EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

Tools for Analysis

Material Derivative (Substantial or Particle)




Consider a small fluid element of fixed mass moving through a flow field from
r
1
to r
2
as shown below.













For example lets look at the density field =(x,y,z,t) therefore
@ t=t
1
=(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
,t
1
)
@ t=t
2
=(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
,t
2
)





Expand in a Taylor Series

p
2
= p
1
+_
op
ox
]
1
(x
2
x
1
) +_
op
oy
]
1
(y
2
y
1
) +_
op
oz
]
1
(z
2
z
1
) +_
op
ot
]
1
(t
2
t
1
) +E. 0. I

Divide through by t
2
-t
1
and neglect H.O.T.

p
2
p
1
t
2
t
1
= _
op
ox
]
1
(x
2
x
1
)
(t
2
t
1
)
+_
op
oy
]
1
(y
2
y
1
)
(t
2
t
1
)
+_
op
oz
]
1
(z
2
z
1
)
(t
2
t
1
)
+_
op
ot
]
1


Used to relate a fixed mass system to a control volume fixed in space with
mass flowing through it.

r
2

r
1

x
y
z
element path
recall Eulerian point of view implies that a property field gives the value of
the property at a specific location and time, the quantity of matter at this
location will change from one instant to the next

EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

The term on the LHS is the average rate of change of as the particle moves
from r
1
to r
2
. Therefore we can write Instantaneous Time Rate of Change of of
the fluid particle as it moves through the point

p
t
= lim
t
2
t
1
p
2
p
1
t
2
t
1


also
lim
t
2
t
1
x
2
x
1
t
2
t
1
= u

lim
t
2
t
1
y
2
y
1
t
2
t
1
= :

lim
t
2
t
1
z
2
z
1
t
2
t
1
= w

Combining

p
t
=
op
ot
+u
op
ox
+:
op
oy
+w
op
oz

or in vector form

p
t
=
op
ot
+I

p







p
t
= local derivative - The time rate of change of the particles density at the
given point in space (change in local room in time but does not depend on
anything outside of the room)
I

p= convective derivative The time rate of change of the particles density

due to the movement of the particles in space (change in properties because
particles of a different density flow in)


Material Derivative relates Lagrangian to Eulerian description It relates the instantaneous rate
of change of the properties of the fluid element due to derivatives of the fluid property fields.



Material Derivative is the time rate of change of a particles density as it
moves through a point in space and consists of two terms

EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014


Reynolds Transport Theorem (CV analysis)





Let S1 System boundary at me=t
S2 System boundary at time=t+t











Define X to be some arbitrary extensive property of the system (mass, energy,
momentum, etc)

X(t) = X
1
(t) +X
2
(t)
X(t +t) = X
2
(t +t) +X
3
(t +t)

so we can look at the change in X during t as

X(t +t) X(t) = X
2
(t +t) +X
3
(t +t) X
1
(t) X
2
(t)

Which after a little manipulation (adding and subtracting X
1
(t +t) and dividing
through by t) one gets

X
I
=
X
2+1
t
+
X
3
(t +t) X
1
(t +t)
t


now let t go to 0 such that
1
+
2
goes to that of the control volume

We can write the LHS as the time rate of change of X within the system

X
t


The first term on the RHS is the rate change of X within the C.V.
Goal: relate a fixed mass system to a C.V. fixed in space with mass
flowing through it.

3

S
1

S
2

EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

_
oX
ot
]
C.v.


it has to be a partial derivative because X can be a function of space and time

The second term on the RHS is difference between the rate at which X leaves
the C.V. and which it enters NET RATE OF EFFLUX

Lets expand this term/concept a bit by considering the element d on the surface of
the C.V.










The rate at which mass flows through this
area is,
m = pI

JA

Therefore by analogy the efflux rate of
our extensive property is,
xpI

JA

Where the lower case x is the specific
property
x =
X
unit moss
,


to account for all of the mass across boundary need to integrate around the control
surface,

X
t
= _
oX
ot
_
]Iud n thc Cv
+ x(
C.S.
pI

JA

)

now we need to convert the first term on the RHS into an integral form

for any small differential mass element dm within the C.V. we can say

JX
C.v.
= x Jm = xpJ

which after we integrate over the entire control volume we get

X
t
=
o
ot
xpJ +
C.v.
x(
C.S.
pI

JA

)

d
EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

the first term on the RHS is the unsteady term and is the rate of
accumulation of x in the C.V.
the second RHS term is the convective term and is the net efflux of x through
the C.V.

Bottom line
RTT relates properties of a fixed mass system of fluid particles to that inside and
crossing the boundaries of a C.V.
Can be used to put conservation laws into a useful form



EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

Conservation of Mass (Continuity)


Describes the continuous properties of fluid flows with sources or sinks

Let our generic variable from the derivation of RTT be the mass of the fluid system
X=M

Mass can not be created or destroyed
M
t
= u
recall x=X/M therefore m=M/M=1

Applying RTT by analogy
H
t
= u =
o
ot
pJ +
C.v.
(
C.S.
pI

JA

)
the first RHS term is the time rate of change of mass in the C.V.
the second RHS is the rate of flow of mass through the C.S.

thus we can write

_
Rotc o incrcosc o moss o
luiJ in tc Control Iolumc
_ = j
Rotc moss cntcrs
Control Iolumc
[ j
Rotc moss lco:cs
Control Iolumc
[



If we assume steady flow the time derivative term is zero
u = (
C.S.
pI

JA

)

j
Rotc moss cntcrs
Control Iolumc
[ = j
Rotc moss lco:cs
Control Iolumc
[

if we can further simplify to one dimensional flow with I

= constant across a section

pAI = const = m


Application of One-Dimensional flow




Strictly speaking, the equations of one-dimensional flow are only applicable to flow in a straight pipe or
stream tube of constant area. However, in many practical situations, the equations of one-dimensional
flow can be applied with acceptable accuracy to flows with a variable area provided that the rate of
change of area and the curvature are small enough for one component of the velocity vector to remain
dominant over the other two components.

EML 5714/EAS4132 Fall 2014

Consider the 1-D case below


m
1
= m
1


pIA = (p +Jp)(I +JI)(A +JA)

Multiply through and neglect higher order terms since they will be smaller

IAJp +pAJI + pIJA = u

divide through by VA to get
Jp
p
+
JI
I
+
JA
A
= u














Wind Tunnel Example of blow down facility



This equation relates the fractional changes in density, velocity and area over a short
length of the control volume. If the density can be assumed constant, this equation
indicates that the fractional changes in velocity and area have opposite signs, i.e. if the
area increases the velocity will decrease and vice versa. However, the equation
indicates that in compressible flow, where the fractional change in density is
significant, no such simple relation between area and velocity changes exists.