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Spectrum
February 2013
Contents
Introduction 1
Executive summary 2
List of abbreviations 3
1. Background 5
1.1 Economic benefits of IMT 5
1.2 Importance of coordinating framework 5
2.4 Conclusion11
3. Spectrum map 12
3.1 Existing spectrum12
3.2 Future outlook14
3.2.1 Analysis on additional frequency bands 14
3.2.2 Views on additional frequency bands 16
3.2.3 Detailed band-by-band analysis and position 16
6. Annex 36
6.1 Coordinating framework 36
7. References 40
Introduction
Why Spectrum Matters
Society benefits from connecting devices over the air at radio frequency spectrum. The
mobile industry is increasing rapidly, and this is having a direct benefit on peoples lives
and on economic development. Spectrum is a scarce non-renewable resource that is
the basis of a mobile communication network. With the arrival of the mobile internet,
the requirement for spectrum is increasing exponentially. How to manage spectrum
responsibly, how to allocate spectrum efficiently and rationally and how to improve
spectrum utilization are critical questions for government, regulator, operators and
manufacturers.
Executive Summary
Identify at least 500MHz (in the 400MHz 6GHz range) at WRC-15
Targeting global harmonization to the benefit of economies of scale
Targeting assignments of at least 100MHcontiguous bandwidth for IMT
Driven by the well recognized socio-economic value of the mobile broadband
application
Administrations need to take efforts in reducing the time that is currently
separating the ITU-R identification from the actual spectrum assignments at
national level
3.5GHz(3400-3600) as one of the important bands of global spectrum for
small cell enhancement
Low candidate
bands (<1GHz)
Low-to-mid
candidate
bands (1GHz3GHz)
Mid-to-high
candidate
bands (3GHz6GHz)
Spectrum
Incumbent
user
Parts of 500-600MHz
[470-around
694MHz]
TV
PMSE
700MHz
[694-790MHz]
TV
PMSE
WRC-15 target
D-Radio
Fixed Link
Scientific
2700-2900 MHz
Radar
3.4-3.6 GHz
3.6-3.8 GHz
IMT
Sat.
Parts of 3.8-4.2GHz
Sat.
Sat.
List of abbreviations
Abbreviations
Full spelling
3GPP
APT
ARNS
ASMG
ATU
BSS
BWA
CA
Carrier Aggregation
CEPT
CITEL
CJK
CR
Cognitive Radio
D2D
Device-to-Device
DAB
DAS
DCS
eMBMS
EVM
FCC
FDD
FSS
GPS
GSM
IMT
ITU
ITU-R
LTE
LTE-Hi
M2M
Machine-to-Machine
Abbreviations
Full spelling
MCS
MFCN
MIIT
MSS
Mobile-Satellite Service
PCS
PMSE
RCC
RSGB
SDL
Supplemental DownLink
TDD
UMTS
WCS
WLAN
WRC
WP5D
Working Party 5D
1 Background
1.1 Economic benefits of IMT1
Mobile broadband systems, especially IMT, contribute to global economic and
social development by providing a wide range of multimedia applications, such as
mobile telemedicine, teleworking, distance learning and other applications. IMT is
the root name, encompassing both IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced. IMT systems are
intended to provide telecommunication services on a worldwide scale, regardless
of location, network or terminal used. IMT systems have been the main method
of delivering wide area mobile broadband applications. In all countries where IMT
systems are deployed there is a continuing significant growth in the number of
users of IMT systems and in the quantity and rate of data carried, the latter being
driven to a large extent by audiovisual content.
This economic success is built on IMT-2000, but future economic welfare will
depend upon the growth of new technologies, such as IMT-Advanced and so on.
Any regulatory changes or uncertainty that jeopardizes those needs should be
considered very carefully. As the European Commission Communication on radio
spectrum policy2 notes, The EUs timely provision of harmonized frequencies
triggered the development of new pan-European digital cellular system (GSM).
From "Optimising spectrum for future mobile service needs"(GSMA, 2006) and "Studies on frequency-related matters on International Mobile Telecommunications and other terrestrial mobile
broadband applications" (RESOLUTION 233-WRC-12, 2012)
There is a fairly long lead time between the identification of frequency bands by
world radiocommunication conferences and the deployment of systems in those
bands, and timely availability of spectrum is therefore important to support the
development of IMT systems. The coordinating framework will continue to assure
the timely availability of spectrum for IMT in the world.
1720
1300
840
630
590
478
360
TE
L(L
A)
A)
L(N
TE
CI
PT
CE
AT
U
G
M
AS
T
AP
ide
nt
ifie
d
10
20
15
20
20
20
370
CI
510
Figure 1 Comparison of the amount of the estimated required, global identified and regional
available spectrum (source: ITU-R M.2078 & UMTS Jan. 2012)
Smartphones, tables,
laptops and netbooks
Improved user experience:
user friendly interfaces,
lager screen size and
longer battery life
Mobile
video
New type
of device
Flat rate
User
experience
Price
decrease
Dramatic growth
of mobile data
traffic
New mobile
app
Connection
to Internet
Convergence
Convergence of mobile communication
and other industries
http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=study-groups&rlink=rwp5d&lang=en
Draft Liaison statement to Joint Task Group 4 5-6-7 - Initial information on spectrum requirements studies for WRC-15 Agenda item 1.1, http://www.itu.int/md/R12-JTG4567-C-0047/en
CJK WhitePaper on Forecast of mobile broadband development in the Asia-Pacific Region, http://www.tta.or.kr/English/new/external_relations/meetingDocumentView.
jsp?boardIdx=IMT&num=109
The explosively increasing mobile traffic is not distributed evenly over the whole
network and more than 80% of the traffic comes from hotspots or indoor areas,
based on the analysis from Informa Telecoms & Media7. It is also forecasted that
mobile video will be the dominant service in the near future and it is shown that
about 70% of mobile services will be video in 2016 based on the prediction of
mobile traffic share from Cisco8.
To meet the explosive traffic demands and higher performance expectation, the
heterogeneous network or HetNet is becoming the network topology of the
future, as shown in Figure 3. The service of the small cells is compatible with a
good fixed network (fiber ). If the data speed of the fixed network is too slow,
or if there is not fixed network, the traffic will be captured by large cells. Public
fixed networks provide, more and more, the TV services (Broadcast TV, TV on
demand). The future evolutions of the mobile network will be probably similar,
and, the impact of this evolution will be to create the traffic asymmetry (more
downlink traffic than the uplink traffic).
One way to map the spectrum frequency to the deployment scenario is as below:
111 Wideband for the capacity. It is easier to find wideband in high spectrum
(above 1GHz or 3GHz).
222 The propagation and the coverage is better at low frequency (below 3GHz
and especially below 1GHz)
333 Below 400MHz, there are some technical difficulties to design the mobile
terminal
As mobile traffic increases and mobile connection speeds increase for anything,
anytime from anywhere, more spectrum in the low and low-to-mid bands is
needed to provide the coverage and capacity. The mid-to-high band is much more
important than ever before, to provide high performance, and also to provide
capacity boosting for the urban environment, especially hotspot and indoor areas.
Cisco, Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2011-2016, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_
paper_c11-520862.html
Administrator
Information
Source
Europe
EuropeanUnion
Radio Spectrum
Policy Programme
(RSPP)
USA
FCC National
Broadband Plan
Traffic increase
forecast
Baseline
bandwidth for
IMT
Additional
Spectrum
Requirement
Y2015:1200MHz
35 times increase
in traffic from 2009
to 2014
Canada
Global Mobile
Broadband
Forum 2012
Australia
ACMA paper
Towards 2020
Future spectrum
requirements
for mobile
broadband
30 times increase
in traffic from 2007
to 2014
Japan
AWG workshop
for future IMT
(AWG-13/INP136)
Growth rate of
traffic is increasing
to more than 100%
per year.
China
ITU-R WP5D#15
(document
5D/256)
Around 600times
increase in traffic
from 2010 to 2020
Y2009 allocated:
547MHz
Y2014 allocated:
553MHz
Y2015:300500MHz
Y2022:400600MHz
Y2012 allocated
and planned:
840MHz
Y2015: 150MHz
Y2020: 300MHz
Y2012 allocated:
500MHz
690MHz
Y2015: over
300MHz
Year 2020: total
over 1000MHz
Y2020:8001100MHz
As we can see, the amount of global identified spectrum is twice the amount
of regionally available spectrum, because each nation has its own limitations
on spectrum arrangements and the difficulty of establishing global harmonized
spectrum.
2.3.2 Operators
From the business perspective, there is never sufficient spectrum, and operators
will have to ease the traffic increase by pricing. In the case of AT&T, iPhone users
were to be provided unlimited traffic contracts, but the traffic explosion quickly
congested the network and AT&T had to gradually move unlimited data plans to
9
tiered mobile data packages to ease the traffic increase and to keep the network
balanced. In this sense, we could say that even facing todays traffic explosion,
the spectrum is not enough, let alone for the year 2020.
AT&T, for example, has stated9 that growth rate and data demand outpaces
the capabilities of these advanced radio interface technologies and network
topographies. Future new spectrum allocation to IMT is required as user demand
outpaces the technology and deployment advances. What AT&T has faced is not
unique among operators in the United States or elsewhere in the world.
The licensed spectrums the Japans operators hold are shown in Table 2.
Considering the low band and low-to-mid band, it seems the main operators hold
sufficient amount of resource, although the amount of efficient spectrum held
is far less than the total amount held by operators as shown in Table3. Japans
3.5G work is ongoing, which is supposed to provide large capacity and high
performance. Wi-Fi has been used for offloading traffic to alleviate the operators
pressure on network capacity; while IMT small cell technology in higher band is
targeted to carry and control the traffic on licensed spectrum when the spectrum
becomes available, which DOCOMO is also actively research and promoting.
Table 2 Spectrum held by licensed spectrum operators in Japan10
700MHz
bands
800MHz
bands
900MHz
bands
1.5GHz
bands
1.7GHz
bands
2GHz
bands
2.5GHz
bands
ToTal
DoCoMo
20MHz
30MHz
30MHz
[Partially
limited]
40MHz
[Only in some
areas]
40MHz
160MHz
AU
20MHz
30MHz
20MHz
40MHz
110MHz
Softbank
30MHz
20MHz
40MHz
90MHz
E-Access
20MHz
30MHz
50MHz
UQ
30MHz
30MHz
Wireless
City
Planning
30MHz
30MHz
31.2MHz
[Partially
share with
codeless
phone]
31.2MHz
WILLCOM
Addressing spectrum efficiency, information on current and planned use, and technical and operational characteristics in frequency bands for IMT under WRC-15 Agenda item 1.1, AT&T,
http://www.itu.int/md/R12-WP5D-C-0179/en
10
10
800M
900M
1.5G
1.7G
2GHz
2.5GHz
DoCoMo
20MHz
40MHz
60MHz
AU
20MHz
40MHz
60MHz
40MHz
70MHz
Softbank
E-Access
30MHz
20MHz
UQ
20MHz
30MHz
2.4 Conclusion
As is being discussed in ITU-R WP5D, more than 500MHz of additional spectrum
is needed for the year 2020, distributed in three band ranges low band (<1GHz),
mid-to-high band (1-3GHz) and high band (3-6GHz), to support the explosive
traffic increase and higher performance expectation.
11
Total
30MHz
3 Spectrum map
3.1 Existing spectrum
The map below shows a summary of the worldwide frequency allocation in the
bands from 300MHz to 30GHz.
The following map shows the main IMT bands allocated in each ITU region.
Region 2
FDD
FDD
Band 1 (2100M)
Band 3 (1800M)
Band 7 (2.6G)
Band 8 (900M)
Band 20 (DD800)
Band 22 (3.5G)
Band 2 (1900M)
Band 4 (AWS)
Band 5 (850M)
Band 10
Band 12 (700M L)
Band 13 (700M U)
Band 14 (700M)
Band 17 (700M)
Band 23 (MSS)
Band 24 (L-band)
Band 25 (E1900)
Band 26 (E850 U)
Band 27 (E850 L)
Band 28 (APT700)
Band 29 (DL 700)
TDD
Band 33
Band 38 (2.6G)
Band 42 (3.5G)
Band 43 (3.6G)
Region 3
FDD
TDD
FDD
Band 1 (2100M)
Band 3 (1800M)
Band 5 (850M)
Band 8 (900M)
Band 28 (APT700)
Band 34/a
Band 39/f
Band 40 (3.5G)
Band 28 (3.6G)
Band 44 (APT700)
Band 1 (2100M)
Band 6 (850M)
Band 9 (1800M)
Band 11
Band 18 (850M)
Band 19 (850M)
Band 21 (1.5G)
TDD
Band 41 (2.6G)
3GPP already defined the band number for different regional allocation.
Table 4 Existing spectrum for IMT in 3GPP
MSR/E
UTRA Band
number
13
UTRA Band
number
GSM/
EDGE Band
designation
FUL_low
1920 MHz
II
PCS 1900
1850 MHz
III
DCS 1800
1710 MHz
IV
1710 MHz
GSM 850
6(1)
VI
FUL_high
FDL_low
FDL_high
Dup
Mode
1980 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
FDD
1785 MHz
1805 MHz
1880 MHz
FDD
1755 MHz
2110 MHz
2155 MHz
FDD
824 MHz
849 MHz
869 MHz
894MHz
FDD
830 MHz
840 MHz
875 MHz
885 MHz
FDD
VII
2500 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2690 MHz
FDD
VIII
E-GSM
880 MHz
915 MHz
925 MHz
960 MHz
FDD
IX
1749.9 MHz
1784.9 MHz
1844.9 MHz
1879.9 MHz
FDD
10
1710 MHz
1770 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
11
XI
1427.9 MHz
1447.9 MHz
1475.9 MHz
1495.9 MHz
FDD
12
XII
699 MHz
716 MHz
729 MHz
746 MHz
FDD
13
XIII
777 MHz
787 MHz
746 MHz
756 MHz
FDD
14
XIV
788 MHz
798 MHz
758 MHz
768 MHz
FDD
15
XV
Reserved
Reserved
16
XVI
Reserved
Reserved
17
704 MHz
716 MHz
734 MHz
746 MHz
FDD
18
815 MHz
830 MHz
860 MHz
875 MHz
FDD
19
XIX
830 MHz
845 MHz
875 MHz
890 MHz
FDD
20
XX
832 MHz
862 MHz
791 MHz
821 MHz
FDD
21
XXI
1447.9 MHz
1462.9 MHz
1495.9 MHz
1510.9 MHz
FDD
22
XXII
3410 MHz
3490 MHz
3510 MHz
3590 MHz
FDD
23
2000 MHz
2020 MHz
2180 MHz
2200 MHz
FDD
24
1626.5 MHz
1660.5 MHz
1525 MHz
1559 MHz
FDD
25
XXV
1850 MHz
1915 MHz
1930 MHz
1995 MHz
FDD
26
XXVI
814 MHz
849 MHz
859 MHz
894 MHz
FDD
27
807 MHz
824 MHz
852 MHz
869 MHz
FDD
28
703 MHz
748 MHz
758 MHz
803 MHz
FDD
29
717 MHz
728 MHz
FDD
33
a)
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
34
a)
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
TDD
35
b)
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
TDD
36
b)
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
TDD
37
c)
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
TDD
38
d)
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
TDD
39
f)
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
40
e)
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
TDD
41
2496 MHz
2690 MHz
2496 MHz
2690 MHz
TDD
42
3400 MHz
3600 MHz
3400 MHz
3600 MHz
TDD
43
3600 MHz
3800 MHz
3600 MHz
3800 MHz
TDD
44
703 MHz
803 MHz
703 MHz
803 MHz
TDD
1990
2000
2010
2020
WARC-92(1992)
WRC-2000(2000)
WRC-07(2007)
Identified additional
spectrum for IMT-2000
WRC-15(2015)
The agenda items of WRC-15 dealing with spectrum matters for IMT are:
WRC-15
AI 1.1
WRC-15
AI 1.2
Figure 7 Agenda items of WRC-15 dealing with spectrum matters for IMT
Firstly, where cost considerations require the installation of fewer base stations,
not only in rural and/or sparsely populated areas but also in urban and/or
suburban areas, bands with good coverage to facilitate such deployment are
generally suitable for implementing mobile systems, including IMT. Especially
in many developing countries and countries with large areas of low population
density, there is a need for cost-effective implementation of IMT. In fact, lower
frequency bands(< 1 GHz) are most suitable for providing coverage with low cost
based on the propagation characteristics.
Firstly bis, to grow the current IMT frequency bands.
Secondly, Report ITU-R M.2074 identifies the preferred frequency ranges for
the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced, including both the
new mobile access and new nomadic/local area wireless access as they are
presented in Recommendation ITU-R M.1645. It suggests that new spectrum that
can fulfill the full range of requirements of the ITU for IMT-Advanced, should be
found below 6 GHz for a number of technical reasons, such as allowing sufficient
mobility, an acceptable trade-off between cost and full area coverage, availability
of the required RF hardware components and mobile terminal complexity and
power consumption. Concretely, the frequency bands from 1GHz to 6GHz,
including Low-to-mid bands (1-3GHz) and Mid-to-high bands (3-6GHz), are most
suitable to provide capacity and performance.
Thirdly, further studies are needed to resolve the availability issues for IMT in
high bands (>6GHz) because of the different characteristics of spectrum above
and below 6GHz. These studies should focus on technical, propagation and
implementation aspects of high bands (>6GHz) for IMT. Therefore, it would be
better that the frequency bands above 6GHz are considered at WRC-19 rather
than WRC-15).
Fourthly, as higher and higher bitrates will be demanded for the future
development of IMT systems, larger channel bandwidths (continuous or
composite by carrier aggregation) will be needed. Report ITU-R M.2074 includes
detailed analysis of some of the technical issues surrounding the spectrum
range preferences for the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced.
The Report states that a new radio access system, covering the full range of
capabilities of IMT-Advanced is envisaged to support a wide range of data rates
according to economic and service demands in multi-user environments. There
will be target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility. It may be possible to reach
considerably higher overall spectrum efficiency than today's technologies, but
even under the most optimistic assumptions discussed today and in favorable
radio reception conditions, the 1 Gbit/s transmission rate may require bandwidth
in the order of 100 MHz or more.
15
Finally our band-by-band analysis and position of some possible candidate bands
for IMT are as follows.
Table 5 Possible candidate band for IMT under WRC-15 Agenda Item 1.1
Description
Low candidate
bands (<1GHz)
Low-to-mid
candidate
bands (1GHz3GHz)
Mid-to-high
candidate
bands (3GHz6GHz)
Spectrum
Incumbent
user
Parts of 500-600MHz
[470-around
694MHz]
TV
PMSE
700MHz
[694-790MHz]
TV
PMSE
WRC-15 target
D-Radio
Fixed Link
Scientific
2700-2900 MHz
Radar
3.4-3.6 GHz
3.6-3.8 GHz
IMT
Sat.
Parts of 3.8-4.2GHz
Sat.
Sat.
follow the decisions that have been previously taken in such bands, where
exclusive individual usage rights are being assigned. Global harmonization should
be addressed from the very beginning. Synergies with the adjacent bands shall
be exploited: base station and user device RF components (e.g. amplifiers and
antennas may be reused to a large extent). .
CONCLUSIONS
Its proposed to identify 470-694/698MHz or part of this band for IMT at WRC-15
to provide cellular coverage network.
700
710
A4
720
MS Tx
698
730
un-paired
716
728
740
750
BS Tx
760
770
780
790
BS Tx
746
800
810
MS Tx
763
776
793
M.1036-03-A4
11
11
18
5 MHz
45 MHz
DTTV
DTTV
3 MHz
45 MHz
694 6 9 8
MHz MHz
PPDR/LMR
806
MHz
CONCLUSIONS
Band 700MHz brings a significant amount of high quality spectrum for mobile
broadband. Commercial networks have already been launched in US, in Region
3 the band had been identified as IMT utilization, in Region 1 the issue will be
decided at WRC-15.
We propose the harmonization or compatibility usage of the band between
Region 1 and Region 3 for economies of scale and effective utilization of the
band.
12
19
PPDR/LMR
1420 1430
Stage 1
RA
Softbank
RA
1420 1430
Stage 3
RA
1450
1460
1470
Softbank
3G
1420 1430
Stage 2
1440
1440
1450
3G
1440
3G
1450
1480
1490
3G
MCA
MCA
1460
1470
MCA
MCA
1460
1470
MCA
MCA
Softbank
1480
1490
1500 1510
MCA
3G
1480
1500 1510
1520
1530 [MHz]
Softbank
1490
1500 1510
3G
MCA
1520
MCA
1520
MCA
MSS
1530 [MHz]
MSS
1530 [MHz]
MSS
13
L-Band terminology refers to the 1 to 2 GHz frequency range, as defined by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB),
14
20
21
24
FUL_high
1447.9 MHz
1462.9 MHz
1660.5 MHz
Duplex
Mode
FDL_high
1495.9 MHz
FDD
1510.9 MHz
FDD
1559 MHz
FDD
Although the bands (1350-1525 MHz) are considered as key candidate band for
IMT, many efforts are necessary because the band is also the important band for
other services and supplications, including GPS and DAB applications. That will be
the high priority item in WRC-15.
CONCLUSIONS
We propose the global harmonized allocation for IMT in parts of this band
at WRC-15. The future use for IMT in this band will contribute to the need of
coverage and capacity for the future development of IMT.
15
21
From 3GPP
At the same time, we have also taken note that TDD Bands 33/34 are still important
TDD band in some other countries who tend to leave the bands as they are.
Band 33
1900MHz
Band 1 UL
1920MHz
MSS
1980MHz
Band 34
2010 2025MHz
1900MHz
2025MHz
Band 1 DL
2090MHz 2110MHz
MSS
2170MHz
2090MHz
2200
2215MHz
2215MHz
CONCLUSIONS
We propose the global harmonized allocation for IMT terrestrial components in
the band 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200MHz at WRC-15.
Furthermore there may be two separate side-by-side ways to deal with existing
IMT TDD bands (3GPP TDD Band 33/34) in the world.
The first way is that the allocation of the bands 1900-1920(3GPP TDD Band
33) and 2090-2110MHz, 2010-2025(3GPP TDD Band 34) and 2200-2215
MHz as paired bands for IMT create new FDD bands in one Region or some
countries for effective utilization of the band because the bands have been
allocated for IMT TDD in those counties, but never used for a long time.
The second one is still to keep TDD Bands 33/34 as it is now in some other
countries because the bands have been allocated and used for IMT TDD in
those counties.
22
CONCLUSIONS
Its proposed to identify 3600-3800MHz for IMT to provide cellular network with
capacity to fulfill increasing traffic requirement, especially for small coverage with denser
cellular. Regarding the bands 3800-4200MHz, the spectrum sharing between IMT and
FSS should be advocated with low power IMT network (E.g. LTE-Hi).
effective communication mean. Thus, it is difficult to clear the band in order for IMT
utilization in many countries in the next few years.
CONCLUSIONS
Its proposed to identify 4400-4500MHz and 4800-4990MHz for IMT to provide
cellular network with capacity to fulfill increasing traffic requirement, especially
for small coverage with denser cellular. Regarding the bands 4500-4800MHz, the
spectrum sharing between IMT and FSS should be advocated with low power IMT
network (E.g. LTE-Hi: LTE Hotspot & Indoor Enhancement).
3.5GHz
With current traffic requirement trend, operators are increasingly looking at
solutions from three aspects including band expansion, denser network, airinterface efficiency. Thus, heterogeneous networks where the wide area coverage
layers are integrated with additional layers of small cells are necessary to provide
additional capacity, with wider spectrum bandwidth deployed and enhancing
spectrum efficiency. Huawei LTE-Hi (LTE Hotspot & Indoor Enhancement) solution
is being developed targeting three aspects:
24
To meet the capacity requirement in hotspot, to seek the wider spectrum for IMT
is needed. The 3400-3600 MHz band is ideal for providing such kind of focused
coverage with its large amount of contiguous spectrum available.
This band also helps in the interference management associated with denser
cellular because of its reduced coverage capability which helps. This band has
great potential to become a globally harmonized band with at least 50MHz
allocated.
3.5GHz is potential to become a global harmonized spectrum band. In the future,
if other services such as FSS quit from this band to the other band or can share
the frequency bands with IMT, it is potentially 800MHz spectrum band from 3.4
to 4.2GHz, and additionally 600MHz from 4.4 to 5GHz, for IMT. This is very good
for the future development of the wireless market and the interest of the global
industry chain.
3.5GHz has many band characteristics adapt to the dense small cells for
offloading traffic.
High bandwidth: to fulfill the requirement of increasing capacity
High propagation loss: more fit for small coverage
Reduced coverage capability: to help in interference management associated
with denser cellular
LTE-Hi is the promising small cell technology being developed in R12. Its
working frequency includes 3.5GHz.
16
25
The 716~728 MHz was initially planned to be used for mobile TV services in the
USA, later is proposed to be only used for DL for LTE, and defined as Band 29
with duplex mode with FDD in 3GPP.
700MHz Spectrum in US
698
704
710
716 722
728
734
740
746
758
763
776
788
C
Public
Safety
Downlink
793
806
D
Public
Safety
DL only spectrum
Uplink
Figure 12 700MHz frequency arrangement of USA
SDL concept was also discussed in CEPT in the context of the L-Band and in ITU.
Intra-band CA
3GPP RAN4 studies intra-band carrier aggregation for following bands according
to operators actual requirement, including intra-band continuous CA and noncontinuous CA.
Intra-band continuous CA17
TDD band: Band 38 (2.6GHz), Band 41;
FDD band: Band 7 (2.6GHz), Band 1;
Intra-band non-continuous CA:
FDD band: Band 3, Band 4, Band 25.
CA impact on BS RF requirement is small, and main impact is on UE requirement.
For those continuous scenarios still being studied, the key focus is on UE back-off power.
Non-continuous CA may have big impact on UE, so we should keep an eye on it.
17
26
Inter-band CA
The topic studies RF requirement at scenario of inter-band CA. The requirement
comes from operators owning the band. In Rel-11 the scenarios are independently
studied in different WI.
Region
CA Class
EU
Class A3
USA
Class A1
USA
Class A2
USA
Class A1
USA
Class A2
USA
Class A1
USA
Class A3
USA
Class A3
EU
Class A1
China
Class A3
EU
Class A3
EU
Class A1
Korea
Class A1
USA
Class A3
EU
Class A4
Japan
Class A1
Japan
Class A1
Japan
Class A5
Japan
Class A5
Korea
Class A1
Asia, EU
Class A2
USA
USA
Japan
Asia, EU
Japan
Korea
China
USA
China
Korea
18
27
All inter-band CA combinations only finish the scenario of one-carrier UL in Rel11. The work on two UL carriers simultaneously transmitting is postponed to Rel12. In Rel-12, 5 WIs on CA are created according to the type of CA combination.
The main discussion focusing on inter-band CA is filter insertion loss of terminal,
because insertion loss will influence power back-off and desensitization, thus
coverage about DL and UL will be influenced.
Region 1
Many FDD operators hold TDD spectrum of 1.8/1.9/2.0GHz,
In EU countries, 2.6GHz was already auctioned or is on the agenda of auction.
FDD bands: DD800, 1.8GHz, 2.6GHz FDD part;
TDD bands: 1.9/2.0GHz, 2.6GHz TDD part;
Future TDD bands: 3.7GHz, 3.5GHz (if TDD is chosen)
Possible combinations:
DD800 FDD + 1.9/2.0GHz TDD
1.8GHz FDD + 1.9/2.0GHz TDD
DD800 FDD + 2.6GHz TDD
1.8GHz FDD + 2.6GHz TDD
2.6GHz FDD + 2.6GHz TDD
FDD band + 3.7GHz/3.5GHz
28
Region 2
In US, TDD or unpaired spectrum for IMT is mainly located at 2.6GHz, future
possible 3.5GHz.
2.6GHz TDD spectrum is held by the TDD only operators who have no FDD
spectrum. So it is impossible to have FDD+TDD CA combination.
Future possible 3.5GHz band: whether to have FDD+TDD CA combination is
dependent on whether FDD operators will own the band.
Possible combination:
700MHz FDD + 3.5GHz
Region 3
There are different situations in each country.
In China, concept of FDD + TDD CA is difficult to be approved unless TDD
operator i.e. CMCC will be permitted to operate FDD LTE network. In Japan, it is
very highly possible to deploy FDD+TDD CA network.
FDD bands: currently 2.1GHz, 1.5GHz, 1.7GHz and 850MHz; future possible band
900MHz, 800MHz.
TDD bands: 2.6GHz and possible band 3.5GHz
Possible combinations:
FDD: 2.1GHz, 1.5GHz, 1.7GHz, 900MHz, 800MHz + TDD: 3.5GHz
FDD: 1.5GHz, 900MHz + TDD: 2.6GHz
In other countries, possible combination is 1.8GHz FDD + 2.6GHz TDD.
29
Regarding the complicated bands situation for LTE, it is not possible to find a single
global roaming band. More reasonable way is to use several frequency bands which can
cover at least two ITU regions to comprise the roaming spectrum.
For FDD application, candidate bands for roaming band combination include:
1800MHz, E850MHz, APT 700MHz, US 700MHz
For TDD application, candidate bands for roaming band combination include:
2.3GHz, 2.6GHz, 3.5GHz
Note that except for the candidate bands, roaming via FDD is also a possible
30
700MHz Bands:
B12
716
698
B17
Region 2
704
728
716
746
734
746
B13
746
756
777
787
B14
758
Band 44
Region 3
Band 28
Region 1
CEPT
768
788
798
703
803
703
748
758
803
791
698
850MHz Bands:
Region 2
Lower E850
806
824
851
869
Upper E850
814
Band 5
849
894
859
Band 18
Region 3
815
Band 19
830
875
860
845
890
2600MHz Bands:
2500 MHz
Region 1
Europe
2570
2495 MHz
Region 2
2690
2572
2614
2690
B
B
R A A A B B B C C C D D D J A B C D G F E K R E E E F F F H H H G G G
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
S 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
S 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1
2
The US
16
Region 3
2620
TDD or FDD
Downlink(External)
Some AsiaPacific
countries
5.5*12
6*7
2500 MHz
4 6
5.5*12
2635
2660
BSS
2500 MHz
CHINA
Mobile Comm.
Service
2690 MHz
TDD
2690
Analysis
Different TDD band has different band characteristics adapted to the different
application and scenario.
Band 1.9GHz/2.0GHz: region 1 and region 3; small bandwidth
(15MHz~20MHz), low propagation loss and penetration loss
Band 2.3GHz: ongoing discussion in region 1, WCS (FDD application)
in region 2, IMT in region 3; large bandwidth (100MHz), relatively low
propagation loss and penetration loss
Band 2.6GHz: small bandwidth(50MHz) in EU large bandwidth (190MHz) in
US and China, relatively high propagation loss and penetration loss
Band 3.5GHz/3.7GHz: ongoing in different regions; very large bandwidth
(200MHz), high propagation loss and penetration loss
Thus, band 2.3GHz/2.6GHz can be used to increase capacity and 3.5GHz/3.7GHz
is more adaptable for small cell application to offload traffic. These spectrum
distribution among different regions are briefly summarized as below:
From the technology point, in band 1.9GHz/2.0GHz 3G TDD (TD-SCDMA) was
deployed only in China. In other bands LTE TDD is the only choice.
If there are several operators in same band, need a guard band (around 10MHz)
between each adjacent operator or to synchronize the TDD networks.
Dedicated band
1.9GHz/2.0GHz
In region 1, 1900-1920MHz (Band 33) and 2010-2025MHz (Band 34) are
currently allocated to UMTS networks but remain unused throughout the EU. The
32
2.3GHz
For 2.3GHz, non-mobile service is operated at the band in most countries and
only in small number of countries, mobile service is operated.
In EU, current usage is complex. LSA (licensed shared access) is hot issue in the
discussion in possible usage ways, but and maybe, could be static (without
consequence on the 3GPP standard). According to ECC WG FM questionnaire,
there are 12 countries which have no plan in addition to current non MBB use
and 5 countries that might support an EC/ECC harmonization.
In US, the band was assigned to WCS service in 1997. Now part of the band is
planned to be used as FDD systems.
In China, because of earlier military application, the band is only used in indoor
scenario before. MIIT in China formally announced that 2.3GHz can be used for
outdoor scenario after permission in Sep. 2012.
2.6GHz
Earlier allocation for this band is WiMAX. Many operators hold the spectrum more
than 20MHz. In recent years, the band already is allocated to LTE application in
Europe, US, China, etc. Although the band is intended for global harmonization,
actually there are two streams for allocation.
Option1: sandwich allocation, mainly in EU (Region1)
2500 MHz
2570
FDD UE Tx
2620
TDD
2690
FDD BS Tx
In case of coexistence between TDD BS and FDD BS with the same class, guard band
is necessary to avoid interference. Guard band is from 5MHz to 10MHz depending on
the scenarios.
Option2: all band for TDD, or there is no FDD allocation in the band, mainly in
US, China.
Currently, CMCC holds the band 2570-2520MHz for LTE-TDD trial network. It can be
estimated that existing status will be maintain in future and another operator may
also come in and hold some of the band. At least two operators may share this band
including CMCC and China telecommunications with high possibility.
Summary
With more and more spectrum available for TDD and the development of Hetnet,
complicated network with multiple operators and multiple layers becomes a trend.
It will bring co-existence problem especially for TDD because of the challenge for
synchronization between BSs. Synchronization becomes an imperative issue to be
solved for TDD.
Operator B uplink
Operator A downlink (UE
to UE interference)
Operator A downlink
Operator B uplink (BS to
BS interference)
D S U U D D S U U D
D S U U D D S U U D
Figure 15 Interferences between uncoordinated TDD systems in the same band and areas
34
There are several possible techniques for improving coexistence between TDD
networks like:
Synchronization
Sub-band filtering
Site coordination
Restricted blocks
The use of sub-band filtering and restricted blocks methods are obviously methods
which lead to spectrum wastage. Sub-band filtering method also increases
the number of base station types even within the same band and destroy the
economies of scale. Site coordination method will bring very complicate site plan
and site construction.
Therefore, a better way to avoid interferences is to synchronize neighbor BSs in
order to make them transmit and receive at the same time. Some supervisors also
make the synchronization between operators as mandatory rules to guarantee
the co-existence. It can be explained to two points as below:
Synchronizing the beginning of the frame
Configuring compatible frame structures
There are several methods for synchronization of the start of frame: GNSS
(like GPS), synchronization over backhaul network (like IEEE 1588 v2), and
synchronization through the radio-interface (like network listening). For outdoor
base stations like macro/micro cells, it is easy to get synchronization by GPS. But
with the development of heterogeneous network, more and more base stations
are planning to deployed indoor to improved the hotspot throughput. GPS and
IEEE 1588 are not always available or suitable for small cells. In this case, overthe-air synchronization approach can be used. This approach can be used for the
BSs not only within a single operator but also between different operators with
multiple layers sharing the same band. The following figure shows a feasible way
to implement synchronization across different operators.
Declaring
Channel
Introduce "Declaring
Channel" to make it
possible to save GB
BS A
BS B
Synchronization
Recalibration
Initial
Synchronization
Synchronization
Tracking
BS C
6 Annex
6.1 Coordinating framework
There are 3 levels for the coordinating framework of the international use of the
radio spectrum.
The first level: ITU-R for Global regulations (Coordinating the international use
of the radio spectrum in the world)
The second level: Regional Organizations for Regional regulations (Preparation
of common coordinated proposals in the region)
The third level: Administrations for national regulations (Governmental
department for the national frequency arrangement and management)
Administrations
ITU
Regional Org.
External Org.
111 ITU-R
The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) specializes in facilitating international
collaboration to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of
the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits, by:
Holding World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC and
RRC) 1 to expand and adopt Radio Regulations (RR) and Regional Agreements
covering the use of the radio-frequency spectrum;
Establishing ITU-R Recommendations, developed by ITU-R Study Groups
(SG) in the framework set by Radiocommunication Assemblies (RA), on the
technical characteristics and operational procedures for radiocommunication
services and systems;
Coordinating endeavors to eliminate harmful interference between radio
stations of different countries;
Maintaining the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR), Based on
inputs from administrations;
Offering tools, information and seminars to assist national radio-frequency
spectrum management.
ITU-R is responsible for coordinating the international use of the radio spectrum.
The conferences and important outcome of ITU-R are as follows19.
ITU Member
States (193)
Technical
bases
Rec
CPM
RA
SGs & SC
Final Acts
WRC
RR
Director
RRB
Radiocommunication Bureau
RofP
RAG
CPM: Conference Preparatory Meeting
Rec: ITU-R Recommendation
RofP: Rules of Procedure
RR: Radio Regulations (treaty status)
19
37
20
38
39
7 References
111 3GPP 37.104 v11.2.1
222 Report ITU-R M.2024(2000), Summary of spectrum usage survey results
333 Report ITU-R M.2072(2006), World mobile telecommunication market
forecast
444 Report ITU R M.2074(2006), Radio aspects for the terrestrial component of
IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000
555 Report ITU-R M.2078(2006), Estimated spectrum bandwidth requirements
for the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced
666 Report ITU-R M.2079(2006), Technical and operational information for
identifying Spectrum for the terrestrial component of future development of
IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced
777 Recommendation ITU-R M.1036-4(03.12), Frequency arrangements
for implementation of the terrestrial component of International Mobile
Telecommunications (IMT) in the bands identified for IMT in the Radio
Regulations (RR)
888 Radio Regulations (Edition of 2008)
999 Provisional final acts (WRC-12)
40
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