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only
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5.44 A 20-mm-diameter by 3.5-m-long steel rod (1)
is stress free after being attached to rigid supports,
as shown in Fig. P5.44. At A, a 25-mm-diameter
bolt is used to connect the rod to the support.
Determine the normal stress in steel rod (1) and the
shear stress in bolt A after the temperature drops
60C. Use E = 200 GPa and = 11.9 10
6
/C.
Fig. P5.44
Solution
Section properties: For the 20-mm-diameter rod, the cross-sectional area is:

2 2
1
(20 mm) 314.1593 mm
4
A

= =
Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationship
The relationship between internal force, temperature change, and deformation of an axial member is:

1 1
1 1 1
1 1
F L
e T L
A E
= +

Since the rod is attached to rigid supports, e
1
= 0.

1 1
1 1
1 1
0
F L
T L
A E
+ =
Thus, the force produced in the rod by the temperature drop is:

1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
6 2 2
(11.9 10 / C)( 60 C)(314.1593 mm )(200, 000 N/mm )
44, 861.95 N
A E
F T L T A E
L

= =
=
=

The normal stress in the steel rod is:

1 2
44, 861.95 N
142.8 MPa (T)
314.1593 mm
= = Ans.

The 25-mm-diameter bolt has a cross-sectional area of:

2 2
bolt
(25 mm) 490.8739 mm
4
A

= =
Since the bolt is loaded in double shear, the shear stress in the bolt is

bolt 2
44, 861.95 N
45.7 MPa
2(490.8439 mm )
= = Ans.






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5.45 A 1.5-in.-diameter by 30-ft-long steel rod (1) is
stress free after being attached to rigid supports. A
clevis-and-bolt connection, as shown in Fig. P5.45,
connects the rod with the support at A. The normal
stress in the steel rod must be limited to 24 ksi, and
the shear stress in the bolt must be limited to 42 ksi.
Assume E = 29,000 ksi and = 6.6 10
6
/F and
determine:
(a) the temperature decrease that can be safely
accommodated by rod (1) based on the allowable
normal stress.
(b) the minimum required diameter D for the bolt at
A for the temperature decrease found in part (a).
Fig. P5.45
Solution
Section properties: For the 1.5-in.-diameter rod, the cross-sectional area is:

2 2
1
(1.5 in.) 1.7671 in.
4
A

= =
Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationship
The relationship between internal force, temperature change, and deformation of an axial member is:

1 1
1 1 1
1 1
F L
e T L
A E
= +
Since the rod is attached to rigid supports, e
1
= 0.

1 1
1 1
1 1
0
F L
T L
A E
+ =
which can also be expressed in terms of the rod normal stress:

1
1 1 1
1
0
L
T L
E
+ =
Solve for T corresponding to a 24 ksi normal stress in the steel rod:

1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
6
1
24 ksi
125.4 F
(6.6 10 / F)(29,000 ksi)
L
T
E L E

= =
= =

Ans.

The normal force in the steel rod is:

2
1
(24 ksi)(1.7671 in. ) 42.4104 kips F = =
If the allowable shear stress in the bolt is 42 ksi, the minimum diameter required for the double shear
bolt is

2 2
bolt
bolt
42.4104 kips
2 1.009771 in.
4 42 ksi
0.802 in.
D
D

=


Ans.


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5.46 A steel [E = 200 GPa and = 11.910
-6
/C] rod containing a turnbuckle has its ends attached
to rigid walls. During the summer when the temperature is 28C, the turnbuckle is tightened to
produce a stress in the rod of 25 MPa. Determine the stress in the rod in the winter when the
temperature is 30C[tap3].
Solution
The normal strain in the rod can be expressed as:
T
E

= +
Since the rod is attached to rigid walls, the rod strain after the temperature change is = 0.
0 T
E

= + =
The change in temperature between the summer and winter is

winter summer
30 C 28 C 58 C T T T = = =
Solve for the stress increase created by the 58C drop in temperature.

6
(11.9 10 / C)( 58 C)(200,000 MPa) 138.04 MPa (T)
T E

=
= =

In the summer, the rod had a tension normal stress of 25 MPa; therefore, the rod stress in the winter is:

winter
25 MPa 138.04 MPa 163.0 MPa (T) = + = Ans.




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5.47 A high-density polyethylene [E = 120 ksi and = 78
10
6
/F] block (1) is positioned in a fixture as shown in Fig.
P5.47. The block is 2-in. by 2-in. by 32-in.-long. At room
temperature, a gap of 0.10 in. exists between the block and
the rigid support at B. Determine:
(a) the normal stress in the block caused by a temperature
increase of 100F.
(b) the normal strain in block (1) at the increased
temperature.

Fig. P5.47
Solution
If the polyethylene block were completely free to elongate, a temperature change of 100F would cause
an elongation of

6
1 1 1
(78 10 / F)(100 F)(32 in.) 0.2496 in. e T L

= = =
Since this elongation is greater than the 0.10-in. gap, the temperature change will cause the polyethylene
block to contact the support at B, which will create normal stress in the block.

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationship
The relationship between the internal force, temperature change, and the deformation of an axial
member is:

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
F L
e T L
A E
= +
In this situation, the elongation of member (1) equals the 0.10-in. gap:

1 1
1 1 1
1 1
0.10 in.
F L
T L
A E
+ =
This relationship can be stated in terms of normal stress as

1 1
1 1 1
1
0.10 in.
L
T L
E

+ =
(a) Normal stress: The normal stress in the block due to the 100F temperature increase is:

[ ]
1
1 1 1 1
1
6
0.10 in.
120 ksi
0.10 in. (78 10 / F)(100 F)(32 in.) 0.561 ksi 561 psi (C)
32 in.
E
T L
L

=
= = =

Ans.
(b) Normal strain: The normal strain in the polyethylene block is:

1
1
1
0.10 in.
0.003125 in./in. 3,125
32 in.
e
L
= = = = Ans.

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5.48 The assembly shown in Fig. P5.48 consists of a
brass shell (1) fully bonded to a ceramic core (2). The
brass shell [E = 15,000 ksi, = 9.8 10
6
/F] has an
outside diameter of 2.00 in. and an inside diameter of
1.25 in. The ceramic core [E = 42,000 ksi, = 1.7
10
6
/F] has a diameter of 1.25 in. At a temperature of
60F, the assembly is unstressed. Determine the
largest temperature increase that is acceptable for the
assembly if the normal stress in the longitudinal
direction of the brass shell must not exceed 21 ksi.


Fig. P5.48
Solution
Section properties: The cross-sectional areas of brass shell (1) and ceramic core (2) are:

2 2 2 2 2
1 2
(2.00 in.) (1.25 in.) 1.9144 in. (1.25 in.) 1.2272 in.
4 4
A A

= = = =



Equilibrium
Consider a FBD cut through the assembly. Sum forces in the
horizontal direction to obtain:

1 2 2 1
0
x
F F F F F = = = (a)


Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships
The relationship between internal force, temperature change, and deformation of an axial member can be
stated for members (1) and (2):

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
For this configuration, the elongations of both members will be equal; therefore,

1 2
e e = (c)

Compatibility Equation
Substitute the force-deformation relationships (b) into the geometry of deformation relationship (c) to
derive the compatibility equation:

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ = + (d)

Solve the Equations
Since a limiting stress is specified for brass shell (1), express Eq. (d) in terms of normal stress:

1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2
L L
T L T L
E E
+ = + (e)
Based on Eq. (a), the normal stress
2
can be expressed in terms of
1
as:

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2 1 1 1 1
2 1
2 2 2 1 2
F F F A A
A A A A A
= = = =
Substitute this expression into Eq. (e) to obtain

1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2 2
1 2 2
L A L
T L T L
E A E
+ = +
Rearrange terms

1 1 2
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
1 2 2
( )
L A L
T L T L L L T
E A E


+ = =



and solve for T, recognizing that both the shell and the core have the same length:

1 1 2 1
1 1
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 1 1 2 1
1 1 L A L A
E A E E A E
T
L L



+ +


= =

(f)

Substitute the problem data into Eq. (f) to compute T that will produce a normal stress of 21 ksi in the
brass shell:

2
2
6 6
1 1.9144 in. 1
( 21 ksi)
15, 000 ksi 1.2272 in. 42, 000 ksi
1.7 10 / F 9.8 10 / F
269.1319 F
T


+


=

=

Since the problem asks for the largest temperature increase,

max
269 F T = Ans.


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5.49 At a temperature of 60F, a 0.04-in. gap exists between the ends of the two bars shown in Fig.
P5.49. Bar (1) is an aluminum alloy [E = 10,000 ksi, = 0.32, = 12.5 10
6
/F] bar with a width of 3
in. and a thickness of 0.75 in. Bar (2) is a stainless steel [E = 28,000 ksi, = 0.12, = 9.6 10
6
/F] bar
with a width of 2 in. and a thickness of 0.75 in. The supports at A and C are rigid. Determine:
(a) the lowest temperature at which the
two bars contact each other.
(b) the normal stress in the two bars at a
temperature of 250F.
(c) the normal strain in the two bars at
250F.
(d) the change in width of the aluminum
bar at a temperature of 250F.

Fig. P5.49
Solution
(a) Lowest Contact Temperature
Before the gap is closed, only thermal strains and the associated axial elongations exist. Write
expressions for the temperature-induced elongations and set this equal to the 0.04-in. gap:
[ ]
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
-6 -6
1 1 2 2
0.04 in.
0.04 in.
0.04 in. 0.04 in.
48.6381F
(12.5 10 / F)(32 in.) (9.6 10 / F)(44 in.)
T L T L
T L L
T
L L



+ =
+ =
= = =
+ +

Since the initial temperature is 60F, the temperature at which the gap is closed is 108.6F. Ans.

(b) Equilibrium
From the results obtained for part (a), we know that the gap will be closed at 250F, making this a
statically indeterminate axial configuration. Knowing this, consider a FBD at joint B.
Assume that both internal axial forces will be tension, even
though we know intuitively that both F
1
and F
2
will turn out
to be compression.

1 2
0
x
F F F = + = (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships
The relationship between the internal force, temperature change, and the deformation of an axial
member can be stated for members (1) and (2):

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
For this configuration, the sum of the elongations of members (1) and (2) must equal the initial gap:

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1 2
0.04 in. e e + = (c)

Compatibility Equation
Substitute the force-temperature-deformation relationships (b) into the geometry of deformation
relationship (c) to derive the compatibility equation:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0.04 in.
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ + + = (d)

Solve the Equations
This part is no fun, but it must be done. From Eq. (a), F
1
= F
2
. Substituting this into Eq. (d) gives:

1 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1
1 2
1 1 2 2
0.04 in.
0.04 in.
0.04 in.
0.04 in.
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
L L
F T L T L
A E A E
T L T L
F
L L
A E A E




+ + + =
+ =

+ =



=

+


(e)

For this structure, the lengths, areas, and elastic moduli are given below. The temperature change is the
same for both members; therefore, T
1
= T
2
= T = 190F:

1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
6 6
1 2
32 in. 44 in.
(3 in.)(0.75 in.) 2.25 in. (2 in.)(0.75 in.) 1.50 in.
10, 000 ksi 28, 000 ksi
12.5 10 / F 9.6 10 / F
L L
A A
E E


= =
= = = =
= =
= =

Substitute these values into Eq. (e) and calculate F
1
= 47.0702 kips. Backsubstitute into Eq. (a) to
calculate F
2
= 47.0702 kips. Note that the internal forces are compression, as expected.

Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each axial member can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
2
2 2
2
47.0702 kips
20.9201 ksi 20.9 ksi (C)
2.25 in.
47.0702 kips
31.3801 ksi 31.4 ksi (C)
1.50 in.
F
A
F
A

= = = =

= = = = Ans.

(c) Normal Strains
The force-temperature-deformation relationships were expressed in Eq. (b). By definition, = e/L.
Therefore, the normal strain for each axial member can be determined by dividing the relationships in
Eq. (b) by the respective member lengths:

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1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F F
T T
AE A E
= + = + (f)
Substitute the appropriate values to calculate the normal strains in each member:

1
1 1 1
1 1
6
2
47.0702 kips
(12.5 10 / F)(190 F)
(2.25 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
0.000283 in./in. 283
F
T
A E

= +

= +
= = Ans.


2
2 2 2
2 2
6
2
47.0702 kips
(9.6 10 / F)(190 F)
(1.50 in. )(28, 000 ksi)
0.000703 in./in. 703
F
T
A E

= +

= +
= = Ans.

(d) The change in width of the aluminum bar (1) is caused partly by the Poisson effect and partly by the
temperature change. The longitudinal strain in the aluminum bar caused by the internal force F
1
is:

6 1
long, 2
1 1
47.0702 kips
2, 092.01 10 in./in.
(2.25 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
F
A E

= = =
The accompanying lateral strain due to the Poisson effect is thus

6 6
lat, long,
(0.32)( 2, 092.01 10 in./in.) 669.44 10 in./in.



= = =
The lateral strain caused by the temperature change is

6 6
lat, 1 1
(12.5 10 / F)(190 F) 2, 375 10 in./in.
T
T

= = =
Therefore, the total lateral strain in aluminum bar (1) is

lat lat, lat,
6 6 6
669.44 10 in./in. 2, 375 10 in./in. 3, 044.44 10 in./in.
T


= +
= + =

The change is width of the aluminum bar is thus

6
lat
width (width) (3, 044.44 10 in./in.)(3 in.) 0.00913 in.

= = = Ans.



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5.50 At a temperature of 5C, a 3-mm gap
exists between two polymer bars and a rigid
support, as shown in Fig. P5.50. Bar (1) is 50-
mm wide and 20-mm thick [E = 800 MPa, =
140 10
6
/C]. Bar (2) is 75mm-wide and 25-
mm thick [E = 2.7 GPa, = 67 10
6
/C] bar.
The supports at A and C are rigid. Determine:
(a) the lowest temperature at which the 3-mm
gap is closed.
(b) the normal stress in the two bars at a
temperature of 60C.
(c) the normal strain in the two bars at 60C.


Fig. P5.50
Solution
(a) Before the gap is closed, only thermal strains and the associated axial elongations exist. Write
expressions for the temperature-induced elongations and set this equal to the 3-mm gap:
[ ]
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
-6 -6
1 1 2 2
3 mm
3 mm
3 mm 3 mm
30.99C
(140 10 / C)(500 mm) (67 10 / C)(400 mm)
T L T L
T L L
T
L L



+ =
+ =
= = =
+ +

Since the initial temperature is 5C, the temperature at which the gap is closed is 35.99C = 36.0C. Ans.

Equilibrium
(b) From the results obtained for part (a), we know that the gap will be closed at 60C, making this a
statically indeterminate axial configuration. Knowing this, consider a FBD at joint B.
Assume that both internal axial forces will be tension, even
though we know intuitively that both F
1
and F
2
will turn out
to be compression.

1 2
0
x
F F F = + = (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships
The relationship between the internal force, temperature change, and the deformation of an axial
member can be stated for members (1) and (2):

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
For this configuration, the sum of the elongations of members (1) and (2) must equal the initial gap:

1 2
3 mm e e + = (c)

Compatibility Equation
Substitute the force-temperature-deformation relationships (b) into the geometry of deformation
relationship (c) to derive the compatibility equation:

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1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
3 mm
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ + + = (d)

Solve the Equations
This part is no fun, but it must be done. From Eq. (a), F
1
= F
2
. Substituting this into Eq. (d) gives:

1 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1
1 2
1 1 2 2
3 mm
3 mm
3 mm
3 mm
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
L L
F T L T L
A E A E
T L T L
F
L L
A E A E




+ + + =
+ =

+ =



=

+


(e)

For this structure, the lengths, areas, and elastic moduli are given below. The temperature change is the
same for both members; therefore, T
1
= T
2
= T = 55C:

1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
6 6
1 2
500 mm 400 mm
(50 mm)(20 mm) 1, 000 mm (75 mm)(25 mm) 1,875 mm
800 MPa 2, 700 MPa
140 10 / C 67 10 / C
L L
A A
E E


= =
= = = =
= =
= =

Substitute these values into Eq. (e) and calculate F
1
= 3.30108 kN. Backsubstitute into Eq. (a) to
calculate F
2
= 3.30108 kN. Note that the internal forces are compression, as expected.

Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each axial member can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
2
2 2
2
( 3.30108 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
3.30 MPa 3.30 MPa (C)
1,000 mm
( 3.30108 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
1.761 MPa 1.761 MPa (C)
1,875 mm
F
A
F
A

= = = =

= = = = Ans.

Normal Strains
The force-temperature-deformation relationships were expressed in Eq. (b). By definition, = e/L.
Therefore, the normal strain for each axial member can be determined by dividing the relationships in
Eq. (b) by the respective member lengths:

1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F F
T T
AE A E
= + = + (f)
Substitute the appropriate values to calculate the normal strains in each member:

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1
1 1 1
1 1
6
2 2
( 3.30108 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
(140 10 / C)(55 C)
(1,000 mm )(800 N/mm )
0.00357365 mm/mm 3, 570
F
T
A E

= +

= +
= = Ans.


2
2 2 2
2 2
6
2 2
( 3.30108 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
(67 10 / C)(55 C)
(1,875 mm )(2, 700 N/mm )
0.00303294 mm/mm 3, 030
F
T
A E

= +

= +
= = Ans.




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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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5.51 At a temperature of 5C, a 3-mm gap exists
between the ends of the two polymer bars
shown in Fig. P5.51. Bar (1) is 50-mm wide and
20-mm thick [E = 800 MPa, = 140 10
6
/C].
Bar (2) is 75-mm wide and 25-mm thick [E =
2.7 GPa, = 67 10
6
/C] bar. The supports at
A and C are rigid. Determine:
(a) the temperature at which the normal stress in
bar (2) will be equal to 3.0 MPa.
(b) the lengths of the two polymer bars at this
temperature.

Fig. P5.51
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD at joint B. Assume that both internal axial
forces will be tension, even though we know intuitively that
both F
1
and F
2
will turn out to be compression.

1 2
0
x
F F F = + = (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships
The relationship between the internal force, temperature change, and the deformation of an axial
member can be stated for members (1) and (2):

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
For this configuration, the sum of the elongations of members (1) and (2) must equal the initial gap:

1 2
3 mm e e + = (c)

Compatibility Equation
Substitute the force-temperature-deformation relationships (b) into the geometry of deformation
relationship (c) to derive the compatibility equation:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
3 mm
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ + + = (d)

(a) Temperature that produces 3 MPa in bar (2)
Since a limiting stress is specified for bar (2), express Eq. (d) in terms of normal stress:

1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2
3 mm
L L
T L T L
E E
+ + + = (e)
Based on Eq. (a), the normal stress
1
can be expressed in terms of
2
as:

1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 2 1
F F F A A
A A A A A
= = = =
Substitute this expression into Eq. (e) to obtain

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2 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2
3 mm
A L L
T L T L
A E E
+ + + =
Rearrange terms

2 1 2
1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2
3 mm
A L L
T L T L
A E E
+ =
and solve for T:

2 1 2
2
1 1 2
1 1 2 2
3 mm
A L L
A E E
T
L L

+


=
+
(f)

For this structure, the lengths, areas, and elastic moduli are given below:

1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
6 6
1 2
500 mm 400 mm
(50 mm)(20 mm) 1, 000 mm (75 mm)(25 mm) 1,875 mm
800 MPa 2, 700 MPa
140 10 / C 67 10 / C
L L
A A
E E


= =
= = = =
= =
= =

Substitute these values into Eq. (f) and calculate T:

2
2
6 6
1, 875 mm 500 mm 400 mm
3 mm ( 3 MPa)
1, 000 mm 800 MPa 2, 700 MPa
71.9015 C
(140 10 / C)(500 mm) (67 10 / C)(400 mm)
T


+


= =
+


Since the bars were initially at a temperature of 5C, the temperature at which the normal stress in bar
(2) reaches 3 MPa is
5C 71.9015 C 76.9 C T = + = Ans.

(b) Lengths of bars (1) and (2)
The corresponding normal stress in bar (1) is:

2
2
1 2 2
1
1,875 mm
( 3 MPa) 5.625 MPa
1, 000 mm
A
A
= = =
Thus, the elongation of bar (1) is

6 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
( 5.625 MPa)(500 mm)
(140 10 / C)(71.9015C)(500 mm) 1.5175 mm
800 MPa
L
e T L
E

= + = + =
The elongation of bar (2) is

6 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
( 3 MPa)(400 mm)
(67 10 / C)(71.9015C)(400 mm) 1.4825 mm
2,700 MPa
L
e T L
E

= + = + =

The lengths of bars (1) and (2) are thus:

1
500 mm 1.5175 mm 501.52 mm L = + = Ans.

2
400 mm 1.4825 mm 401.48 mm L = + = Ans.



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5.52 The axial assembly shown in Fig. P5.52
consists of a solid 1in.diameter aluminum alloy
rod (1) [E = 10,000 ksi, = 0.32, = 12.5
10
6
/F] and a solid 1.5in.diameter bronze rod (2)
[E = 15,000 ksi, = 0.15, = 9.4 10
-6
/F]. If
the supports at A and C are rigid and the assembly
is stress free at 0F, determine:
(a) the normal stress in both rods at 160F.
(b) the displacement of flange B.
(c) the change in diameter of the aluminum rod.

Fig. P5.52
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD at joint B. Assume that both internal
axial forces will be tension.

1 2 1 2
0
x
F F F F F = + = = (a)


Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship

1 2
0 e e + = (c)

Compatibility Equation

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ + + = (d)

Solve the Equations
From Eq. (a), F
1
= F
2
. The temperature change is the same for both members; therefore, T
1
= T
2
=
T. Eq. (d) then can be written as:

1 1 1 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
0
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ + + =
Solving for F
1
:

[ ]
[ ]
1 1 1 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
1 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
L L
F T L L
A E A E
T L L
F
L L
A E A E



+ =

+ = +


+
=

+


(e)

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For this structure, the lengths, areas, and elastic moduli are given below.

1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
6 6
1 2
15 in. 22 in.
(1 in.) 0.7854 in. (1.5 in.) 1.7671 in.
4 4
10, 000 ksi 15, 000 ksi
12.5 10 / F 9.4 10 / F
L L
A A
E E



= =
= = = =
= =
= =

Substitute these values along with T = +160F into Eq. (e) and calculate F
1
= 23.0263 kips. From Eq.
(a), F
2
= F
1
= 23.0263 kips.

(a) Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each rod can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
23.0263 kips
29.318 ksi 29.3 ksi (C)
0.7854 in.
F
A

= = = = Ans.

2
2 2
2
23.0263 kips
13.030 ksi 13.03 ksi (C)
1.7671 in.
F
A

= = = = Ans.

(b) Displacement of Flange B
The displacement of flange B is equal to the elongation (i.e., contraction in this instance) of rod (1). The
elongation of rod (1) is given by:

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
6
2
( 23.0263 kips)(15 in.)
(12.5 10 / F)(160F)(15 in.) 0.013977 in.
(0.7854 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
F L
e T L
A E

= +

= + =
The displacement of flange B is thus:

1
0.01398 in.
B
u e = =

(c) Change in diameter of the aluminum rod
The change in diameter of aluminum rod (1) is caused partly by the Poisson effect and partly by the
temperature change. The longitudinal strain in the aluminum rod caused by the internal force F
1
is:

6 1
long, 2
1 1
23.0263 kips
2, 931.78 10 in./in.
(0.7854 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
F
A E

= = =
The accompanying lateral strain due to the Poisson effect is thus

6 6
lat, long,
(0.32)( 2, 931.78 10 in./in.) 938.17 10 in./in.



= = =
The lateral strain caused by the temperature change is

6 6
lat, 1 1
(12.5 10 / F)(160 F) 2, 000 10 in./in.
T
T

= = =
Therefore, the total lateral strain in aluminum rod (1) is

lat lat, lat,
6 6 6
938.17 10 in./in. 2, 000 10 in./in. 2, 938.17 10 in./in.
T


= +
= + =
The change in diameter of the aluminum rod is thus

6
1 lat 1
(2, 938.17 10 in./in.)(1 in.) 0.00294 in. D D

= = = Ans.


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5.53 A load of P = 170 kN is supported by a structure
consisting of rigid bar ABC, two identical solid bronze [E =
100 GPa, = 16.9 10
6
/C] rods, and a solid steel [E = 200
GPa, = 11.910
6
/C] rod, as shown in Fig. P5.53. The
bronze rods (1) each have a diameter of 20 mm and they are
symmetrically positioned relative to the center rod (2) and
the applied load P. Steel rod (2) has a diameter of 24 mm.
The bars are unstressed when the structure is assembled at
40C. When the temperature decreases to 10C, determine:
(a) the normal stresses in the bronze and steel rods.
(b) the normal strains in the bronze and steel rods.
(c) the downward deflection of rigid bar ABC.
Fig. P5.53
Solution
Equilibrium: By virtue of symmetry, the forces in the two
bronze rods (1) are identical. Consider a FBD of the rigid bar.
Sum forces in the vertical direction to obtain:

1 2
2 0
y
F F F P = + = (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships: The
relationship between internal force, temperature change, and
deformation can be stated for members (1) and (2):

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations: For this configuration, the deflections of joints A, B, and C are equal:

A B C
v v v = = (c)
All pin connections are ideal; therefore, the deflection of joints A and C will cause an identical
elongation of rods (1):

1 A
v e = (d)
and the rigid bar deflection v
B
will cause an identical elongation of rod (2):

2 B
v e = (e)
Substitute Eqs. (d) and (e) into Eq. (c) to obtain the geometry of deformation equation:

1 2
e e = (f)

Compatibility Equation: Substitute the force-deformation relationships (b) into the geometry of
deformation relationship (f) to derive the compatibility equation:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ = + (g)

Solve the Equations: For this situation, T
1
= T
2
= T. Solve Eq. (g) for F
2
:

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[ ]
1 1 2 2
2 1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2
1 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
F L A E
F T L T L
AE L
L A E A E
F T L L
L A E L



= +


= +
Substitute this expression into Eq. (a)
[ ]
1 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
2
L A E A E
F F T L L P
L A E L
+ + =
and derive an expression for F
1
:

[ ]
[ ]
1 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
2
1
1 2 2
2 1 1
2
2
L A E A E
F P T L L
L A E L
A E
P T L L
L
F
L A E
L A E



+ =



=
+
(h)
For this structure, P = 170 kN = 170,000 N, and the lengths, areas, and elastic moduli are given below:

1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
6 6
1 2
2, 400 mm 1,800 mm
(20 mm) 314.1593 mm (24 mm) 452.3893 mm
4 4
100, 000 MPa 200, 000 MPa
16.9 10 / C 11.9 10 / C
L L
A A
E E



= =
= = = =
= =
= =

Substitute these values along with T = 50C into Eq. (h) and calculate F
1
:
[ ]
2 2
1 1 2 2
2
1
1 2 2
2 1 1
2 2
6 6
2
2
2
(452.3893 mm )(200, 000 N/mm )
(170, 000 N) ( 50 C) (16.9 10 )(2, 400) (11.9 10 )(1,800)
1, 800 mm
2, 400 mm 452.3893 mm 200, 000 MPa
2
1, 800 mm 314.1593 mm 1
A E
P T L L
L
F
L A E
L A E



=
+


=

+


00, 000 MPa
37, 346.59 N



=
Backsubstitute this result into Eq. (a) to calculate F
2
= 95,306.83 N.

(a) Normal Stresses: The normal stresses in each rod can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
37, 346.59 N
118.9 MPa
314.1593 mm
F
A
= = = Ans.


2
2 2
2
95,306.83 N
211 MPa
452.3893 mm
F
A
= = = Ans.


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(b) Normal Strains: The force-temperature-deformation relationships were expressed in Eq. (b). By
definition, = e/L. Therefore, the normal strain for each axial member can be determined by dividing
the relationships in Eq. (b) by the respective member lengths:

1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F F
T T
AE A E
= + = + (f)
Substitute the appropriate values to calculate the normal strains in each member:

1
1 1 1
1 1
6
2 2
37, 346.59 N
(16.9 10 / C)( 50 C)
(314.1593 mm )(100, 000 N/mm )
0.0003438 mm/mm 344
F
T
A E

= +
= +
= = Ans.


2
2 2 2
2 2
6
2 2
95, 306.83 N
(11.9 10 / C)( 50 C)
(452.3893 mm )(200, 000 N/mm )
0.0004584 mm/mm 458
F
T
A E

= +
= +
= = Ans.

(c) Rigid bar deflection: The downward deflection of the rigid bar can be determined from the
elongation of rods (1):

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
6
2
(37, 346.59 N)(2,400 mm)
(16.9 10 / C)( 50C)(2, 400 mm)
(314.1593 mm )(100, 000 MPa)
0.825 mm
B
F L
v e T L
A E

= = +
= +
= Ans.



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5.54 A solid aluminum [E = 70 GPa, = 22.5
10
6
/C] rod (1) is connected to a solid bronze
[E = 100 GPa, = 16.9 10
6
/C] rod at flange
B, as shown in Fig. P5.54. Aluminum rod (1)
has an outside diameter of 40 mm and bronze
rod (2) has an outside diameter of 120 mm. The
bars are unstressed when the structure is
assembled at 30C. After the 300-kN load is
applied to flange B, the temperature increases to
45C. Determine:
(a) the normal stresses in rods (1) and (2).
(b) the deflection of flange B.


Fig. P5.54
Solution
Equilibrium: Consider a FBD of flange B. Sum forces in
the horizontal direction to obtain:

1 2
300 kN 0
x
F F F = + + = (a)

Force-Deformation Relationships:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations:

1 2
0 e e + = (c)

Compatibility Equation: Substitute Eqs. (b) into Eq. (c) to derive the compatibility equation:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ + + = (d)

Solve the Equations: For this situation, T
1
= T
2
= T. Solve Eq. (d) for F
1
:
[ ]
2 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 2 1
L A E A E
F F T L L
L A E L
= +
Substitute this expression into Eq. (a):
[ ]
2 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 2
1 2 2 1
300 kN
L A E A E
F T L L F
L A E L
+ + + =
and solve for F
2
:

[ ]
[ ]
2 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2
1 2 2 1
1 1
1 1 2 2
1
2
2 1 1
1 2 2
1 300 kN
300 kN
1
L A E AE
F T L L
L A E L
A E
T L L
L
F
L A E
L A E



+ = +


+ +
=
+
(f)

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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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Member lengths, areas, elastic moduli, and coefficients of thermal expansion are given below:

1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
6 6
1 2
2, 600 mm 1, 000 mm
(40 mm) 1, 256.637 mm (120 mm) 11, 309.734 mm
4 4
70, 000 MPa 100, 000 MPa
22.5 10 / C 16.9 10 / C
L L
A A
E E



= =
= = = =
= =
= =

Substitute these values along with T = +15C into Eq. (f) and compute F
2
= 328.4395 kN.
Backsubstitute this result into Eq. (a) to find F
1
= 28.4395 kN.

(a) Normal Stresses: The normal stresses in each rod can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
28, 439.5 N
22.6 MPa (C)
1,256.637 mm
F
A

= = = Ans.


2
2 2
2
328,439.5 N
29.0 MPa (C)
11,309.734 mm
F
A

= = = Ans.

(b) Deflection of Flange B: The deflection of flange B can be determined from the elongation of rod
(1):

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
6
2
( 28, 439.5 N)(2,600 mm)
(22.5 10 / C)(15C)(2, 600 mm)
(1,256.637 mm )(70, 000 MPa)
0.0369 mm
B
FL
u e T L
A E

= = +

= +
= Ans.

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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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5.55 A steel [E = 30,000 ksi, = 6.6
10
6
/F] pipe column (1) with a cross-
sectional area of A
1
= 5.60 in.
2
is connected at
flange B to an aluminum alloy [E = 10,000
ksi, = 12.5 10
6
/F] pipe (2) with a cross-
sectional area of A
2
= 4.40 in.
2
. The assembly
(shown in Fig. P5.55) is connected to rigid
supports at A and C. It is initially unstressed at
a temperature of 90F.
(a) At what temperature will the normal stress
in steel pipe (1) be reduced to zero?
(b) Determine the normal stresses in steel pipe
(1) and aluminum pipe (2) when the
temperature reaches 10F.


Fig. P5.55
Solution
Equilibrium: Consider a FBD of flange B. Sum forces in
the horizontal direction to obtain:

1 2
60 kips 0
x
F F F = + = (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)


Geometry of Deformations:

1 2
0 e e + = (c)

Compatibility Equation: Substitute Eqs. (b) into Eq. (c) to derive the compatibility equation:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
+ + + = (d)

Solve the Equations: Set F
1
= 0 and solve Eq (a) to find F
2
= 60 kips. Substitute these values for F
1

and F
2
into Eq. (d) along with the observation that the temperature change for both axial members is the
same (i.e., T
1
= T
2
= T) and solve for T:

1 1 2 2
2
1 1 2 2
6 6
1 1 2 2
(60 kips)(144 in.)
0
(4.40 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
75.758 F
(6.6 10 / F)(120 in.) (12.5 10 / F)(144 in.)
F L F L
A E A E
T
L L


= = =
+ +


Since the pipes are initially at a temperature 90F, the temperature at which the normal stress in steel
pipe (1) is reduced to zero is
90 F 75.748 F 14.24 F T = = Ans.

(b) Solve Eq. (a) for F
2
to obtain

2 1
60 kips F F = + (e)

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When the temperature reaches 10F, the total change in temperature is T = 100F. Substitute this
value along with Eq. (e) into the compatibility equation [Eq. (d)] and derive an expression for F
1
:

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1 1 1 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 2 2
2 2
1
1 2
1 1 2 2
( 60 kips)
(60 kips)
(60 kips)
(60 kips)
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
L L L
F T L L
A E A E A E
L L L
F T L L
A E A E A E
L
T L L
A E
F
L L
A E A E




+
+ =

+ + = +



+ = +


+
=
+

and compute F
1
:

6 6
2
1
2 2
6
(60 kips)(144 in.)
( 100 F) (6.6 10 )(120 in.) (12.5 10 )(144 in.)
(4.40 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
120 in. 144 in.
(5.60 in. )(30, 000 ksi) (4.40 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
0.259200 in. 0.196364 in.
714.2857 10 i
F

+

=
+

6 6
0.062836 in.
n./kip 3, 272.7273 10 in./kip 3, 987.0130 10 in./kip
15.7602 kips

=
+
=


From Eq. (a), F
2
has a value of

2 1
60 kips 15.7602 kips 60 kips 75.7602 kips F F = + = + =

(a) Normal Stresses: The normal stresses in each axial member can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
15.7602 kips
2.8143 ksi 2.81 ksi (T)
5.60 in.
F
A
= = = = Ans.


2
2 2
2
75.7602 kips
17.2182 ksi 17.22 ksi (T)
4.40 in.
F
A
= = = = Ans.




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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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5.56 A load P will be supported by a structure
consisting of a rigid bar ABCD, a polymer [E =
2,300 ksi, = 2.9 10
6
/F] bar (1) and an
aluminum alloy [E = 10,000 ksi, = 12.5
10
6
/F] bar (2), as shown in Fig. P5.56. Each bar
has a cross-sectional area of 2.00 in.
2
. The bars are
unstressed when the structure is assembled at
30F. After a concentrated load of P = 26 kips is
applied and the temperature is increased to 100F,
determine:
(a) the normal stresses in bars (1) and (2).
(b) the vertical deflection of point D.

Fig. P5.56
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD of the rigid bar. Assume tension
forces in members (1) and (2). A moment equation
about pin A gives the best information for this
situation:

1 2
(30 in.) (84 in.) (66 in.) 0
A
M F F P = + = (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships
The relationship between the internal force,
temperature change, and deformation of an axial
member can be stated for members (1) and (2):

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
Draw a deformation diagram of the rigid bar. The
deflections of the rigid bar are related by similar
triangles:

30 in. 84 in.
B D
v v
= (c)
Since there are no gaps, clearances, or other misfits
at pins B and D, the elongation of member (1) will
equal the deflection of the rigid bar at B and the
elongation of member (2) will equal the deflection of
the rigid bar at D. Therefore, Eq. (c) can be
rewritten in terms of the member elongations as:

1 2
30 in. 84 in.
e e
= (d)

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Compatibility Equation
Substitute the force-deformation relationships (b) into the geometry of deformation relationship (d) to
derive the compatibility equation:

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
30 in. 84 in.
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E


+ = +


(e)

Solve the Equations
Note that the temperature change for both axial members is the same (i.e., T
1
= T
2
= T). Solve Eq.
(e) for F
1
:

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1 2 2
2 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 1
1 2 2 1
30 in.
84 in.
30 in. 30 in.
84 in. 84 in.
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E
L A E A E
F F T L T A E
L A E L



= +


= + (f)
Substitute this expression into equilibrium equation (a):

2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
30 in. 30 in.
(30 in.) (84 in.) (66 in.) 0
84 in. 84 in.
L A E A E
F T L T A E F P
L A E L


+ + =



and solve for F
2
:

2
1 1
2 2 1 1 1
1
2 2
2 1 1
1 2 2
(30 in.)
(66 in.) (30 in.)
84 in.
(30 in.)
84 in.
84 in.
A E
P T L T A E
L
F
L A E
L A E
+
=
+
(g)
For this structure, P = 26 kips, and the lengths, areas, elastic moduli, and coefficients of thermal
expansion are listed below:

1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
6 6
1 2
72 in. 96 in.
2.00 in. 2.00 in.
2, 300 ksi 10, 000 ksi
2.9 10 / F 12.5 10 / F
L L
A A
E E


= =
= =
= =
= =

Substitute these values along with T = 70F into Eq. (g) and calculate F
2
= 19.3218 kips.
Backsubstitute into Eq. (f) to calculate F
1
= 3.0991 kips.

Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each axial member can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
3.0991 kips
1.550 ksi (T)
2.00 in.
F
A
= = = Ans.

2
2 2
2
19.3218 kips
9.66 ksi (T)
2.00 in.
F
A
= = = Ans.


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Deflections of the rigid bar
Calculate the elongation of member (2):

6 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
(19.3218 kips)(96 in.)
(12.5 10 / F)(70F)(96 in.) 0.1767 in.
(2.00 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
F L
e T L
A E


= + = + = (h)
Since there are no gaps at pin D, the rigid bar deflection at D is equal to the elongation of member (2);
therefore:

2
0.1767 in.
D
v e = = Ans.



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5.57 Rigid bar ABCD is loaded and supported as
shown in Fig. P5.57. Bar (1) is made of bronze [E
= 100 GPa, = 16.9 10
6
/C] and has a cross-
sectional area of 400 mm
2
. Bar (2) is made of
aluminum [E = 70 GPa, = 22.5 10
6
/C] and
has a cross-sectional area of 600 mm
2
. Bars (1)
and (2) are initially unstressed. After the
temperature has increased by 40C, determine:
(a) the stresses in bars (1) and (2).
(b) the vertical deflection of point A.
Fig. P5.57
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD of the rigid bar. Assume tension forces
in members (1) and (2). A moment equation about pin
D gives the best information for this situation:

1 2 2 1
(3 m) (1 m) 0 3
D
M F F F F = = = (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
Draw a deformation diagram of the rigid bar. The
deflections of the rigid bar are related by similar
triangles:

4 m 3 m 1 m
C A B
v v v
= = (c)

There are no gaps, clearances, or other misfits at pins B
and C; therefore, Eq. (c) can be rewritten in terms of the
member elongations as:

1 2
1 2
3
3 m 1 m
e e
e e

= = (d)
Note: To understand the negative sign associated with e
1
, see Section 5-5 for discussion of statically
indeterminate rigid bar configurations with opposing members.


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Compatibility Equation

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
3
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E


+ = +


(e)

Solve the Equations
For this situation, T
1
= T
2
= T = 40C. Substitute Eq. (a) into Eq. (e):

( )
1 2
1 1
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
3
3
F L
F L
T L T L
A E A E


+ = +



and solve for F
1
:

( )
2 2 1 1
1
1 2
1 1 2 2
6 6
2 2 2 2
3
9
(40 C) 3(22.5 10 / C)(920 mm) (16.9 10 / C)(840 mm)
840 mm 9(920 mm)
(400 mm )(100, 000 N/mm ) (600 mm )(70, 000 N/mm )
13, 990 N 13.990 kN
T L L
F
L L
AE A E


+
=
+
+

=
+
= =
Backsubstitute into Eq. (a) to find F
2
= 41.970 kN.

(a) Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each axial member can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
13, 990 N
35.0 MPa (C)
400 mm
F
A

= = = Ans.

2
2 2
2
41, 970 N
70.0 MPa (C)
600 mm
F
A

= = = Ans.

(b) Deflection of the rigid bar at A
Calculate the elongation of one of the axial members, say member (1):

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
6
2 2
( 13, 990 N)(840 mm)
(16.9 10 / C)(40 C)(840 mm)
(400 mm )(100, 000 N/mm )
0.27405 mm
F L
e T L
A E

= +

= +
=
Since there are no gaps at pin B, the rigid bar deflection at B is equal to the elongation of member (1);
therefore, v
B
= e
1
= 0.27405 mm (upward). From similar triangles, the deflection of the rigid bar at A is
related to v
B
by:

4 m 3 m
A B
v v
=
The deflection of the rigid bar at A is thus:

4 m 4 m
(0.27405 mm) 0.365 mm
3 m 3 m
A B
v v = = = Ans.

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5.58 Rigid bar ABCD in Fig. P5.58 is supported by a
pin connection at A and by two axial bars (1) and (2).
Bar (1) is a 30-in.-long bronze [E = 15,000 ksi, =
9.4 10
6
/F] bar with a cross-sectional area of 1.25
in.
2
. Bar (2) is a 40-in.-long aluminum alloy [E =
10,000 ksi, = 12.5 10
6
/F] bar with a cross-
sectional area of 2.00 in.
2
. Both bars are unstressed
before the load P is applied. If a concentrated load of
P = 27 kips is applied to the rigid bar at D and the
temperature is decreased by 100F, determine:
(a) the normal stresses in bars (1) and (2).
(b) the normal strains in bars (1) and (2).
(c) the deflection of the rigid bar at point D.

Fig. P5.58
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD of the rigid bar. Assume tension forces in
members (1) and (2). A moment equation about pin A gives
the best information for this situation:

1 2
(36 in.) (84 in.) (98 in.)(27 kips) 0
A
M F F = + = (a)

Force-Deformation Relationships

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
Draw a deformation diagram of the rigid bar. The deflections
of the rigid bar are related by similar triangles:

36 in. 84 in.
C B
v v
= (c)
There are no gaps, clearances, or other misfits at pins B and
C; therefore, Eq. (c) can be rewritten in terms of the member
elongations as:

1 2
36 in. 84 in.
e e
= (d)
Note: To understand the negative sign associated with e
1
, see Section 5-5 for discussion of statically
indeterminate rigid bar configurations with opposing members.

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Compatibility Equation

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
36 in. 84 in.
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E


+ = +


(e)

Solve the Equations
Solve Eq. (e) for F
1
:

2 2 1 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1
36 in.
84 in.
3 3
7 7
F L A E
F T L T L
A E L
F L A E
T L T L
A E L



= +



= + +



Substitute this expression into equilibrium equation (a) and solve for F
2
using T
1
= T
2
= 100F:


1 2
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 2
2 2 1
(36 in.) (84 in.) (98 in.)(27 kips)
3 3
(36 in.) (84 in.) (98 in.)(27 kips)
7 7
F F
F L A E
T L T L F
A E L

+ =

+ + + =





2 1 1
2
1 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
1 1
2
2 2
3
(36 in.) 84 in. (98 in.)(27 kips)
7
3
(36 in.) (36 in.)
7
3 40 in. 1.25 in. 15, 000 ksi
(36 in.) 84 in. (98 in.)(27 kips)
7 30 in. 2.00 in. 10, 000 ksi
(36 i
L A E
F
L A E
A E A E
T L T L
L L
F


+ =




+ =

2
6
2
6
3 (1.25 in. )(15, 000 ksi)
n.) (12.5 10 )( 100 F)(40 in.)
7 30 in.
(1.25 in. )(15, 000 ksi)
(36 in.)(9.4 10 )( 100 F)(30 in.)
30 in.

2
2, 646 kip-in. 482.1429 kip-in. 634.5000 kip-in. 3,762.6429 kip-in.
19.2857 in. 84 in. 103.2857 in.
36.4295 kips
F
+ +
= =
+
=
Backsubstitute into Eq. (a) to find F
1
:

1
(84 in.)(36.4295 kips) (98 in.)(27 kips)
11.5022 kips
36 in.
F

= =

Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each axial member can now be calculated:

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1
1 2
1
11.5022 kips
9.20 ksi (T)
1.25 in.
F
A
= = = Ans.

2
2 2
2
36.4295 kips
18.21 ksi (T)
2.00 in.
F
A
= = = Ans.

(b) Normal Strains
The force-temperature-deformation relationships were expressed in Eq. (b). By definition, = e/L.
Therefore, the normal strain for each axial member can be determined by dividing the relationships in
Eq. (b) by the respective member lengths:

1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F F
T T
AE A E
= + = +
Substitute the appropriate values to calculate the normal strains in each member:

1
1 1 1
1 1
6
2
6
11.5022 kips
(9.4 10 / F)( 100 F)
(1.25 in. )(15, 000 ksi)
326.55 10 in./in. 327
F
T
A E

= +
= +
= = Ans.


2
2 2 2
2 2
6
2
6
36.4295 kips
(12.5 10 / F)( 100 F)
(2.00 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
571.48 10 in./in. 571
F
T
A E

= +
= +
= = Ans.

(c) Deflection of the rigid bar at D
Calculate the elongation of one of the axial members, say member (2):

6 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
(36.4295 kips)(40 in.)
(12.5 10 / F)( 100 F)(40 in.)
(2.00 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
0.022859 in.
F L
e T L
A E


= + = +
=
This elongation can also be determined from the strain in member (2):

6
2 2 2
(571.48 10 in./in.)(40 in.) 0.022859 in. e L

= = =
Since there are no gaps at pin C, the rigid bar deflection at C is equal to the elongation of member (2);
therefore, v
C
= e
2
= 0.022859 in. (downward). From similar triangles, the deflection of the rigid bar at D
is related to v
C
by:

84 in. 98 in.
C D
v v
=
The deflection of the rigid bar at D is thus:

98 in. 98 in.
(0.022859 in.) 0.0267 in.
84 in. 84 in.
D C
v v = = = Ans.


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5.59 The pin-connected structure shown in Fig.
P5.59 consists of a rigid bar ABC, a steel bar
(1), and a steel rod (2). The cross-sectional area
of bar (1) is 1.5 in.
2
and the diameter of rod (2)
is 0.75 in. Assume E = 30,000 ksi and = 6.6
10
6
/F for both axial members. The bars are
unstressed when the structure is assembled at
70F. After application of a concentrated force
of P = 20 kips, the temperature is decreased to
30F. Determine:
(a) the normal stresses in bar (1) and rod (2).
(b) the normal strains in bar (1) and rod (2).
(c) the deflection of pin C from its original
position.

Fig. P5.59
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD of the rigid bar. Assume tension
forces in members (1) and (2). A moment equation
about pin B gives the best information for this
situation:

1 2
(12 in.) (20 in.)
(15 in.)(20 kips) 0
B
M F F = +
= (a)

Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F L F L
e T L e T L
A E A E
= + = + (b)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship
Draw a deformation diagram of the rigid bar. The
deflections of the rigid bar are related by similar
triangles:

12 in. 20 in.
C A
v v
= (c)
There are no gaps, clearances, or other misfits at
pins A and C; therefore, Eq. (c) can be rewritten in
terms of the member elongations as:

1 2
12 in. 20 in.
e e
= (d)
Note: To understand the negative sign associated with e
1
, see Section 5-5 for discussion of statically
indeterminate rigid bar configurations with opposing members.


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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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Compatibility Equation

1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
12 in. 20 in.
F L F L
T L T L
A E A E


+ = +


(e)

Solve the Equations
Solve Eq. (e) for F
1
:

2 2 1 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 1
12 in.
20 in.
12 12
20 20
F L A E
F T L T L
A E L
F L A E
T L T L
A E L



= +



= + +



Substitute this expression into equilibrium equation (a) and solve for F
2
using T
1
= T
2
= 40F:


1 2
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 2
2 2 1
(12 in.) (20 in.) (15 in.)(20 kips)
12 12
(12 in.) (20 in.) (15 in.)(20 kips)
20 20
F F
F L AE
T L T L F
A E L

+ =

+ + + =




Note that the area of rod (2) is A
2
= /4(0.75 in.)
2
= 0.4418 in.
2
.


2 1 1
2
1 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
1 1
2
2 2
12
(12 in.) 20 in. (15 in.)(20 kips)
20
12
(12 in.) (12 in.)
20
12 80 in. 1.5 in. 30, 000 ksi
(12 in.) 20 in. (15 in.)(20 kips
20 32 in. 0.4418 in. 30, 000 ksi
L A E
F
L A E
A E A E
T L T L
L L
F


+ =




+ =


2
6
2
6
)
12 (1.5 in. )(30, 000 ksi)
(12 in.) (6.6 10 )( 40 F)(80 in.)
20 32 in.
(1.5 in. )(30, 000 ksi)
(12 in.)(6.6 10 )( 40 F)(32 in.)
32 in.

2
300 kip-in. 213.84 kip-in. 142.56 kip-in. 656.40 kip-in.
61.113626 in. 20 in. 81.1136267 in.
8.092 kips
F
+ +
= =
+
=

Backsubstitute into Eq. (a) to find F
1
:

1
(20 in.)(8.092 kips) (15 in.)(20 kips)
11.513 kips
12 in.
F

= =



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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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(a) Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each axial member can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
11.513 kips
7.68 ksi (C)
1.5 in.
F
A

= = = Ans.

2
2 2
2
8.092 kips
18.32 ksi (T)
0.4418 in.
F
A
= = = Ans.

(b) Normal Strains
The force-temperature-deformation relationships were expressed in Eq. (b). By definition, = e/L.
Therefore, the normal strain for each axial member can be determined by dividing the relationships in
Eq. (b) by the respective member lengths:

1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
F F
T T
AE A E
= + = +
Substitute the appropriate values to calculate the normal strains in each member:

1
1 1 1
1 1
6
2
6
11.513 kips
(6.6 10 / F)( 40 F)
(1.5 in. )(30, 000 ksi)
519.8 10 in./in. 520
F
T
A E

= +

= +
= = Ans.


2
2 2 2
2 2
6
2
6
8.092 kips
(6.6 10 / F)( 40 F)
(0.4418 in. )(30, 000 ksi)
346.5 10 in./in. 347
F
T
A E

= +
= +
= = Ans.


(c) Deflection of the rigid bar at C
Calculate the elongation of one of the axial members, say member (2):

6 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
(8.092 kips)(80 in.)
(6.6 10 / F)( 40 F)(80 in.)
(0.4418 in. )(30, 000 ksi)
0.027723 in.
F L
e T L
A E


= + = +
=
This elongation can also be determined from the strain in member (2):

6
2 2 2
(346.5 10 in./in.)(80 in.) 0.027723 in. e L

= = =
Since there are no gaps at pin C, the rigid bar deflection at C is equal to the elongation of member (2);
therefore:

2
0.0277 in.
C
v e = = Ans.




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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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5.60 Three rods of different materials are connected
and placed between rigid supports at A and D, as
shown in Fig. P5.60. Properties for each of the
three rods are given below. The bars are initially
unstressed when the structure is assembled at 70F.
After the temperature has been increased to 250F,
determine:
(a) the normal stresses in the three rods.
(b) the force exerted on the rigid supports.
(c) the deflections of joints B and C relative to rigid
support A.


Fig. P5.60

Aluminum (1)
L
1
= 10 in.
A
1
= 0.8 in.
2

E
1
= 10,000 ksi

1
= 12.510
-6
/F
Cast Iron (2)
L
2
= 5 in.
A
2
= 1.8 in.
2

E
2
= 22,500 ksi

2
= 7.510
-6
/F
Bronze (3)
L
3
= 7 in.
A
3
= 0.6 in.
2

E
3
= 15,000 ksi

3
= 9.410
-6
/F
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD at joint B. Assume that both internal axial
forces will be tension.

1 2 1 2
0
x
F F F F F = + = = (a)


Similarly, consider a FBD at joint C. Assume that both internal
axial forces will be tension.

2 3 3 2
0
x
F F F F F = + = = (b)
Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships

3 3 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
F L F L F L
e T L e T L e T L
A E A E A E
= + = + = + (c)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship

1 2 3
0 e e e + + = (d)

Compatibility Equation

3 3 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
0
F L F L F L
T L T L T L
A E A E A E
+ + + + + = (e)

Solve the Equations
From Eq. (a), F
1
= F
2
, and from Eq. (b), F
3
= F
2
. The temperature change is the same for all members;
therefore, T
1
= T
2
= T
3
= T. Eq. (e) then can be written as:

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( ) ( )
2 1 2 3
2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
0
F L F L F L
T L T L T L
A E A E A E
+ + + + + =
Solving for F
2
:

[ ]
[ ]
3 3 2 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
3 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2
3 1 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
F L F L F L
T L T L T L
A E A E A E
L L L
F T L L L
A E A E A E
T L L L
F
L L L
AE A E A E



+ + =

+ + = + +


+ +
=
+ +
(f)

Substitute the problem data along with T = +180F into Eq. (f) and calculate F
1
= 19.1025 kips.
From Eq. (a), F
1
= 19.1025 kips and from Eq. (b), F
3
= 19.1025 kips.

(a) Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each rod can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
19.1025 kips
23.878 ksi 23.9 ksi (C)
0.8 in.
F
A

= = = = Ans.

2
2 2
2
19.1025 kips
10.613 ksi 10.61 ksi (C)
1.8 in.
F
A

= = = = Ans.

3
3 2
3
19.1025 kips
31.838 ksi 31.8 ksi (C)
0.6 in.
F
A

= = = = Ans.

(b) Force on Rigid Supports
The force exerted on the rigid supports is equal to the internal axial force:
19.10 kips
A D
R R = = Ans.

(c) Deflection of Joints B and C
The deflection of joint B is equal to the elongation (i.e., contraction in this instance) of rod (1). The
elongation of rod (1) is given by:

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
6
2
( 19.1025 kips)(10 in.)
(12.5 10 / F)(180F)(10 in.) 0.001378 in.
(0.8 in. )(10, 000 ksi)
F L
e T L
A E

= +

= + =
The deflection of joint B is thus:

1
0.001378 in.
B
u e = = Ans.

The elongation of rod (2) is given by:

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2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
6
2
( 19.1025 kips)(5 in.)
(7.5 10 / F)(180F)(5 in.) 0.004392 in.
(1.8 in. )(22, 500 ksi)
F L
e T L
A E

= +

= + =

The deflection of joint C is:

2
0.001378 in. 0.004392 in. 0.00301 in.
C B
u u e = + = + = Ans.



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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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5.61 Three rods of different materials are connected
and placed between rigid supports at A and D, as
shown in Fig. P5.61. Properties for each of the
three rods are given below. The bars are initially
unstressed when the structure is assembled at 20C.
After the temperature has been increased to 100C,
determine:
(a) the normal stresses in the three rods.
(b) the force exerted on the rigid supports.
(c) the deflections of joints B and C relative to rigid
support A.


Fig. P5.61

Aluminum (1)
L
1
= 440 mm
A
1
= 1,200 mm
2

E
1
= 70 GPa

1
= 22.510
-6
/C
Cast Iron (2)
L
2
= 200 mm
A
2
= 2,800 mm
2

E
2
= 155 GPa

2
= 13.510
-6
/C
Bronze (3)
L
3
= 320 mm
A
3
= 800 mm
2

E
3
= 100 GPa

3
= 17.010
-6
/C
Solution
Equilibrium
Consider a FBD at joint B. Assume that both internal axial
forces will be tension.

1 2 1 2
0
x
F F F F F = + = = (a)


Similarly, consider a FBD at joint C. Assume that both internal
axial forces will be tension.

2 3 3 2
0
x
F F F F F = + = = (b)
Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships

3 3 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
F L F L F L
e T L e T L e T L
A E A E A E
= + = + = + (c)

Geometry of Deformations Relationship

1 2 3
0 e e e + + = (d)

Compatibility Equation

3 3 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
0
F L F L F L
T L T L T L
A E A E A E
+ + + + + = (e)

Solve the Equations
From Eq. (a), F
1
= F
2
, and from Eq. (b), F
3
= F
2
. The temperature change is the same for all members;
therefore, T
1
= T
2
= T
3
= T. Eq. (e) then can be written as:

( ) ( )
2 1 2 3
2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
0
F L F L F L
T L T L T L
A E A E A E
+ + + + + =


Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only
to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Solving for F
2
:

[ ]
[ ]
3 3 2 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
3 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2
3 1 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
F L F L F L
T L T L T L
A E A E A E
L L L
F T L L L
A E A E A E
T L L L
F
L L L
AE A E A E



+ + =

+ + = + +


+ +
=
+ +
(f)
Substitute the problem data along with T = +80C into Eq. (f) and calculate F
1
= 148.80 kN. From
Eq. (a), F
1
= 148.80 kN and from Eq. (b), F
3
= 148.80 kN.

(a) Normal Stresses
The normal stresses in each rod can now be calculated:

1
1 2
1
148,800 N
124.00 MPa 124.0 MPa (C)
1,200 mm
F
A

= = = = Ans.

2
2 2
2
148,800 N
53.143 MPa 53.1 MPa (C)
2,800 mm
F
A

= = = = Ans.

3
3 2
3
148, 800 N
186.0 MPa 186.0 MPa (C)
800 mm
F
A

= = = = Ans.

(b) Force on Rigid Supports
The force exerted on the rigid supports is equal to the internal axial force:
148.8 kN
A D
R R = = Ans.

(c) Deflection of Joints B and C
The deflection of joint B is equal to the elongation (i.e., contraction in this instance) of rod (1). The
elongation of rod (1) is given by:

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
6
2 2
( 148, 800 N)(440 mm)
(22.5 10 / C)(80C)(440 mm) 0.01257 mm
(1, 200 mm )(70, 000 N/mm )
F L
e T L
A E

= +

= + =
The deflection of joint B is thus:

1
0.01257 mm
B
u e = = Ans.

The elongation of rod (2) is given by:

2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
6
2 2
( 148, 800 N)(200 mm)
(13.5 10 / C)(80C)(200 mm) 0.14743 mm
(2, 800 mm )(155, 000 N/mm )
F L
e T L
A E

= +

= + =

The deflection of joint C is:

2
0.01257 mm 0.14743 mm 0.1600 mm
C B
u u e = + = + = Ans.