaoma=umifh vk+H cKHa&;t& txl;ta&;}uD;onf? xd@k a=umifh jynf
wGi;f / jynfyrS ppftpd;k &qef@usiaf &;orm;rsm;u enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh tE &W m,fay;vmrnfukd pd;k &drf
ojzifh jynfov l x l tk m; pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfonf?160 xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpS f
umvwGi;f vnf; &ckid u f rf;vGeyf ifv,fjyifwiG f *wf(pf)wl;azmfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifh
54
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pcef;rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u tcdik t f rm wd;k cs@J wnfaqmufco hJ nf? xd@k jyif aus;&Gmtvkud f
jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J rsm;udv k nf; zG@J pnf;ay;cJo h nf? tm%mydik rf sm;taejzihf Tod@k tiftm;wd;k cs@J
aer_ udk yifv,fa&a=umif;vk+H cHKa&;twGu[ f k ta=umif;jycJo h nf?161
tvm;wlpmG 200 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D twGi;f 'kAv kd rf LS ;}u;D armifarmifviG f OD;pD;onfh
tzG@J onf b*Fvm;a'h&EfS iS hf e,ferdwcf si;f qufpyfaeonfh armif;awmESihf bl;oD;awmif +rKd @e,f
twGi;f &Sd aus;&Gmrsm;rS wpf&mG v#if &Gmom; 30 OD;pD pkaqmif;I jynfo@l ppftzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;cJh
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pDpOfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif ,if;ta&twGux f rJ S 200 cef@ukd trmcHjynfo@l ppfrsm;tjzpf zG@J pnf;
&ef&nf&, G cf +hJ yD; 800 cef@ukd t&Hjynfo@l ppfrsm;tjzpf xm;&S&d ef pDpOfco hJ nf?1622007 ckEpS /f
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aumfrwDXmecsKyfEiS hf oD&rd *Fvmcef;rwGif jyKvkycf o hJ nf? xdok ifwef;rsm;wGif trsm;pkrmS ppf
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a&mufygu tvkyrf x S w k yf pfrnf[k tm%mydik rf sm;u +cdr;f ajcmufco hJ nf?163
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&efEiS hf txl;ojzifh twdu k t f cHtzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;&ef jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;onf ppfaxmuf
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udk oif=umyd@k csay;cJo h nft h jyif owif;pmoifwef;rsm;udv k nf; oif=um;yd@k csay;cJo
h nf? jynfcikd f
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ode;f aZmf u wm0efcu H yG u hJ nf?164 rnfo@kd yifjzpfap owif;pkaqmif;a&;/ axmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf
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pHEe_ ;f rsm;ESihf udu k nf rD r_ &Sbd J w&m;r#wpGm Oya'jyKEdik af &;twGuf tE &W ,fwpf&yf jzpfco hJ nf?
jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf ppfbufqkdif&mvkH+cHKa&;tzGJ@/ p okH;vkH;tzGJ@wdk@ESifhtwl
axmufvrS ;f a&;wm0efrsm;udyk g yl;wGw J m0efxrf;aqmif&eftwGuf jynfo@l qufqaH &;Xmeudk
zG@J pnf; cJo h nf? atmufajctqifrh S A[dt k qifth xd jynfo@l qufqaH &;XmexJwiG f axmuf
vSr;f a&; XmecG[ J Il tqifq h ifh zG@J pnf;xm;onf? jynfo@l qufqaH &;[k trnfay;xm;onfh
55
tzG@J onf jynforl sm;. ppftpd;k &tay: oabmxm;tajctae/ pm;0wfaea&;ESiyhf wfoufI

&ifqikd af e &onft h ajctae/ ukeaf ps;E_e;f owif; ponfrsm;udk axmufvrS ;f +y;D ae@pOf txuf
tqifhqifhudk tpD&ifcHwifjy&onf? ppftpdk;&. axmufvSrf;a&;Xmersm;wGif a,bl,s
tm;jzifh vufeufuikd t f yk pf rk sm;ESihf vk+H cHKa&;qdik &f m axmufvrS ;f a&;udprP sm;udk ppfzufqikd &f m
vk+H cKH a&;tzG@J u aqmif&u G +f y;D Edik if aH &;qdik &f m/ 0efxrf;a&;&mESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m axmufvrS ;f
a&;udprP sm;udk p ok;H vk;H tzG@J uaqmif&u G I f jynfov l x l t k wGi;f axmufvrS ;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk
jynfaxmifp}k uH@cikd af &;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; (ac: ) jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J u aqmif&u hJ nf?165
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wGif xkwaf 0onfh “0g'jzef@csad &;ppfyb JG mom&yf”trnf&dS pmwrf;wpfcw k iG f pdw"f mwfppfqif
a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm; xdyw f ukd &f ifqikd w f u kd cf ukd af &; enf;vrf;rsm;udk tao;pdwf
166
xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycJo h nf? 2000 ckEpS w f iG v f nf; tvm;wl +rdK@e,f&w J yfz@JG rS vufaxmuf&J
t&m&Sw d pfO;D jzpfol usio f ed ;f u jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; oifwef;wpfco k @kd wufa&mufcikd ;f
cJo h nf? xdo k ifwef;onf pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;udk txl;tav;teufxm;+yD; ppfwyfEiS hf a'o
pnf;&k;H v_@aH qmforl sm;twGuf owif;ay;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&u G &f ef toif;0ifvil ,frsm;udk
167
pkaqmif;xm;aom oifwef;jzpfonf?
2005 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jyifyurBmod@k owif;aygu=f um;
r_ r&Sad p&ef apmif=h uyf&rnf[k !$e=f um;csuw f pfapmifxw k jf yefI owday;cJo h nf? jynfyEdik if H
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twGuf owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;I xd@k !e$ =f um;csut f m; taumiftxnfazmfchJ
168
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v#if (3)OD;E_e;f v#K@d 0u S af &G;cs,I f owif;yd@k / owif;,loifwef;ESihf vk+H cKaH &;oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k cs&ef
jyifqifco hJ nf?
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onf? oifwef;zGiyhf t JG crf;tem;wGiv f nf; jynfcidk +f zKd ;wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;aZmfrif;u enf;
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169
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170
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56
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rsK;d jzifh taESmuft,Suaf y;jcif;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&;tcuftcJrsm; }uHKawG@&rnfjzpfonf?171
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wpfcw k iG f wufa&mufvmaom toif;0ifrsm;tm; “+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd Xmeaygi;f pHrk S 0efxrf;rsm;
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58
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59
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179
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60
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xm;&aom '%f&mtygt0if tjcm;jyif;xefaom'%f&mrsm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tm%m
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183
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zefw;D vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;onf t=urf;zufrr_ sm; jzpfymG ;vmatmif
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2005 ckepfwiG f jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;onf NLD tzG@J 0if tpPvmrfrsm;tm; t"duypfrw S f
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vlxt k wGi;f od@k teDa&mifvufarmif;ywfrsm; 0wfqifxm;aom jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk
pdr@f 0if xd;k azguaf p+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;onft h cg c&rf;csOo f ;D rsm;jzifh
ypfaygu&f ef tm%mydik rf sm;u !$e=f um;cJo h nf? 1996 ckEpS f {+yDv jrefrmhEpS o f pfu;l ae@wiG f
vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf.aetdro f @kd oGm;&mvrf;rsm;tm; wm;qD;ydwq f @kd xm;cJ+h yD;/ vrf;
ay:&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmjf zwfvmonfh NLD ygw0D ifrsm;tm; ¶du k Ef u
S rf nf[k jynfcidk +f zKd ;
tzG@J 0ifrsm;u +crd ;f ajcmufc=hJ uonf? xdEk pS t f wGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yJc;l +rKd @&dS emrnf
}uD; bk&m;wpfqltm; oGm;a&mufz;l ar#mrf nf[k owif;rsm;xGuaf y:cJ&h m/ tm%mydik rf sm;u
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vrf;rSapmif}h udKwdu k cf ukd &f ef jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;udk wm0efay;
apv$wcf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdb k &k m;od@k omG ;a&mufcjhJ cif; r&Sd
224
ojzifh tpDtpOf ysucf &hJ onf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_

rsm;
etzppftm%mykid rf sm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w
k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;udk tok;H jyK
I NLD ygwED iS hf ygwt
D axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; taESmift h ,Suaf y;
70
m;pkk
+crd ;f ajcmufjcif;ESihf t=urf;zufw f u kd cf u kd jf cif;rsm;udk jyKvky&f ef tqufrjywf }uKd ;yrf;aecJo h nf?

1988 ckEpS rf S tpjyKI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ygwrD ES w _ x f u G af y;&efEiS hf NLD ygwt D m;
zsuo f rd ;f ay;&ef ppftpd;k &rS wdu k &f u dk f zdtm;ay; awmif;qdrk r_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf;
ppftpd;k &onf xdt k wdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;udk wku d cf ukd Ef rdS ef if;&mwGif ‚if;wd@k OD;aqmifO;D &Guf
jyKaeaom jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;udk vufuikd w f wk t f jzpf tok;H jyKco hJ nf? Tod@k jzifh NLD ygwt D m;
wdu k ±f u kd wf u kd cf u
dk af eoltjzpfrS ajz;!Si;f pGm aysmufu, G o f mG ;atmif }uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf? rnfo@kd yif
jzpfapumrl ppftpd;k &onf jzpfay:vmonfh t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;twGuf t"du}uKd ;udik f
pDpOf!e$ =f um;aeol jzpfonft h wGuaf =umifh jynfcidk +f zdK;toif;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ NLD
ygw/D tjcm;aomtwku d t f cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDa&; axmufct H m;ay;olrsm;tay:
usL;vGeaf om jypfrt _ m;vk;H onf etzppftpd;k &. usL;vGerf r_ sm;omjzpfayonf?
etzppftpd;k &rS twdu k t f cHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm; quf
wku d f usL;vGeaf ejcif;. &nf&, G cf suo f nf tqdyk gtiftm;pkrsm;rS tvm;wl t=urf;zufaom
enf;jzifh wH@k jyefru _ &kd &S&d efyif jzpfonf? tu,fI NLD ygwrD S tvm;wl t=urf;zufw@kH jyefrr_ sm;
jyKvkyv f mygu ppftpd;k &onf wdik ;f jynfrwnfr+ird jf zpfjcif;rS umuG,&f ef[q k u kd m NLD ygwD
tm; tjrpfjzwfacsre_ ;f &eftwGuf ta=umif;jycsuw f pfck &&Sv d mrnfjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf;
twdu k t f cHtzG@J rsm;taejzifh t=urf;rzuf ESv;Hk &nfwu kd yf rJG sm;udo k m t"duxm; qifEv JG m
onft h wGuaf =umifh ppftpd;k &ar#mv f ifx h m;onfh tjrpfjywfacsre_ af &; enf;AsL[monf r
atmifjrifcJhay?
1996 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tjcm; NLD ygw0D ifrsm; pD;
eif;vku d yf gvmaom armfawmf,mOfwef;tm; oHacsmif;rsm;/ tkwcf rJ sm;jzifh wdu k cf ukd &f eft
wGuf jynfcidk +f zdK;tzG@J 0if wpfO;D pDv#if aiGusyf (5000)pD ay;cJo h nf? xdw k u kd cf u dk rf _ rwdik rf u D
tpd;k &0ef}uD;wpfO;D jzpfol &xm;yd@k aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; OD;0if;pdeu f a':atmifqef;
pk=unftm; owfypfoifo h nf[k jynfcidk +f zKd ;tpnf;ta0;yGw J pfcw k iG f toif;0ifrsm;tm; ajym
=um;cJo h nf? ‚if;u “Edik if aH &;qlyt l ºkH uGra_ wGukd zefw;D aewJh atmifqef;pk=unfukd &Si;f ypf
&r,f? ‘&Si;f ypf&r,f’qdw k hJ t"dyg` ,u f kd rif;wd@k em;vnf=uvm;? ol@ukd owfypf&r,fv@kd ajym
wm? rif;wd@k ol@uo kd wfypfz@kd owWad &m&S&d @J vm;?”[k tqdyk gtpnf;a0;wGif }urd ;f 0g;cJo h nf?225
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf 2002
ckEpS /f arv(6) &ufae@wiG f (19)v=um aetdrt f us,cf sKyrf S vGwaf jrmufvmcJ+h y;D aemuf wdik ;f ESihf
jynfe,f (12)ck&dS pkpak ygi;f (125)+rdK@e,fo@kd pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm; oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? oGm;
a&mufvo kd nfah e&mod@k c|i;f csurf &dS vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmEdik cf iG &hf adS =umif; etzppftpd;k &rS
oabmwlxm;cJah omfvnf; vufawG@wiG rf _ tm%mydik rf sm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,u S f
226
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71
pk=unfEiS hf tzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf 2003 ckEpS /f arv(6)&ufae@rS arv (30)&ufae@txd
rE aW v;wdik ;f / ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / ucsijf ynfe,fEiS hf &Sr;f jynfe,f pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;twGi;f jynf
cdik +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. wm;qD; aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm;pGmudk &ifqikd cf &hJ onf?
pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuaf eonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J ukd aESmuf,u S &f mwGif
yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& apmfum;wdu k cf u kd f a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;ESihf tzG@J csKyfEiS hf olrudk
oa&mfavSmifajymifxm;onfh umwGe;f ykrH sm;udv k nf; tm%mydik rf sm;u }udKwifjzef@a0r_rsm;
jyKvkycf o hJ nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vdu k yf gvmaom armfawmf,Ofwef; c&D;rqufEikd af p&ef
um;vrf;rsm;wGif oHq;l }uKd ;rsm;/ opfv;kH rsm;/ ausmufw;Hk rsm;/ ukew f ifum;}u;D rsm;jzifh ydwq f @kd
xm;jcif;/ wHwm;rsm;wGif um;oGm;&mbD;vrf;ysOcf syrf sm;udk cGmxm;+y;D wHwm;udk opfom;wef;
rsm;&ku d I f ydwq f @kd xm;jcif;/ um;vrf;ay: jzwfI ajrmif;wl;ydwq f @kd xm;jcif;/ a':atmifqef;
pk=unfEiS v hf x l k awG@q&Hk mteD;w0du k w f iG f w&m;ra[mEdik af tmif taESmuft,Suaf y;onfh
taejzifh tm;aumif;aom toHcs@J pufrsm;ok;H +yD; oDcsi;f rsm;/ y&dww f &m;rsm;udk qlnpH mG
zGi@f jcif;/ vltyk x f oJ @kd armfawmfum;armif;0ifjcif;rsm; jyKvyk +f y;D jynfcikd +f zKd ; tzG@J rsm;u taESmuf
t,Sut f rsK;d rsK;d ay;cJo h nf?
tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if a'ocHvx l u
k kd a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; r}udKqd&k ef
+crd ;f ajcmufrr_ sm;vnf; jyKvyk cf o hJ nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vufc}H uKd qakd om tpd;k &0efxrf;
rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u xda&mufpmG tjypfay;ta&;,lco hJ nf? Oyrmtm;jzihf csi;f jynfe,f
c&D;pOftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk }udKqdkE_wfqufcJhonfh ynma&;0efxrf;wpfOD;udk
tm%mydik rf sm;u tvkyrf x S w k yf pfcohJ nf? rauG;wdik ;f / uHr+rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd tru ausmif;
q&mrwpfO;D jzpfol a':cifr;kd 0if;udv k nf; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; }udKqdck o hJ nft h wGuf
+rKd @e,fynma&;rSL;u tvkyrf x S w k yf pf&ef jyifqifc+hJ y;D ausmif;qufrwuf&ef wm;jrpfco hJ nf?227
2007 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D twGi;f Y jynfo@l vw G af wmfu, kd pf m;jyKaumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf &ckid f
'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f a&;rSL; ODat;omatmif. &cdik jf ynfe,fc&D;pOftwGi;f Y axmufcH
tm;ay;cJo h l jynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;wpfO;D ESihf +rdK@e,f rdcifEiS u hf av;apmifah &Smufa&;tzJ@G
OuUXwpfO;D udk tm%mydik rf sm;u &mxl;rS jzKwfypfvu kd o f nfo h m"uvnf; &Scd o hJ nf?228
xd@k jyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf vma&mufpOfumvtwGi;f pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf
aps;qdik rf sm;tm;vk;H udk ydwx f m;&ef/ bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;/ bk&m;apwDrsm;udk ydwx f m;&ef
tm%mydik rf sm;u +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? 2003 ckEpS /f {+yDvydik ;f u a':atmifqef;
pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J rauG;wdik ;f / ausmufxo k @kd a&mufvmcsed w f iG f ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u
}uKd qdrk nfukd pd;k &dro f nfth wGuf pmoifausmif;rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u ydwyf pfco hJ nf? xd@k jyif
uav;+rKd @tvGef xkrH m&Gm ta&mufwiG v f nf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J a&mufvmcge;D rS
tm%mydik rf sm;u ausmif;0if;wHcg;}u;D udk ydwcf sed rf [kwyf J ydwyf pfco hJ nf?229 vrf;wav#muf&dS
72
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rjyK&ef owday;wm;jrpfco hJ nf?
jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftcsK@d EiS yhf wfowfI
waphwapmif;avhvm=unfrh nfqv kd #if pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftrsm;pkonf tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf
}uKd wifnEdS id_ ;f wdik yf if+y;D pwifcahJ omfvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w k f jynfcidk +f zKd ;
tzG@J rsm;u rif;rJph &ku d q f efqef jyKr_vyk af qmifc=hJ uonfukd awG@&onf?
2003 ckEpS /f {+yv D twGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J onf ygwpD nf;&k;H a&;twGuf
csi;f jynfe,fo@kd oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? od@k &mwGif rauG;wdik ;f twGi;f vrf;wav#muf&dS atmifv/H
awmifwiG ;f / rif;bl;+rdK@rsm;ESihf yGijhf zL+rdK@t0ifrsm;wGif ppftpd;k &. vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zdK;
tzG@J rsm;u enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh taESmuft,Suaf y;cJo h nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J a&muf
&dv
S mcsed w f iG f &eforl sK;d ig;yg; rD;ab;wm0ef oDcsi;f rsm;udk avmfpyDumrsm;jzifh toHuek zf iG jhf cif;/
t&yfot l &yfom;rsm;udk y&dw&f w G zf wf&ef v_@H aqmfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyI f taESmuft,Surf sKd ;pHk
230
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2003 ckEpS /f arv (10)&ufae@wiG f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / tif;awmf+rKd @t0if eef@oaJ us;&Gmod@k
a&muf&cdS sed Yf rk&H mG c&dik /f jynfcikd +f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; ODaX;atmif OD;pD;onfh tiftm; (70) cef@&dS
jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tpdr;f a&mifyw d pf ay:wGif pmvk;H t+zLjzifh “jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk /
tqd;k tjrif0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usi=f u”[laom pmwrf;rsm;csw d qf +JG yD; qef@usiaf ESmuf,u S cf hJ
onfukd }uKH awG@c&hJ onf? arv(11)&ufae@ ae@vnf(12) em&D/ uom+rKd @t0if*w d o f @kd a&muf&dS
csed w
f iG vf nf; tiftm; (150)cef@&dS jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm; jyKvyk cf hJ
onf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u qufroGm;&ef ydwyf if[ef@wm; aESmuf,u S af eonfukd wm0ef&dS
ol tm%mydik rf sm;u =um;0ifjzefajzaqmif&u G af y;&rnft h pm; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
231
jyefvn S o hf mG ;&ef zdtm;ay;cJo h nf?
xd@k jyif 2003 ckEpS /f arv (29)&uf nae (6)em&Dausmw f iG f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf
tzG@J onf rE aW v;rSwqifh ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / rk&H mG +rKd @o@kd pnf;&k;H a&;c&D ;oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? a':atmif
qef;pk=unfEiS t fh zG@J rk&H mG od@k a&muf&v dS mcsed wf iG f tm%mydik rf sm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S &f ef
}udKwifppD OfcahJ omfvnf; rk&H mG vlxu k aomif;ESicfh sI D }udKqdck =hJ uonf? jynfcikd +f zdK; acgi;f aqmif
rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf rvmcifuwnf;u rk&H mG +rKd @wiG f olr. raumif;a=umif;rsm;udk
vli,frsm;tm; oifwef;yd@k csco hJ nf? jynfcikd +f zKd ;vli,frsm; tygt0if ppfom;vli,fav;rsm;udk
jynfcikd +f zKd ;0wfprHk sm;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfqef@usiaf &; oifwef;rsm; yd@k csay;cJo h nf? od@k aomf
vnf; vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;onf tm%mydik rf sm;. yd@k csapcdik ;f csurf sm;udk vkyaf qmif&ef qEN
r&Sad oma=umifh xGuaf jy;cJ=h uonf? tcsK@d vil ,frsm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd qef@usif
aESmuf,u S &f rnft h pm; vuftyk cf sI D yif uefawmhc=hJ uonf?232
73
2003 ckEpS /f arv(12)&ufae@n (8)em&DccJG ef@wiG f ucsijf ynfe,f/ rd;k aumif;+rdK@e,f/

ref&u G af us;&Gm t0ifvrf;xdyw f iG f tiftm;(100)cef@&dS jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. aESmuf,u S rf E_ iS hf
}uKH awG@c&hJ onf? arv(13) &ufae@ zm;uef@+rKd @o@kd ra&mufrD erfrh ppf aus;&Gmt0ifwiG f jynfcikd f
+zdK; tzG@J 0ifrsm;u “jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk / tqdt k jrif0g'rD sm;tm; qef@usi=f u” pmom;rsm;
yg&o dS nfh qdik ;f bkwrf sm;udu k ikd af qmifI toHww d f qENjyaESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf? arv(15)&uf
ae@ eHeuf (4)em&DccJG ef@wiG f erRw;D vrf;twdik ;f xGucf mG vm&m aumif;&m&Gm ta&mufwiG f
jynfcikd +f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u“ jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk -tvdrk &S”d “tqd;k jrif0g'rD sm;tm;-tvdrk &d”S
“wdk;wufr_zsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” “wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;udkzsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” ponfh
qdik ;f bkwrf sm;udk udik af qmifI qENjyaESmuf,u S cf =hJ uonf?f
a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf zG@J onf 2003 ckEpS /f arv(16)&ufae@wiG f ucsijf ynfe,f/
jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @o@kd qufvufxu G cf mG cJo h nf? jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @t0if eef;auG@ wHwm;teD;wGif jynfcikd f
+zdK;tzG@J 0if (300) cef@u vrf;ab;0J,mrS “jynfytm;ud;k ykqed &f ;dk / jynfe,f at;csr;f om
,ma&;udk aESmuf,u S zf suq f ;D olrsm;tm;-qef@usi=f u/” “trsK;d omoem cd;k ,lzsuq f ;D olrsm;
tm;-qef@usi=f u/ acsre_ ;f =u” pojzifh a&;om;xm;aom ydpk wmrsm;ESihf t0wfezl;pnf;rsm;udk
udik af qmifv#uf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tzG@J csKyo f mG ;rnfv h rf;Y ydwq f @kd [ef@wm; qlyl aESmuf
,Sucf o hJ nf? arv(18)&ufae@wiG f 0dik ;f armf+rdK@o@kd c&D;qufvufxu G cf mG cJ&h m 0dik ;f armf+rdK@t0if
aemifwmav&Gm ewfpifteD;wGif jynfcikd +f zdK; tiftm;(20)cef@u wm;qD;aESmuf,u S cf o hJ nf?
2003 ckEpS f arv (20)&ufae@ Aef;armf+rdK@t0if ok;H rdik f &Gmod@k a&muf&v Sd mcsed w
f iG v f nf; wkw/f
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um;rsm;ESihf qdik u f ,frsm;udk tok;H jyK+yD;/ Oya'udk ajAmifususcsK;d azmufI uef@uu G q f ENjy
233
aESmuf,u S cf ohJ nf?
xd@k tjyif ucsijf ynfe,f/ a&$u+l rKd@t0ifwiG v f nf; jynfcikd +f zdK;tiftm; 300 cef@u
ydpk wmrsm;/ a=uG;a=umforH sm;jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,u S cf o
hJ nf? xduk ohJ @kd qef@usiaf ESmuf,u S f
ol trsm;pkonf &yfuu G x f &J dS qif;&JErG ;f yg;olrsm;jzpf+y;D jynfcikd +f zKd ;tm%mydik rf sm;u xrif;au|;
arG;jcif;/ aiG;a=u;tenfi,fay;jcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifI ac:,lvmcJah om qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=u
onf? xl;jcm;csut f aejzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ucsijf ynfe,fpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;wGif
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rsm;wGif jyefvnfyg0if cJo h nfukd awG@&&Sd onf?234
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237
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vlxu k kd awG@&r,f/ Edik if aH &;tzG@J awGvykd J &Jw@kd / rD;owfw@kd qdw k mvnf; vlxu k kd taxmuftul
ay;&r,f? tckvkd vlxu k kd taxmuftulray;yJ Edik x f ufp;D eif;vkyaf ewmudk usr r=unfEh ikd b f ;l /
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238
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tm; 'Dy, J if;+rKd @teD;wGif +cKH cw kd u kd cf u kd cf o
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onf wdu k ¶f u kd yf g0ifywfoufae&ko H mru &Gmom;rsm;tm; aiGa=u;axmufyjhH cif;/ oifwef;rsm;
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241
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77
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2005 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif usi;f ycJah om owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J pfcw k iG f jynfcikd +f zdK;
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; Adv k cf sKyf
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ae&mrsm;rSty use&f adS eao;aom ygvrD eftrwfae&mrsm;twGuf 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKif&ef jyif
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244
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h nf[k oH;k
246
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247
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249
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od@k wufa&mufco hJ nf? xd@k jyif *syefEikd if o
H nf 2006 ckEpS w f iG f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;od@k *syef,ef;aiG
250
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251
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81
2005 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufvmaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;

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rsm; jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif &cdik jf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;rS trsK;d om;nDvmcHu, kd pf m;
256
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olrsm; r[kwo f uJo h @kd jynfov l x l u
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257
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onf jrefrmjynf&dS tdraf xmifpt k oD;oD;rS vdu k v f aH umufcx H m;aom jynfov l x
l .
k aiGa=u;
259
rsm;om jzpfonf? Tod@k jzifh ppftpd;k &onf jynfcikd +f zdK;tzG@J 0if trsK;d om;nDvmcHu, kd pf m;
vS,rf sm;tm; aiGa=u;axmuftyHrh sm;/ rufv;Hk rsm;ay;I nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef qGaJ qmif
pnf;&k;H cJo h nf? rufv;kH ay;qGaJ qmifrr_ sm;rygyJ jynfcidk +f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; pnf;¶H;k Edik pf rG ;f r&Sad y?
tem*wfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ppftpdk;&. ausmaxmufaemufcHtzGJ@jzpfonfh
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(14)ESp=f umatmif tcsed q f JG usi;f yay;cJo h nf? ppftpd;k &u wzufoufa&;qGx J m;aom zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif wyfrawmf(ppfwyf)tm; v$waf wmftrwfae&m (25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk
tvdt k avsmufay;xm;+y;D use&f adS omae&mrsm;udrk _ a&G;aumufyw JG iG f 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd i&f rnfh
Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;twGuf csev f yS x f m;cJo h nf? txl;ojzifh ppftpd;k &onf use&f adS om trwf
ae&mrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k .vufuikd w f w k f jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;tm; 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd iaf p&ef pDpOfxm;+y;D
Edik if aH wmftm%mwpfcv k ;Hk udk jyefvnfcsKyfuikd Ef ikd &f ef tm;xkwcf o hJ nf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcikd f
+zdK;toif;wGif tajctaeta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh tzG@J 0if oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm&Sad eaomfvnf;
a&G;aumufyw JG iG f 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKif&eftwGuf Edik if aH &;t&wufºuGr&_ o dS nf@ tzG@J 0ifta&
twGurf mS tvGeef nf;yg;vSonf? Ttcsuo f nf ppftm%mydik rf sm;tm; pd;k &drrf uif;jzpfapcJh
260
onf?
tem*gwaf &G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif jynfcikd +f zdK;toif;u tEdik &f &Syd gu jrefrmhEikd if aH &;
onf wpfygwt D m%m&Sipf epfo@kd jyefvnfa&muf&v dS m+yD; jynfov l x l . k ae@pOfb0rsm;onf
vnf; ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;vmrnf jzpfonf? xd@k jyif wpfygwt D m%m&Sit f jzpf jyefvnfay:xGuv f mrnfh
etzppftpd;k &onf jynfcikd +f zKd ;toif;.tcef;u¾udk jriS w hf ifay;&ef}uKd ;yrf;+y;D wcsed w f nf;Y
NLD ygwt D m; tjrpfjzwfacsre_ ;f &ef }udK;yrf;rnfjzpfayonf?
----------------------------
82
m;pkk
rS w f p k r sm;
1
jynfaxmifpk+uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh &HykHaiG
&Smjcif;/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)/ 1996 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19)&uf?
2
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(15)&uf?
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Mobilization of the Mass: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma
Issues. 2003.
4
Politics of Stability: Co-opting Burma’s Civil Society Through the USDA. V Coakley.
Burma Issues Newsletter Vol. 8, No.10. October 1998.
5
USDA Serving National Interests as it Represents the People. Eint Dail. The Golden
Land. 4 November 2005.
6
The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate.
Vol. 4. Jan-Feb 1997.
7
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (10)&uf?
8
jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ 1994 ckESpf/ pm 75?
9
tm%mydkifawG a'ocHawGudk }uH@zGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifxJ t"rRxnfhoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh
toH/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (6)&uf?
10
tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?
11
SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin Districe. An Independent Report by the Karen
Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994.
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Demoratic Voice of Burma. 180302.
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USDA Membership on the Increase. KAO WAO News No. 76. 9-24 September 2004.
15
Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB.
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11/01/2005 &ufae@ a&$[oFmcef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jynfcdkif+zdK;toif; vpOfykHrSef
tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf?
18
EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsuf ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;/ wdkif;usKd;
jynfjyK/ wwd,wGJ/ 1995 {+yDv (1) rS 1997 Ekd0ifbm v (14)?
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New Light of Myanmar. 12 February 2005.
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Burma’s Myinggyan college students forced to join USDA. Democratic Voice of Burma.
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Mandalay Students Tricked into Joining USDA Member. Democratic Voice of Burma.
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'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckeSpf azazmf0g&D 1 &uf?
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26
27
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34
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35
}uH@zGH@tzGJ@ ADG'D,dkxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvm/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf
atmufwdkbm 16 &uf?
36
tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckeSpf arv?
37
USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News.
24 November 2003.
38
Oppression on NLD Members Continue in Rangoon Thone Gwa. Democratic Voice of
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39
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &uf?
40
Burma Pokokku USDA Secretary Uses Thugs to Cow People. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 5 November 2005.
41
42
tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 2007 ckESpf?
43
USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News.
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44
Burmese Civil Servants Sacked for Signing NLD Petition. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 17 August 2004.
45
jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pnf;&kH;a&;pDrHcsuf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/
2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 31 &uf?
84
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46
tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm; E_wfxGuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ rufvkH;ay;pnf;&kH;/ 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv 28
&uf?
47
Burma’s Forced Registration-the Final Onslaught? The Irrawaddy. 01 December
1998.
48
Opposition Resignations Cited in Myanmar. The Associated Press. 6 May 2006.
49
Inside Source. NDD. 17 May 2006.
50
PDC News commentary. the Political Defiance Committee (PDC) of the National
Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB). July 2007.
51
USDA Members Enticing NLD Members to Quit Party at Shwebo. Democratic Voice of
52
Burma Junta’s USDA Members Pressure NLD Members to Quit Party. Democratic
Voice of Burma. 4 November 2005
53
Another NLD leader forced to resign by pressures from Burma junta. Democratic
Voice of Burma. 27 April 2006.
54
Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit.
NCGUB. p. 247.
55
Burma junta’s USDA members pressure NLD members to quit party. Democratic
Voice of Burma. 04 November 2005.
56
NLD Members Forced to Join USDA in Eastern Burma. 19 August 2004.
57
NLD Member Refused Teaching Job in Southern Burma. Democractic Voice of Burma.
20 August 2004.
58
NLD Member Pressured to Quit NLD in Mandalay Division, Burma. 24 August 2004.
59
tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv?
60
Voice of Burma. Issue No. 568. AUGUST 27, 2006
61
62
USDA: The Organization Strengthening the Military Rule in Burma (Myanmar). The
Mon Forum. April 2005.
63
USDA Distrubs Formation of NLD Social Support Group. Burma News International.
26 April 2004.
64
NLD Probihited from Donating Rice to Flood-Hit Areas in Burma. Democratic Voice
of Burma. 21 August 2004.
65
66
atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/
=o*kwfv (11)&uf?
tm%m&_;ppftkyfpku ema&;tzGJ@udk }uH@zGwfvufatmuf oGwfoGif;&ef }udK;yrf;/ Voice of
Burma /2006 ckESpf =o*kwfv (22)&uf?
85
67
atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/
=o*kwfv (11)&uf?
68
atmifjrifaeonfh acsmuf+rdK@rS ema&;ulnDr_vkyfief;udk }uH@cdkifzGH@+zdK;a&; 0ifcs,fvS,f/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 25 &uf?
69
apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef;wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/
2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf?
70
jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0; (2005)
rS aumufE_wfazmfjycsuf?
71
apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef; wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/
2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &uf?
72
Burma USDA members told to take control of local activities. 9 September 2005.
73
}uH@zGH@u tusOf;om;rsm;udk "gwfykH&kduf+yD; rdom;pkudk aiGaxmufyHh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (6)&uf?
74
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rdom;pkrsm;udk tm%mykdifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&uf?
75
USDA Members Told to Take Control of Local Activities. Democratic Voice of Burma.
9 September 2005.
76
Red Cross Hopes to be Left Alone. The Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006.
77
e,fjcm;rJhq&m0efrsm;tzGJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv
(30)&uf?
78
Red Cross Hopes to Be Left Alone. Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006.
jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g; jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv
(4)&uf?
EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppftkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv
(27)&uf?
79
ICRC Might Be Allowed to Inspect Burmese Prisons Freely Again. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 12 January 2006.
80
EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppf tkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv
(27)&uf?
81
tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD&kH;rsm; jyefzGifhcGifh&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf
'DZifbmv (15)&uf?
82
jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g;jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv
(4)&uf?
86
m;pkk
83
Voice of Burma /2006 ckESpf arv 24 &uf?
84
jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005
ckESpf?
85
Monthly Human Rights Situation Report. Mergui-Tavoy Information Department.
KNU. October 2003.
86
nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13
&uf?
87
jrpf}uD;em;wGif wefjyefoydwfarSmuf&ef e,frS 0efxrf;/ }uH@zGH@awG ac:,lvlpk/ 'Drdku&uf
wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &uf?
88
etznDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudk ucsifvli,frsm;uef@uGuf/ rZdÆlrowif;Xme/ 2007 ckESpf
atmufwdkbm 8 &uf?
89
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. 2004ckESpf/ ar (27)&ufae@&ufpGJyg a=ujimcsuftrSwf-6
(5§03)?
90
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unff/ 2003 ckESpf/ arv (29)&ufae@n/
rkH&Gm+rdK@qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif ajym=um;cJhaomrdef@cGef;rS?
91
Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit.
NCGUB. p. 247. 248.
92
93
bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (2)/ 1994 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21)&uf?
94
awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bm
2 &uf?
95
rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvky/f MIZZIMA news /2007
ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf?
96
yckuULoHCmawmfrsm;u arwWmydk@ vrf;av#mufqENjyyGJudk jyefvnfpwif+yD/ 'Drdku&uf
wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 31 &uf?
97
nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf
atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf?
98
rauG;+rdK@nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA
News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf?
99
bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (1)/ 1994 ckESpf az azmf0g&Dv (21) &uf?
100
nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpfpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf
atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf?
87
101
ppftpdk;&nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; rdk;rd+yD;zsm;em/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 10 &uf?
102
Human Rights Year Book 1994: Burma. NCGUB. Page-124.
103
The Burmese Generals are Lying to the World. Rhododendron News. Volume VI. No.
V. September-October 2003. Chin Human Rights Organization. 20 October 2003.
104
nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13
&uf?
105
rauG;+rdK@nDvmcH axmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA
News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf?
106
erfhcrf;qENazmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007
ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf?
107
etz&J@ EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajrykHaxmufcHyGJawG jynfe,feJ@wdkif;toD;oD;rSm qufwdkufjyKvkyf/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 21 &uf?
108
SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin District. An Independent Report by the Karen
Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994.
109
rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvkyf/ MIZZIMA news /
2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf?
110
Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB.
1994.
111
Forced Backing for Road Map. Irrawaddy. 22 September 2003.
112
Sieg Heli, SPDC: Burma Junta Thugs Hold Mass Rallies for Military Rule.
Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006.
113
Adkvfcif!Gef@udk axmufcH&ef vmbfxdk;jrLqG,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/
atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf?
114
yJcl;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wtdrfwa,muf t"rRwufa&mufcdkif;/ aps;qdkif;rsm;vnf; ydwf&/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16)&uf?
115
twkta,mifaxmufcHyGJ bdkuav;ESif jr0wDwGifjyKvkyf/ &kd;r 3/ 2007 ckESpf atmuf
wdkbm 25 &uf?
116
aiGusyf 3000 &I qENjy/ Radio Free Aasia /2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 2 &uf?
117
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 1 &uf?
118
erfhcrf;qEN azmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007
ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf?
88
m;pkk
119
tar&dueftm;udk; ykqdef&kd;qdkifbkwfrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;tay: Y wifxm;/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 5 &uf?
120
anmifESpfyifaxmufcHyGJrsm; usif;y&efpDpOf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf
Zefe0g&Dv 2 &uf?
121
oef;a&$ema&;ydk@a&; 'dk@ta&; atmfcJhol 3 OD; tzrf;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007
ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 4 &uf?
122
awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk
bmv 2 &uf?
123
Report Card, Burma. 1 December 2001-31 March 2002. Altsean Burma. July 2002.
124
The Burmese Military Intelligence Extorts Money from the Fish Boats for NGOs.
Narinjara News.
125
a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh
toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22)&uf?
126
jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;ESpfywfvnf oif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005
ckESpf?
127
a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh
toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22) &uf?
128
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (30)&uf?
129
People’s Land Confisc-ated for Sale in USDA Fund Drive. BNI Weekly News. 15
December 2003.
130
Burmese Authorities Misappropriates Money for Children’s Education. Demoratic
Voice of Burma. 11 April 2005.
131
tezwdk@ avab;tultnDay;r_udk jzwfpm;/ rauseyfI 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcif!$ef@xH
wdkif=um;olrsm;tm; zrf;qD;/ Narinjara News /2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (9)&uf?
132
}uH@zGH@tzGJ@u ausmif;&HykHaiGudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyf/ &kd;r-3/ 2007 ckESpf Zlv_difv 6 &uf?
133
&kH;aqmuf&ef aiGodef;(50)udk acsmuf}uH@zGH@pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@ udk,fusKd;okH;/ 'Drdku&uf
wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 24 atmufwdkbm 2006?
134
Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of the Burmese Junta. Banya
Hongsar. 18 June 2004.
135
EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;&ef rGefjynfe,f/ rk'kH+rdK@e,fwGif oifwef;
ay;/ Voice of Burma /2003 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf?)
89
136
jynfaxmifpk+uH@ckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoifvkH; u|wftpnf;ta0; (2007)
wGif ajym=um;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfrSL;=uD;oef;a&$rdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsuf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;
pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf?
137
jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pGJyg awmifOuUvmypDrHcsufrS
aumufEkwfcsuf?
138
etzu tzGJ@csKyf+zdKcGJa&; enf;AsL[mopfrsm;csrSwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2005 ckESpf
{+yDv 20 &uf?
139
jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifh ta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH
pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 18 &uf?)
140
etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (7 §2006)/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 2 &uf/ jrefrmhtvif;o
wif;pm?
141
tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;?
142
pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm
v 11 &uf?
143
pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm
v 11 &uf?
144
Vol.4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. Quote from Gen. Than Shwe, 1996.
145
Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB.
146
The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian Wing of the Military Junta Must not Be
Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6.
July 2003.
147
jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf?
148
jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf?
149
tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/26-3-2007?
150
jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH; twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/
151
jynfy&efumuG,f&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ppfoifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003
ckESpf atmufwdkbm 13 &uf?
152
Police deliver military training to civilians. Democractic Voice of Burma. 30 October
2007.
153
Mon State PDC Ordered Chaungzon USDA to Form USDA Battalion in Town.
Burma News International. 15 October 2004.
90
m;pkk
154
tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 21-3-2007?
155
Recruiting Civilians in Village Communities to Attend Short-Term Basic Military
Training. Independent Mon News Agency. 18 June 2003.
156
SPDC trains over 200 Chin people. Khonumthung News. 12 September 2006.
157
&Gmomrsm; ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u trdef@xkwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/
2007 ckESpf arv 7 &uf?
158
jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEkdifiHvkH;twdkif;twmESifh etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/
159
jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf?
160
&cdkifjynfe,fY t&HwyfzGJ@tm; jynfol@ppfESifh rD;owfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;rnf[kqdk/ ed&OP&m
owif;/ 2006 ckESpf =o*kwf v 12 &uf?
161
&ckdifurf;vGefwGif; etzu ppfpcef;rsm;wdk;csJ@/ Mizzima News/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbm
v 8 &uf?
162
Burmese Army forms people’s militias in border area. Narinjara News. 14 February
2007.
163
Two Militia Trainings Held in Maungdaw inquire. Narinjara News. 30 October 2007.
164
The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary
No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.
165
}uH@zGH@tzGJ@axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efyg xrf;aqmif/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbm 29
&uf?
166
Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar.
18 June 2003. Monland.
167
USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30.
November 1-13, 2002.
168
Moles on Moles: Burma USDA Warns Members against News Leak. Democratic
Voice of Burma. 29 June 2005.
169
jynfyrD'D,mawGudk etzu tD;enf;eJ@ wdkufrnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf
arv 4 &uf?
170
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf?
171
Burma USDA members to be given military intelligence courses. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 13 September 2006.
172
173
USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30.
November 1-13, 2002.
174
Confidential News of the USDA. Inside Source. NDD. 15 January 2005.
91
175
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk w&m;pGJ&ef tezu tcsuftvuf&SmazG/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf?
176
177
Inside Source. NDD. 1 May 2006.
178
udkoufEdkifOD;tr_tm; +rdK@awmfowif;pmrSm vdrfvnfIazmfjy/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/
2006 ckESpf rwfv 23 &uf?
179
jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsuf-trSwfpOf (292)/ tifef'D'D/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &uf?
tm%mydkifrsm;. 0kdif;0ef;&kdufESufjcif;cH&olwOD;tygt0if &Gmom; 6 OD; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf {+yDv 27 &uf?
180
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 23 &uf?
181
ajrmufOuUvmy &,u&kH;Y zrf;qD;cHxm;&pOf vlwOD; aoqkH;r_jzpf/ {&m0wDtifwmeuf
r*~Zif;/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 19 &uf?
182
t&yfom;wpfOD; aoqkH;r_Y oufaoxGufqdkrnfholudk }uH@zGH@rsm;u vdkufvHzrf;qD;/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 21 &uf?
183
=unfhjrifwdkifpcef;rSL; vuf&JZuf&J ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf
ZGefv 13 &uf?
184
etz au|;arG;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; vlxkudk vuf&JZuf&JtEdkifusifh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 6 &uf?
185
Rangoon Sanchaung NLD Youth Attacked by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of
186
Burmese Local Authority on Trial in Rangoon Hlain Thaya. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 30 August 2005.)
187
oHvufoD;jzihf txdk;cH&onfh vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;. tr_udkqufvufppfaq;/
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &uf?
188
jynf+rdK@wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD; }uH@zGH@tzGJ@wcsKd@. &dkufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &uf?
189
Prome University Students Beaten Up By Free-Range Thugs. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 15 March 2004.
190
Burma Arakan Muslin Student Killed by ‘Unknown’ Thugs. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 4 September 2005.
191
Car Victim Told to Drop Charge Against Burma Junta Official. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 17 July 2004.
192
}uH@zGH@tzGJ@.0dkif;0ef;&dkufESufr_a=umifh rE Wav;rS vli,fwOD; aq;&kHa&muf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 12 &uf?
92
m;pkk
193
“New” Strategies Dreamt Up by the Burma Junta to Destroy the NLD. Democratic
Voice of Burma. 22 June 2005.
194
Human Rights Year Book 2001-2002: Burma. NCGUB.
195
USDA Sets Village on Fire and Kidnap 32 Muslim Students in Burma. Muslim
Information Center of Burma. News Story 097. February 4, 2003.
196
Hindu Temple Burnt Down in Central Burma by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of
Burma. 2 July 2005.
197
jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH
pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?
198
jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH
pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?
199
jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh
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200
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Irrawaddy. 24.8.2007.
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207
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208
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209
The Story About Poe Suu. Burma Update By PDC/NCUB. 29 November 2007.
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211
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93
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213
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214
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v 16 &uf?
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217
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218
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220
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221
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222
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223
0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm; aESmuf,SufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 28
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224
Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB.
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The Second Premilinary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin
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228
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229
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230
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231
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232
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233
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234
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235
'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003
ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27?
236
rwW&mtzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;&kdufESuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifrsm;}uHpnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh
toH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 30 &uf?
237
trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGif. ajymqdkcsufrsm;ESifh
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 'DZifbm(31) &ufae@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;t&?
238
a':pkc&D;pOf armfawmf,OftultnDay;cJhol vdkifpiftydwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/
2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf?
239
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'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003
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243
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USDA is Ready to Be a Legal Political party. Independent Mon News Agency. 6
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Crime Aganist Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya
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The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be
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The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be
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Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma
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Letter to Japan Foreign Minister Koumura. Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2008.
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USDA Members Attend Cuban Solidarity Meeting. Mizzima News. 25 January 2006.
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NLD Expresses Dismay over ASEAN Envoy’s Burma Visit. Democratic Voice of
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anmifESpfyifnDvmcHudk azazmf0g&D 17 &ufrSm jyefpr,fvdk@ etza=ujim/ 'Drdku&ufwpf
jrefrmhtoH/ 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 12 &uf?
255
Interim Report Card: July 2004-February 2005. Altsean Burma. March 2005.
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SPDC Picked USDA Members to Represent Arakan State at the National Convention.
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USDA Members Attend the National Convention. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10
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Money for National Convention Delegates Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17
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Compulsory Collections for Convention Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 June
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