Ero 08 scno v8004287

FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT

INTRODUCTION
1. 1Objecti ve
All the time men/women are not available in such cases we use FIREFIGHTING ROBO
with supervisory control to stop the fire accidents.The objective of this project is to operate the
robot to detect and to stop the fire.
1.2 Introduction to embedded systems
An embedded system is a special-purpose
computer
system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with
real-time computing
constraints. Itis usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and
mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer
, c a n do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many
of the common devices in
use today.Si nce t he embedded s yst em i s dedi cat ed t o speci fi c t asks,
desi gnengineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing
thereliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefitingfrom
economies of scale
.Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such asdigital watches and
MP4 players
,to large stationary installations like
traffic lights
,factory controllers, or the systems controlling
nuclear power plants
. Complexity variesf r o m l ow, wi t h a s i ngl e
microcontroller
c hi p, t o ve r y hi gh wi t h mul t i pl e uni t s , peripherals and networks mounted inside a
large chassis or enclosure.In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as
manysystems have some element of programmability. For example,
handheld computers
share some el ement s wi t h embedded s yst ems, such as t he operat i ng s yst ems
andmicroprocessors which power them. But are not truly embedded systems,
becausethey allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connecte
In the earliest years of computers in the 1930-40s, computers weresometimes
dedicated to a single task, but were far too large and expensive for mostkinds of tasks
performed by embedded computers of today. Over time however, thec onc e pt o f
programmable controllers
evolved from traditional
Electromechanical
sequencers, via solid state devices, to the use of computer technology.One of the first
recognizably modern embedded systems was the
ApolloGuidance Computer
, developed by
Charles Stark Draper
at the MIT InstrumentationLaboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance
computer was consideredt he ri ski est i t em i n t he Apol l o proj ect as i t empl oyed
t he t hen newl y devel opedmonolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and
weight. An early mass-producedembedded system was the Automatics D-17 guidance
computer for the
Minutemanmissile
, released in 1961. It was built from
transistor

logic
and had a
hard disk
for mainmemory. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17
wasreplaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of
integratedcircuits. This program alone reduced prices on quad
nand gate ICs
from $1000/each to$3/each, permitting their use in commercial products.Since these
early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems havecome down i n pri ce and
t here has been a dramat i c ri se i n processi ng power and functionality. The first
microprocessor
for example, the
Intel 4004
, was designed for
calculators
and ot her smal l syst ems but st i l l requi red many ext ernal memor y and support
chips. In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released a"standard"
for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-basedcontrollers,
such as single board computers, numerical, and event-based controllers.As t he cost
of mi croprocessors and mi crocont rol l er s fel l i t became feasible to replace
expensive knob-based
analog
components such as
potentiometers
and
variable capacitors
with up/down buttons or knobs read out by a microprocessor even in some consumer
products. By the mid-1980s, most of the common
previouslyexternal system components had been integrated into the same chip as the
processor and t hi s modern form of t he
microcontroller
allowed an even more widespread use