Luminescence and energy transfer in the Sb

3+
and Gd
3+
activated
YBO
3
phosphor
Lei Chen
a,c,n
, Anqi Luo
a
, Xiaorong Deng
a
, Shaochan Xue
a
, Yao Zhang
a
, Fayong Liu
a
,
Jianyang Zhu
a
, Zhuofan Yao
a
, Yang Jiang
a,nn
, Shifu Chen
b,nn
a
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
b
Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
c
Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Technology Engineering Research Center of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 10 November 2012
Received in revised form
2 June 2013
Accepted 6 June 2013
Available online 13 June 2013
Keywords:
Phosphor
(Y,Gd)BO
3
:Sb
3+
Luminescence
Energy transfer
a b s t r a c t
The Gd
3+
could play an intermediate role in energy transfer to produce light, while the Sb
3+
promisingly
served as a sensitizer or an activator in luminescence since its ns
2
nsnp transition having a large cross
section to capture excitation energy. In this work, the energy transfer between Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
in YBO
3
host was studied. The phosphors were synthesized with a solid-state reaction method, and their crystal
structure was examined with the X-ray diffraction analysis. The dependence of energy transfer on the
distance between Gd
3+
was revealed by changing Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
concentrations, respectively. The results
revealed that excitation energy was transferred from Gd
3+
towards Sb
3+
, which was contrary to the Bi
3
+
-Gd
3+
energy transfer that was previously reported in YBO
3
, although both Sb
3+
and Bi
3+
have the
same ns
2
electronic conguration. Moreover, the excitation energy would transfer among different Gd
3+
ions via sublattice until trapped by Sb
3+
.
& 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
As for space particle detectors, the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)
photomultiplier tube (PMT) that was used as the photosensor to
detect the 172 nm photons radiated by xenon discharge in a xenon
Gas Proportional Scintillation Counter (GPSC) was very costly. If an
inorganic material which can convert 172 nm into ultraviolet or
visible light could be developed, it is promising to replace the VUV
PMT with an inexpensive ultraviolet (UV) PMT one by coating the
inorganic converting material to the window of GPSC. YBO
3
is an
excellent host for VUV excited phosphor due to its high UV
transparency, exceptional optical damage thresholds, strong
absorption in VUV wavelength range, well chemical inertness,
and good maintenance [14]. (Y,Gd)BO
3
:Eu
3+
has been used as the
red phosphor of plasma display panels (PDP) for a long time [14].
The construction of an appropriate path of energy transfer from
one ion to another opens interesting possibilities to develop novel
efcient luminescent materials [5]. In this aspect, the energy
transfer on Gd
3+
compounds has received remarkable attention
since Gd
3+
could play the role of an intermediate in energy
transfer to emit light, such as the visible quantum cutting through
downconversion involved in Gd
3+
Eu
3+
couples and the upconver-
sion uorescence from infrared to ultravioletvisible light [24,68].
Besides energy transfer from one ion to another, the excitation
energy may migrate through sublattice. There have been a lot of
interests in energy migration via Gd
3+
sublattice through the process
of -
excitation
S-Gd
3
-
nx
Gd
3
-A -
emission
, where the nx denotes the
occurrence of many Gd
3+
Gd
3+
jumps [5]. The sensitizer (S) absorbs
efciently ultraviolet radiation and then transfers it to the Gd
3+
sublattice, in next the Gd
3+
sublattice is sensitized and activated. By
energy migration in sublattice the activator (A) is fed, and emission
results. Moreover, the improved performance in aspect of thermal
stability of luminescence was observed after incorporating Gd
3+
into
phosphor [9-10].
The ion of Sb
3+
has the ns
2
electron conguration, whose
luminescence originates from the ns
2
to nsnp transition and thus
has a large cross section to capture excitation energy, promisingly
served as a sensitizer of an activator in phosphors [1114].
Typically, Sb
3+
was utilized as the sensitizer of the activator
of Mn
2+
in the traditional uorescent phosphor of 3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

Ca(F,Cl)
2
: Sb
3+
, Mn
2+
[14]. The energy transport from S (SSb
3+
,
Bi
3+
, Ce
3+
) to A (Eu
3+
, Tb
3+
) via the Gd
3+
sublattice was studied by
Hao and Blasse [15], and the transport process S-Gd (-Gd)
n
-A
was conrmed. The luminescence of Sb
3+
activated LnBO
3
(LnSc,
Y, La, Gd, Lu) was reported by Oomen et al. [16]. However,
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jlumin
Journal of Luminescence
0022-2313/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2013.06.014
n
Corresponding author at: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei
University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
Tel.: +86 5512904358 and +86 561 380661.
nn
Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 5512904358 and +86 561 380661.
E-mail addresses: shanggan2009@qq.com (L. Chen), apjiang@hfut.edu.cn
(Y. Jiang), chshifu@chnu.edu.cn (S. Chen).
Journal of Luminescence 143 (2013) 670673
thermally activated energy transfer from Gd
3+
towards Sb
3+
was
observed in GdBO
3
: Sb
3+
[16]. The result was contrary to that
about the energy transfer from Sb
3+
to Gd
3+
reported by Hao [15].
Additionally, an extremely larger Stokes shift of Sb
3+
luminescence
was observed in all compositions of LnBO
3
while the Stokes shift of
LnBO
3
:Bi
3+
luminescence was smaller [16]. The difference between
Bi
3+
and Sb
3+
was very interesting, although Bi
3+
has the same
electron conguration with Sb
3+
. Oomen et al. attributed it to the
large radius of the Bi
3+
ion compared to the Sb
3+
ion [16].
The energy transfer in the system of (Y,Gd)BO
3
:Eu
3+
has been
studied in our previous papers [3,4]. The results demonstrated that
Gd
3+
plays the role of an intermediate bridge in the energy transfer
from Bi
3+
to Eu
3+
to produce light in the (Y,Gd)BO
3
:Bi
3+
, Eu
3+
system
[3,4]. The energy transfer of Bi
3+
-Eu
3+
existes in YBO
3
at the
circumstance of no Gd
3+
co-doped, but the residual emission of Bi
3+
occurrs to emission spectra simultaneously with Eu
3+
[3,4]. Never-
theless, it disappears after Gd
3+
doped into YBO
3
:Bi
3+
, Eu
3+
, which
indicates that the excitation energy of Bi
3+
was transferred to Gd
3+
and
then to Eu
3+
completely [3,4].
In order to clarify the controversies over the energy transfer from
Gd
3+
to Sb
3+
or fromSb
3+
towards Gd
3+
, reveal the difference between
Sb
3+
and Bi
3+
, and explore the potential application for space particle
detectors, the energy transfer between Sb
3+
and Gd
3+
in YBO
3
was
investigated in this work. Moreover, the luminescence mechanismwas
revealed by changing Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
concentrations, respectively. The
continuous increase of energy transfer with an increase of Gd
3+
concentration demonstrates that the energy transfer depends on the
distance of Gd
3+
Gd
3+
ions rather than the Gd
3+
Sb
3+
distance, which
must occur via Gd
3+
sublattice.
2. Experimental
Samples were synthesized with the solid-state reaction
method. Y
2
O
3
(99.9%), Gd
2
O
3
(99.9%), Sb
2
O
3
(99.9%) and H
3
BO
3
(99.5%) were used as raw materials, and the amount of H
3
BO
3
was
5% excess to compensate for evaporation during the high-
temperature sintering process. Firstly, the stoichiometric raw
materials were thoroughly grounded and pre-red at 800 1C for
120 min. Then, the mixtures were grounded for a second time.
Next, they were sintered at 1150 1C for 240 min in air ambient and
then cooled down to room temperature naturally inside the
furnace. Later, the red products were grounded for a third time
and washed with 80100 1C de-ionized water for several times to
remove the excess B
2
O
3
. Finally, the samples were dried at 120 1C.
Crystal structure was analyzed by using an X-ray diffraction (XRD,
Rigaku, D/Max-rB) with Cu K (1.5408 ) radiation. Emission
and excitation spectra were measured with a Hitachi F-4500
uorescence spectrometer at room temperature.
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 1 presents the XRD patterns of (Y
1r
Gd
r
)
0.92
Sb
0.08
BO
3
(r0.15, 0.35, 0.55, 0.75 and 0.95). All of them display the same
peaks as the JCPDS 741929. For a long time, there were a lot of
controversies over the crystal structure of YBO
3
[1719]. Recently,
Lin et al. resolved the crystal structure of YBO
3
renewedly by using
neutron diffraction approach [18]. The result showed that YBO
3
crystallizes with the space group of C2/c. This conclusion was
further supported by the spectroscopic studies by Tanner [19],
who utilized the low-temperature high-resolution emission spec-
troscopy to probe the local site symmetries of Eu
3+
ions that were
accommodated on the Y
3+
sites in YBO
3
: Eu
3+
(0.5 at%). The use of
point group selection rules enabled a consistent spectral inter-
pretation by envisaging two distinct C
i
and C
1
symmetry of Eu
3+
sites in accordance with the neutron diffraction study of Lin's [18,19].
By virtue of the same valence and similar ionic radius (Gd
3+
:0.94 ;
Sb
3+
:0.76 ; and Y
3+
:0.89 ), the doped Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
ions should
take place on Y
3+
sites in the crystal lattice of YBO
3
.
The emission spectra of YBO
3
:Sb
3+
excited with 238 nm are
presented in Fig. 2, which shows that luminescence intensity
maximizes at about x0.08 for (Y
1x
Sb
x
) BO
3
(x0.04, 0.06, 0.08
and 0.10). Fig. 3 displays the excitation spectra of YBO
3
:Sb
3+
by
monitoring the emission at 460 nm, in which two bands with
maxima about 278 nm and 238 nm are observed. These two bands
are attributed to the
1
S
0
-
3
P
1
and the
1
S
0
-
1
P
1
transitions of Sb
3+
,
respectively [1114]. Correspondingly, the emission spectra in
Fig. 2 are ascribed to the
3
P
1
-
1
S
0
transition of Sb
3+
[1114].
In Fig. 2, the asymmetric conguration of the emission spectra
suggests that the broad emission band comprises more than one
peak. As shown in Fig. 4, the emission spectrum of (Y
0.92
Sb
0.08
)BO
3
excited with 262 nm at the 14 K low temperature clearly reveals
that the emission spectrum consisted of two peaks: one at about
412 nm and the other at about 470 nm. These phenomena could be
explained by the two-site occupations of Sb
3+
in YBO
3
.
The eightfold Y
3+
in the C
i
site is surrounded with O
1
(2), O
2
(2),
O
3
(2) and O
4
(2), while the C
1
site is coordinated with O
1
(2), O
2
(2),
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
r = 0.95
r = 0.75
r = 0.55
r = 0.35
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

a
.
u
.
2/ degree
r = 0.15
Fig. 1. The XRD patterns of the (Y
1r
Gd
r
)
0.92
Sb
0.08
BO
3
(r0.15, 0.35, 0.55, 0.75
and 0.95).
300 400 500 600
C
1
( Y
1-x
Sb
x
) BO
3
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

a
.
u
.

Wavelength, nm
x=0.04
x=0.06
x=0.08
x=0.10
C
i
Fig. 2. The emission spectra of (Y
1x
Sb
x
)BO
3
(x0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10) excited
with 238 nm at room temperature.
L. Chen et al. / Journal of Luminescence 143 (2013) 670673 671
O
3
(2), O
4
(1) and O
5
(1). The mean values of the distances of the
nearest-neighbor oxygen atoms surrounding the C
1
and C
i
sites are
about 235.6 and 238 pm, respectively [18,19]. A shorter bond
length implies stronger crystal eld strength and the larger split
of excited states. Correspondingly, the center of the gravity of the
excited state is greatly reduced due to the nephelauxetic effect.
Therefore, the C
1
site should correspond to the low energy center
while the C
i
site corresponds to the high energy center. Mean-
while, the peaks at about 410 nm and 470 nm in Figs. 2 and 4 are
attributed to the C
i
and C
1
sites, respectively.
Fig. 5 shows the emission spectra of YBO
3
:Sb
3+
co-doped with
different amount of Gd
3+
by exciting the
3
P
1
level of Sb
3+
and the
6
I
J
level of Gd
3+
with 278 nm. In Fig. 2, the height of the emission
peak of Sb
3+
at the C
i
site was higher than that at the C
1
site.
However, the height of the emission peak of Sb
3+
at the C
1
site was
higher than that at the C
i
site in Fig. 5. These characters show the
site-selective excitation of the luminescence of (Y,Gd)BO
3
:Sb
3+
. A
reasonable explanation is that Sb
3+
tends to occupy the C
1
site
after Gd
3+
co-doped into YBO
3
:Sb
3+
, because the radius of Gd
3+
was larger than that of Y
3+
. Besides the
3
P
1
-
1
S
0
emission of Sb
3+
that is observed in Fig. 2, the
6
P
J
-
8
S
7/2
transition of Gd
3+
is
observed [2]. The inset in Fig. 5 shows the amplied emission of
the
6
P
J
-
8
S
7/2
transition of Gd
3+
, from which we could observe
that the intensity of Gd
3+
emission decreases step by step with an
increase of Gd
3+
content from 0.15 through 0.35 to 0.55 M. When
the concentration of Gd
3+
is no less than 0.75 M, the emission of
the
6
P
J
-
8
S
7/2
transition of Gd
3+
disappears from spectra. These
phenomena suggest that the excitation energy is transferred from
Gd
3+
to Sb
3+
, and the transfer enhances with an increase of Gd
3+
concentration. When the concentration of Gd
3+
is higher than 0.75 M,
the absorption energy of Gd
3+
almost has been transferred to Sb
3+
completely. So, the residual emission of Gd
3+
at 313 nm is not
observed. To further demonstrate the energy transfer from Gd
3+
to
Sb
3+
, the excitation spectra are measured as follows.
The excitation spectra of (Y
1r
Gd
r
)
0.92
Sb
0.08
BO
3
upon the emission
of Sb
3+
at 460 nm are provided in Fig. 6, from which the
8
S
7/2
-
6
I
J
transition at 277 nm and the
8
S
7/2
-
6
P
J
transitions of the doublets at
308 and 314 nm of Gd
3+
are observed [2]. Besides these, the
1
S
0
-
3
P
1
and
1
S
0
-
1
P
1
transitions of Sb
3+
have been observed in Fig. 3. The
occurrence of Gd
3+
absorption to the Sb
3+
excitation spectra provides a
direct evidence that there is an energy transfer from Gd
3+
to Sb
3+
.
The above Fig. 5 shows that the emission of Sb
3+
increases
continuously with an increase of Gd
3+
concentration. However, an
interesting question is that does the energy transfer either
depends on the distance between Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
ions or the
210 240 270 300 330
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

a
.
u
.
Wavelength, nm
x=0.04
x=0.06
x=0.08
x=0.10
( Y
1-x
Sb
x
) BO
3
1
S
0
1
P
1
1
S
0
3
P
1
Fig. 3. The excitation spectra of (Y
1x
Sb
x
)BO
3
(x0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10) by
monitoring the emission at 460 nm at room temperature.
350 400 450 500 550
C
1
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

a
.
u
.
Wavelength, nm

ex
=262 nm
Y
0.92
BO
3
: Sb
3+
0.08
C
i
Fig. 4. The emission spectrum of (Y
0.92
Sb
0.08
)BO
3
excited with 262 nm at 14 k.
300 350 400 500 450 550 600
C
i
312
( Y
0.85
Gd
r
)
0.92
Sb
0.008
BO
3
P
L

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

a
.
u
.
Wavelength, nm
r = 0.15
r = 0.35
r = 0.55
r = 0.75
r = 0.95
6
P
J
8
S
7/2
( Gd
3+
)
C
1
320 316
Fig. 5. The emission spectra of (Y
1r
Gd
r
)Sb
0.08
BO
3
(r0.15, 0.35, 0.55, 0.75 and
0.95) excited with 278 nm at room temperature.
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
8
S
7/2
6
P
J
( Gd
3+
)
( Y
0.85
Gd
r
)
0.92
Sb
0.08
BO
3
E
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

a
.
u
.
Wavelength, nm
r = 0.15
r = 0.35
r = 0.55
r = 0.75
r = 0.95
1
S
0
3
P
1
( Sb
3+
)
1
S
0
1
P
1
(Sb
3+
)
8
S
7/2
6
I
J
( Gd
3+
)
Fig. 6. Excitation spectra of (Y
1r
Gd
r
)Sb
0.08
BO
3
(r0.15, 0.35, 0.55, 0.75 and 0.95)
by monitoring the emission of 460 nm at room temperature.
L. Chen et al. / Journal of Luminescence 143 (2013) 670673 672
distance between Gd
3+
and Gd
3+
ions? To answer this question,
the emission spectra of (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)
1x
Sb
x
BO
3
were measured by
changing the distance of Gd
3+
Sb
3+
ions and xed the Gd
3+
Gd
3+
ions
distance at the mol ratio of Gd
3+
/Y
3+
at 0.35/0.65. The composition of
(Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)BO
3
is the host of red phosphor of (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)BO
3
:Eu
3+
for PDP, where the 0.35/0.65 of Gd
3+
/Y
3+
is called the golden ratio. The
emission spectra of (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)
1x
Sb
x
BO
3
excited with 278 nm at
room temperature are presented in Fig. 7. When there is no Sb
3+
doped, an intense emission of Gd
3+
at 313 nm which originates from
the
6
P
J
-
8
S
7/2
transition is observed in (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)BO
3
. However, it
decreases signicantly after Sb
3+
doped into (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)BO
3
. The
luminescence of (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)
1x
Sb
x
BO
3
increases as Sb
3+
concentration
increases from x0, maximizes at x0.08, and then decreases with
Sb
3+
concentration further increases to x0.10. The excitation energy
would transfer among different Sb
3+
ions when the concentration of
Sb
3+
is higher than 0.08 M, which results in the decrease of lumines-
cence. By comparing the luminescence of (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)
1x
Sb
x
BO
3
with
that of (Y
0.92
Sb
0.08
)BO
3
shown in Fig. 3, the critical concentration about
0.08 M are observed in both of them, which indicates that the energy
transfer does not depend on the distance between Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
.
However, the continuous decrease of Gd
3+
luminescence with an
increase of Sb
3+
concentration from x0 to 0.10 also indicates that the
excitation energy is transferred from Gd
3+
to Sb
3+
. So, it must depend
on the distance of Gd
3+
Gd
3+
ions.
Either for the nonradiative resonance transfer or for the
radiative energy transfer, the transfer probability is proportional
to the spectral overlap between the emission of sensitizer and the
absorption of activator [5]. However, there was no spectra overlap
between the emission of Gd
3+
and the absorption of Sb
3+
. The
energy transfer from Gd
3+
to Sb
3+
may through the exchange
interaction, but the continuous increase of Sb
3+
emission with an
increase of Gd
3+
concentration indicates that the energy migrates
via Gd
3+
sublattice and then captured by Sb
3+
.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, the energy transfer between Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
was
investigated systematically in YBO
3
host by changing Sb
3+
and Gd
3+
concentration, respectively. The result demonstrates that energy is
transferred from Gd
3+
towards Sb
3+
. This direction is contrary to the
previous report about the energy transfer from Bi
3+
to Gd
3+
, although
both Sb
3+
and Bi
3+
have the ns
2
electron conguration. The critical
concentration about 0.08 M of Sb
3+
were observed both in YBO
3
and
in (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)BO
3
hosts, but the continuous increase of Sb
3+
emission
with an increase of Gd
3+
concentration from zero to 0.95 M indicates
that the energy transfer depends on the distance between Gd
3+
and
Gd
3+
ions rather than the distance between Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
ions. So,
the transfer must occur via the sublattice of Gd
3+
. Moreover, the site of
Y
3+
and the occupation of Sb
3+
in the crystal lattice of YBO
3
were
discussed. The emission spectrummeasured at 14 K clearly shows that
two emission bands peaked at about 412 and 470 nm, which originate
fromthe
3
P
1
-
1
S
0
transition of Sb
3+
at the C
i
and C
1
sites, are observed.
The emission of Sb
3+
at C
i
site dominates in YBO
3
host, but the
emission at the C
1
site dominates in (Y,Gd)BO
3
host. A possible
mechanism is that Sb
3+
tends to occupy the C
1
site after Gd
3+
being
doped into YBO
3
. From the viewpoint of achieving an efcient
luminescence, GdBO
3
may be a better host than YBO
3
for the energy
transfer from Gd
3+
via the sublattice to Sb
3+
. Moreover, this research
suggests a potential application for the development of new phosphor
by utilizing the energy transfer between Gd
3+
and Sb
3+
, where the
emphasis should be paid to the energy path from Gd
3+
towards Sb
3+
.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the nancial support from the National
High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 program) for semiconductor
lighting application and demonstration of Ten cities with all LED
lamps (No. 2013AA03A114), the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (Nos. 51002043, 51172086, and 61076040), the Science
Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of the Ministry of Education
of China (No. 20090111120001), the Key Technology Research and
Development of Anhui Province (No. 12010202004), the China Post-
doctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 20090450802 and 2012T50568),
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.
2012HGQC0033), and the Student Innovation Training Program of
Hefei University of Technology (No. 2012CXCY044).
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300 350 400 450 500 550 600
C
1
3
P
1
1
S
0
( Sb
3+
)
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
,

a
.
u
.
Wavelength, nm
x=0
x=0.04
x=0.06
x=0.08
x=0.10
( Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)
1-x
Sb
x
BO
3
6
P
J
8
S
7/2
( Gd
3+
)
C
i
Fig. 7. The emission spectrum of (Y
0.65
Gd
0.35
)
1x
Sb
x
BO
3
excited with 278 nm at
room temperature.
L. Chen et al. / Journal of Luminescence 143 (2013) 670673 673