Waste Process, Lectre 1

1
CHE 575
Advances in Pollution Prevention
Dr. Christine Grant
Lecture 2
J anuary 15, 2008
CHE 475/575
Advanc es i n Pol l ut i on Pr event i on:
Envi r onment al Management f or t he Fut ur e
Lecture 2:
Treatment Unit Operations
Chemical, Physical, Thermal and Biological
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Water Treatment
CHE 475/575Advances in Pollution Prevention: Environmental Management for the Future by Dr. Grant
2
Unit operations & process useful in the recovery of
treatment & disposal of wastes
Treatment
Reduce the concentrations of specific pollutants to the level where the
discharge will not adversely affect the environment. (List of Pollutants )
Key issues in selecting a process to pinpoint key design variables that
influence process performance and economics.
->Use preliminary design equations for initial design.
->Lab or pilot scale testing needed to determine characteristicsof an
individual waste stream.
CHE 475/575Advances in Pollution Prevention: Environmental Management for the Future Spring 2003 by Dr. Grant
Media for Pollutants (Air, Water ,Solid)
Specific Water Pollutants and Associated Problems (Class Exer.)
Water Pollutants Problems
______________________________________________________________________
(1) Inorganic salts a) deposition in pipelines
(hardness) b) iron cases spots on paper & white goods by textile
manufacturing
c) Growth of algae
(2) Acids and/or alkalis a) Corrosion of ship hulls (H
2
SO
4
)
b) NaOH deadly to fish
c) Pipes become brittle
(3) Organic matter a) exhausts oxygen resources of rivers
(BOD/COD)
b) unpleasant odors & tastes of water
(4) Suspended solids a) odors & deplete oxygen
b) unsightly sludge
c) increased turbidity &enhanced flooding
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Specific Water Pollutants and Associated Problems (Class Exer.)
Water Pollutants Problems
______________________________________________________________________
(5) Floating solids
(oils, greases) a) unsightly & obstructs passage of light through water;
retarding plant food growth
b) cause fire hazard
c) coats filters in water treatment w/tenacious film
(6) Heated water a) depletion of oxygen by increasing bacteria activity
b) kills fish
Other Pollutants Color , Toxic chemicals, Microorganisms (tanneries & slaughter
houses),Radioactive materials, Foam-producing matter, nanoparticles
Unit operations & processes useful in
recovery, treatment & disposal of wastes
Chemical Waste Treatment
To be covered in more detail when looking at actual processes
Physical Processes: Processes in which chemical or biological reaction (other than a
possible phase transfer) are absent.
Because there is not a chemical change in the components -there is always a
concentration of hazardous components ( or properties) in one output stream and a
reduction of hazardous components in another output stream. Usually result in a
volume reduction not elimination of a waste.
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< Separation by differential action of a force>
Differential action of a force upon a particle relative to the
fluid imparts a relative velocity between the bulk fluid and the
particle -can be used to separate them.
<Differential Passage>
Removal of particles ranging from colloidal and molecular
level to large suspended particles. Particles retained on
medium.
Physical Treatment Processes
Separation by differential action of a force
Gravitational
Sedimentation
Centrifugal
Centrifugation
Magnetic :
Magnetic Filtration
Electrical
Electrostatic Precipitation
Electrophoresis
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Separation by Differential Passage through Fixed Media
Particulates
Granular Filtration,Vacuum Filtration*
Filter Presses, Bag House Filters
Macromolecular
Ultra filtration
Molecular
Reverse Osmosis
Dialysis
Electro dialysis
Separation by Differential Phase Partitioning
Liquid-Liquid
Solvent Extraction
Vapor-Liquid
Distillation, Air Stripping
Steam Stripping, Absorption
Solid-Liquid or Solid- Vapor
Adsorption
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Separation by Differential Phase Partitioning
Solid-Liquid
Figure 2.4. Principles of (a) dead-end filtration and (b) cross-flow filtration.
In dead-end filtration the flow causes the build-up of the filter cake, which
may prevent efficient operation. This is avoided in cross-flow filtration
where the flow sweeps the membrane surface clean.
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The Scraper discharge is used:
For fast filtering materials.
For discharging granular or crystalline material.
For discharging cakes in excess of 1/4" thick.
For nonblinding cakes where cloth washing is not required.
The Roll discharge filter is usually fitted with a very tight filter
medium to retain very small particles and is used:
For discharging very thin, sticky (tacky) cakes.
For discharging dilatent and thixotropic materials.
For applications with very small particle sizes.
Biological Treatment
Organic materials can be transformed, removed or converted to
inorganic byproducts by microorganisms.
Application requires a number of tests to determine if the sample
biodegrades and the kinetics of the process.
Microorganisms require nutrients for growth (C,H,O,N and
P,K,S,Mg) and also require Energy ( e.g., sun)
Microorganisms are usually supported somehow: - supporting
medium suspended or fixed-film processes (e.g.,trickling filter) ,
flocculated materials, rotating contactor, to allow contact w/air (0
2
) .
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Thermal Processes
->High temp. process in presence of an oxidizing agent
->Complete or partial reduction in material hazard
Wastewater: Treatment depends. on composition, concentration,
flow rate effluent limits, ability to reuse water, ability to sewer to
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) .
1) Pre-Treatment: Screening and removing large objects (physical)
Bar Screen:
To remove
large objects
Comminutor
To grind up
large solids
Grit Chamber -
To slow down flow
to allow sand and
inorganic solids to
settle down
Waste
To primary
treatment
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2) Primary treatment: minimizes variations in wastewater flow
and concentration and removes a number of pollutants. Prepares
wastewater for biological treatment.
Settling tanks: solids on the bottom are removed with scrapers -
can be called clarifiers (physical)
Neutralization- using lime, acids or bases
Flotation of oils & greases that are skimmed off
Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
Biological treatment: Need definitions first!
BOD
5
: biochemical oxygen demand-amount of oxygen (mg/L)
that has to be added to a wastewater to support the activity of its
microorganisms over a five day period.
-want to reduce the BOD
5
COD : chemical oxygen demand-amount of 02 from potassium
dichromate needed to chemically oxidize a given wastewater .
COD & BOD imperfect measures of organic content because
inorganicscan be oxidized & some organics may not be oxidized.
TOC: total organic carbon-measured by oxidizing all organic
matter to C02.
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3) Secondary treatment: used for biological degradation of
soluble organics - using aerobic or anaerobic vessels.
-Bacteria & other microorganisms breakdown & metabolize
soluble & colloidal organic materials in waste.
Aerobic treatment: water aeration -e.g., trickling filter, aerated
lagoons: Microorganisms + organics => CO
2
+ new cells
BOD
5
3000mg/L => BOD
5
10-100 mg/L
Anaerobic treatment: occurs in ponds -followed by aerobic
treatment: Microorganisms + organics => CH4 + C02 + cell matter
Both processes produce a non-degradable sludge which settles out. These
activated sludgesare not "hungry" and are returned to the tank to act on the next
"batch of material".
(4) Tertiary Treatment:
BOD removal =:} oxidation pond ( aerobic )
Activated carbon adsorption =} adsorbs organics and inorganic onto
micro porous surface. For color-producing compounds, pesticides +
halogenated organics. Used for metal removal-can't regenerate & use
for waste.
Nitrogen removal: nitrification- denitrification
NO
3
(Nitrate)---> NO
2
(Nitrite)---> NO (Nitric Oxide)--->
N2O
(Nitrous
Oxide)---> N
2
(Nitrogen)
Phosphate removal: precipitated using Al, Fe or Ca salts
Apart fromthe phosphates that are leached fromnatural mineral deposits, phosphates enter groundwater
and wastewaters fromtwo basic sources: Agriculture ,Liquid urban waste/sewage disposal
Phosphates in solution can be precipitated by the addition of flocculating reagents, such as iron and
aluminiumsalts. The degree of phosphate removal depends on how these areadded
(http://www.nhm.ac.uk/mineralogy/phos/p&k213.html)
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Tertiary Treatment (cont.)
Sludge Disposal:
Sludge thickening & dewatering (physical)
gravity
dissolved air flotation
drying
centrifugation
filtration
coagulation =>dewatering
Lagooningor spreading/spraying over land
Incineration (fuel requirement? dryness?) --Thermal value during
incineration.?
Fertilizer
(Next Page)
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Thermal Processes
(Combustion, Incineration)
Combustion
AIR
Fuel
Waste
Gaseous Products
ASH
Thermal Processes
(Combustion, Incineration)
H HCl , HF,H
2
0
C C
C HCl OR Cl
2
F HF OR F
2
S SO
2
N N
2
ALAKALI METALS (Na,K) hydroxides
Non- alkali metals (Cu, Fe) oxides

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