54.

) According to the problem:

The mean-square displacement is equal to 6,
where D is the diffusion constant

The root-mean-square displacement is equal to 6.

Now we must calculate the root-mean-square displacement of a few
molecules/atoms with different diffusion constants at 25C and after 1.00 hr.

First, we convert 1.00 hr to a better unit (seconds)

60 60
1.00

= 3600

a.) The first molecule we calculate is oxygen molecule in air
( = 2.1 10!! ! !! )

6 = 6 2.1 10!! ! !! 3600 = 0.45

b.) The second molecule we calculate is a molecule in liquid water
( = 2.26 10!! ! !! )

6 = 6 2.26 10!! ! !! 3600 = 4.88 10!!

c.) The third is an atom in solid sodium
( = 5.8 10!!" ! !! )

6 = 6 5.8 10!!" ! !! 3600 = 1.25 10!!


58.) We heat a sample of water from 0.0C to 4.0C and its density increases from
0.99987 to 1.00000 g cm!! . We then need to find its coefficient of thermal
expansion in this temperature range.

!
!!
The coefficient of thermal expansion is defined as = !
. We assume we
!!
!"!#!$%

have 1g of water for this problem and thus:

= !"#$% !"!#!$% = 4.0 + 273 (0.0 + 273) = 4
1
!"!#!$% =
= 1.00013 !
0.99987 !!

1
1
= !"#$% !"!#!$% =

1.00000 !! 0.99987 !!

= 1.00000 ! 1.00013 ! = 1.3 10!! !

Now we combine everything:

1

1
1.3 10!! !
=
=
= 3.25 10!! !!
!"!#!$%
1.00013 !
4

This is an interesting result due to the fact that we have a NEGATIVE coefficient of
thermal expansion in this temperature range. This is due to the strong hydrogen
bond formation at lower temperatures which creates a less dense structure.


62.) The problem goes as follows:




!"#$%"&
!"#$%"&
!"! = !"#
+ !"#$"% !"#$%
= 0.980
!"! = !"# = 1.000

=
3.75
Remove
L
iquid
V
apor

= 6.00


T
=

-
50C
T = 25C





So in order to find out what the vapor pressure is of our unknown liquid, we need ti
!"#$%"&
find out what the !"#$"% !"#$%
is.

!"#$%"&
To do this, we need to know what !"#
is.

!"#$%"&
So, what is !"#
?

!"#$%"&
!"#
=

where

after the liquid vapor is removed.

A simple calculations shows:
1.000 3.75
=
= 0.205
0.082 !! !! 50 + 273

Thus

!"#$%"&
!"#

0.205 0.082 !! !! 25 + 273

=
=
= 0.835

6.00

and thus:


Thus

!"#$%"&
!"#$%"&
!"#$"% !"#$%
= 0.980 !"#
= 0.145

= .




65.) Ordinary laboratory conditions are Room Temperature (~25C or 298 K) and
~1 atm of Pressure.

As you put your CO2 (S) ( 194.5 K) into ethanol (298 K), the CO2 (S) will start to
sublimate. This will appear as if the ethanol solution is boiling, however, this is just
due to CO2 (g) being released.

Eventually, the two materials will reach equilibrium (at ~194.5 K) and the solution
will stop bubbling off CO2 (g) as the solution is cold enough to keep CO2 in the solid
form. mol-1



67.) From the problem:

8

! =
! =

= 3
!
27
27
!

= 0.082 !! !!
for Oxygen:
= 1.360 ! !! = 0.03183 !!
Thus:
8
8 1.360 ! !!
! =
=
= 154.39
27 27 0.082 !! !! 0.03183 !!

1.360 ! !!
! =
=
= 49.72
27 ! 27 0.03183 !! !

= 3 = 3 0.03183 !! = 0.09549 !!
!

for Carbon Dioxide:

= 3.952 ! !! = 0.04267 !!
Thus:
8
8 3.952 ! !!
! =
=
= 334.662
27 27 0.082 !! !! 0.04267 !!

3.952 ! !!
! =
=
= 80.391
27 ! 27 0.04267 !! !

= 3 = 3 0.04267 !! = 0.12801 !!
!

for Water:
= 5.464 ! !! = 0.03049 !!
Thus:
8
8 5.464 ! !!
! =
=
= 647.539
27 27 0.082 !! !! 0.03049 !!

5.464 ! !!
! =
=
= 217.687
27 ! 27 0.03049 !! !

= 3 = 3 0.03049 !! = 0.09147 !!
!

For comparison:

Critical
Van de Waals Figure 10.23 Problem 66

Oxygen
Temperature 154.39 K
N/A
154.6 K
Pressure
49.72 atm
N/A
49.8 atm

0.09549 L mol-
Volume
1
N/A
N/A






Carbon
Dioxide Temperature
334.662
K
~310
K
N/A
Pressure
80.391 atm
~80 atm
N/A

0.12801 L mol-
Volume
1
N/A
N/A






Water
Temperature
647.539
K
~650
K
N/A
Pressure
217.687 atm
~200 atm
N/A

0.09147 L mol-
Volume
1
N/A
N/A

69.)
a.)

Taken from Equations of state and phase diagrams. L. Glasser (2002) J. Chem.
Educ. 79: 874-876.

b.) You would find that the liquid and solid phases are switched:

Taken from Water, water, everywhere: Phase diagrams of ordinary water substance.
L. Glasser (2004) J. Chem. Educ. 81: 414-418.