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CHAPTER 11: ROAD SAFETY
Road safety has always been a much neglected factor in geometric design of roads
in Malaysia compared to other developed countries. According to JKR (n.d), attention to
road safety should be emphasied, as it is the responsibility of the designer to provide a
safe road environment for users to avoid catastrophic accidents.
!he capability of roadway to safely and efficiently serve vehicular traffic are
depend on the ade"uacy of traffic control devices. According to #owman ($%%&), the
benefit of traffic control devices uniformity include increasing safety by providing road
user with re"uired information for vehicle guidance or control such as signs. According to
'ederal (ighway Administration ()*+&), the uses of warning devices is to indicate the
presence of geometric features with potential haard, to define ma,or changes in roadway
character, to mar- obstructions or other physical haards in or near roadway, to inform
road user of regulatory control ahead and to advice the road user of appropriate actions.
A good design of highway is one where drivers are given enough sight stopping
distance, turning in curves are not too sharp, sufficient lane width, drivers are able to
predict incoming vehicles and any changes in the road and ultimately an optimum design
is encouraged rather than ,ust providing minimum design.
11.1 Road Markings
Road mar-ings are a traffic sign in the form and design of a mar-ing on the surface of the
road. Road mar-ings on paved roadways are used to provide guidance and information
for the road users. All road mar-ings should be designed in design, position and
application so that they may be recognised and understood immediately by all road users.
.n all designs of highway, edge line mar-ings will be applied to distinguish the through
lane and marginal strip. /ine mar-ings between lanes will also be applied.
Road pavements can be mar-ed by one or more of the following materials 0
a) 1aint
b) !hermoplastics
c) 1reformed tapes
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'igure )).)2) 0 34ample of road mar-ing
.n this pro,ect, we are following !e-ni- Arahan Jalan published by Jabatan Ker,a Raya
(JKR) in to do all the road mar-ing and delineation. 5ome of those figures are on ne4t
page.
'igure )).)2$0 /ongitudinal /ine
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'igure )).)2&0 6entre /ine for 7ertical 6urve
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'igure )).)280 !he center line for horiontal curve
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'igure )).)290 1avement Mar-ing at 5top 5ign
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'igure )).)2:0 1avement ;irection Arrows
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'igure )).)2<0 !ypical ;elineator .nstallation
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11.2 Signboard
11.2.1 Projec Signboards:
1ro,ect signboards should be erected by the contractor complying with the design
and specification shown by JKR 5tandard 5pecification for Road =or-s prior to any
construction wor-s at the site location.
'igure )).$2) 0 34ample of pro,ect signboard on site
11.2.2 S!eed "i#i Signage
5peed limit signage is used to control the allowable ma4imum speeds of vehicles
going through the stretch of highway designed. #y providing speed limit signs, we can
guide road users on the suggested speed of their vehicles to avoid tragic accidents.
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'igure )).$2$ 0 34ample of speed limit sign board
11.2.$ Direcion Signboard
;irection signboards are set up to guide road users on the name of the stretch of
road they are currently driving in as well as letting them identify the places where they
intend to go.
'igure 'igure )).$2&0 34ample of direction signboard
11.$ %&ard Rai"
=e are propose to use the guardrails to prevent out of control vehicles from
falling over the side. 'or our road, we proposed to install the guardrail along the
horiontal curve in order to protect the vehicles from accidental falls while go through the
curve. According to !raffic Manual (n.d), guard rail is installed to reduced the severity
run2off2road accident by redirecting a vhicle away from emban-ment slopes or fi4ed
ob,ects and dissipating the energy of the errant vehicle.
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'igure )).&2) 0 34ample of guard rail
11.' Road(a) "ig*ing
1roperly designed and installed roadway lighting can result in significant reduction in
night time traffic accident. According to =atson > #owman ($%%&), roadway lighting
increased traffic safety by enhancing the visibility of potential roadway haards, other
vehicles, pedestrians and roadway geometrics. .t should be noted that properly designed
and installed roadway lighting can result in roadway facilities operating almost as
efficiently and safely at night as during the day time.
'igure )).82) 0 /ocation lighting installation
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'igure )).82$ 0 34ample of roadway lighting
11.+ S"o!e Proecion
'igure )).92) 0 Area that need for slope protection
5lope stability can be usually described as the inherent structural integrity of a slope to
resist failure. As stated by ?am, ;.=. (n.d), is the ability of a slope to resist stress e4cess
to what is normally acceptable for the material property of the soil or roc- inherent to the
construction slope. 5lope movement such as translational or rotational slope failures
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occur when sheer stress e4ceeds sheer strength of the materials forming the slope ( @ray
> /eiser, )*+$).
'or slope protection, we would li-e to propose to use vegetation for preventing and
controlling erosion and for slope stabiliation. According Ali, 'arshchi, MaAau > Rees
($%)$), slope may be man made as in cut and fills for highways and railways and earth
dams or naturally formed as hillsides or stream ban-s.
1roperly designed and planted vegetative covers play a significant role in
preventing surface erosion and shallow mass failures. !he function of root systems of live
plants on shallow soils on steep slopes is that of a binder for individual soil particles or
aggregates. !he root system act in several ways to increase the slope stability by bonding
the unstable soil mantles to stable subsoils or substrata rather than using the retaining
wall. .t is better using vegetation as a slope protection as we want to preserve the
environmental value.
'igure )).92$ 0 34ample of slope protection by using vegetation cover
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'igure )).92& 0 6ross2section of slope protection