21572sm SFM Finalnewvol2 Cp6 Chapter 6

CHAPTER 6
Security Analysis
BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE
1. Introduction: Security Analysis stands for the proposition that a well-disciplined investor
can determine a rough value for a company from all of its financial statements, make
purchases when the market inevitably under-prices some of them, earn a satisfactory
return, and never be in real danger of permanent loss.
2. Approaches of Security Analysis: There are basically two main approaches of security
analysis- Fundamental analysis and Technical analysis.
3. Fundamental Analysis: Fundamental analysis is based on the assumption that the
share prices depend upon the future dividends expected by the shareholders. The
present value of the future dividends can be calculated by discounting the cash flows at
an appropriate discount rate and is known as the 'intrinsic value of the share'. The
intrinsic value of a share, according to a fundamental analyst, depicts the true value of a
share. A share that is priced below the intrinsic value must be bought, while a share
quoted above the intrinsic value must be sold.
4. Models of Fundamental Analysis
(a) Dividend Growth Model
P(0) =
) g k (
) g )( ( D
+ 1 0

Where,
P(0) = Price of Share
D(0) = Current Dividend
g = Growth Rate
k = Cost of Equity
(b) Dividend Growth Model and the PE Multiple
P(0) =
) g k (
g) (1 ) ( bE
+ 0

Where,
b = Dividend Pay-out fraction or ratio
E(0) = Current EPS
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
Security Analysis 6.2
5. Types of Fundamental Analysis: There are three types of fundamental analysis-
Economic analysis, Industry analysis and Company analysis.
6. Economic Analysis: Macro- economic factors e. g. historical performance of the
economy in the past/ present and expectations in future, growth of different sectors of the
economy in future with signs of stagnation/degradation at present to be assessed while
analyzing the overall economy. Trends in peoples income and expenditure reflect the
growth of a particular industry/company in future. Consumption affects corporate profits,
dividends and share prices in the market.
7. Factors Affecting Economic Analysis: Some of the economy wide factors are as
under:
(a) Growth Rates of National Income and Related Measures
(b) Growth Rates of Industrial Sector
(c) Inflation
(d) Monsoon
8. Techniques Used For Economic Analysis
(i) Anticipatory Surveys: They help investors to form an opinion about the future
state of the economy.
(ii) Barometer/Indicator Approach: Various indicators are used to find out how the
economy shall perform in the future.
(iii) Economic Model Building Approach: In this approach, a precise and clear
relationship between dependent and independent variables is determined.
9. Industry Analysis: An assessment regarding all the conditions and factors relating to
demand of the particular product, cost structure of the industry and other economic and
government constraints have to be done.
10. Factors Affecting Industry Analysis: The following factors may particularly be kept in
mind while assessing the factors relating to an industry :
(a) Product Life-Cycle;
(b) Demand Supply Gap;
(c) Barriers to Entry;
(d) Government Attitude;
(e) State of Competition in the Industry;
(f) Cost Conditions and Profitability and
(g) Technology and Research.
6.3 Strategic Financial Management
11. Techniques Used For Industry Analysis
(a) Regression Analysis: Investor diagnoses the factors determining the demand for
output of the industry through product demand analysis.
(b) Input Output Analysis: It reflects the flow of goods and services through the
economy, intermediate steps in production process as goods proceed from raw
material stage through final consumption.
12. Company Analysis: Economic and industry framework provides the investor with proper
background against which shares of a particular company are purchased. This requires
careful examination of the company's quantitative and qualitative fundamentals.
13. Techniques Used in Company Analysis
(a) Correlation & Regression Analysis: Simple regression is used when inter
relationship covers two variables. For more than two variables, multiple regression
analysis is followed.
(b) Trend Analysis: The relationship of one variable is tested over time using
regression analysis. It gives an insight to the historical behavior of the variable.
(c) Decision Tree Analysis: In decision tree analysis, the decision is taken
sequentially with probabilities attached to each sequence. To obtain the probability
of final outcome, various sequential decisions are given along with probabilities,
then probabilities of each sequence is to be multiplied and then summed up.
14. Technical Analysis: Technical analysis is a method of share price movements based on
a study of price graphs or charts on the assumption that share price trends are repetitive,
that since investor psychology follows a certain pattern, what is seen to have happened
before is likely to be repeated.
15. Types of Charts
(i) Bar Chart : In a bar chart, a vertical line (bar) represents the lowest to the highest
price, with a short horizontal line protruding from the bar representing the closing
price for the period.
(ii) Line Chart: In a line chart, lines are used to connect successive days prices. The
closing price for each period is plotted as a point. These points are joined by a line
to form the chart. The period may be a day, a week or a month.
(iii) Point and Figure Chart: Point and Figure charts are more complex than line or bar
charts. They are used to detect reversals in a trend.
16. General Principles and Methods of Technical Analysis: Certain principles underlying
the technical analysis need to be understood and correlated with the tools and
techniques of technical analysis. Interpreting any one method in isolation would not result
in depicting the correct picture of the market.
17. The Dow Theory: The Dow Theory is based upon the movements of two indices,
constructed by Charles Dow, Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and Dow Jones
Transportation Average (DJTA). These averages reflect the aggregate impact of all kinds
of information on the market. The movements of the market are divided into three
classifications, all going at the same time; the primary movement, the secondary
movement, and the daily fluctuations. The primary movement is the main trend of the
market, which lasts from one year to 36 months or longer. This trend is commonly called
bear or bull market. The secondary movement of the market is shorter in duration than
the primary movement, and is opposite in direction. It lasts from two weeks to a month or
more. The daily fluctuations are the narrow movements from day-to-day.
18. Market Indicators
(i) Breadth Index: It is an index that covers all securities traded. It is computed by
dividing the net advances or declines in the market by the number of issues traded.
The breadth index either supports or contradicts the movement of the Dow Jones
Averages. If it supports the movement of the Dow Jones Averages, this is
considered sign of technical strength and if it does not support the averages, it is a
sign of technical weakness i.e. a sign that the market will move in a direction
opposite to the Dow Jones Averages.
(ii) Volume of Transactions: The volume of shares traded in the market provides
useful clues on how the market would behave in the near future. A rising index/price
with increasing volume would signal buy behaviour because the situation reflects an
unsatisfied demand in the market. Similarly, a falling market with increasing volume
signals a bear market and the prices would be expected to fall further. A rising
market with decreasing volume indicates a bull market while a falling market with
dwindling volume indicates a bear market. Thus, the volume concept is best used
with another market indicator, such as the Dow Theory.
(iii) Confidence Index: It is supposed to reveal how willing the investors are to take a
chance in the market. It is the ratio of high-grade bond yields to low-grade bond
yields. It is used by market analysts as a method of trading or timing the purchase
and sale of stock, and also, as a forecasting device to determine the turning points
of the market. A rising confidence index is expected to precede a rising stock
market, and a fall in the index is expected to precede a drop in stock prices. A fall in
the confidence index represents the fact that low-grade bond yields are rising faster
or falling more slowly than high grade yields. The confidence index is usually, but
not always a leading indicator of the market. Therefore, it should be used in
conjunction with other market indicators.
(iv) Relative Strength Analysis: The relative strength concept suggests that the prices
of some securities rise relatively faster in a bull market or decline more slowly in a
bear market than other securities i.e. some securities exhibit relative strength.
Investors will earn higher returns by investing in securities which have
demonstrated relative strength in the past because the relative strength of a security
tends to remain undiminished over time.
Relative strength can be measured in several ways. Calculating rates of return and
classifying those securities with historically high average returns as securities with
high relative strength is one of them. Even ratios like security relative to its industry
and security relative to the entire market can also be used to detect relative strength
in a security or an industry.
(v) Odd - Lot Theory: This theory is a contrary - opinion theory. It assumes that the
average person is usually wrong and that a wise course of action is to pursue
strategies contrary to popular opinion. The odd-lot theory is used primarily to predict
tops in bull markets, but also to predict reversals in individual securities.
19. Support and Resistance Levels: When the index/price goes down from a peak, the
peak becomes the resistance level. When the index/price rebounds after reaching a
trough subsequently, the lowest value reached becomes the support level. The price is
then expected to move between these two levels. Whenever the price approaches the
resistance level, there is a selling pressure because all investors who failed to sell at the
high would be keen to liquidate, while whenever the price approaches the support level,
there is a buying pressure as all those investors who failed to buy at the lowest price
would like to purchase the share. A breach of these levels indicates a distinct departure
from status quo, and an attempt to set newer levels.
20. Interpreting Price Patterns
(a) Channel: A series of uniformly changing tops and bottoms gives rise to a channel
formation. A downward sloping channel would indicate declining prices and an
upward sloping channel would imply rising prices.
(b) Wedge: A wedge is formed when the tops (resistance levels) and bottoms (support
levels) change in opposite direction (that is, if the tops, are decreasing then the
bottoms are increasing and vice versa), or when they are changing in the same
direction at different rates over time.
(c) Head and Shoulders: It is a distorted drawing of a human form, with a large lump
(for head) in the middle of two smaller humps (for shoulders). This is perhaps the
single most important pattern to indicate a reversal of price trend. The neckline of
the pattern is formed by joining points where the head and the shoulders meet. The
price movement after the formation of the second shoulder is crucial. If the price
goes below the neckline, then a drop in price is indicated, with the drop expected to
be equal to the distance between the top of the head and the neckline.
(d) Triangle or Coil Formation: This formation represents a pattern of uncertainty and
is difficult to predict which way the price will break out.
(e) Flags and Pennants Form: This form signifies a phase after which the previous
price trend is likely to continue.
(f) Double Top Form: This form represents a bearish development, signals that price
is expected to fall.
(g) Double Bottom Form: This form represents bullish development signaling price is
expected to rise.
(h) Gap: A gap is the difference between the opening price on a trading day and the
closing price of the previous trading day. Wider the gap, stronger is the signal for a
continuation of the observed trend. On a rising market, if the opening price is
considerably higher than the previous closing price, it indicates that investors are
willing to pay a much higher price to acquire the scrip. Similarly, a gap in a falling
market is an indicator of extreme selling pressure.
21. Decision Using Moving Averages: Moving averages are frequently plotted with prices
to make buy and sell decisions. The two types of moving averages used by chartists are
the Arithmetic Moving Average (AMA) and the Exponential Moving Average (EMA).
Buy and Sell Signals Provided by Moving Average Analysis
Buy Signal Sell Signal
(a) Stock price line rise through the
moving average line when graph
of the moving average line is
flattering out.
(b) Stock price line falls below
moving average line which is
rising.
(c) Stock price line which is above
moving average line falls but
begins to rise again before
reaching the moving average line
(a) Stock price line falls through moving
average line when graph of the
moving average line is flattering out.
(b) Stock price line rises above moving
average line which is falling.
(c) Stock price line which is slow moving
average line rises but begins to fall
again before reaching the moving
average line.
22. Bollinger Bands: A band is plotted two standard deviations away from a simple moving
average. Because standard deviation is a measure of volatility, Bollinger bands adjust
themselves to the market conditions. When the markets become more volatile, the bands
widen (move further away from the average), and during less volatile periods, the bands
contract (move closer to the average). The tightening of the bands is often used by
technical traders as an early indication that the volatility is about to increase sharply.
23. Momentum Analysis: Momentum measures the speed of price change and provides a
leading indicator of changes in trend. The momentum line leads price action frequently
enough to signal a potential trend reversal in the market.
24. Bond Valuation: A bond or debenture is an instrument of debt issued by a business or
government.
(a) Par Value: Value stated on the face of the bond. It is the amount a firm borrows and
promises to repay at the time of maturity.
(b) Coupon Rate and Interest: A bond carries a specific interest rate known as the
coupon rate. The interest payable to the bond holder is par value of the bond
coupon rate.
(c) Maturity Period: Corporate bonds have a maturity period of 3 to 10 years. While
government bonds have maturity periods extending up to 20-25 years. At the time of
maturity the par (face) value plus nominal premium is payable to the bondholder.
25. Bond Valuation Model
Value of a bond is:
1
1 1
n
t n
t d d
I F
V
( k ) ( k )
=
= +
+ +

V I PVIFA F PVIF
k n k n
d d
= + ( ) ( )
, ,

Where,
V = Value of the bond
I = Annual interest payable on the bond
F = Principal amount (par value) of the bond repayable at the time of maturity
n = Maturity period of the bond.
Value of a bond with semi-annual interest is:
V =
2n
t=1
[(I/2) / {(1+k
d
/2)
t
}] + [F / (1+k
d
/2)
2n
]
= I/2(PVIFA
kd/2,2n
) + F(PVIF
kd/2,2n
)
Where,
V = Value of the bond
I/2 = Semi-annual interest payment
K
d
/2 = Discount rate applicable to a half-year period
F = Par value of the bond repayable at maturity
2n = Maturity period expressed in terms of half-yearly periods.
26. Price Yield Relationship: As the required yield increases, the present value of the cash
flow decreases; hence the price decreases. Conversely, when the required yield
decreases, the present value of the cash flow increases, hence the price increases.
27. Relationship between Bond Price and Time: Since the price of a bond must be equal to its
par value at maturity (assuming that there is no risk of default), bond price changes with time.
28. Yield Curve: It shows how yield to maturity is related to term to maturity for bonds
that are similar in all respects, except maturity.

t
Discount at the yield to maturity : (R) PV [CF(t)] =
(1+
t
t
CF( t )
R )

Discount by the product of a spot rate plus the forward rates :

1 2
PV [CF(t)] =
(1 + r ) (1 + r ) ..... (1 + r )
t
CF( t )

Question 1
Explain the Efficient Market Theory in and what are major misconceptions about this theory?
Answer
In 1953, Maurice Kendall a distinguished statistician of the Royal Statistical Society, London
examined the behaviour of the stock and commodity prices in search of regular cycles instead of
discovering any regular price cycle. He found each series to be wandering one, almost as if once
a week, the Demon of Chance drew a random number and added it to the current price to
determine next weeks price.
Prices appeared to follow a random walk implying that successive price changes are independent
of one another. In 1959 two interesting papers supporting the Random Walk Theory were
published. Harry Roberts showed that a series obtained by cumulating random numbers bore
resemblance to a time series of stock prices. In the second, Osborne, an eminent physicist,
examined that the stock price behavior was similar to the movements of very small particles
suspended in a liquid medium. Such movement is referred to as the Brownian motion He found a
remarkable similarly between stock price movements and the Brownian motion.
Inspired by the works of Kendall, Roberts & Osbome, a number of researchers employed
indigenous tests of randomness on stock price behaviour. By and large, these tests have indicated
the Random Walk hypothesis.
Search for Theory: When empirical evidence in favour of Random walk hypothesis seemed
overwhelming, researchers wanted to know about the Economic processes that produced a
Random walk. They concluded that randomness of stock price was a result of efficient market that
led to the following view points:
Information is freely and instantaneously available to all market participants.
Keen competition among the market participants more or less ensures that market will
reflect intrinsic values. This means that they will fully impound all available information.
Price change only response to new information that is unrelated to previous information
and therefore unpredictable.
Misconception about Efficient Market Theory: Though the Efficient Market Theory implies that
market has perfect forecasting abilities, in fact, it merely signifies that prices impound all available
information and as such does not mean that market possesses perfect forecasting abilities.
Although price tends to fluctuate they cannot reflect fair value. This is because the feature is
uncertain and the market springs surprises continually as price reflects the surprises they fluctuate.
Inability of institutional portfolio managers to achieve superior investment performance implies that
they lack competence in an efficient market. It is not possible to achieve superior investment
performance since market efficiency exists due to portfolio mangers doing this job well in a
competitive setting.
The random movement of stock prices suggests that stock market is irrational. Randomness and
irrational are two different things, if investors are rational and competitive, price changes are bound
to be random.
Question 2
Explain the different levels or forms of Efficient Market Theory in and what are various
empirical evidence for these forms?
Answer
That price reflects all available information, the highest order of market efficiency. According to
FAMA, there exist three levels of market efficiency:-
(i) Weak form efficiency Price reflect all information found in the record of past prices and
volumes.
(ii) Semi Strong efficiency Price reflect not only all information found in the record of past
prices and volumes but also all other publicly available information.
(iii) Strong form efficiency Price reflect all available information public as well as private.
Empirical Evidence on Weak form Efficient Market Theory: According to the Weak form
Efficient Market Theory current price of a stock reflect all information found in the record of past
prices and volumes. This means that there is no relationship between the past and future price
movements.
Three types of tests have been employed to empirically verify the weak form of Efficient Market
Theory- Serial Correlation Test, Run Test and Filter Rule Test.
(a) Serial Correlation Test: To test for randomness in stock price changes, one has to look at
serial correlation. For this purpose, price change in one period has to be correlated with
price change in some other period. Price changes are considered to be serially
independent. Serial correlation studies employing different stocks, different time lags and
different time period have been conducted to detect serial correlation but no significant
serial correlation could be discovered. These studies were carried on short term trends
viz. daily, weekly, fortnightly and monthly and not in long term trends in stock prices as in
such cases. Stock prices tend to move upwards.
(b) Run Test: Given a series of stock price changes each price change is designated + if it
represents an increase and if it represents a decrease. The resulting series may be -
,+, - , -, - , +, +.
A run occurs when there is no difference between the sign of two changes. When the
sign of change differs, the run ends and new run begins.

To test a series of price change for independence, the number of runs in that series is
compared with a number of runs in a purely random series of the size and in the process
determines whether it is statistically different. By and large, the result of these studies
strongly supports the Random Walk Model.
(c) Filter Rules Test: If the price of stock increases by at least N% buy and hold it until its
price decreases by at least N% from a subsequent high. When the price decreases at
least N% or more, sell it. If the behaviour of stock price changes is random, filter rules
should not apply in such a buy and hold strategy. By and large, studies suggest that filter
rules do not out perform a single buy and hold strategy particular after considering
commission on transaction.
Empirical Evidence on Semi-strong Efficient Market Theory: Semi-strong form efficient
market theory holds that stock prices adjust rapidly to all publicly available information. By
using publicly available information, investors will not be able to earn above normal rates of
return after considering the risk factor. To test semi-strong form efficient market theory, a
number of studies was conducted which lead to the following queries: Whether it was possible
to earn on the above normal rate of return after adjustment for risk, using only publicly
available information and how rapidly prices adjust to public announcement with regard to
earnings, dividends, mergers, acquisitions, stocksplits?
Several studies support the Semi-strong form Efficient Market Theory. Fama, Fisher, Jensen
and Roll in their adjustment of stock prices to new information examined the effect of stock
split on return of 940 stock splits in New York Stock Exchange during the period 1957-1959
They found that prior to the split, stock earns higher returns than predicted by any market
model.
Boll and Bound in an empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers studied the effect of
annual earnings announcements. They divided the firms into two groups. First group consisted
of firms whose earnings increased in relation to the average corporate earnings while second
group consists of firms whose earnings decreased in relation to the average corporate
earnings. They found that before the announcement of earnings, stock in the first group
earned positive abnormal returns while stock in the second group earned negative abnormal
returns after the announcement of earnings. Stock in both the groups earned normal returns.
There have been studies which have been empirically documented showing the following
inefficiencies and anomalies:
Stock price adjust gradually not rapidly to announcements of unanticipated changes in
quarterly earnings.
Small firms portfolio seemed to outperform large firms portfolio.
Low price earning multiple stock tend to outperform large price earning multiple stock.
Mondays return is lower than return for the other days of the week.
Empirical Evidence on Strong form Efficient Market Theory: According to the Efficient
Market Theory, all available information, public or private, is reflected in the stock prices. This
represents an extreme hypothesis.
To test this theory, the researcher analysed returns earned by certain groups viz. corporate
insiders, specialists on stock exchanges, mutual fund managers who have access to internal
information (not publicly available), or posses greater resource or ability to intensively analyse
information in the public domain. They suggested that corporate insiders (having access to
internal information) and stock exchange specialists (having monopolistic exposure) earn
superior rate of return after adjustment of risk.
Mutual Fund managers do not on an average earn a superior rate of return. No scientific
evidence has been formulated to indicate that investment performance of professionally
managed portfolios as a group has been any better than that of randomly selected portfolios.
This was the finding of Burton Malkiel in his Random Walk Down Wall Street, New York.
Question 3
Explain in detail the Dow Jones Theory?
Answer
As already discussed in the previous chapter, the Dow Jones Theory is probably the most
popular theory regarding the behaviour of stock market prices. The theory derives its name
from Charles H. Dow, who established the Dow Jones & Co., and was the first editor of the
Wall Street Journal a leading publication on financial and economic matters in the U.S.A.
Although Dow never gave a proper shape to the theory, ideas have been expanded and
articulated by many of his successors. Let us study the theory once again but in detail.
The Dow Jones theory classifies the movements of the prices on the share market into three
major categories:
Primary movements,
Secondary movements, and
Daily fluctuations.
(i) Primary Movements: They reflect the trend of the stock market and last from one year
to three years, or sometimes even more.
If the long range behaviour of market prices is seen, it will be observed that the share
markets go through definite phases where the prices are consistently rising or falling.
These phases are known as bull and bear phases.

During a bull phase, the basic trend is that of rise in prices. Graph 1 above shows the
behaviour of stock market prices in bull phase.
Students would notice from the graph that although the prices fall after each rise, the
basic trend is that of rising prices, as can be seen from the graph that each trough prices
reach, is at a higher level than the earlier one. Similarly, each peak that the prices reach
is on a higher level than the earlier one. Thus P2 is higher than P1 and T2 is higher than
T1. This means that prices do not rise consistently even in a bull phase. They rise for
some time and after each rise, they fall. However, the falls are of a lower magnitude than
earlier. As a result, prices reach higher levels with each rise.
Once the prices have risen very high, the b.ear phase in bound to start, i.e., price will
start falling. Graph 2 shows the typical behaviour of prices on the stock exchange in the
case of a bear phase. It would be seen that prices are not falling consistently and, after
each fall, there is a rise in prices. However, the rise is not much as to take the prices
higher than the previous peak. It means that each peak and trough is now lower than the
previous peak and trough.

The theory argues that primary movements indicate basic trends in the market. It states
that if cyclical swings of stock market price indices are successively higher, the market
trend is up and there is a bull market. On the contrary, if successive highs and lows are
successively lower, the market is on a downward trend and we are in a bear market. This
theory thus relies upon the behaviour of the indices of share market prices in perceiving
the trend in the market.
According to this theory, when the lines joining the first two troughs and the lines joining
the corresponding two peaks are convergent, there is a rising trend and when both the
lines are divergent, it is a declining trend.
(ii) Secondary Movements: We have seen that even when the primary trend is upward,
there are also downward movements of prices. Similarly, even where the primary trend is
downward, there is an upward movement of prices also. These movements are known as
secondary movements and are shorter in duration and are opposite in direction to the
primary movements. These movements normally last from three weeks to three months
and retrace 1/3 to 2/3 of the previous advance in a bull market or previous fall in the bear
market.
(iii) Daily Movements: There are irregular fluctuations which occur every day in the market.
These fluctuations are without any definite trend. Thus if the daily share market price
index for a few months is plotted on the graph it will show both upward and downward
fluctuations. These fluctuations are the result of speculative factors. An investment
manager really is not interested in the short run fluctuations in share prices since he is
not a speculator. It may be reiterated that any one who tries to gain from short run
fluctuations in the stock market, can make money only by sheer chance. The investment
manager should scrupulously keep away from the daily fluctuations of the market. He is
not a speculator and should always resist the temptation of speculating.
Such a temptation is always very attractive but must always be resisted. Speculation is
beyond the scope of the job of an investment manager.
Timing of Investment Decisions on the Basis of Dow Jones Theory: Ideally
speaking, the investment manager would like to purchase shares at a time when they
have reached the lowest trough and sell them at a time when they reach the highest
peak.
However, in practice, this seldom happens. Even the most astute investment manager
can never know when the highest peak or the lowest trough has been reached.
Therefore, he has to time his decision in such a manner that he buys the shares when
they are on the rise and sells them when they are on the fall. It means that he should be
able to identify exactly when the falling or the rising trend has begun.
This is technically known as identification of the turn in the share market prices.
Identification of this turn is difficult in practice because of the fact that, even in a rising
market, prices keep on falling as a part of the secondary movement. Similarly even in a
falling market prices keep on rising temporarily. How to be certain that the rise in prices
or fall in the same is due to a real turn in prices from a bullish to a bearish phase or vice
versa or that it is due only to short-run speculative trends?
Dow Jones theory identifies the turn in the market prices by seeing whether the
successive peaks and troughs are higher or lower than earlier. Consider the following
graph:

According to the theory, the investment manager should purchase investments when the
prices are at T1. At this point, he can ascertain that the bull trend has started, since T2 is
higher than T1 and P2 is higher than P1.
Similarly, when prices reach P7 he should make sales. At this point he can ascertain that
the bearish trend has started, since P9 is lower than P8 and T8 is lower than T7.
Question 4
Explain the Elliot Wave Theory of technical analysis?
Answer
Inspired by the Dow Theory and by observations found throughout nature, Ralph Elliot formulated
Elliot Wave Theory in 1934. This theory was based on analysis of 75 years stock price movements
and charts. From his studies, he defined price movements in terms of waves. Accordingly, this
theory was named Elliot Wave Theory. Elliot found that the markets exhibited certain repeated
patterns or waves. As per this theory wave is a movement of the market price from one change in
the direction to the next change in the same direction. These waves are resulted from buying and
selling impulses emerging from the demand and supply pressures on the market. Depending on
the demand and supply pressures, waves are generated in the prices.
As per this theory, waves can be classified into two parts:-
Impulsive patterns
Corrective patters
Let us discuss each of these patterns.
(a) Impulsive Patterns-(Basic Waves) - In this pattern there will be 3 or 5 waves in a given
direction (going upward or downward). These waves shall move in the direction of the
basic movement. This movement can indicate bull phase or bear phase.
(b) Corrective Patterns- (Reaction Waves) - These 3 waves are against the basic direction
of the basic movement. Correction involves correcting the earlier rise in case of bull
market and fall in case of bear market.
As shown in the following diagram waves 1, 3 and 5 are directional movements, which
are separated or corrected by wave 2 & 4, termed as corrective movements.

Source: http://elliotwave.net/
Complete Cycle - As shown in following figure five-wave impulses is following by a
three-wave correction (a,b & c) to form a complete cycle of eight waves.

Source: http://elliotwave.net/
One complete cycle consists of waves made up of two distinct phases, bullish and
bearish. On completion of full one cycle i.e. termination of 8 waves movement, the fresh
cycle starts with similar impulses arising out of market trading.

Question 5
Why should the duration of a coupon carrying bond always be less than the time to its
maturity?
Answer
Duration is nothing but the average time taken by an investor to collect his/her investment. If an
investor receives a part of his/her investment over the time on specific intervals before maturity, the
investment will offer him the duration which would be lesser than the maturity of the instrument.
Higher the coupon rate, lesser would be the duration.
Question 6
Mention the various techniques used in economic analysis.
Answer
Some of the techniques used for economic analysis are:
(a) Anticipatory Surveys: They help investors to form an opinion about the future state of
the economy. It incorporates expert opinion on construction activities, expenditure on
plant and machinery, levels of inventory all having a definite bearing on economic
activities. Also future spending habits of consumers are taken into account.
(b) Barometer/Indicator Approach: Various indicators are used to find out how the
economy shall perform in the future. The indicators have been classified as under:
(1) Leading Indicators: They lead the economic activity in terms of their outcome. They
relate to the time series data of the variables that reach high/low points in advance
of economic activity.
(2) Roughly Coincidental Indicators: They reach their peaks and troughs at
approximately the same in the economy.
(3) Lagging Indicators: They are time series data of variables that lag behind in their
consequences vis-a- vis the economy. They reach their turning points after the
economy has reached its own already.
All these approaches suggest direction of change in the aggregate economic activity
but nothing about its magnitude.
(c) Economic Model Building Approach: In this approach, a precise and clear relationship
between dependent and independent variables is determined. GNP model building or
sectoral analysis is used in practice through the use of national accounting framework.
Question 7
Write short notes on Zero coupon bonds.

Answer
As name indicates these bonds do not pay interest during the life of the bonds. Instead, zero
coupon bonds are issued at discounted price to their face value, which is the amount a bond
will be worth when it matures or comes due. When a zero coupon bond matures, the investor
will receive one lump sum (face value) equal to the initial investment plus interest that has
been accrued on the investment made. The maturity dates on zero coupon bonds are usually
long term. These maturity dates allow an investor for a long range planning. Zero coupon
bonds issued by banks, government and private sector companies. However, bonds issued by
corporate sector carry a potentially higher degree of risk, depending on the financial strength
of the issuer and longer maturity period, but they also provide an opportunity to achieve a
higher return.
Question 8
A company has a book value per share of ` 137.80. Its return on equity is 15% and it follows a
policy of retaining 60% of its earnings. If the Opportunity Cost of Capital is 18%, what is the
price of the share today?
Answer
The company earnings and dividend per share after a year are expected to be:
EPS = ` 137.8 0.15 = ` 20.67
Dividend = 0.40 20.67 = ` 8.27
The growth in dividend would be:
g = 0.6 0.15 = 0.09
g - K
Dividend
P : Formula model growth Perpetual
e
0
=
0.09 - 0.18
8.27
P
0
=
P
0
= ` 91.89
Alternative Solution:
However, in case a student follows Walters approach as against continuous growth model given in
previous solution the answer of the question works out to be different. This can be shown as follow:
Given data:
Book value per share = ` 137.80
Return on equity = 15%
Dividend Payout = 40%
Cost of capital = 18%
EPS = ` 137.80 15%
= ` 20.67
Dividend = ` 20.67 40% = ` 8.27
Walters approach showing relationship between dividend and share price can be expressed by the
following formula
( )
c
c
a
c
R
D - E
R
R
D
V
+
=
Where,
V
c
= Market Price of the ordinary share of the company.
R
a
= Return on internal retention i.e. the rate company earns on retained profits.
R
c
= Capitalisation rate i.e. the rate expected by investors by way of return from
particular category of shares.
E = Earnings per share.
D = Dividend per share.
Hence,
( )
.18
8.27 - 20.67
.18
.15
8.27
V
c
+
=
.18
18.60
=
= ` 103.35
Question 9
ABC Limiteds shares are currently selling at ` 13 per share. There are 10,00,000 shares
outstanding. The firm is planning to raise ` 20 lakhs to Finance a new project.
Required:
What are the ex-right price of shares and the value of a right, if
(i) The firm offers one right share for every two shares held.
(ii) The firm offers one right share for every four shares held.
(iii) How does the shareholders wealth change from (i) to (ii)? How does right issue
increases shareholders wealth?
Answer
(i) Number of shares to be issued : 5,00,000
Subscription price ` 20,00,000 / 5,00,000 = ` 4
10
000 , 00 , 15
000 , 00 , 20 000 , 00 , 30 , 1
ice Pr Ex-right `
` `
=
+
=
3
2
4 - 10
ight Value of r = =
` `

(ii) Subscription price ` 20,00,000 / 2,50,000 = ` 8
12
000 , 50 , 12
000 , 00 , 20 000 , 00 , 30 , 1
ice Pr Ex-right `
` `
=
+
=
1
4
8 12
ight Value of r `
` `
=
= .
(iii) Calculation of effect of right issue on wealth of Shareholders wealth who is holding, say
100 shares.
(a) When firm offers one share for two shares held.
Value of Shares after right issue (150 X ` 10) ` 1,500
Less: Amount paid to acquire right shares (50X`4) ` 200
`1,300
(b) When firm offers one share for every four shares held.
Value of Shares after right issue (125 X ` 12) ` 1,500
Less: Amount paid to acquire right shares (50X`8) ` 200
`1,300
(c) Wealth of Shareholders before Right Issue `1,300
Thus, there will be no change in the wealth of shareholders from (i) and (ii).
Question 10
Pragya Limited has issued 75,000 equity shares of ` 10 each. The current market price per
share is ` 24. The company has a plan to make a rights issue of one new equity share at a
price of ` 16 for every four share held.
You are required to:
(i) Calculate the theoretical post-rights price per share;
(ii) Calculate the theoretical value of the right alone;
(iii) Show the effect of the rights issue on the wealth of a shareholder, who has 1,000 shares
assuming he sells the entire rights; and
(iv) Show the effect, if the same shareholder does not take any action and ignores the issue.
Answer
(i) Calculation of theoretical Post-rights (ex-right) price per share:
Ex-right value =

+
+
R N
R S MN

Where,
M = Market price,
N = Number of old shares for a right share
S = Subscription price
R = Right share offer
=

+
+
1 4
) 1 16 ( ) 4 24 ( ` `
= ` 22.40
(ii) Calculation of theoretical value of the rights alone:
= Ex-right price Cost of rights share
= ` 22.40 ` 16 = ` 6.40
(iii) Calculation of effect of the rights issue on the wealth of a shareholder who has 1,000
shares assuming he sells the entire rights:
`
(a) Value of shares before right issue
(1,000 shares ` 24)

24,000
(b) Value of shares after right issue
(1,000 shares ` 22.40)

22,400
Add: Sale proceeds of rights renunciation
(250 shares ` 6.40)

1,600
24,000
There is no change in the wealth of the shareholder if he does not take any action and
ignores the issue.
(iv) Calculation of effect if the shareholder does not take any action and ignores the issue:

`
Value of shares before right issue
(1,000 shares ` 24)

24,000
Less: Value of shares after right issue
(1,000 shares ` 22.40)

22,400
Loss of wealth to shareholders, if rights ignored 1,600
Question 11
On the basis of the following information:
Current dividend (Do) = `2.50
Discount rate (k) = 10.5%
Growth rate (g) = 2%
(i) Calculate the present value of stock of ABC Ltd.
(ii) Is its stock overvalued if stock price is `35, ROE = 9% and EPS = `2.25? Show detailed
calculation.
Answer
(i) Present Value of the stock of ABC Ltd. Is:-
Vo =
02 . 0 105 . 0
) 02 . 1 ( 50 . 2
= `30/-.
(ii) Value of stock under the PE Multiple Approach
Particulars
Actual Stock Price ` 35.00
Return on equity 9%
EPS ` 2.25
PE Multiple (1/Return on Equity) = 1/9% 11.11
Market Price per Share ` 25.00
Since, Actual Stock Price is higher, hence it is overvalued.
(iii) Value of the Stock under the Earnings Growth Model
Particulars
Return on equity 9%
EPS ` 2.25
Growth Rate 2%
Market Price per Share [EPS (1+g)]/(K
e
g) ` 32.79
= ` 2.25 1.02/0.07
Question 12
Given the following information:
Current Dividend ` 5.00
Discount Rate 10%
Growth rate 2%
(i) Calculate the present value of the stock.
(ii) Is the stock over valued if the price is `40, ROE = 8% and EPS = ` 3.00. Show your
calculations under the PE Multiple approach and Earnings Growth model.
Answer
(i) Present Value of the stock:-
Vo =
5.00(1.02)
0.10 0.02
= `63.75/-.
(ii) Value of stock under the PE Multiple Approach
Particulars
Return on equity 8%
EPS ` 3.00
PE Multiple (1/Return on Equity) = 1/8% 12.50
Market Price per Share ` 37.50
(iii) Value of the Stock under the Earnings Growth Model
Particulars
Return on equity 8%
EPS ` 3.00
Growth Rate 2%
Market Price per Share [EPS (1+g)]/(K
e
g) ` 51.00
= ` 3.00 1.02/0.06
Since, Actual Stock Price is lower, hence it is undervalued.
Question 13
ABC Ltd. has been maintaining a growth rate of 10 percent in dividends. The company has
paid dividend @ `3 per share. The rate of return on market portfolio is 12 percent and the risk
free rate of return in the market has been observed as 8 percent. The Beta co-efficient of
companys share is 1.5.
You are required to calculate the expected rate of return on companys shares as per CAPM
model and equilibrium price per share by dividend growth model.
Answer
CAPM formula for calculation of Expected Rate of Return is :
ER = R
f
+ (R
m
R
f
)
= 8 + 1.5 (12 8)
= 8 + 1.5 (4)
= 8 + 6
=14% or 0.14
Applying Dividend Growth Model for the calculation of per share equilibrium price:
ER =
0
1
P
D
+ g
0.14=
0
P
) 10 . 1 ( 3
+ 0.10
0.14 0.10 =
0
P
30 . 3

0.04 P
0
= 3.30
P
0
=
04 . 0
30 . 3
= ` 82.50
Per share equilibrium price will be ` 82.50.
Question 14
Calculate the value of share from the following information:
Profit of the company ` 290 crores
Equity capital of company ` 1,300 crores
Par value of share ` 40 each
Debt ratio of company 27
Long run growth rate of the company 8%
Beta 0.1; risk free interest rate 8.7%
Market returns 10.3%
Capital expenditure per share ` 47
Depreciation per share ` 39
Change in Working capital ` 3.45 per share
Answer
No. of Shares =
crores 40
crores 300 , 1
`
`
= 32.5 Crores
EPS =
shares No.of
PAT

EPS =
crores 5 . 32
crores 290 `
= ` 8.923
FCFE = Net income [(1-b) (capex dep) + (1-b) (WC)]
FCFE = 8.923 [(1-0.27) (47-39) + (1-0.27) (3.45)]
= 8.923 [5.84 + 2.5185] = 0.5645
Cost of Equity = R
f
+ (R
m
R
f
)
= 8.7 + 0.1 (10.3 8.7) = 8.86%
Po =
g K
g) FCFE(1
e

+
=
0086 . 0
60966 . 0
08 . 0886 . 0
) 08 . 1 ( 5645 . 0
=
= ` 70.89
Question 15
XYZ company has current earnings of ` 3 per share with 5,00,000 shares outstanding. The
company plans to issue 40,000, 7% convertible preference shares of ` 50 each at par. The
preference shares are convertible into 2 shares for each preference shares held. The equity
share has a current market price of ` 21 per share.
(i) What is preference shares conversion value?
(ii) What is conversion premium?
(iii) Assuming that total earnings remain the same, calculate the effect of the issue on the
basic earning per share (a) before conversion (b) after conversion.
(iv) If profits after tax increases by ` 1 million what will be the basic EPS (a) before
conversion and (b) on a fully diluted basis?
Answer
(i) Conversion value of preference share
2 ` 21 = ` 42
Conversion Ratio x Market Price
(ii) Conversion Premium
(` 50/ ` 42) 1 = 19.05%
(iii) Effect of the issue on basic EPS
`
Before Conversion
Total (after tax) earnings 3 ` 5,00,000 15,00,000
Dividend or Preference shares 1,40,000
Earnings available to equity holders 13,60,000
No. of shares 5,00,000
EPS 2.72
On Diluted Basis
Earnings 15,00,000
No of shares (` 5,00,000 + ` 80,000) 5,80,000
EPS 2.59
(iv) EPS with increase in Profit
`
Before Conversion
Earnings 25,00,000
Dividend on Pref. shares 1,40,000
Earning for equity shareholders 23,60,000
No. of equity shares 5,00,000
EPS 4.72
On Diluted Basis
Earnings 25,00,000
No. of shows 5,80,000
EPS 4.31
Question 16
Shares of Voyage Ltd. are being quoted at a price-earning ratio of 8 times. The company
retains 45% of its earnings which are ` 5 per share.
You are required to compute
(1) The cost of equity to the company if the market expects a growth rate of 15% p.a.
(2) If the anticipated growth rate is 16% per annum, calculate the indicative market price with
the same cost of capital.
(3) If the company's cost of capital is 20% p.a. & the anticipated growth rate is 19% p.a.,
calculate the market price per share.
Answer
(1) Cost of Capital
Retained earnings (45%) ` 5 per share
Dividend (55%) ` 6.11 per share
EPS (100%) ` 11.11 per share
P/E Ratio 8 times
Market price ` 11.11 8 = ` 88.88
Cost of equity capital
=
100
ice Pr
Div
+ Growth % =
88 . 88
11 . 6
`
`
100 +15% = 21.87%
(2) Market Price =
te(%) Growth Ra pital(%) - Cost of Ca

Dividend

=
)% 16 87 . 21 (
11 . 6
-
`
= ` 104.08 per share
(3) Market Price =
)% 19 20 (
11 . 6
-
`

Alternative Solution
As in the question the sentence The company retains 45% of its earnings which are ` 5 per share
amenable to two interpretations i.e. one is ` 5 as retained earnings (45%) and another is ` 5 is
EPS (100%). Alternative solution is as follows:
(1) Cost of capital
EPS (100%) ` 5 per share
Retained earnings (45%) ` 2.25 per share
Dividend (55%) ` 2.75 per share
P/E Ratio 8 times
Market Price ` 5 8 = ` 40
Cost of equity capital
=
100
ice Pr
Div
+ Growth % =
00 . 40
75 . 2
`
`
100 +15% = 21.87%
(2) Market Price =
Rate(%) Growth - (%) Capital of Cost

Dividend
=
)% 16 87 . 21 (
75 . 2
-
`

= ` 46.85 per share
(3) Market Price =
)% 19 20 (
75 . 2
-
`
Question 17
Following Financial data are available for PQR Ltd. for the year 2008:
(`in lakh)
8% debentures 125
10% bonds (2007) 50
Equity shares (` 10 each) 100
Reserves and Surplus 300
Total Assets 600
Assets Turnovers ratio 1.1
Effective interest rate 8%
Effective tax rate 40%
Operating margin 10%
Dividend payout ratio 16.67%
Current market Price of Share `14
Required rate of return of investors 15%
You are required to:
(i) Draw income statement for the year
(ii) Calculate its sustainable growth rate
(iii) Calculate the fair price of the Company's share using dividend discount model, and
(iv) What is your opinion on investment in the company's share at current price?
Answer
Workings:
Asset turnover ratio = 1.1
Total Assets = ` 600
Turnover ` 600 lakhs 11 = ` 660 lakhs
Effective market rate = 8%
Libilities
Interest
=
Liabilities = ` 125 lakhs + 50 lakhs = 175 lakh
Interest = ` 175 lakhs 0.08 = ` 14 lakh
Operating Margin = 10%
Hence operating cost = (1 - 0.10) ` 660 lakhs = ` 594 lakh
Dividend Payout = 16.67%
Tax rate = 40%
(i) Income statement
(` Lakhs)
Sale 660
Operating Exp 594
EBIT 66
Interest 14
EBT 52
Tax @ 40% 20.80
EAT 31.20
Dividend @ 16.67% 5.20
Retained Earnings 26.00

(ii) SGR = G = ROE (1-b)
ROE = lakh 400 lakh 300 lakh 100 NW and
NW
PAT
= + = ` `
ROE =
lakhs 400
lakhs 2 . 31
`
`
100 = 7.8%
SGR = 0.078(1 - 0.1667) = 6.5%
(iii) Calculation of fair price of share using dividend discount model
P
o
=
g
e
k
g) (1
o
D
+

Dividends =
lakhs 0
lakhs 2 . 5
1 `
`
= ` 0.52
Growth Rate = 6.5%
Hence P
o
=
( )
065 . 0 - 15 . 0
065 . 0 1 52 . 0 + `
=
085 . 0
5538 . 0 `
= ` 6.51
(iv) Since the current market price of share is ` 14, the share is overvalued. Hence the
investor should not invest in the company.
Question 18
M/s X Ltd. has paid a dividend of ` 2.5 per share on a face value of ` 10 in the financial year
ending on 31
st
March, 2009. The details are as follows:
Current market price of share ` 60
Growth rate of earnings and dividends 10%
Beta of share 0.75
Average market return 15%
Risk free rate of return 9%
Calculate the intrinsic value of the share.
Answer
Intrinsic Value P
0
=
D1
k g

Using CAPM
k = R
f
+ (R
m
-R
f
)
R
f
= Risk Free Rate

= Beta of Security
R
m
= Market Return
= 9% + 0.75 (15% - 9%) = 13.5%
P =
035 . 0
75 . 2
10 . 0 135 . 0
1 . 1 5 . 2
=
-
= ` 78.57
Question 19
Mr. A is thinking of buying shares at ` 500 each having face value of ` 100. He is expecting a
bonus at the ratio of 1:5 during the fourth year. Annual expected dividend is 20% and the
same rate is expected to be maintained on the expanded capital base. He intends to sell the
shares at the end of seventh year at an expected price of ` 900 each. Incidental expenses for
purchase and sale of shares are estimated to be 5% of the market price. He expects a
minimum return of 12% per annum.
Should Mr. A buy the share? If so, what maximum price should he pay for each share?
Assume no tax on dividend income and capital gain.
Answer
P.V. of dividend stream and sales proceeds
Year Divd. /Sale PVF (12%) PV (`)
1 ` 20/- 0.893 17.86
2 ` 20/- 0.797 15.94
3 ` 20/- 0.712 14.24
4 ` 24/- 0.636 15.26
5 ` 24/ 0.567 13.61
6 ` 24/ 0.507 12.17
7 ` 24/ 0.452 10.85
7 ` 1026/- (` 900 x 1.2 x 0.95) 0.452 463.75
` 563.68
Less : - Cost of Share (` 500 x 1.05) ` 525.00
Net gain ` 38.68
Since Mr. A is gaining ` 38.68 per share, he should buy the share.
Maximum price Mr. A should be ready to pay is ` 563.68 which will include incidental expenses. So
the maximum price should be ` 563.68 x 100/105 = ` 536.84

Question 20
A convertible bond with a face value of ` 1,000 is issued at ` 1,350 with a coupon rate of
10.5%. The conversion rate is 14 shares per bond. The current market price of bond and
share is ` 1,475 and ` 80 respectively. What is the premium over conversion value?
Answer
Conversion rate is 14 shares per bond. Market price of share ` 80
Conversion Value 14 x ` 80 = ` 1120
Market price of bond = ` 1475
Premium over Conversion Value (` 1475- ` 1120) =
355
x 100
1120
= 31.7%
Question 21
Saranam Ltd. has issued convertible debentures with coupon rate 12%. Each debenture has
an option to convert to 20 equity shares at any time until the date of maturity. Debentures will
be redeemed at ` 100 on maturity of 5 years. An investor generally requires a rate of return of
8% p.a. on a 5-year security. As an investor when will you exercise conversion for given
market prices of the equity share of (i) ` 4, (ii) ` 5 and (iii) ` 6.
Cumulative PV factor for 8% for 5 years : 3.993
PV factor for 8% for year 5 : 0.681
Answer
If Debentures are not converted its value is as under: -
PVF @ 8 % `
Interest - ` 12 for 5 years 3.993 47.916
Redemption - ` 100 in 5
th
year 0.681 68.100
116.016
Value of equity shares:-
Market Price No. Total
` 4 20 ` 80
` 5 20 ` 100
` 6 20 ` 120
Hence, unless the market price is ` 6 conversion should not be exercised.
Question 22
The data given below relates to a convertible bond :
Face value ` 250
Coupon rate 12%
No. of shares per bond 20
Market price of share ` 12
Straight value of bond ` 235
Market price of convertible bond ` 265
Calculate:
(i) Stock value of bond.
(ii) The percentage of downside risk.
(iii) The conversion premium
(iv) The conversion parity price of the stock.
Answer
(i) Stock value or conversion value of bond
12 20 = ` 240
(ii) Percentage of the downside risk

235
235 - 265
`
` `
= 0.1277 or 12.77%
This ratio gives the percentage price decline experienced by the bond if the stock
becomes worthless.
(iii) Conversion Premium
100
Value Conversion
Value Conversion ice Pr Market

100
240
240 - 265
`
` `
= 10.42%
Conversion Parity Price

Conversion on Shares of . No
ice Pr Bond

25 . 13
20
265
`
`
=
This indicates that if the price of shares rises to ` 13.25 from ` 12 the investor will
neither gain nor lose on buying the bond and exercising it. Observe that ` 1.25 (` 13.25
` 12.00) is 10.42% of ` 12, the Conversion Premium.
Question 23
Pineapple Ltd has issued fully convertible 12 percent debentures of ` 5,000 face value,
convertible into 10 equity shares. The current market price of the debentures is ` 5,400. The
present market price of equity shares is ` 430.
Calculate:
(i) the conversion percentage premium, and
(ii) the conversion value
Answer
(i) As per the conversion terms 1 Debenture = 10 equity share and since face value of one
debenture is ` 5000 the value of equity share becomes ` 500 (5000/10).
The conversion terms can also be expressed as: 1 Debenture of ` 500 = 1 equity share.
The cost of buying ` 500 debenture (one equity share) is:
540
5000
5400
500 ` ` =
Market Price of share is ` 430. Hence conversion premium in percentage is:
25.58% = 100
430
430 - 540

(ii) The conversion value can be calculated as follows:
Conversion value = Conversion ratio X Market Price of Equity Shares
= 10 ` 430 = ` 4300
Question 24
Rahul Ltd. has surplus cash of ` 100 lakhs and wants to distribute 27% of it to the
shareholders. The company decides to buy back shares. The Finance Manager of the
company estimates that its share price after re-purchase is likely to be 10% above the
buyback price-if the buyback route is taken. The number of shares outstanding at present is
10 lakhs and the current EPS is ` 3.
You are required to determine:
(i) The price at which the shares can be re-purchased, if the market capitalization of the
company should be ` 210 lakhs after buyback,
(ii) The number of shares that can be re-purchased, and
(iii) The impact of share re-purchase on the EPS, assuming that net income is the same.

Answer
(i) Let P be the buyback price decided by Rahul Ltd.
Market Capitalisation after Buyback
1.1P (Original Shares Shares Bought Back)
= 1.1P
27% of 100 lakhs
10 lakhs -
P

= 11 lakhs P 27 lakhs 1.1 = 11 lakhs P 29.7 lakhs
Again, 11 lakhs P 29.7 lakhs
or 11 lakhs P = 210 lakhs + 29.7 lakhs
or P =
239.7
11
= ` 21.79 per share
(ii) Number of Shares to be Bought Back :-

`
`
27 lakhs
21.79
= 1.24 lakhs (Approx.) or 123910 share
(iii) New Equity Shares :-
10 lakhs 1.24 lakhs = 8.76 lakhs or 1000000 123910 = 876090 shares
EPS =
3 10 lakhs
8.76 lakhs
= ` 3.43
Thus, EPS of Rahul Ltd., increases to ` 3.43.
Question 25
Z Co. Ltd. issued commercial paper worth `10 crores as per following details:
Date of issue : 16
th
January, 2009
Date of maturity: 17
th
April, 2009
No. of days : 91
Interest rate 12.04% p.a
What was the net amount received by the company on issue of CP? (Charges of intermediary
may be ignored)
Answer
The company had issued commercial paper worth `10 crores
No. of days Involves = 91 days
Interest rate applicable = 12.04 % p.a.
Interest for 91 days = % 001 . 3
days 365
days 91
% 04 . 12 =
= or ` 10 crores x 563 , 13 , 29
001 . 3 100
001 . 3
` =
+

or ` 29.1356 Lakhs
Net amount received at the time of issue:- `10.00 Crores 0.2913 Crore = ` 9.7087 Crore
Question 26
From the following particulars, calculate the effective rate of interest p.a. as well as the total
cost of funds to Bhaskar Ltd., which is planning a CP issue:
Issue Price of CP ` 97,550
Face Value ` 1,00,000
Maturity Period 3 Months
Issue Expenses:
Brokerage 0.15% for 3 months
Rating Charges 0.50% p.a.
Stamp Duty 0.175% for 3 months
Answer
Effective Interest =
F P 12
100
P M

Where
F= Face Vale
P= Issue Price
= 100
3
12
550 , 97
550 , 97 000 , 00 , 1

-
= 0.025115 4 100 = 10.046 = 10.05% p.a.
Effective interest rate = 10.05% p.a.
Cost of Funds to the Company
Effective Interest 10.05%
Brokerage (0.150 4) 0.60%
Rating Charge 0.50%
Stamp duty (0.175 4) 0.70%
11.85%
Question 27
With the help of the following information of Jatayu Limited compute the Economic Value
Added:
Capital Structure Equity capital ` 160 Lakhs
Reserves and Surplus ` 140 lakhs
10% Debentures ` 400 lakhs
Cost of equity 14%
Financial Leverage 1.5 times
Income Tax Rate 30%
Answer
Financial Leverage = PBIT/PBT
1.5 = PBIT / (PBIT Interest)
1.5 = PBIT / (PBIT 40)
1.5 (PBIT 40) = PBIT
1.5 PBIT 60 = PBIT
1.5 PBIT PBIT = 60
0.5 PBIT = 60
or
60
PBIT
0.5
= = `120 lakhs
NOPAT = PBIT Tax = `120 lakhs (1 0.30) = `84 lakhs.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
= 14% (300 / 700) + (1 0.30) (10%) (400 / 700) = 10%
EVA = NOPAT (WACC Total Capital)
EVA = `120 lakhs 0.10 ` 700 lakhs
EVA = ` 50 lakhs
Question 28
Tender Ltd has earned a net profit of ` 15 lacs after tax at 30%. Interest cost charged by
financial institutions was ` 10 lacs. The invested capital is ` 95 lacs of which 55% is debt. The
company maintains a weighted average cost of capital of 13%. Required,
(a) Compute the operating income.
(b) Compute the Economic Value Added (EVA).
(c) Tender Ltd. has 6 lac equity shares outstanding. How much dividend can the company
pay before the value of the entity starts declining?
Answer
Taxable Income = ` 15 lac/(1-0.30)
= ` 21.43 lacs or ` 21,42,857
Operating Income = Taxable Income + Interest
= ` 21,42,857 + ` 10,00,000
= ` 31,42,857 or ` 31.43 lacs
EVA = EBIT (1-Tax Rate) WACC x Invested Capital
= ` 31,42,857(1 0.30) 13% x ` 95,00,000
= ` 22,00,000 ` 12,35,000 = ` 9,65,000
EVA Dividend =
9,65,000
6,00,000
`
`
= ` 1.6083
Question 29
The following information is given for 3 companies that are identical except for their capital
structure:
Orange Grape Apple
Total invested capital 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000
Debt/assets ratio 0.8 0.5 0.2
Shares outstanding 6,100 8,300 10,000
Pre tax cost of debt 16% 13% 15%
Cost of equity 26% 22% 20%
Operating Income (EBIT) 25,000 25,000 25,000
Net Income 8,970 12,350 14,950
The tax rate is uniform 35% in all cases.
(i) Compute the Weighted average cost of capital for each company.
(ii) Compute the Economic Valued Added (EVA) for each company.
(iii) Based on the EVA, which company would be considered for best investment? Give
reasons.
(iv) If the industry PE ratio is 11x, estimate the price for the share of each company.
(v) Calculate the estimated market capitalisation for each of the Companies.
Answer
(i) Working for calculation of WACC
Orange Grape Apple
Total debt 80,000 50,000 20,000
Post tax Cost of debt 10.4% 8.45% 9.75%
Equity Fund 20,000 50,000 80,000
WACC
Orange: (10.4 x 0.8) + (26 x 0.2) = 13.52%
Grape: (8.45 x 0.5) + (22 x 0.5) = 15.225%
Apple: (9.75 x 0.2) + (20 x 0.8) = 17.95%
(ii)
Orange Grape Apple
WACC 13.52 15.225 17.95
EVA [EBIT (1-T)-(WACC x Invested Capital)] 2,730 1,025 -1,700
(iii) Orange would be considered as the best investment since the EVA of the company is
highest and its weighted average cost of capital is the lowest
(iv) Estimated Price of each company shares
Orange Grape Apple
EBIT (`) 25,000 25,000 25,000
Interest (`) 12,800 6,500 3,000
Taxable Income (`) 12,200 18,500 22,000
Tax 35% (`) 4,270 6,475 7,700
Net Income (`) 7,930 12,025 14,300
Shares 6,100 8,300 10,000
EPS (`) 1.3 1.448795 1.43
Stock Price (EPS x PE Ratio) (`) 14.30 15.94 15.73
Since the three entities have different capital structures they would be exposed to
different degrees of financial risk. The PE ratio should therefore be adjusted for the risk
factor.

Alternative Answer
Orange Grape Apple
Net Income (Given) (`) 8,970 12,350 14,950
Shares 6,100 8,300 10,000
EPS (`) 1.4705 1.488 1.495
Stock Price (EPS x PE Ratio) (`) 16.18 16.368 16.45
(v) Market Capitalisation
Estimated Stock Price (`) 14.30 15.94 15.73
No. of shares 6,100 8,300 10,000
Estimated Market Cap (`) 87,230 1,32,302 1,57,300
Question 30
If the market price of the bond is ` 95; years to maturity = 6 yrs: coupon rate = 13% p.a (paid
annually) and issue price is ` 100. What is the yield to maturity?
Answer
( )
2
+
-
+
=
P F
n
P F
C
YTM
C= Coupon Rate; F= Face Value (Issue Price) ; P= Market Price of Bond
( ) - 100 95
13
6
YTM
100 95
2
+
=
+
= 0.1418 or 14.18%
Question 31
An investors is considering the purchase of the following Bond:
Face value ` 100
Coupon rate 11%
Maturity 3 years
(i) If he wants a yield of 13% what is the maximum price he should be ready to pay for?
(ii) If the Bond is selling for ` 97.60, what would be his yield?
Answer
(i) Calculation of Maximum price
B
o
= ` 11 PVIFA (13%,3) + ` 100 PVIF (13%,3)
= ` 11 2.361 + ` 100 0.693 = ` 25.97 + ` 69.30 = ` 95.27
(ii) Calculation of yield
At 12% the value = ` 11 PVIFA (12%,3) + 100 PVIF (12%,3)
= ` 112.402 + ` 1000.712 = ` 26.42 + ` 71.20 = ` 97.62
It the bond is selling at ` 97.60 which is more than the fair value, the YTM of the bond
would be less than 13%. This value is almost equal to the amount price of ` 97.60.
Therefore, the YTM of the bond would be 12%.
Alternatively
YTM =
( ) ` `
`

` `
100 - 97.60
11
3
0.1194 or 11.94%say 12%
( 100 97.60)
2
+
=
+

Question 32
Calculate Market Price of:
(i) 10% Government of India security currently quoted at ` 110, but interest rate is expected
to go up by 1%.
(ii) A bond with 7.5% coupon interest, Face Value ` 10,000 & term to maturity of 2 years,
presently yielding 6% . Interest payable half yearly.
Answer
(i) Current yield = (Coupon Interest / Market Price) X 100
(10/110) X 100 = 9.09%
If current yield go up by 1% i.e. 10.09 the market price would be
10.09 = 10 / Market Price X 100
Market Price = ` 99.11
(ii) Market Price of Bond = P.V. of Interest + P.V. of Principal
= ` 1,394 + ` 8,885 = ` 10,279
Question 33
Find the current market price of a bond having face value `1,00,000 redeemable after 6 year
maturity with YTM at 16% payable annually and duration 4.3202 years. Given 1.16
6
= 2.4364.
Answer
The formula for the duration of a coupon bond is as follows:
=
YTM
YTM + 1
-
( ) [ ] YTM + 1 YTM + 1 c
) YTM c ( t + ) YTM + 1 (
t
-
-

Where YTM = Yield to Maturity
c= Coupon Rate
t= Years to Maturity
Accordingly, since YTM =0.16 and t= 6
4.3202 =
( ) [ ] 16 . 0 + 1 16 . 1 c
) 16 . 0 c ( 6 + 16 . 1
16 . 0
16 . 1
6
-
-
4.3202= 7.25 -
16 . 0 + c 4364 . 1
) 96 . 0 c 6 ( + 16 . 1 -

9298 . 2
16 . 0 c 4364 . 1
96 . 0 c 6 16 . 1
=
+
+

0.2 + 6c = 4.20836472 c + 0.468768
1.79163528c = 0.268768
C = 0.150012674
c = 0.15
Where c = Coupon rate
Therefore, current price = `(1,00,000/- x 0.15 x 3.685 + 1,00,000/- x 0.410) = `96,275/-.
Question 34
There is a 9% 5-year bond issue in the market. The issue price is ` 90 and the redemption
price ` 105. For an investor with marginal income tax rate of 30% and capital gains tax rate of
10% (assuming no indexation), what is the post-tax yield to maturity?
Answer
Calculation of yield to Maturity (YTM)
2 ice)/ Pr Purchase price demption Re (
scount o-rated di Pr Coupon
YTM
+
+
=
After tax coupon = 9 (1 .30) = 6.3%
After tax redemption price = 105 (15 .10) or ` 103.5
After tax capital gain = 103.50 90 = ` 13.50
( )
% 30 . 9
75 . 96
00 . 9
or
2 )/ 90 5 . 103 (
5 / 5 . 13 3 . 6
YTM =
+
+
=
Question 35
A money market instrument with face value of `100 and discount yield of 6% will mature in 45
days. You are required to calculate:
(i) Current price of the instrument.
(ii) Bond equivalent yield
(iii) Effective annual return.
Answer
(i) Current price of the Bond = 100 x [1-{45/360} x 0.06] = `99.25
Alternatively, the current price of bond may also be calculated as follows:
06 . 0
45
360
D 100
D
=

360
45
06 . 0
D 100
D
=

8
1
06 . 0
D 100
D
=

8D = 6 0.06D
8.06D = 6
D = 7444 . 0
06 . 8
6
=
Current price of the bond = Face value D
= `100 0.7444 = `99.2556
(ii) Bond equivalent yield = . A . P % 045 . 6
45
360
25 . 99
25 . 99 100
=

(iii) Effective annual return = [ ] 1 ) 8 / 06045 . 0 ( + 1
8
- = 6.207% P.A..
Note: If a year of 365 days is considered the Bond equivalent yield and Effective annual return
works out to 6.296% P.A.
Question 36
MP Ltd. issued a new series of bonds on January 1, 2010. The bonds were sold at par
(`1,000), having a coupon rate 10% p.a. and mature on 31
st
December, 2025. Coupon
payments are made semiannually on June 30
th
and December 31
st
each year. Assume that
you purchased an outstanding MP Ltd. bond on 1
st
March, 2018 when the going interest rate
was 12%.
Required:
(i) What was the YTM of MP Ltd. bonds as on January 1, 2010?
(ii) What amount you should pay to complete the transaction? Of that amount how much
should be accrued interest and how much would represent bonds basic value.
Answer
(i) Since the bonds were sold at par, the original YTM was 10%.
YTM = % 10
000 , 1
100
incipal Pr
Interest
= =
`
`

(ii) Price of the bond as on 1
st
July, 2018 = `50 9.712 + ` 1,000 0.417
= ` 485.60 + ` 417
= `902.60
Total value of the bond on the next = `902.60 + `50 interest date = `952.60
Value of bond at purchase date = `952.60
3 / 1
) 6 . 0 + 1 (
1

= `952.60 `0.980764 (by using excel)
= `934.28
The amount to be paid to complete the transaction is `934.28. Out of this amount `49.04
represent accrued interest and `885.24 represent the bond basic value.
Question 37
Based on the credit rating of bonds, Mr. Z has decided to apply the following discount rates for
valuing bonds:
Credit Rating Discount Rate
AAA 364 day T bill rate + 3% spread
AA AAA + 2% spread
A AAA + 3% spread
He is considering to invest in AA rated, `1,000 face value bond currently selling at `1,025.86.
The bond has five years to maturity and the coupon rate on the bond is 15% p.a. payable
annually. The next interest payment is due one year from today and the bond is redeemable at
par. (Assume the 364 day T-bill rate to be 9%).
You are required to calculate the intrinsic value of the bond for Mr. Z. Should he invest in the
bond? Also calculate the current yield and the Yield to Maturity (YTM) of the bond.
Answer
The appropriate discount rate for valuing the bond for Mr. Z is:
R = 9% + 3% + 2% = 14%
Time CF PVIF 14% PV (CF) PV (CF)
1 150 0.877 131.55
2 150 0.769 115.35
3 150 0.675 101.25
4 150 0.592 88.80
5 1150 0.519 596.85
PV (CF) i.e. P
0
= 1033.80
Since, the current market value is less than the intrinsic value; Mr. Z should buy the bond. Current
yield = Annual Interest / Price = 150 / 1025.86 = 14.62%
The YTM of the bond is calculated as follows:
@15%
P = 150 PVIFA
15%, 4
+ 1150 PVIF
15%, 5

= 150 2.855 + 1150 0.497 = 428.25 + 571.55 = 999.80
@14%
As found in sub part (a) P
0
= 1033.80
By interpolation we get,
= 14% + %) 14 - % 15 (
) 06 . 26 - ( - 94 . 7
94 . 7
=14% + %
34
94 . 7

YTM = 14.23%
Question 38
M/s Agfa Industries is planning to issue a debenture series on the following terms:
Face value ` 100
Term of maturity 10 years
Yearly coupon rate
Years
1 4 9%
5 8 10%
9 10 14%
The current market rate on similar debentures is 15 per cent per annum. The Company
proposes to price the issue in such a manner that it can yield 16 per cent compounded rate of
return to the investors. The Company also proposes to redeem the debentures at 5 per cent
premium on maturity. Determine the issue price of the debentures.
Answer
The issue price of the debentures will be the sum of present value of interest payments during 10
years of its maturity and present value of redemption value of debenture.
Years Cash out flow (`)

PVIF @ 16%

PV
1 9 .862 7.758
2 9 .743 6.687
3 9 .641 5.769
4 9 .552 4.968
5 10 .476 4.76
6 10 .410 4.10
7 10 .354 3.54
8 10 .305 3.05
9 14 .263 3.682
10 14 + 105 = 119 .227 3.178 + 23.835
71.327
Thus the debentures should be priced at ` 71.327
Question 39
ABC Ltd. has ` 300 million, 12 per cent bonds outstanding with six years remaining to
maturity. Since interest rates are falling, ABC Ltd. is contemplating of refunding these bonds
with a ` 300 million issue of 6 year bonds carrying a coupon rate of 10 per cent. Issue cost of
the new bond will be ` 6 million and the call premium is 4 per cent. ` 9 million being the
unamortized portion of issue cost of old bonds can be written off no sooner the old bonds are
called off. Marginal tax rate of ABC Ltd. is 30 per cent. You are required to analyse the bond
refunding decision.
Answer
1. Calculation of initial outlay:-
`(million)
a. Face value 300
Add:-Call premium 12
Cost of calling old bonds 312
b. Gross proceed of new issue 300
Less: Issue costs 6
Net proceeds of new issue 294
c. Tax savings on call premium
and unamortized cost 0.30 (12 + 9) 6.3
Initial outlay = ` 312 million ` 294 million ` 6.3 million = ` 11.7 million
2. Calculation of net present value of refunding the bond:-
Saving in annual interest expenses ` (million)
[300 x (0.12 0.10)] 6.00
Less:- Tax saving on interest and amortization
0.30 x [6 + (9-6)/6] 1.95
Annual net cash saving 4.05
PVIFA (7%, 6 years) 4.766
Present value of net annual cash saving ` 19.30 million
Less:- Initial outlay ` 11.70 million
Net present value of refunding the bond ` 7.60 million
Decision: The bonds should be refunded
Question 40
M/s Transindia Ltd. is contemplating calling ` 3 crores of 30 years, ` 1,000 bond issued 5
years ago with a coupon interest rate of 14 per cent. The bonds have a call price of ` 1,140
and had initially collected proceeds of ` 2.91 crores due to a discount of ` 30 per bond. The
initial floating cost was ` 3,60,000. The Company intends to sell ` 3 crores of 12 per cent
coupon rate, 25 years bonds to raise funds for retiring the old bonds. It proposes to sell the
new bonds at their par value of ` 1,000. The estimated floatation cost is ` 4,00,000. The
company is paying 40% tax and its after cost of debt is 8 per cent. As the new bonds must first
be sold and their proceeds, then used to retire old bonds, the company expects a two months
period of overlapping interest during which interest must be paid on both the old and new
bonds. What is the feasibility of refunding bonds?

Answer
NPV for bond refunding
`
PV of annual cash flow savings (W.N. 2)
(3,49,600 PVIFA 8%,25) i.e. 10.675 37,31,980
Less: Initial investment (W.N. 1) 29,20,000
NPV 8,11,980
Recommendation: Refunding of bonds is recommended as NPV is positive.
Working Notes:
(1) Initial investment:
(a) Call premium
Before tax (1,140 1,000) 30,000 42,00,000
Less tax @ 40% 16,80,000
After tax cost of call prem. 25,20,000
(b) Floatation cost 4,00,000
(c) Overlapping interest
Before tax (0.14 2/12 3 crores) 7,00,000
Less tax @ 40% 2,80,000 4,20,000
(d) Tax saving on unamortised discount on
old bond 25/30 9,00,000 0.4 (3,00,000)
(e) Tax savings from unamortised floatation
Cost of old bond 25/30 3,60,000 0.4 (1,20,000)
29,20,000

(2) Annual cash flow savings:
(a) Old bond
(i) Interest cost (0.14 3 crores) 42,00,000
Less tax @ 40% 16,80,000 25,20,000
(ii) Tax savings from amortisation of discount
9,00,000/30 0.4

(12,000)
(iii) Tax savings from amortisation of
floatation cost 3,60,000/30 0.4

(4,800)
Annual after cost payment of Debt (A) 25,03,200
(b) New bond
(i) Interest cost before tax (0.12 3 crores) 36,00,000
Less tax @ 40% 14,40,000
After tax interest 21,60,000
(ii) Tax savings from amortisation of floatation cost
(0.4 4,00,000/25)

(6,400)

21,53,600
Annual after tax payment 3,49,600
Question 41
The following data are available for a bond
Face value ` 1,000
Coupon Rate 16%
Years to Maturity 6
Redemption value ` 1,000
Yield to maturity 17%
What is the current market price, duration and volatility of this bond? Calculate the expected
market price, if increase in required yield is by 75 basis points.
Answer
1. Calculation of Market price:
Y
Discount or premium
Coupon int erest
Years left
TM
Face Value Market value
2

+

=
+

Discount or premium YTM is more than coupon rate, market price is less than Face
Value i.e. at discount.
Let x be the market price

2
x 1,000

6
x) - (1,000
160
17 . 0
+

+
= x = ` 960.26
Alternatively, the candidate may attempt by
160 (PVIAF 17%,6) + 1,000 (PVIF 17%,6)
= 160 (3.589) + 1,000 (0.390) = 574.24 + 390 = 964.24
2. Duration
Year Cash flow P.V. @ 17% Proportion of
bond value
Proportion of bond
value x time (years)
1 160 .855 136.80 0.142 0.142
2 160 .731 116.96 0.121 0.246
3 160 .624 99.84 0.103 0.309
4 160 .534 85.44 0.089 0.356
5 160 .456 72.96 0.076 0.380
6 1160 .390 452.40 0.469 2.814
964.40 1.000 4.247
Duration of the Bond is 4.247 years
3. Volatility

1.17
4.247
=
yields) + (1
Duration
= bonds the of olatility V = 3.63
4. The expected market price if increase in required yield is by 75 basis points.
= ` 960.26 .75 (3.63/100) = ` 26.142
Hence expected market price is ` 960.26 ` 26.142 = ` 934.118
Hence, the market price will decrease
This portion can also be alternatively done as follows
= ` 964.40 .75 (3.63/100) = ` 26.26
then the market price will be
= ` 964.40 26.26 = ` 938.14
Question 42
XL Ispat Ltd. has made an issue of 14 per cent non-convertible debentures on January 1,
2007. These debentures have a face value of ` 100 and is currently traded in the market at a
price of ` 90.
Interest on these NCDs will be paid through post-dated cheques dated June 30 and December
31. Interest payments for the first 3 years will be paid in advance through post-dated cheques
while for the last 2 years post-dated cheques will be issued at the third year. The bond is
redeemable at par on December 31, 2011 at the end of 5 years.
Required :
(i) Estimate the current yield at the YTM of the bond.
(ii) Calculate the duration of the NCD.
(iii) Assuming that intermediate coupon payments are, not available for reinvestment
calculate the realised yield on the NCD.
Answer
(i) Current yield =
90
14
`
`
= 0.1555 or 15.55%
YTM can be determined from the following equation
14 PVIFA (YTM, 5) + 100 PVIF (YTM, 5) = 90
Let us discount the cash flows using two discount rates 15% and 18% as follows:
Year Cash Flows PVF@15% PV@15% PVF@18% PV@18%
0 -90 1 -90 1 -90
1 14 0.870 12.18 0.847 11.86
2 14 0.756 10.58 0.718 10.05
3 14 0.657 9.20 0.609 8.53
4 14 0.572 8.01 0.516 7.22
5 114 0.497 56.66 0.437 49.82
6.63 -2.52
Now we use interpolation formula
15% + % 3
) 52 . 2 ( 63 . 6
63 . 6
- -

15% + % 3
15 . 9
63 . 6
=15% + 2.17%
YTM = 17.17%
Note: Students can also compute the YTM using rates other than 15% and 18%.

(ii) The duration can be calculated as follows:
Year Cash
Flow
PVF@
17.17%
PV @
17.17%
Proportion of
NCD value
Proportion of NCD
value time
1 14 0.853 11.942 0.1328 0.1328
2 14 0.728 10.192 0.1134 0.2268
3 14 0.622 8.708 0.0968 0.2904
4 14 0.531 7.434 0.0826 0.3304
5 114 0.453 51.642 0.5744 2.8720
89.918 3.8524
Duration = 3.8524 years.
(iii) Realized Yield can be calculated as follows:
90
) R 1 (
100 ) 5 14 (
5
=
+
+

(1 + R)
5
=
90
170
R =
5 / 1
90
170
- 1 = 0.1356 or 13.56%
Question 43
(a) Consider two bonds, one with 5 years to maturity and the other with 20 years to maturity.
Both the bonds have a face value of ` 1,000 and coupon rate of 8% (with annual interest
payments) and both are selling at par. Assume that the yields of both the bonds fall to
6%, whether the price of bond will increase or decrease? What percentage of this
increase/decrease comes from a change in the present value of bonds principal amount
and what percentage of this increase/decrease comes from a change in the present
value of bonds interest payments?
(b) Consider a bond selling at its par value of ` 1,000, with 6 years to maturity and a 7%
coupon rate (with annual interest payment), what is bonds duration?
(c) If the YTM of the bond in (b) above increases to 10%, how it affects the bonds duration?
And why?
Answer
(a) If the yield of the bond falls the price will always increase. This can be shown by
following calculation.
IF YIELD FALLS TO 6%
Price of 5yr. bond
` 80 (PVIFA 6%, 5yrs.) + ` 1000 (PVIF 6%, 5yrs.)
` 80 (4.212)+ ` 1000 (0.747)
` 336.96 + ` 747.00 = ` 1,083.96
Increase in 5 years bond price = ` 83.96
Current price of 20 year bond
` 80 (PVIFA 6%, 20) + ` 1,000 (PVIF 6%, 20)
` 80 (11.47) + ` 1,000 (0.312)
` 917.60 + ` 312.00 = ` 1229.60
So increase in bond price is ` 229.60
PRICE INCREASE DUE TO CHANGE IN PV OF PRINCIPAL
5 yrs. Bond
` 1,000 (PVIF 6%, 5) ` 1,000 (PVIF 8%, 5)
` 1,000 (0.747) ` 1,000 (0.681)
` 747.00 ` 681.00 = ` 66.00
& change in price due to change in PV of Principal
(` 66/ ` 83.96) x 100 = 78.6%
20 yrs. Bond
` 1,000 (PVIF 6%, 20) ` 1,000 (PVIF 8%, 20)
` 1,000 (0.312) ` 1,000 (0.214)
` 312.00 ` 214.00 = ` 98.00
& change in price due to change in PV of Principal
(` 98/ ` 229.60) x 100 = 42.68%
PRICE CHANGE DUE TO CHANGE IN PV OF INTEREST
5 yrs. Bond
` 80 (PVIFA 6%, 5) ` 80 (PVIFA 8%, 5)
` 80 (4.212) ` 80 (3.993)
` 336.96 ` 319.44 = ` 17.52
% change in price
96 . 83
52 . 17
`
`
x 100 = 20.86%
20 yrs. Bond
` 80 (PVIFA 6%, 20) ` 80 (PVIFA 8%,20)
` 80 (11.47) ` 80 (9.82)
` 917.60 ` 785.60 = ` 132
& change in price =
60 . 229
132
`
`
x 100 = 57.49%
(b) Duration in the average time taken to recollect back the investment
Years
(A)
Coupon
Payments
(`)
Redemption
(`)
Total
(`)
(B)
PVIF @ 7%
(`)
(C)
(A )x(B)x (C)
(`)
1 70 - 70 0.935 65.45
2 70 - 70 0.873 122.22
3 70 - 70 0.816 171.36
4 70 - 70 0.763 213.64
5 70 - 70 0.713 249.55
6 70 1000 1070 0.666
ABC
4,275.72
5,097.94
Duration =
Price Purchase
ABC

1000
94 . 5097
`
`
= 5.098 years
(c) If YTM goes up to 10% , current price of the bond will decrease to
` 70 x PVIFA (10%,6) + ` 1000 PVIF (10%,6)
` 304.85 + ` 564.00 = ` 868.85
Year
(A)
Inflow (`)
(B)
PVIF @ 10%
(C)
(A )x(B)x (C)
(`)
1 70 0.909 63.63
2 70 0.826 115.64
3 70 0.751 157.71
4 70 0.683 191.24
5 70 0.621 217.35
6 1070 0.564
ABC
3,620.88
4,366.45
New Duration ` 4,366.45/ ` 868.85 = 5.025 years
The duration of bond decreases, reason being the receipt of slightly higher portion of
ones investment on the same intervals.
Question 44
Closing values of BSE Sensex from 6th to 17th day of the month of January of the year 200X
were as follows:
Days Date Day Sensex
1 6 THU 14522
2 7 FRI 14925
3 8 SAT No Trading
4 9 SUN No Trading
5 10 MON 15222
6 11 TUE 16000
7 12 WED 16400
8 13 THU 17000
9 14 FRI No Trading
10 15 SAT No Trading
11 16 SUN No Trading
12 17 MON 18000
Calculate Exponential Moving Average (EMA) of Sensex during the above period. The 30 days
simple moving average of Sensex can be assumed as 15,000. The value of exponent for 30
days EMA is 0.062.
Give detailed analysis on the basis of your calculations.
Answer
Date 1
Sensex
2
EMA for
Previous day
3

1-2
4

30.062
5
EMA
2 + 4
6 14522 15000 (478) (29.636) 14970.364
7 14925 14970.364 (45.364) (2.812) 14967.55
10 15222 14967.55 254.45 15.776 14983.32
11 16000 14983.32 1016.68 63.034 15046.354
12 16400 15046.354 1353.646 83.926 15130.28
13 17000 15130.28 1869.72 115.922 15246.202
17 18000 15246.202 2753.798 170.735 15416.937
Conclusion The market is bullish. The market is likely to remain bullish for short term to
medium term if other factors remain the same. On the basis of this indicator (EMA) the
investors/brokers can take long position.
Question 45
The closing value of Sensex for the month of October, 2007 is given below:
Date Closing Sensex Value
1.10.07 2800
3.10.07 2780
4.10.07 2795
5.10.07 2830
8.10.07 2760
9.10.07 2790
10.10.07 2880
11.10.07 2960
12.10.07 2990
15.10.07 3200
16.10.07 3300
17.10.07 3450
19.10.07 3360
22.10.07 3290
23.10.07 3360
24.10.07 3340
25.10.07 3290
29.10.07 3240
30.10.07 3140
31.10.07 3260
You are required to test the weak form of efficient market hypothesis by applying the run test
at 5% and 10% level of significance.
Following value can be used :
Value of t at 5% is 2.101 at 18 degrees of freedom
Value of t at 10% is 1.734 at 18 degrees of freedom
Value of t at 5% is 2.086 at 20 degrees of freedom.
Value of t at 10% is 1.725 at 20 degrees of freedom.

Answer
Date Closing Sensex Sign of Price Charge
1.10.07 2800
3.10.07 2780 -
4.10.07 2795 +
5.10.07 2830 +
8.10.07 2760 -
9.10.07 2790 +
10.10.07 2880 +
11.10.07 2960 +
12.10.07 2990 +
15.10.07 3200 +
16.10.07 3300 +
17.10.07 3450 +
19.10.07 3360 -
22.10.07 3290 -
23.10.07 3360 +
24.10.07 3340 -
25.10.07 3290 -
29.10.07 3240 -
30.10.07 3140 -
31.10.07 3260 +
Total of sign of price changes (r) = 8
No of Positive changes = n
1
= 11
No. of Negative changes = n
2
= 8

r
= 1
n n
n n 2
2 1
2 1
+
+

= 1
8 11
8 11 2
+
+

= 176/19 + 1 = 10.26
r
=
) 1 n n ( ) n n (
) n n n n 2 ( n n 2
2 1
2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ +

r
=
) 1 8 11 ( ) 8 11 (
) 8 11 8 11 2 ( ) 8 11 2 (
2
+ +

=
) 18 ( ) 19 (
157 176
2
= 252 . 4 = 2.06
Since too few runs in the case would indicate that the movement of prices is not random. We
employ a two- tailed test the randomness of prices.
Test at 5% level of significance at 18 degrees of freedom using t- table
The lower limit
= t
r
=10.26 2.101 2.06 = 5.932
Upper limit
= + t
r
=10.26 + 2.101 2.06 = 14.588
At 10% level of significance at 18 degrees of freedom
Lower limit
= 10.26 1.734 2.06 = 6.688
Upper limit
= 10.26 + 1.734 2.06 = 13.832
As seen r lies between these limits. Hence, the market exhibits weak form of efficiency.
*For a sample of size n, the t distribution will have n-1 degrees of freedom.
Question 46
Tiger Ltd. is presently working with an Earning Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) of ` 90 lakhs.
Its present borrowings are as follows:
` In lakhs
12% term loan 300
Working capital borrowings:
From Bank at 15% 200
Public Deposit at 11% 100
The sales of the company are growing and to support this, the company proposes to obtain
additional borrowing of ` 100 lakhs expected to cost 16%.The increase in EBIT is expected to
be 15%.
Calculate the change in interest coverage ratio after the additional borrowing is effected and
comment on the arrangement made.
Answer
Calculation of Present Interest Coverage Ratio
Present EBIT = ` 90 lakhs
Interest charges (Present) `lakhs
Term loan @ 12% 36.00
Bank Borrowings @ 15% 30.00
Public Deposit @ 11% 11.00
77.00
Present Interest Coverage Ratio =
es arg Ch Interest
EBIT

=
`

`
90 lakhs
1.169
77 lakhs
=
Calculation of Revised Interest Coverage Ratio
Revised EBIT (115% of ` 90 lakhs) `103.50 lakhs
Proposed interest charges
Existing charges ` 77.00 lakhs
Add: Additional charges (16% of additional Borrowings i.e. `100 lakhs) ` 16.00 lakhs
Total ` 93.00 lakhs
Revised Interest Coverage Ratio =
103.50 lakhs
1.113
93.00 lakhs
=
`

`

Analysis: With the proposed increase in the sales the burden of interest on additional
borrowings of `100 lakhs will adversely affect the interest coverage ratio which has been
reduced. (i.e. from 1.169 to 1.113).
Question 47
The HLL has ` 8.00 crore of 10% mortgage bonds outstanding under an open-end
scheme. The scheme allows additional bonds to be issued as long as all of the following
conditions are met:
(1) 4. than greater remains
Interest Bond
Interest Bond tax before Income
coverage interest tax - Pre
+

(2) Net depreciated value of mortgage assets remains twice the amount of the mortgage
debt.
(3) Debt-to-equity ratio remains below 5.
The HLL has net income after taxes of ` 2 crores and a 40% tax-rate, ` 40 crores in
equity and ` 30 crores in depreciated assets, covered by the mortgage.
Assuming that 50% of the proceeds of a new issue would be added to the base of
mortgaged assets and that the company has no Sinking Fund payments until next year,
how much more 10% debt could be sold under each of the three conditions? Which
protective covenant is binding?
Answer
Let x be the crores of Rupees of new 10% debt which would be sold under each of the three given
conditions. Now, the value of x under each of the three conditions is as follows:
1. 4. than greater remains
Interest Bond
Interest Bond tax before Income
coverage interest tax - Pre
+

) 1 . 0 (x ) 1 . 0 crores 8 (
1 . 0 x 1 . 0 crores 8 ) 4 . 0 1 ( crores / 2
+
+ + `
=4
x) 10 . 0 crores 80 . 0 (
x 10 . 0 crores 80 . 0 crores 33 . 3
Or
`
`
+
+ +
=4
x 10 . 0 crores 80 . 0
x 10 . 0 crores 13 . 4
Or
` `
`
+
+
=4
Or ` 4.13 crores + 0.10x = 4 (` 0.80 crores + ` 0.10x)
Or ` 4.13 crores + 0.10x = ` 3.2 crores + ` 0.40x
Or ` 0.30 x = 0.93
Or x = ` 0.93/0.30
Or x = ` 3.10 crores
Additional mortgage required shall be a maximum of ` 3.10 crores.
2. Net depreciated value of mortgage assets remains twice the amount of mortgage debt
(Assuming that 50% of the proceeds of new issue would be added to the base of
mortgaged assets)
2
x crores 8
x 5 . 0 crores 30
i.e. =
+
+
`
`

or ` 30 crores + 0.5x = 2 (` 8 crores + x)
or ` 1.5x = ` 14 crores
5 . 1
crores 14
or
`
x=
or x = 9.33 crores
Additional mortgage required to satisfy condition No. 2 is ` 9.33 crores
3. Debt to equity ratio remains below 5
5
crores 40
x crores 8
i.e. <
+
`
`

or ` 8 crores + x = ` 200 crores
or x = ` 192 crores
Since all the conditions are to be met, the least i.e. ` 3.10 crores (as per condition 1)
can be borrowed by issuing additional bonds.
Note: Since in the question, it is given that Debt to equity ratio remains below 5, the value of
debt is computed by using this condition. However, the new additional debt (x) is exorbitant
and is not comparable with the value of new additional debt (x) computed under conditions 1
and 2. For getting the comparable value of new additional debt x the debt to equity ratio
should be read as 0.5. Accordingly, value of additional debt would be ` 12 crores.
EXERCISES
Question 1
Phototech plc has in issue 9% bonds which are redeemable at their par value of 100 in five
years time. Alternatively, each bond may be converted on that date into 20 ordinary shares of
the company. The current ordinary share price of Phototech plc is 445 and this is expected
to grow at a rate of 65% per year for the foreseeable future. Phototech plc has a cost of debt
of 7% per year. You are required to calculate the following current values for each 100
convertible bond:
(i) Market value;
(ii) Floor value; and
(iii) Conversion premium.
Answer: (i) 12389 (ii) 10820 (iii) 3489
Question 2
On 1 June 2003 the financial manager of Gadgets Corporations Pension Fund Trust is
reviewing strategy regarding the fund. Over 60% of the fund is invested in fixed rate long-term
bonds. Interest rates are expected to be quite volatile for the next few years.
Among the pension funds current investments are two AAA rated bonds:
1) Zero coupon June 2018
2) 12% Gilt June 2018 (interest is payable semi-annually)
The current annual redemption yield (yield to maturity) on both bonds is 6%. The semi-annual
yield may be assumed to be 3%. Both bonds have a par value and redemption value of $100.
You are required to estimate the market price of each of the bonds if interest rates (yields):
(i) increase by 1%;
(ii) decrease by 1%.
[Given PVF (2.5%, 30) = 0.4767, PVF (3%, 30) = 0.412, PVF (3.5%,30) = 0.3563]
Answer: (i) Zero Coupon Bond-131% (Decrease) & 12% Gilt June 2018- 81% (Decrease) (ii)
Zero Coupon Bond-15.3% (Increase) & 12% Gilt June 2018- 91% (Increase)
Question 3
It is now January 1, 2009, and Mr. X is considering the purchase of an outstanding Municipal
Corporation bond that was issued on January 1, 2007, the Municipal bond has a 9.5 percent
annual coupon and a 30-year original maturity (it matures on December 31, 2037). Interest
rates have declined since the bond was issued, and the bond now is selling at 116.575 % of
par, or `1,165.75. Determine the yield to maturity (YTM) of this bond for Mr. X.
Answer: 8.22%

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CHAPTER 6

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