Question 1

A) Explain the need for protected water supply .

Protected water supply means the supply of water that is treated to remove the
impurities and made safe to public health. Water may be polluted by physical and
bacterial agents. Water is also good carrier of disease causing germs. The causes of
outbreak of epidemics are traced to pollute water and poor sanitation hospital are
continued to be flooded with the sick due to ignorance about health continues to be
profound. However during the last few decades, improvements in the public health
protection by supplying safe water and sanitation to all the people in the developing
countries.



The objectives of the community water supply system are:

1. To provide whole some water to the consumers for drinking purpose.
2. To supply adequate quantity to meet at least the minimum needs of the
Individuals.
3. To make adequate provisions for emergencies like fire fighting, festivals,
meeting etc.
4. To make provision for future demands due to increase in population, increase
in standard of living, storage and conveyance.
5. To prevent pollution of water at source, storage and conveyance
6. To maintain the treatment units and distribution system in good condition with
adequate staff and materials
7. To design and maintain the system that is economical and relia












b)Explain the sources of water

Hydrologic cycle :



1. Phenomenon :
Water is absorbed into the ground by infiltration. Some of the water may pass
(percolate) through holes and small cracks. Vegetation can help increase the
amount of water that is absorbed. Water absorbed into the soil can collect
underground, forming groundwater.
2. Water that is not absorbed by the soil will wash off the surface. Runoff can
help refill our lakes, creeks, and wetlands (surface waters), but it also can
carry pollutants and increase the potential for flooding.
3. Through evapotranspiration, clean water vapor is released into the air directly
by plants (transpiration) or by heat from the sun on the waters surface
(evaporation).

4. Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air, which is why we often have
humid days in the summer and dry days in the winter. As warm moist air cools,
it forms small water dropletscondensationthat may appear as clouds or
fog.
5. As water droplets condense they may form larger droplets that eventually
become heavy enough to fall as rain or snow, called precipitation.

Types of ground and surface water sources :
Surface water and groundwater are important to humain. Water also been called
the universal solvent that really helped humain in daily job. Groundwater is a
common source for single homes and small towns, and rivers and lakes are the usual
sources for large cities. it located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and
in the fractures of rock formations. Although approximately 98 percent of liquid fresh
water exists as groundwater, much of it occurs very deep in the Earth. This makes
pumping very expensive, preventing the full development and use of all groundwater
resources.


Ground water sources Surface water sources

Groundwater refers to any subsurface
water that occurs beneath the water
table in soil and other geologic forms
(Rail, 2000). Scientists estimate that
groundwater makes up 95% of all
freshwater available for drinking.
Groundwater is a significant source of

Type of Surface water refers to
water such as :
lakes,
rivers,
streams, or
other fresh water sources used
for drinking water supplies.
water for many municipal water
systems in the United States. Rural
residents, withdrawing their water
from wells, also rely upon
groundwater

.


Advantages and disadvantages of groundwater :

Advantages:
It is also the source of water is not susceptible to contamination unlike surface
water.
Groundwater sources are rich in minerals can be used as drinking water, but
first need to be tested before use public relevance .

treatment for ground water is at a minimum compared to surface water .

.For farmers it may be the only local source of water in dry countries.

Mineralised groundwater has value in spas and as bottled water.

Disadvantages:
Groundwater is usually quite expensive to extract, and over utilisation can
damage an aquifer irremediably.
Groundwater may be saline.
Extraction of groundwater can cause subsidence.










C) List out the drinking water quality standards from this sources : World of Health
Organization (WHO) and Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (KKM)


WHO/EU drinking water standards comparative table
The EU standards are more recent (1998), complete and strict than the WHO
standards (1993).
Some examples are:

- Bromate (Br): Not mentioned by the WHO, 0.01 mg/l guideline in the EU standards.

- Manganese (Mn): Guideline reduced from 0.5 to 0.05 mg/l.

- Cyanide (CN): Guideline reduced from 0.07 to 0.005 mg/l.
But in some cases the EU guidelines are less strict than the WHOs:

- Cadmium (Cd): Guideline rised from 0.003 to 0.005 mg/l.
Here is a comparative table of both WHO and EU standards:

WHO standards EU standards

1993 1998
Suspended solids No guideline Not mentioned
COD No guideline Not mentioned
BOD No guideline Not mentioned
Oxidisability

5.0 mg/l O2
Grease/oil No guideline Not mentioned
Turbidity No guideline
(1)
Not mentioned
pH No guideline
(2)
Not mentioned
Conductivity 250 microS/cm 250 microS/cm
Color No guideline
(3)
Not mentioned
Dissolved oxygen No guideline
(4)
Not mentioned
Hardness No guideline
(5)
Not mentioned
TDS No guideline Not mentioned
cations

(positive ions)
Aluminium (Al) 0.2 mg/l 0.2 mg/l
Ammonia (NH4) No guideline 0.50 mg/l
Antimony (Sb) 0.005 mg/l 0.005 mg/l
Arsenic (As) 0.01 mg/l 0.01 mg/l
Barium (Ba) 0.3 mg/l Not mentioned
Berillium (Be) No guideline Not mentioned
Boron (B) 0.3 mg/l 1.00 mg/l
Bromate (Br) Not mentioned 0.01 mg/l
Cadmium (Cd) 0.003 mg/l 0.005 mg/l
Chromium (Cr) 0.05 mg/l 0.05 mg/l
Copper (Cu) 2 mg/l 2.0 mg/l
Iron (Fe) No guideline
(6)
0.2
Lead (Pb) 0.01 mg/l 0.01 mg/l
Manganese (Mn) 0.5 mg/l 0.05 mg/l
Mercury (Hg) 0.001 mg/l 0.001 mg/l
Molibdenum (Mo) 0.07 mg/l Not mentioned
Nickel (Ni) 0.02 mg/l 0.02 mg/l
Nitrogen (total N) 50 mg/l Not mentioned
Selenium (Se) 0.01 mg/l 0.01 mg/l
Silver (Ag) No guideline Not mentioned
Sodium (Na) 200 mg/l 200 mg/l
Tin (Sn) inorganic No guideline Not mentioned
Uranium (U) 1.4 mg/l Not mentioned
Zinc (Zn) 3 mg/l Not mentioned
anions
(negative ions)
Chloride (Cl) 250 mg/l 250 mg/l
Cyanide (CN) 0.07 mg/l 0.05 mg/l
Fluoride (F) 1.5 mg/l 1.5 mg/l
Sulfate (SO4) 500 mg/l 250 mg/l
Nitrate (NO3) (See Nitrogen) 50 mg/l
Nitrite (NO2) (See Nitrogen) 0.50 mg/l
microbiological
parameters
Escherichia coli Not mentioned 0 in 250 ml
Enterococci Not mentioned 0 in 250 ml
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa Not mentioned 0 in 250 ml
Clostridium
perfringens Not mentioned 0 in 100 ml
Coliform bacteria Not mentioned 0 in 100 ml
Colony count 22oC Not mentioned 100/ml
Colony count 37oC Not mentioned 20/ml
other parameters
Acrylamide Not mentioned 0.0001 mg/l
Benzene (C6H6) Not mentioned 0.001 mg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene Not mentioned 0.00001 mg/l
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) 0.4 mg/l
1,2-dichloroethane Not mentioned 0.003 mg/l
Epichlorohydrin Not mentioned 0.0001 mg/l
Pesticides Not mentioned 0.0001 mg/l
Pesticides - Total Not mentioned 0.0005 mg/l
PAHs Not mentioned 0.0001 mg/l
Tetrachloroethene Not mentioned 0.01 mg/l
Trichloroethene Not mentioned 0.01 mg/l
Trihalomethanes Not mentioned 0.1 mg/l
Tritium (H3) Not mentioned 100 Bq/l
Vinyl chloride Not mentioned 0.0005 mg/l
(1) Desirable: Less than 5 NTU
(2) Desirable: 6.5-8.5
(3) Desirable: 15 mg/l Pt-Co
(4) Desirable: less than 75% of the saturation concentration
(5) Desirable: 150-500 mg/l
(6) Desirable: 0.3 mg/l


Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia- Garis Panduan Kualiti Air Mentah

No. PARAMETER UNIT AIR MENTAH


GROUP I

1 Total Coliform MPN 5000
2 E.Coli - -
3 Turbidity NTU 1000
4 Colour TCU 300
5 pH unit 5.5 - 9.0
6 Residue Chlorine mg/L -
7 Total Chlorine mg/L -


GROUP II

8 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 1500
9 Biological Oxygen Demand mg/L 6
10 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 10
11 Total Organic Carbon mg/L -
12 Chloride mg/L 250
13 Anionic Detergent MBAS mg/L 1
14 Ammonia mg/L 1.5
15 Nitrate mg/L 10
16 Iron mg/L 1
17 Fluoride mg/L 1.5
18 Hardness mg/L 500
19 Aluminium mg/L -
20 Manganese mg/L 0.2


GROUP III

21 Mercury mg/L 0.001
22 Cadmium mg/L 0.003
23 Arsenic mg/L 0.01
24 Cyanide mg/L 0.07
25 Lead mg/L 0.05
26 Chromium mg/L 0.05
27 Copper mg/L 1
28 Zinc mg/L 3
29 Sodium mg/L 200
30 Sulphate mg/L 250


TRIHALOMETHANE

31 Chloroform -
32 Bromoform -
33 Dibromochloromethane -
34 Bromodichloromethane -
35 Selenium mg/L 0.01
36 Silver mg/L 0.05
37 Magnesium mg/L 150
38 Boron mg/L -
39 Nickel mg/L -
40 Mineral Oil mg/L 0.3
41 Phenol mg/L 0.002


GROUP IV

42 Aldrin/Dieldrin mg/L 0.00003
43 DDT mg/L 0.002
44
Heptachlor & Heptachlor
Epoxide
mg/L 0.00003
45 Methoxychlor mg/L 0.02
46 Lindane (BHC) mg/L 0.002
47 Chlordane mg/L 0.0002
48 Hexachlorobenzene mg/L 0.001










QUESTION 2
2)a)Conventional system
Conventional water treatment consists of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation,
and sand/multi-media filtration. Utilizing tried and tested conventional processes
offers many advantages some of which are: extensive knowledge of the processes,
proven performance, cost effective operation, and acceptance by regulators.
Combined with the conventional treatment process advance disinfection has been
added to the treatment plants.
b)DAF ( dissolved air floatation ) system
Dissolved Air Floatation is widely used for separating solids, fats, oil, and grease from
a waste stream. In the process, pressurized water is saturated with dissolved air and
is discharged into a flotation vessel. The microscopic air bubbles attach to solids and
float them to the surface, forming a sludge blanket. A scraping assembly skims the
sludge off the surface of the water and into a sump. From the sump, sludge is
pumped to dewatering equipment. The treated water flows from the DAF vessel for
discharge or on to other treatment processes.
c)Membrane filtration system
Membrane filtration separates materials based on their size, regardless of the state of
matter allowing for separating without the addition of an energy intensive and
expensive phase change process, such as evaporation or distillation. The ability to
retain particles or molecules that are small enough to pass through an ordinary filter
is the key advantage of the membrane filtration system. As an example, a solution of
dissolved sugar in water can be separated into sugar and water by applying pressure
across a membrane designed with the proper pore size for the sugar.






a)Based on the data , make a summarize on the Treatment Plant Design
Capacity and Production 2012 :

Based on the data 2012 , the total treatment plants design capacity in Malaysia is
17,901 where are the production is 15,145 . The highest total of treatment plants
design capacity is occur at Selangor state that is 4,606 same with its production is
the highest value 4,323 . The lowest total of treatment plants design capacity is occur
at labuan state that is 4,606 same with its production is the lowest value 59. Majority
of treatment plants design capacity value is around 1000 and above. Its also happen
to production result, were the value rise.

Notes:
1. WTPS design capacity and total production are based on active
operational treatment plants and therefore may vary from year to year.

2. The total available capacity in Selangor is lower than the design capacity
due to :
a. Some plants not operating to their maximum design capacity
b. Low water demand in the local distribution area of certain WTPs
c. Low interconnectivity between the disctribution systems of the WTPs .