MSMA2ndEdition - August 2012

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE

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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd
Ldilion. 2O12 | DID MaIaysia

"#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234% i
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The use of Uilan Sloinvalei Managenenl ManuaI foi MaIaysia (MSMA 2nd Ldilion) iequiies piofessionaI
inleipielalion and judgnenl. Appiopiiale design pioceduies and assessnenl nusl le appIied lo suil lhe
pailicuIai ciicunslances undei consideialion.

Lveiy effoil and caie has leen laken in seIecling nelhods and ieconnendalions lhal aie appiopiiale lo
MaIaysian condilions. Nolvilhslanding lhese effoils, no vaiianly oi guaianlee, expiess, inpIied oi slaluloiy is
nade as lo lhe accuiacy, ieIialiIily, suilaliIily oi iesuIls of lhe nelhods oi ieconnendalions.

The Coveinnenl shaII have no IialiIily oi iesponsiliIily lo lhe usei oi any olhei peison oi enlily vilh iespecl lo
any IialiIily, Ioss oi danage caused oi aIIeged lo le caused, diieclIy oi indiieclIy, ly lhe adoplion and use of
lhe nelhods and ieconnendalions in lhis ManuaI, incIuding lul nol Iiniled lo, any inleiiuplion of seivice, Ioss
of lusiness oi anlicipaloiy piofils, oi consequenliaI danages iesuIling fion lhe use of lhe ManuaI.

Second Iiinling
Augusl 2O12

Uilan Sloinvalei Managenenl ManuaI

Copyiighl 2O12 ly Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage (DID) MaIaysia

KuaIa Lunpui, MaIaysia

AII iighls ieseived. No pail of lhis nanuaI nay le iepioduced, in any foin oi ly any neans, vilhoul
peinission in viiling fion lhe pulIishei.

+,-. /012/132/34526525

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

ii "#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234%
78)(98):

MSMA (ManuaI SaIiian Mesia AIan), an allievialion fion MaIay Language liansIalion of Uilan Sloinvalei
Managenenl ManuaI, has leen videIy accepled lein and since lecone liade naik in lhe sloinvalei indusliy
in MaIaysia. The fiisl edilion of lhe ManuaI, pulIished in 2OOO, has seived as invaIualIe iefeiences foi lolh
aulhoiily and piivale piofessionaIs. The veision incIuded lhe Ialesl slandaids and piaclices, lechnoIogies, lesl
engineeiing piaclices lhal veie geneiaIIy lased fion foieign counliies. The fiisl edilion vas aIso quile
voIuninous and ieIaliveIy difficuIl foi engineeis and piofessionaIs lo use. Recognising aII lhese and aflei len
(1O) yeais line Iapse, lhe Depailnenl decided lhal il is lineIy foi lhe fiisl edilion le inpioved. This inpioved
veision is caIIed MSMA 2nd Ldilion.

The MSMA 2nd Ldilion is deveIoped lhiough conliilulions fion lhe Coveinnenl as veII as piivale seclois and
foieign expeils. The ManuaI has leen sinpIified and updaled lo seive as a souice of infoinalion and lo piovide
guidance peilaining lo lhe Ialesl sloinvalei lesl nanagenenl piaclices (MIs). This is one of lhe nany
inilialives undeilaken ly lhe DID lo fuilhei enhance ils seivices paiaIIeI vilh ongoing liansfoinalions laking
pIace in Coveinnenl Depailnenl and piivale seclois.

Theie aie jusl loo nany lo nane and congialuIale individuaIIy, aII lhose invoIved in piepaiing lhis ManuaI.
Mosl of lhen aie ny feIIov piofessionaIs vho aie veII-iespecled vilhin lheii fieIds. I vish lo iecoid ny
sinceie lhanks and appiecialion lo aII of lhen and I an confidenl lhal lheii conliilulions viII le liuIy
appiecialed ly lhe useis foi nany yeais lo cone.

Dalo Ii. Hj. Ahnad Husaini lin SuIainan
Diiecloi CeneiaI
Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage MaIaysia

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

"#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234% iii
;$<=89%(:>('(=?#

The Uilan Sloinvalei Managenenl ManuaI foi MaIaysia (MSMA 2nd Ldilion) has leen piepaied lhiough lhe
co-opeialive and coIIaloialive effoils lelveen goveinnenlaI oiganizalions, piivale agencies as veII as
individuaIs. The effoils of lhose invoIved in piepaiing lhis ManuaI aie gialefuIIy acknovIedged.

SpeciaI lhank goes lo lhe Diiecloi CeneiaI of Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage (DID) MaIaysia, Yg. hg.
Dalo Ii. Hj. Ahnad Husaini lin SuIainan and Depuly Diiecloi CeneiaI (usiness Secloi), Yg. hg. Dalo Ii.
Noidin lin Handan.

This edilion couId nol have leen conpIeled vilhoul lhe guidance and assislance of key slaff nenleis fion
DIDs Sloinvalei Managenenl Division iecognized heiein:
Ii. Leong Tak Meng, Ii. Hj. AlduI Hanid Md. Kassin, Di. Hj. Md. Nasii Md. Noh, Anila Ainan, DzuIkifIi Alu
akai, Alikah Shafie and aII lhe engineeis and slaff nenleis vho have conliiluled diieclIy and indiieclIy lo
conpIele lhe nanuaI.

The conliilulion of TechnicaI Connillee nenleis aie aIso acknovIedge heiein:
Minisliy of NaluiaI Resouices and Lnviionnenl, Minisliy of Housing and LocaI Coveinnenl, Depailnenl of
Lnviionnenl, NalionaI Landscape Depailnenl, Tovn and Counliy IIanning Depailnenl, ReaI Lslale and
Housing DeveIopeis' Associalion MaIaysia (RLHDA), Associalion of ConsuIling Lngineeis MaIaysia (ACLM),
MaIaysian Inslilule of Aichilecls (IAM), Inslilulion of Lngineeis MaIaysia (ILM), Consliuclion Indusliy
DeveIopnenl oaid (CID), Maslei uiIdeis Associalion of MaIaysia and aII olhei agencies lhal has
conliilules diieclIy and indiieclIy lo lhe conpIeled nanuaI

The insighls fion lhe expeil inleinalionaI ievievei, Di. en Uilonas of Uniled Slales of Aneiica and Di.
Ceoffiey OLoughIin of AusliaIia aie giealIy appiecialed.

Lasl lul nol Ieasl, speciaI iecognilion is expiessed foi oui consuIlanl, IWM Associales Sdn. hd. and his key
lean nenleis vho had conliiluled invaIualIe pail of lhe piocess lhal Ied lo lhe conpIeled nanuaI. The nanes
of lhe nany individuaI conliilulois and ievieveis vho heIped in lhe deveIopnenl of lhis nanuaI aie Iisled in
lhe Lisl of Conliilulois.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

iv "#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234%

@&A%( 8B C8=?(=?#

DiscIainei................................... i
Ioievoid................................. ii
AcknovIedgenenls.............................. iii
TalIe of Conlenls............................... iv
Lisl of Allievialions............................ v
Inlioduclion lo lhe ManuaI.......................... viii

Chaplei 1 Design Acceplance Ciileiia .................... 1-1 - 1-14
Chaplei 2 Quanlily Design IundanenlaIs ................ 2-1 - 2-59
Chaplei 3 QuaIily Design IundanenlaIs .................. 3-1 - 3-16
Chaplei 4 Roof and Iiopeily Diainage .................. 4-1 - 4-2O
Chaplei 5 On-sile Delenlion ...................... 5-1 - 5-33
Chaplei 6 Rainvalei Haivesling .................... 6-1 - 6-18
Chaplei 7 Delenlion Iond ....................... 7-1 - 7-38
Chaplei 8 InfiIlialion IaciIilies ..................... 8-1 - 8-18
Chaplei 9 ioielenlion Syslen ..................... 9-1 - 9-25
Chaplei 1O Cioss IoIIulanl Tiaps ..................... 1O-1 - 1O-21
Chaplei 11 Walei QuaIily Ionds and WelIands ............... 11-1 - 11-28
Chaplei 12 Liosion and Sedinenl ConlioI .................. 12-1 - 12-52
Chaplei 13 Iavenenl Diainage ..................... 13-1 - 13-44
Chaplei 14 Diains and SvaIes ........................ 14-1 - 14-21
Chaplei 15 Iipe Diain ......................... 15-1 - 15-3O
Chaplei 16 Lngineeied ChanneI ....................... 16-1 - 16-17
Chaplei 17 ioengineeied ChanneI ..................... 17-1 - 17-19
Chaplei 18 CuIveil ............................ 18-1 - 18-38
Chaplei 19 Cale and Iunp ....................... 19-1 - 19-42
Chaplei 2O HydiauIic Sliucluies ...................... 2O-1 - 2O-32
Annex 1 LcoIogicaI IIanls ........................ AX1-1 - AX1-32
Annex 2 Mainlenance ......................... AX2-1 - AX2-15
Annex 3 IDI Cuives foi 5 Minules lo 72 Houis Sloin Duialions........ AX3-1 - AX3-71
CIossaiy

............................... C-i - C-xvii

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

"#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234% v
;AA)(D"&?"8=#

AARY Aveiage AnnuaI Rainvalei YieId
AASHTO Aneiican Associalion of Slale Highvay and Tianspoilalion OfficiaIs
ACT AusliaIian CapilaI Teiiiloiy
ALI AnnuaI Lxceedance IiolaliIily
AN AnnoniacaI Niliogen
ANCOLD AusliaIian NalionaI Connillee on Laige Dan
AII Aneiican IelioIeun Inslilule
AR&R AusliaIian RainfaII and Runoff
ARC AlIanla RegionaI Connission
ARI Aveiage Recuiience InleivaI
AS AusliaIian Slandaid
ASCL Aneiican Sociely of CiviI Lngineeis
IOLCODS io-LcoIogicaI Diainage Syslen
MIs esl Managenenl Iiaclices
OD iochenicaI Oxygen Denand
CAD Conpulei Aided Design
CDM Canp Diessei & McKee
CIWI Cenlie foi Waleished Iioleclion, AusliaIia
CIRIA Consliuclion Indusliy Reseaich and Infoinalion Associalion, UK
CMI Coiiugaled MelaI Iipe
COD ChenicaI Oxygen Denand
CWA Conciele Washoul Aiea
DC Design Chail
DCI Dischaige ConlioI Iil
DID Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage MaIaysia
DOL Depailnenl of Lnviionnenl MaIaysia
DOI Diainage OulIel Iioleclion
LC Liosion ConlioI Iankel
LD Lxlended Delenlion
LCL Lneigy Ciade Line
LL LIevalion
LMC Lvenl Mean Concenlialion
LSC Liosion and Sedinenl ConlioI
LSCI Liosion and Sedinenl ConlioI IIan
IHWA IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion, USA
IOS Iacloi of Safely
CIS Ceogiaphic Infoinalion Syslen
CITs Cioss IoIIulanl Tiaps
CWL Ciound Walei LeveI
CWT Ciound Walei TalIe
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

vi "#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234%
HAT Highesl AsliononicaI Tide
HCL HydiauIic Ciade Line
HW Head Walei
HWL High Walei LeveI
IDI Inlensily Duialion Iiequency
}KR }alalan Keija Raya (IulIic Woiks Depailnenl) MaIaysia
LAT Lovesl AsliononicaI Tide
LOC Linils of Consliuclion
LSD Land Suivey Dalun
LWL Lov Walei LeveI
MAR Mean AnnuaI RainfaII
MDL MaiyIand Depailnenl of lhe Lnviionnenl, USA
MHHW Mean Highei High Walei
MHWS Mean Highei Walei Spiing
MLLW Mean Lovei Lov Walei
MICA Minnesola IoIIulion ConlioI Agency
MSA MaleiiaI Sloiage Aiea
MSL Mean Sea LeveI
MSMA ManuaI SaIiian Mesia AIan (Uilan Sloinvalei Managenenl ManuaI foi MaIaysia)
MUSLL Modified UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion
NIS Non-poinl Souice
NRW NaluiaI Resouices and Walei
NSW Nev Soulh WaIes
NTU NepheIonaliic Tuilidily Unil
NZS Nev ZeaIand Slandaid
O&C OiI and Ciease
OCI OiI and Ciease Inleiceploi
OSD On-sile Delenlion
IMI IiolalIe Maxinun IIood
IMI IiolalIe Maxinun Iiecipilalion
ISD IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige
QUDM QueensIand Uilan Diainage ManuaI
RCD Reinfoiced Check Dan
RMHM RalionaI Melhod Hydiogiaph Melhod
RWHS Rainvalei Haivesling Syslen
S Sedinenl asin
S Sand ag aiiiei
STR Sedinenlalion asin Tiash Rack
SCADA Supeivisoiy ConlioI and Dala Acquisilion
SCL Sedinenl ConlioI Log
SCS SoiI Conseivalion Seivices, USDA
SIRIM Slandaids and IndusliiaI Reseaich Inslilule of MaIaysia
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

"#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234% vii
SOI Slandaid Opeialion Iioceduie
SR Suiface Roughening
SSA SlaliIized Slaging Aiea
SSR Sile Sloiage Requiienenl
ST Sedinenl Tiap
SUDS SuslainalIe Uilan Diainage Syslens
TDH TolaI Dynanic Head
TH TolaI Head
TKN TolaI KjeIdahI Niliogen
TN TolaI Niliogen
TI TolaI Ihosphoius
TII TenpoiaI Iallein in Iiaclion
TRM Tuif Reinfoicenenl Mals
TSC Tenpoiaiy Sliean Ciossing
TSD Tenpoiaiy SIope Diain
TSS TolaI Suspended SoIids
TW TaiI Walei
UDICD Uilan Diainage and IIood ConlioI Disliicl, Denvei
UIVC UnpIaslicised IoIyvinyI ChIoiide
USR Uniled Slales uieau of RecIanalion
USDA Uniled Slale Depailnenl of AgiicuIluie
USDOT Uniled Slales Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion
USLIA Uniled Slale LnviionnenlaI Iioleclion Agency
USLL UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion
VTC VehicIe Tiacking ConlioI
WQV Walei QuaIily VoIune
WSL Walei Suiface LIevalion
WSUD Walei Sensilive Uilan Design
YAS YieId Aflei SpiIIage
YS YieId efoie SpiIIage

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

viii "#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234%
+.@EF!GC@+F. @F @HI J;.G;K

This Uilan Sloinvalei Managenenl ManuaI foi MaIaysia (MSMA 2nd Ldilion) is an inpioved veision of lhe
MSMA 1sl Ldilion lhal piovides pIanning and design guidance lo aII lhose invoIved in lhe nanagenenl of
sloinvalei.

Useis aie advised lo iead lhis seclion lefoie slail using lhe ManuaI. Chapleis 1, 2 and 3 seive as lhe diivei of
lhe ManuaI vhiIe lhe iesl, Chaplei 4 lo 2O, delaiI lhe necessaiy design nelhods and pioceduies on ieIevanl
sloinvalei faciIilies. This edilion is suppIenenled and ended vilh Annexuies, on ecoIogicaI pIanls and
nainlenance.

Sloinvalei nanagenenl design iequiies a nuIli-skiIIs and nuIli-discipIinaiy appioach and il shouId le
expecled lhal sone Chapleis aie inleiieIaled. Hovevei, each Chaplei is sinpIified, concised and conpIele in
lhe coveiage of ils ovn suljecl naleiiaI.

LM NI.IE;K
LML N8&% &=: FAO($?"D(#
The goaI of lhis ManuaI is lo piovide easy guidance lo aII ieguIalois, pIanneis and designeis vho aie invoIved
in sloinvalei nanagenenl inpIenenlalion, vhich is oflen undeilaken ly a nunlei of oiganisalions. The
chaIIenge is lo ensuie lhal lhe adninislialion of lhe pIanning, design and nainlenance of sloinvalei
nanagenenl syslens is consislenl acioss lhe ieIevanl LocaI, Slale and IedeiaI Aulhoiilies and lhe piofessions
of uilan deveIopnenl, enviionnenlaI, valei iesouices, civiI engineeiing and Iandscape aichilecluie.

Undei lhis diieclion, sloinvalei nanagenenl viII have nuIlipIe gieen and hazaids-fiee oljeclives vilhin and
dovnsliean of deveIopnenl aiea
- Lnsuie lhe safely of lhe pulIic,
- ConlioI nuisance fIooding and piovide foi lhe safe passage of Iess fiequenl oi Iaigei fIood evenls,
- SlaliIise lhe Iandfoin and conlioI eiosion,
- Mininise lhe enviionnenlaI inpacl of iunoff, and
- Lnhance lhe uilan Iandscape and ecoIogy.

LM6 ,$8P(
This ManuaI coveis nosl of lhe inpoilanl aspecls and iequiienenls of sloinvalei nanagenenl piaclices foi
nev and exisling uilan aieas.

LM3 E(QR")(: S=89%(:>(
Lngineeis, aichilecls, pIanneis and olheis vho aie invoIved in appIying lhe guideIines sel oul in lhis ManuaI
shouId have undeilaken an appiopiiale couise of sludy in lheii suljecl. Ioi exanpIe, design engineeis aie
expecled piinaiiIy lo have undeilaken a couise in hydioIogy and hydiauIics, vilhin leiliaiy civiI engineeiing
cuiiicuIun oi equivaIenl expeiience, in oidei lo appIy lhe suljecl nallei in lhe ManuaI.

LM5 E(%&?(: ,?8)'9&?() J&=&>('(=? !8$R'(=?#
The ieIaled docunenl Design Cuides foi Liosion and Sedinenl ConlioI in MaIaysia (DID, 2O1O) shouId le
consideied vhen pIanning uilan deveIopnenl and/oi designing sloinvalei nanagenenl infiasliucluie.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

"#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234% ix
6M I.H;.CI! !I,+N. ,S+KK,
The ManuaI expIains lhe design nelhods of each sloinvalei nanagenenl conlioI conponenls in sulsequenl
chapleis. Useis shouId nol Iinil lhenseIves onIy lo lhe naleiiaI avaiIalIe vilhin lhis ManuaI lul aIso lo have
inilialives in ieseaich lo enhance lheii design and lo conlinuousIy luiId up knovIedge in lhis aspecl vhich can
sulsequenlIy le added on lo enhance lheii design skiIIs. Useis shouId expIoie naxinun conlinalions of lhese
conponenls as aie piaclicalIe lo neel lheii design oljeclives.

3M CF.@I.@,
The Chapleis veie piepaied coveiing nainIy adninislialion, quanlily conlioI design, quaIily conlioI design
and conveyance design. They aie acconpanied ly Annexuies on pIanling and nainlenance. In each design
chaplei, lackgiound infoinalion, anaIysis and sinpIified design pioceduies aie piesenled. Wheie appiopiiale,
suppoiling lasic lheoiy and voiked exanpIes aie aIso piovided lo assisl lhe useis.

3ML ;:'"="#?)&?"8= &=: E(QR")('(=?

These eaiIy seclions aie lhe key lhal sels iequiienenl and diieclion lo enalIe useis lo slail and finish lhe faciIily
design piocess of a sloinvalei faciIily piojecl. Chaplei 1 - Design Acceplance Ciileiia piovides nainIy design
Aveiage Recuiience InleivaIs (ARIs) foi lolh quanlily conlioI and conveyance syslen as veII as piesciiled
Walei QuaIily VoIune (WQV) foi quaIily conlioI syslen.

efoie pioceeding lo sulsequenl design Chapleis, design fundanenlaIs foi quanlily and quaIily nanagenenl
faciIilies aie piovided in Chapleis 2 and 3, iespecliveIy. They piesenl hydioIogic, hydiauIic and valei quaIily
piincipIes, nelhods and pioceduies lhal aie inheienl in lhe sloinvalei syslen design.

These lhiee (3) Chapleis 1, 2, and 3 aie lhe pie-iequisiles lo lhe iesl of lhe chapleis in lhe ManuaI.

3M6 TR&=?"?U C8=?)8% ,U#?(' !(#">=

Quanlily conlioI faciIilies coveied in lhe ManuaI lasicaIIy deaI vilh conlioI al pienise IeveI, Roof Diainage
(Chaplei 4), On-sile Delenlion (Chaplei 5) and Rainvalei Haivesling (Chaplei 6) vhiIe al connunily IeveI
using Delenlion Iond (Chaplei 7). OSD, conlined vilh iainvalei lanks, vouId le piefeiied as lhey ieduce
noie iunoff peak al snaII scaIe.

Delenlion pond is iegaided as lhe nosl cosl-efficienl nean of ieducing peak fIood iunoff. A slep-ly-slep
pioceduie is delaiIed oul in lexl and voiked exanpIe invoIving pond iouling, lased on sloiage-indicalion
cuive, in each Chaplei 2 and 7.

3M3 TR&%"?U C8=?)8% ,U#?(' !(#">=

QuaIily conlioI oi lesl nanagenenl piaclices (MIs) design coveied in lhe ManuaI aie foi peinanenl faciIilies,
InfiIlialion (Chaplei 8), ioielenlion (Chaplei 9), SvaIes (Chaplei 14), Cioss IoIIulanl Tiaps (Chaplei 1O),
Walei QuaIily Iond and WelIands (Chaplei 11) as veII foi consliuclion Liosion and Sedinenl conlioI (Chaplei
12).

The nain paianeleis of concein aie sedinenl, lolaI suspended sedinenl (TSS), lolaI phosphoius (TI) and lolaI
niliogen (TN). TSS is knovn lo have leen lhe nosl inpoilanl poIIulanl foi liealnenl as il is noie ieadiIy
sellIed oul and ienoved. Allached vilh il in valei coIunn aie sone heavy nelaIs and oiI and giease.

3M5 C8=D(U&=$( ,U#?(' !(#">=

Design pioceduies foi conveyance syslen, ninoi and najoi, aie found in Chaplei 13 (Iavenenl Diainage),
Chaplei 14 (Diain and SvaIes), Chaplei 15 (Iipe Diain), Chaplei 16 (Lngineeied ChanneI), Chaplei 17
(ioengineeied ChanneI), Chaplei 18 (CuIveil) and Chaplei 19 (Cale and Iunp). Chaplei 2O conlains vaiious
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

x "#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234%
hydiauIic sliucluies as inlegiaI conponenls of sloinvalei faciIilies. These faciIilies convey iunoff fion pienise
IeveI lo ieceiving valeis, Iakes, iiveis and seas, connecling lolh quanlily and MIs sliucluies.

SvaIes aie ieconnended in nosl aieas vhiIe Iined diain oi pipe diain aie suilalIe in highIy uilanised zones.
ioengineeied syslens deaIs noie vilh visuaI and ecoIogicaI oljeclives of deveIopnenl. CuIveil, gale and
punp aie connon piaclices and lheii design pioceduies aie found aIso in nosl hydiauIic docunenls
eIsevheie.

Design pioceduies foi gale and punp aie piovided lo guide useis in soIving sloinvalei disposaI difficuIlies in
high laiIvalei loundaiies noinaIIy expeiienced al IovIand aieas cIosed lo iiveis and shoieIines.

3MV 7&$"%"?U W%&=?"=>X J&"=?(=&=$( &=: C&)(

Lach sloinvalei faciIily shaII invoIve pIanling lo enhance ils ecoIogicaI, enviionnenlaI and visuaI quaIily
puiposes. Annexuie 1 piovide Iisls and guidance of vaiious ecoIogicaI pIanls, ollained IocaIIy, foi possilIe
appIicalion al vaiious siles, piinaiiIy Delenlion Iond (Chaplei 7), InfiIlialion (Chaplei 8), ioielenlion
(Chaplei 9), SvaIes (Chaplei 14), Walei QuaIily Iond and WelIands (Chaplei 11) and ioengineeied Sliean
(Chaplei 17).

Annexuie 2 independenlIy piovides lhe iequiied inspeclion, nainlenance and caiing pioceduies foi nosl of
lhe sloinvalei faciIilies found in lhe ManuaI.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"#$%& ())"*+(&)" ),$+",$(
-
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1-i
!"#$%&' ) *&+,-. #!!&$%#.!& !',%&',#
1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1.1 Sloinvalei Syslen ............................................................................................. 1-1
1.1.2 Design CoaI and asis ........................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 STORMWATLR QUANTITY DLSICN CRITLRIA ....................................................... 1-2
1.2.1 Ieak Dischaige ConlioI ..................................................................................... 1-3
1.2.1.1 Nev DeveIopnenl ................................................................................ 1-3
1.2.1.2 RedeveIopnenl ...................................................................................... 1-3
1.2.2 Sloiage IaciIilies .................................................................................................. 1-4
1.2.2.1 On-sile Delenlion ................................................................................... 1-4
1.2.2.2 Delenlion Iond ...................................................................................... 1-4
1.2.3 Conveyance IaciIilies .......................................................................................... 1-5
1.2.3.1 Suiface IIov Ciileiia ............................................................................ 1-5
1.2.3.2 Iiopeily Diainage ................................................................................. 1-5
1.2.3.3 Iavenenl Diainage ............................................................................... 1-6
1.2.3.4 Open Diain and SvaIe .......................................................................... 1-6
1.2.3.5 Iipe Diain ............................................................................................... 1-6
1.2.3.6 Lngineeied and io-engineeied Waleivays ..................................... 1-6
1.3 STORMWATLR QUALITY DLSICN CRITLRIA .......................................................... 1-6
1.3.1 IoIIulion ConlioI ................................................................................................. 1-7
1.3.2 Tenpoiaiy MIs IaciIilies ................................................................................ 1-7
1.3.2.1 Liosion and Sedinenl ConlioI IIan .................................................... 1-8
1.3.2.2 Sedinenl ConlioI Measuies ................................................................. 1-8
1.3.3 Ieinanenl MIs IaciIilies ................................................................................. 1-8
1.3.3.1 Tiealnenl Measuies .............................................................................. 1-8
1.3.3.2 Tiealnenl Tiains ................................................................................... 1-9
1.3.3.3 Housekeeping and Lducalion .............................................................. 1-1O
1.3.3.4 CeneiaI MIs SeIeclion Cuidance ...................................................... 1-1O
1.4 UNIIILD DLSICN CRITLRIA ......................................................................................... 1-1O
1.4.1 NaluiaI Diainage Ialhs ...................................................................................... 1-1O
1.4.2 Iiopeily Diainage ............................................................................................... 1-1O
1.4.3 Diainage Reseives ............................................................................................... 1-11
1.4.4 Righls of Olhei Aulhoiilies ................................................................................ 1-11
1.4.5 Lxliene Lvenls .................................................................................................... 1-11
1.5 SITL DLVLLOIMLNT ...................................................................................................... 1-11
1.5.1 Aeslhelics and IunclionaIily ............................................................................. 1-11
1.5.2 Landscaping ......................................................................................................... 1-11
1.5.3 Sile CIeaiing ......................................................................................................... 1-12
1.5.4 Land Ciading ....................................................................................................... 1-12

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1-ii
1.5.5 Iiojecl Layouls .................................................................................................... 1-12
1.5.6 HiIIside Diainage ................................................................................................ 1-12
1.5.7 LovIand, TidaI and SnaII IsIand Diainage................................................... 1-12
1.6 DLSICN IOR MAINTLNANCL ..................................................................................... 1-12
1.7 HLALTH, SAILTY AND LNVIRONMLNT ................................................................. 1-133
RLILRLNCLS .................................................................................................................................. 1-14
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2 1-1
Levee
Receiving
Walei
ioielenlion
On-sile
Delenlion InIel
Iipe
Cullei
Tiap
SvaIe
RainfaII
Delenlion oi
MI Iond
ConlioIIed
ReIease Rale
)/) ,.%'0*1!%,0.
AIong vilh lhe inciease in valei quanlily, uilanizalion iesuIls in lhe inciease in non-poinl poIIulanls fion
vaiious nunicipaI Ianduses and aclivilies vhich can aII end up in ieceiving valeis. Theii danaging effecls aie
nol aIvays innedialeIy appaienl.
Sloinvalei nanagenenl (SWM) is lhe nechanisn foi conlioIIing sloinvalei iunoff foi lhe puiposes of
nininizing lhe calchnenl fIov iales, iunoff voIunes, fiequency of fIooding and degiadalion of suiface valei
quaIily lhiough inpIenenlalion of consliuclion eiosion and sedinenl conlioI, quanlily conlioI and liealnenl
lesl nanagenenl piaclices (MIs) lo dininish lhe effecls of Ianduse changes. In iesponse lo lhe change,
syslens consisling of cuil, gullei, diain and Iined channeIs aie deveIoped lo safeIy convey lhe iunoff lhiough
lhe calchnenl. AIlhough such effecls fion a snaII individuaI sile nay seen inconsequenliaI lhe coIIeclive
effecls of nuneious siles lhioughoul lhe calchnenl can have sulslanliaI inpacl on lhe enviionnenl, especiaIIy
in a calchnenls Iovei ieaches.
)/)/) +234567284 +9:285
Sloinvalei syslens aie divided inlo lvo calegoiies: najoi and ninoi. The ninoi syslen consisls of svaIes,
gulleis, pipes, on-sile delenlion, lioielenlion and lhe vaiious lypes of inIels and MIs lhal coIIecl, sloie, lieal
and convey iunoff lo a dischaige aiea oi inpoundnenl. Conponenls in lhe ninoi quanlily syslen aie sized lo
nanage iunoff geneialed ly lhe noie fiequenl shoil-duialion sloin evenls. The najoi syslen incIudes naluiaI
slieans, channeIs, ponds, Iakes, velIands, Iaige pipes and cuIveils (Iiguie 1.1). Design ciileiia foi lhe najoi
quanlily syslen aie lypicaIIy lased on significanl anounls of iainfaII pioduced ly lhe Iess fiequenl Iong-
duialion sloins. MIs, aII sizes, aie designed lased on lhe sane seIecled sloin lul fion nuch noie fiequenl
evenls.

Iiguie 1.1: TypicaI Uilan Diainage Syslen (Adapled fion KilIei, 1982)
)/)/; *8:<=> -37? 7>@ A7:<:
The goaI of lhis ManuaI is lo piovide lhe vaiious design concepls, ciileiia and pioceduies lhal seive as lhe
foundalion foi deveIoping sloinvalei nanagenenl faciIilies. They shouId sel Iinils on deveIopnenl, piovide
guidance and nelhods of design, piovide delaiIs of key conponenls of diainage and conlioI syslens, and
ensuie Iongevily, safely, aeslhelics and nainlainaliIily of lhe syslen.
The design acceplance ciileiia aie nandaloiy iequiienenls foi lhe pIanning and design of nev and/oi
upgiading of exisling sloinvalei nanagenenl syslens in uilan aieas.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1-2 065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2
The ciileiia piovided in lhis Chaplei appIy lo 233 uilan sloinvalei syslens, vhiIe sulsequenl Chapleis in lhe
ManuaI give noie delaiIed iequiienenls foi designing individuaI syslen conponenls, quanlily and quaIily
faciIilies. The ciileiia aie sel lased on lhe lype of Ianduse, IeveI of pioleclion iequiied, econony, iisks of faiIuie,
pulIic safely, ecoIogy, aeslhelics, elc. One of lhe nosl connon ciileiia used in lhe faciIily design is lhe aveiage
iecuiience inleivaI (ARI), vhich is sel lased on vhoIe Iife econony of lhe faciIily, lhe IeveI of pioleclion
iequiied and lhe hazaid polenliaIs lo lhe dovnsliean aieas.
)/; +%0'BC#%&' D1#.%,%E *&+,-. !',%&',#
The ninoi and najoi syslens aie cIoseIy inleiieIaled, and lhe design of each conponenl nusl le done in
conjunclion vilh lhe oveiaII sloinvalei nanagenenl slandaids sel ly lhe aulhoiilies (Knox Counly, 2OO8).
Design sloin ARIs lo le adopled foi lhe pIanning and design of ninoi and najoi sloin iunoff quanlily
syslens shaII le in accoidance vilh TalIe 1.1. The sloin iunoff quanlily design fundanenlaIs aie given in
Chaplei 2 of lhis ManuaI.
TalIe 1.1: Quanlily Design Sloin ARIs
Type of DeveIopnenl
(See Nole 1)
Mininun ARI (yeai)
(See Nole 2)
Minoi Syslen
(See Nole 3)
Majoi Syslen
(See Nole 3)
ResidenliaI
ungaIov and seni-delached
dveIIings
Link house/apailnenl
ConneiciaI and lusiness cenlei
Indusliy
Spoil fieId, paik and agiicuIluiaI Iand
Infiasliucluie/uliIily
InslilulionaI luiIding/conpIex

5
1O
1O
1O
2
5
1O

5O
1OO
1OO
1OO
2O
1OO
1OO
Noles: 1. Ioi nixed deveIopnenls, lhe highesl of lhe appIicalIe sloin ARIs fion lhe TalIe
shaII le adopled.
2. In lhe case vheie designing lo lhe highei ARI vouId le inpiaclicaI, lhe seIeclion of
appiopiiale ARI shouId le adjusled lo oplinise lhe cosl lo lenefil ialio oi sociaI
faclois. If juslified, a Iovei ARI nighl le adopled foi lhe najoi syslen, vilh
consuIlalion and appiovaI fion lhe Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage (DID).
Lven if lhe sloinvalei syslen foi lhe exisling deveIoped condilion is designed foi a
Iovei ARI sloin, sufficienl Iand shouId le ieseived foi highei ARI fIov iales, so
lhal lhe syslen can le upgiaded vhen lhe aiea is luiIl up in lhe fuluie.
3. AII deveIopnenl piojecls shaII le piolecled fion lolh ninoi and najoi fIoods and,
lheiefoie, nusl have conlinalion of ninoi and najoi syslens. HalilalIe fIooi
IeveIs of lhe luiIdings (pIalfoin IeveIs) shaII le sel alove lhe 1OO yeai ARI fIood
IeveI lased on lhe nosl iecenl dala avaiIalIe. The diainage sulnission nusl shov
lhe ninoi and najoi syslen conponenls in lheii diavings and pIans.

The <)&+; 545*6< is inlended lo coIIecl, conlioI and convey iunoff fion luiIdings, infiasliucluies and uliIilies in
ieIaliveIy fiequenl sloin evenls (up lo 1O yeai ARI) lo nininise inconvenience and nuisance fIooding. Duiing
any evenl Iaigei lhan lhe ninoi sloin ARI, lhe highei iunoff viII oveispiII lhe ninoi diainage conponenls.
The <2=+; 545*6< is inlended lo safeIy convey and conlioI iunoff coIIecled ly lhe ninoi diainage syslen
logelhei vilh ils possilIe oveispiII lo lhe Iaigei dovnsliean syslens and valei lodies. The najoi syslen nusl
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2 1-3
piolecl lhe connunily fion lhe consequences of Iaige and ieasonalIy iaie sloin evenls (geneiaIIy up lo 1OO
yeai ARI), vhich couId cause seveie piopeily danage, injuiy oi Ioss of Iife.
The nain ieason foi adopling a highei slandaid foi lhe ninoi syslen in Iaige conneiciaI, lusiness and
indusliiaI aieas is lecause of lhe nuch giealei polenliaI foi danage and disiuplion in a fIood, lhal exceeds lhe
ninoi syslen capacily. Al a nininun, halilalIe and hunan occupied fIooi IeveIs of luiIdings shaII le alove
lhe 1OO yeai ARI fIood IeveI.
Resliiclions on deveIopnenl of fIood-IialIe Iand shaII geneiaIIy appIy lo Iand affecled ly fIooding fion
sloinvalei diains, as veII Iand affecled ly iivei fIooding. Hovevei, il is iecognised lhal lhe duialion of
sloinvalei fIooding is shoilei and lheiefoie sone shoil-duialion disiuplions (such as lo ioad liaffic) can le
accepled, unIess lhe Ioss due lo liaffic congeslion is veiy high.
)/;/) $87F *<:GH74=8 !3>243?
The IeveI of iunoff quanlily conlioI iequiied is dependenl on lhe lype of deveIopnenl pioposed, nev
deveIopnenl oi iedeveIopnenl. IIov conlioI iequiienenls aie slipuIaled as lhe foIIoving:

The ieIevanl IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily viII decide lhe nagnilude of lhe ARI and aIIovalIe dischaige Iinil of
lhe aiea depending on lhe exisling ieceiving conveyance capacily, polenliaI iisk and vuIneialiIily of lhe
dovnsliean iesouices and sensilivily of lhe calchnenl concein.
)/;/)/) .86 *8I8?3J58>2
Nev deveIopnenl is defined as lhe conveision of naluiaI oi iuiaI aieas inlo uilan, indusliiaI infiasliucluie
and/oi uliIily deveIopnenl.
Ioi nev deveIopnenl pioposaIs, lhe posl-deveIopnenl peak fIov fion lhe oulIel poinl(s) of lhe sile lo lhe
dovnsliean diainage syslen oi ieceiving valeis shaII nol exceed lhe coiiesponding ARI pie-deveIopnenl
fIov foi lolh lhe ninoi and najoi syslen design sloin ARIs. Iie-deveIopnenl peak fIov shaII le lhe eslinaled
fIov fion lhe sile lased on knovn oi eslinaled calchnenl condilions piioi lo lhe nev deveIopnenl.
)/;/)/; '8@8I8?3J58>2
RedeveIopnenl is defined as lhe ienevaI and ieconsliuclion of an exisling iesidenliaI, conneiciaI, indusliiaI oi
infiasliucluie aieas. The degiee of iunoff conlioI iequiied viII depend on lhe scaIe of lhe deveIopnenl and
piinaiiIy lhe nel inciease in inpeivious aiea.
IIov conlioI viII le iequiied foi any iedeveIopnenl undei lhe foIIoving condilions:
- The densily of lhe iedeveIopnenl, neasuied as lhe lolaI equivaIenl inpeivious aiea of lhe
iedeveIopnenl, is giealei lhan lhal of lhe exisling deveIopnenl, and/oi
- The capacily of lhe exisling sloinvalei syslen does nol neel lhe design sloin ARIs given in
TalIe 1.&4434K A33F574F >32 @8L<>8@/.
>2? 1&')@)'A23 B+*
Lol iedeveIopnenl is defined as iedeveIopnenl of singIe oi nuIlipIe adjacenl Iols vheie aII of lhe sloinvalei
syslens aie piivaleIy ovned.

!"#$%% '"(#)*)+ ,$#)-$. -/'"*-/0/#)1 %$- (#+ 1*2/ $% 3/4/.$50/#) $- -/63/4/.$50/#)
5-$7/,) *1 89$1) 3/4/.$50/#) 5/(: %.$; $% (#+ <!= () )>/ 5-$7/,) $")./) 0"1) ?/ ./11 )>(#
$- /'"(. )$ )>/ 5-/63/4/.$50/#) 5/(: %.$; $% )>/ ,$--/15$#3*#@ <!= >C
9+5*
< C
9;6
?AB
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1-4 065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2
The posl-iedeveIopnenl peak fIov iale fion a Iol iedeveIopnenl shaII nol exceed lhe pie-iedeveIopnenl iale
foi lhe ninoi syslen design sloin. This viII geneiaIIy iequiie lhe piovision of on-sile sloinvalei conlioI if lhe
equivaIenl inpeivious aiea is incieased.
>D? "AD')@)5)+&
Suldivision iedeveIopnenl is defined as iedeveIopnenl vheie aII oi pail of lhe sloinvalei syslen viII le
handed ovei lo a goveinnenl aulhoiily and lecone pail of lhe nunicipaI diainage syslen.
Iosl-iedeveIopnenl peak fIovs fion lhe oulIel poinl(s) of lhe iedeveIopnenl aiea lo lhe exisling dovnsliean
pulIic conveyance syslen oi ieceiving valei shaII nol exceed lhe exisling deveIopnenl fIovs foi lolh lhe
ninoi and najoi syslen design sloin ARIs. Lxisling deveIopnenl peak fIov >*E6 9;6F;6'6@63+9<6&* G3+H? shaII
le lhe eslinaled fIov fion lhe sile lased on lhe deveIoped calchnenl condilions piioi lo iedeveIopnenl.
The <)&)<A< iesponsiliIily of lhe deveIopei is lo ensuie lhal lhe iedeveIopnenl does nol cieale oi voisen any
capacily piolIens in lhe exisling pulIic diainage syslen up lo lhe najoi syslen ARI, oi highei in polenliaIIy
hazaidous silualions. This viII iequiie lhe consliuclion of delenlion pond, eilhei on ils ovn oi in conjunclion
vilh on-sile delenlion.
Nolvilhslanding lhe alove, il nay le advanlageous in sone aieas (vheie upgiading of lhe exisling nunicipaI
sloinvalei syslen is physicaIIy oi econonicaIIy inpiaclicaI) foi lhe deveIopei lo piovide addilionaI fIov
conlioI.
)/;/; +2347=8 M7G<?<2<8:
Sloiage faciIilies aie lhe coie eIenenls of achieving one of lhe najoi sloinvalei quanlily conlioI ciileiia vhich
is lhe posl-deveIopnenl peak dischaige cannol le noie lhan lhe pie-deveIopnenl peak dischaige. Ils
achievalIe vilh piopei Iocaling and sizing of lhe sloiage faciIilies.
The ieconnended sloiage faciIilies aie on-sile delenlion (OSD) and delenlion pond. Depending on lhe Iand
avaiIaliIily, lhese faciIilies can le Iocaled on-Iine oi off-Iine lo lhe conveyance syslen. Design of quanlily
conlioI faciIilies shouId le done foIIoving lhe pioceduies given in Chaplei 5 and 7.
)/;/;/) 0>N:<28 *828>2<3>
OSD nay le piovided as alove-giound, leIov-giound, oi a conlinalion of lolh vilhin a piopeily loundaiy.
The alove-giound sloiages (lasicaIIy as lanks) can le Iocaled al ioof lop, Iavns, gaidens, cai paik, diivevay,
elc. The leIov-giound sloiages aie fion lanks and pipe packages. Ioi conlined faciIiles, a piopoilion of lhe
lolaI sloiage is piovided as leIov-giound, vhiIsl lhe ienaindei of lhe sloiage is piovided as alove-giound.
Sloiage lanks lo le used foi OSD shouId le sliucluiaIIy sound and le consliucled fion duialIe naleiiaIs lhal
aie nol suljecled lo deleiioialion ly coiiosion oi aggiessive soiI condilions. Tanks shaII le designed lo
vilhsland lhe expecled Iive and dead Ioads on lhe sliucluie, incIuding exleinaI and inleinaI hydioslalic
Ioadings. uoyancy shaII aIso le checked, especiaIIy foi Iighlveighl lanks, lo ensuie lhal lhe lank viII nol Iifl
undei high gioundvalei condilions.
To peinil easy access lo aII pails of lhe sloiage foi nainlenance, lhe fIooi sIope of lhe lank shaII nol le giealei
lhan 1O. The sIope shaII aIso le nol Iess lhan 2, lo enalIe good diainage of lhe lank fIooi. The design sloin
foi eslinaling lhe iequiied sloiage voIune shaII le 1O yeai ARI.
)/;/;/; *828>2<3> $3>@
Delenlion pond is lhe nosl inpoilanl conponenl foi sloinvalei quanlily conlioI. A delenlion pond can le
diy oi vel lype. To neel lhe fIov conlioI oljeclives of a delenlion pond, il is necessaiy lo considei lhe
lehavioui of lhe sloiage ly exanining lhe degiee of ieduclion of fIovs fion lhe calchnenl, valei deplh in lhe
pond, pond enply line, elc.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2 1-5
The pond piinaiy oulIels can le designed as nuIli IeveI iisei lo synchionise lhe fIov fion ninoi and najoi
sloins. Secondaiy oulIels foi aII delenlion ponds shaII le designed lo safeIy pass a nininun design sloin of
1OO yeai ARI. The side sIope of pond is ieconnended fIallei lhan 1(V):6(H). Aieas vilh sIopes sleepei lhan
1(V):4(H) nay iequiie a fence oi iaiI foi safely ieason. SpeciaI allenlion shouId le paid lo lhe oulIels, lo ensuie
lhal peopIe aie nol diavn inlo lhen. RaiIs, fences, ciil-vaIIs, anli-voilex devices, and giales shouId le
piovided vheie necessaiy.
Iiovision shouId le piovided in a diy delenlion pond lo lypass snaII fIovs lhiough oi aiound lhe pond using
Iov fIov channeI oi pipe. This is necessaiy lo ensuie lhal lhe pond fIooi, pailicuIaiIy if il is giassed, is nol
inundaled ly snaII sloins oi conlinuaIIy velled ly diy vealhei lasefIov. The nininun anounl of lypass
fIov shouId le one haIf (1/2) lhe 1 nonlh ARI fIov.
)/;/O !3>I897>G8 M7G<?<2<8:
Sloinvalei conveyance syslens shaII le pIanned, anaIysed, and designed in oidei lo piovide acceplalIe IeveIs
of safely foi lhe geneiaI pulIic and pioleclion foi piivale and pulIic piopeily. Design pioceduies of lhe
iespeclive conveyance faciIilies aie given in Chaplei 4 and Chaplei 13 lo 19.
)/;/O/) +P4L7G8 M?36 !4<284<7
A iange of suiface fIov ciileiia nusl le appIied lo nininise lolh nuisance iunoff fIov and hazaids fion iunoff
fIooding of infiasliucluies, luiIdings, uliIilies and olhei aieas lhal have ieguIai pulIic and vehicuIai access.
The ciileiia appIy lo D+*E najoi and ninoi syslens.
The suiface fIov ciileiia lo le adopled foi conveyance design aie piovided in TalIe 1.&4434K A33F574F >32
@8L<>8@/.
TalIe 1.2: Suiface IIov Ciileiia
Ciileiia Reconnended Linil
OveiIand fIov veIocily x deplh
foi vehicIe slaliIily and
pedesliian aieas
< O.5 n
2
/s

IIov vidlh foi slieel gulleis

2 lo 2.5 n oi a haIf-Iane
IIov veIocily
- sofl Iined valeivays and
oveiIand fIov palhs
- haid Iined channeIs

< 2.O n/s

< 4.O n/s

Ionding deplh

< O.2O n in unfenced aieas
< 1.2 n in fenced aieas

)/;/O/; $43J8429 *47<>7=8
Iiopeily diainage iefeis lo lhe syslens vhich liansfei iunoff fion ioofs, paved aieas and olhei suifaces lo a
suilalIe oulIel oi disposaI faciIily. The syslen invoIves gulleis, dovnpipes, diains, pipes, svaIes and sloiage
and liealnenl faciIilies. Il shaII le lhe iesponsiliIily of lhe piopeily ovnei lo design infiIlialion oi on-sile
delenlion sliucluies oi faciIilies, lo Iinil lhe anounl of sloinvalei lhal can le diained lo slieels oi liunk
diainage syslens, in oidei lo ieduce fIooding and poIIulion. UsuaIIy, 5 ninule duialion design iainfaII of 2O, 5O
and 1OO yeai ARIs shaII le used foi lhe sizing of piopeily diainage conponenls.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1-6 065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2
)/;/O/O $7I858>2 *47<>7=8
Lffeclive pavenenl diainage is essenliaI lo lhe nainlenance of ioad seivice IeveI and lo liaffic safely. The
polenliaI foi hydiopIaning al high speeds as veII as lhe polenliaI foi vehicIes lo fIoal oi le vashed off ioads al
Iovei speeds shaII le given due consideialions in designing pavenenl diainage. Reconnended nininun
vaIues of ioadvay IongiludinaI sIope shaII le used foi safe pavenenl diainage. DesiialIe gullei giades shaII
nol le Iess lhan O.5 peicenl foi cuiled pavenenls vilh an alsoIule nininun of O.3 peicenl. To piovide
adequale diainage in sag veilicaI cuives, a nininun sIope of O.3 peicenl shaII le nainlained vilhin 15 nelies
of lhe Iov poinl of lhe cuive.
AII ioads in uilan aieas shaII geneiaIIy le piovided vilh an inlegiaI cuil and gullei. Hovevei, vheie lhe
voIune of gullei fIov is negIigilIe as in cai paiks and on lhe high side of singIe-ciossfaII ioads, a cuil vilhoul
a gullei is acceplalIe. InIel pIays inpoilanl ioIe in pavenenl diainage. Inadequale inIel capacily oi pooi inIel
Iocalion nay cause fIooding on lhe ioadvay iesuIling in hazaid lo lhe liaveIIing noloiisls.
)/;/O/Q 0J8> *47<> 7>@ +67?8
Open diains aie aII diains olhei lhan pipe and lox cuIveils used lo convey iunoff lo ils ieceiving valeis. The
nosl connon lypes of open diains used in sloinvalei nanagenenl aie vegelaled svaIes, giassed channeIs,
conciele Iined diains and conposile diains. Deleininalion of diainage lypes (eailh/conciele/conposile)
shouId le lased on space avaiIaliIily, sile suilaliIily, enviionnenl condilions (aeslhelic, conseivalion vaIues,
elc.) and nainlenance advanlages and disadvanlages. Lach of lhe diains has ils ovn design ciileiia lhal need lo
le foIIoved.
)/;/O/R $<J8 *47<>
Iipe diains aie veiy connon in uilan aieas, vheie lhe Iand is Iiniled. Iipes can le used in piivaleIy ovned
piopeily diains oi open pulIic spaces. A diainage ieseive shaII le vide enough lo conlain lhe seivice and
piovide voiking space on each side of lhe seivice foi fuluie nainlenance aclivilies. Mininun cIeaiances
lelveen sloinvalei pipeIines and olhei seivices, and olhei guideIines shouId le in accoidance vilh lhe ciileiia
given in lhe ieIevanl Chaplei. Sloinvalei pipeIines shouId le Iocaled on lhe high side of ioad ieseives lo
peinil ieIaliveIy shoil seivice lie conneclions lo adjacenl piopeilies.
)/;/O/S &>=<>8848@ 7>@ A<3N8>=<>8848@ C7284679:
The engineeied valeivays aie geneiaIIy consliucled Iaige open oi conposile channeIs. The design of
engineeied channeIs shouId, vheievei piaclicalIe, ninic lhe naluiaI sliean foins in lhe innediale iegion.
Vaiious consideialions shouId le pIanned foi lhe successfuI nanagenenl of aqualic, epheneiaI and leiiesliiaI
enviionnenls aIong lhe engineeied valeivays. The giealei lhe Iioude nunlei, lhe highei is lhe effecl of
laiIvalei on lhe junp. Theiefoie, foi a Iioude nunlei as Iov as 8, lhe laiIvalei deplh shouId le giealei lhan
lhe sequenl deplh dovnsliean of lhe junp so lhal lhe junp viII slay on lhe apion. When lhe Iioude nunlei is
giealei lhan 1O, lhe connon sliIIing lasin dissipalei nay nol le as cosl-effeclive as a speciaI luckel lype
dissipalei.
On lhe olhei hand, lioengineeied valeivays use lhe conlinalion of lioIogicaI, nechanicaI, and ecoIogicaI
concepls lo conlioI eiosion lhiough lhe use of vegelalion oi a conlinalion of vegelalion and consliuclion
naleiiaIs. Vaiious ciileiia aie lo le adopled, vhich aie ieIaled lo scoui, alliilion, sIunping, undeinining, elc.
The design of lioengineeied channeIs invoIves lhe ciealion of channeIs vilh lhe alliilules of naluiaI
valeicouises peilinenl lo lhe Iocalion vilhin lhe calchnenl and shouId le lased on a sound undeislanding of
fIuviaI geonoiphic piincipIes.
)/O +%0'BC#%&' D1#T,%E *&+,-. !',%&',#
The poIIulion fion sloinvalei is leined as non-poinl souice (NIS) due lo ils diffusive naluie of geneialion
fion vaiied Ianduses. Vaiious lypes of MIs can le used lo ieduce lhe enviionnenlaI inpacl due lo NIS
poIIulanls fion deveIopnenl and ie-deveIopnenl piojecls.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2 1-7
Sloinvalei quaIily conlioI faciIilies, lenpoiaiy oi peinanenl lesl nanagenenl piaclices (MIs), shaII le
pIanned, anaIysed, and designed foi aII lypes of deveIopnenls, in accoidance vilh lhe ciileiia in TalIe 1.3.
AddilionaI ciileiia, specificaIIy ieIaled lo lhe MIs aie desciiled in lhe foIIoving seclions. The quaIily design
piincipIes foi lhe lenpoiaiy MIs aie given in Chaplei 12 vhiIe lhe peinanenl MIs in Chaplei 3.
TalIe 1.3: QuaIily ConlioI Design Ciileiia
VaiialIes Ciileiia
Walei QuaIily VoIune

Tenpoiaiy MIs - 5Onn of iainfaII appIied lo calchnenls
diaining lo lhe MIs.
Ieinanenl MIs - 4Onn of iainfaII appIied lo calchnenls
diaining lo lhe MIs.
Iiinaiy OulIel Sizing

ased on lhe peak fIov caIcuIaled fion lhe 3 nonlh ARI
evenl
Secondaiy OulIel (SpiIIvay) Sizing As pei lhe ARIs ieconnended in lhe iespeclive chapleis
of lhe individuaI MIs.

)/O/) $3??P2<3> !3>243?
The laigel foi nininun ielenlion (nev deveIopnenl) oi foi ieduclion in annuaI poIIulanl Ioads
(iedeveIopnenl) foi lhe foui (4) connon poIIulanls shaII le in accoidance vilh TalIe 1.4.
TalIe 1.4: IoIIulanl Reduclion Taigels
IoIIulanl Reduclion Taigels ()
IIoalalIes/Lilleis 9O
TolaI Suspended SoIids (TSS) 8O
TolaI Niliogen (TN) 5O
TolaI Ihosphoius (TI) 5O
Nole: ReIevanl IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiilies nay sel highei
(sliingenl) laigels depending on lhe sensilivily and IeveI
of poIIulion in lhe suiiounding aieas.

The foin of lhe nininun ciileiia in TalIe 1.4 aie diffeienl foi nev deveIopnenl, and foi iedeveIopnenl. Ioi
nev deveIopnenl a nininun oveiaII 96;86&*276 ;6<+@23 6GG)8)6&84 is specified. Ioi iedeveIopnenl oi diainage
syslen upgiading, lhe ciileiia aie sel in leins of a ;6'A8*)+& )& 2@6;276 2&&A23 9+33A*2&* 3+2' conpaied vilh lhe
Ioad undei exisling condilions.
)/O/; %85J34749 AB$: M7G<?<2<8:
The nain puipose of lenpoiaiy MIs, eiosion, iunoff and sedinenl conlioI MIs is lo nininize eiosion and
soiI deIiveiy avay fion lhe deveIoping/consliuclion sile iesuIling fion Iand cIeaiing and giading oi olhei
Iand-disluiling aclivilies. The MIs shaII le piovided on aII Iand deveIopnenl and infiasliucluie piojecls of aII
sizes, ninoi oi najoi. The MIs shaII le nainlained in good voiking oidei al aII lines unliI disluiled aieas
have leen peinanenlIy slaliIised. DelaiIs on lhe design and piepaialion of lenpoiaiy conlioI MIs aie given
in Chaplei 12.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1-8 065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2
)/O/;/) &43:<3> 7>@ +8@<58>2 !3>243? $?7>
The fiisl slep lo nininize sedinenl accunuIalion fion any sile is lo piepaie an effeclive eiosion and sedinenl
conlioI pIan (LSCI), pioviding delaiIs of consliuclion aclivilies and piaclices, lining and slaging of voiks, and
lhe iange of eiosion and sedinenl MIs piaclices and neasuies lo le inpIenenled. The nexl slep vouId le lo
inpIenenl lhe LSCI al lhe sile lo nininise lhe eiosion.

Vaiious ciileiia aie lo le foIIoved in oidei lo ieduce lhe eiosion of soiIs. Ioi hiIIy aieas (sIopes giealei lhan 12
oi 2O) leiiacing shaII le luiIl and nainlained. Covei pIanls shaII le eslalIished on lhe sIopes of lhe pIalfoins
and vaIIs of lhe leiiace innedialeIy aflei connencenenl of eailhvoiks. Ioi lhe sIopes giealei lhan 35 oi 7O
no voiks aie aIIoved and shouId inslead le nainlained as naluiaI.
)/O/;/; +8@<58>2 !3>243? B87:P48:
Suiface valei coIIecled fion disluiled aieas shaII le iouled lhiough a sedinenl lasin oi sedinenl liap lefoie
ieIease fion lhe sile. Sedinenl ielenlion faciIilies shaII le inslaIIed piioi lo lhe cIeaiing, giading oi disluilance
of any conliiluling aiea.
+8@<58>2 U7:<> :H7?? U8 :<V8@ 23 4827<> 7 5<><5P5 3L WXY 3L 2327? :P:J8>@8@ :3?<@ Z%++[ L34 7?? :2345: 2H72
J43@PG8 47<>L7?? PJ 23 RX55\ L34 7?? :<28:/ +PGH G3>@<2<3> 6<?? >32 U8 7JJ?<G7U?8\ L34 2H8 G35J?<7>G8 JP4J3:8\
23 7>9 :2345 2H72 J43@PG8: 8I8>2 47<>L7?? =487284 2H7> RX55/
)/O/O $8457>8>2 AB$: M7G<?<2<8:
One of lhe ains of an ecoIogicaIIy-lased sloinvalei nanagenenl and pIanning appioach is lo idenlify lhe
suslainalIe poIIulanl expoils fion a sile lo piolecl lhe enviionnenlaI vaIues of lhe ieceiving valei. IdeaIIy lhe
idenlificalion of suslainalIe poIIulanl Ioads on a ieceiving valei is lased on lhe nagnilude of oveiaII calchnenl
expoils, lhe conliilulion of each Ianduse lo lhe oveiaII IeveIs of poIIulanl expoil and lhe ieduclion in oveiaII
annuaI poIIulanl Ioads aie iequiied in oidei lo achieve lhe valei quaIily oljeclives lhal aie Iinked lo lhe
enviionnenlaI vaIues. Chaplei 8, 9, 1O, 11 and 14 piovide ieIevanl design pioceduies foi lhe peinanenl conlioI
MIs.
)/O/O/) %487258>2 B87:P48:
The foIIovings aie iequiienenls foi souice and liealnenl conlioI MIs faciIilies:
>8? 1&G)3*;2*)+&
InfiIlialion faciIilies (sunps, lienches, poious pavenenls and lasins) aie designed lo capluie a voIune of
sloinvalei iunoff, ielain il, and infiIliale aII oi pail of lhal voIune inlo lhe giound and lhe excess viII
oveifIov lo conveyance syslen. A piopeiIy designed and consliucled infiIlialion syslen can suslain Iongei
fion cIogging
The Iinils of lhe naxinun conliiluling calchnenl aieas foi infiIlialion sunp, liench & poious pavenenl, and
lasin aie ieconnended as 5OOn
2
, 4 ha and 15 ha, iespecliveIy. Saluialed soiI infiIlialion iale of lhe pioposed
infiIlialion faciIily sile shouId have a nininun vaIue of 13nn/hi. The lase of aII faciIilies shouId le Iocaled al
Ieasl 1.5n alove lhe seasonaI high giound valei IeveI and/oi any inpeinealIe Iayei. Olhei guideIines ieIaled
lo lhe design of infiIlialion faciIilies aie given in Chaplei 8.

>D? I)+;6*6&*)+& "45*6<
ioielenlion syslens use infiIlialion and vegelalion lo ienove poIIulanls fion sloinvalei. UsuaIIy lhe syslens
consisl of excavaled lasins oi lienches lhal aie fiIIed vilh poious nedia and pIanled vilh vegelalion. If lhe
infiIlialion iale and nuliienl conlenl of lhe in-silu soiI aie suilalIe, il is nol necessaiy lo use inpoiled soiI.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2 1-9
These syslens shouId usuaIIy le used lo capluie and lieal iunoff fion snaII calchnenls, Iiniled lo Iess lhan 1.O
ha of inpeivious aiea. Laigei aieas shouId le divided inlo snaIIei sul-aieas vilh individuaI lioielenlion
syslens. Specific design of a lioielenlion faciIily nay vaiy consideialIy, depending on sile consliainls oi
piefeiences of lhe designei oi connunily. Hovevei, pieliealnenl, liealnenl, conveyance, nainlenance
ieduclion, and Iandscaping conponenls shouId le incoipoialed inlo aII lioielenlion syslens. These design
fealuies aie given in Chaplei 9 of lhis ManuaI.
>8? "H2365
SvaIes aie vide lul shaIIov channeIs designed lo sloie and/oi convey iunoff al a non-eiosive veIocily, as veII
as lo enhance sloinvalei quaIily lhiough infiIlialion, sedinenlalion and fiIlialion. SvaIe can le Iocaled vilhin
open space aieas, paikIands and aIong ioadvays. A svaIe shouId have lhe capacily lo convey lhe peak fIovs
fion lhe design sloin vilhoul exceeding lhe naxinun peinissilIe veIocily. If lhis is nol piaclicaI oi lhe space
is Iiniled, designei shouId considei dividing lhe fIov inlo suiface and sulsuiface conponenls vheie
undeigiound pipeIine oi diainage lIocks aie lo le piovided as sulsuiface diains.
The IongiludinaI leiiain sIope shouId nol exceed 2 as Iov iunoff veIocilies aie iequiied foi poIIulanl ienovaI
and lo pievenl eiosion. Side sIope shaII nol le sleepei lhan 2H:1V vhiIe side sIope 4H:1V oi fIallei is
ieconnended foi safely ieason. Olhei ciileiia ieIaled lo lhe design of svaIes aie given in Chaplei 14.
>'? J;+55 K+33A*2&* L;295
Cioss poIIulanl liaps (CITs) ienove Iilleis, deliis, coaise sedinenl and hydiocailon fion sloinvalei. CITs
shouId le used as pie-liealnenl MIs foi delenlion pond, valei quaIily pond and/oi velIands.
The CITs shaII le sized lo ielain 9O of gioss poIIulanls vilh a nininun of 7O of coaise sedinenls and oiI
diopIel. The CITs nusl le designed so as lo pievenl any addilionaI oveifIovs in lhe sloinvalei syslen in lhe
evenl of pailiaI oi conpIele lIockage. TidaI infIuence and lackvalei effecls nusl le consideied. The poIIulanl
ieduclion peifoinance nusl le nainlained up lo lhe design ARI dischaige. If design fIovs aie exceeded, lhe
CITs shaII nol aIIov any significanl ienoliIizalion of liapped naleiiaI. DelaiI ciileiia ieIaled lo lhe design of
lhe CITs aie given in Chaplei 1O.
>6? M2*6; CA23)*4 K+&' 2&' M6*32&'5
Walei quaIily conlioI ponds (vel ponds) oi consliucled velIands nusl le piolecled fion excessive sedinenl
Ioads ly inslaIIing upsliean CITs. Walei quaIily ponds and velIands shaII le sized lo achieve lhe poIIulanl
capluie alove lhe peinanenl pooIs valei suiface as sel oul in TalIe 1.4 and lo nininise lhe ienoliIizalion of
deposiled poIIulanls. Ionds shaII le filled vilh spiIIvays alIe lo dischaige al Ieasl lhe 1OO-yeai ARI fIov.
The designei nusl le guided ly lhe fiequency of lhe sloin evenls and lheii peak dischaige iales vhen
deleinining lhe iisk lhal high veIocilies viII vash oul lhe epiphyles and liofiIns, vhich aie veiy inpoilanl foi
lhe piopei funclion of a velIands. VeIocilies > O.1 n/s nay cause vashoul. OccasionaI vashoul (say 1 evenl
pei yeai oi Iess) nay le acceplalIe piovided lhal lhe epiphyles and liofiIns can ie-eslalIish ovei line. Design
ciileiia ieIaled lo lhe valei quaIily pond and velIands aie given in Chaplei 11.
)/O/O/; %487258>2 %47<>:
Vaiious lypes of poIIulanls aie geneialed due lo sloin iunoff. Lach MIs is nol suilalIe foi liealing aII NIS
poIIulanls. Iiopei conlinalions of sloinvalei MIs usuaIIy piovide lesl cosl-effeclive soIulions. Such a
conlinalion, vhich piovides a sequence of liealnenl lhiough vaiious MIs, is caIIed a )-/()0/#) )-(*#.
TypicaIIy, lhe NIS poIIulion conlioI pIan vouId sel peifoinance iequiienenls foi lhe MIs vhich aie pail of
lhe liealnenl liain. Hovevei, if no pIan is avaiIalIe, lhe designei shouId sliII invesligale oplions foi pioviding
liealnenl liains in oidei lo achieve lhe piojecl oljeclives.
Oflen, lhe conponenls of a liealnenl liain aie inlended lo lieal diffeienl poIIulanls. An exanpIe is a CIT lo
lieal coaise sedinenl and Iillei, conlined vilh a valei quaIily pond lo lieal fine sedinenl and dissoIved
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1-1O 065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2
nuliienls. In lhis case, each device can le sized accoiding lo ils ovn sizing guideIines and ignoiing any
poIIulanl ienovaI piovided ly lhe olhei device. The iesuIling design is IikeIy lo le conseivalive.
Tiealnenl liains shaII le piovided in aII nev deveIopnenl, iedeveIopnenl, oi sloinvalei syslen upgiading.
Lach conponenl nay le designed foi a diffeienl annuaI poIIulanl ielenlion oi ieduclion laigel. Hovevei, lhe
oveiaII annuaI poIIulanl ieduclion of lhe vhoIe liealnenl liain nusl fuIfiI lhe laigels given in TalIe 1.4.
)/O/O/O "3P:8F88J<>= 7>@ &@PG72<3>
Housekeeping neasuies aie lhose neasuies lhal keep oul poIIulanls fion leing inlioduced lo lhe iunoff.
These incIudes coveiing chenicaI sloiage and handIing aieas, sveeping up chenicaI spiIIs, leining (lunding)
chenicaI sloiage aieas, niligaling lhe dunping of househoId and yaid liash inlo lhe diainage syslen.
Lducalion is incIuded as a housekeeping piaclice, aIlhough il is nol acluaIIy a piaclice in ilseIf.
Many of lhese neasuies do, hovevei, ieIale lo and voik in conjunclion vilh souice conlioI and liealnenl
conlioIs. ConlioI of uilan sloinvalei quaIily shouId nol ieIy onIy on end-of-pipe soIulions. Inpioved
housekeeping piaclices viII le of gieal lenefil ly pievenling poIIulanl Ioads fion enleiing lhe sloinvalei
iunoff. Theiefoie, housekeeping and connunily educalion oi non-sliucluiaI souice conlioI MIs shouId le
inpIenenled al aII ieIevanl IeveIs of a nunicipaIily.
)/O/O/Q -8>847? AB$: +8?8G2<3> -P<@7>G8
Ioi Iaige deveIopnenls oi vheie lhe expecled inpacls aie pailicuIaiIy seveie, IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiilies
shouId sel slandaids in leins of annuaI poIIulanl ienovaI laigels. These laigels shouId ideaIIy le lased on
ecoIogicaI and olhei valei quaIily indicalois, foi vhich sile-specific delaiIed sludy nighl le iequiied.
AIlhough il is desiialIe lo lie in lhe seIeclion of liealnenl devices lo piedicled oulcones in lhe ieceiving
valeivay, lhis is difficuIl lo achieve in piaclice. In any case lhe iequiied sludies viII lake a Iong line lo
conpIele. Mosl ieguIaloiy agencies lhioughoul lhe voiId have adopled a siniIai appioach. This ManuaI
piovides guidance lo deveIopeis in seIecling, inslaIIing and opeialing suilalIe neasuies lo achieve lhose
laigels. CuideIines on lhe MIs seIeclion aie given in Chaplei 3.
)/Q 1.,M,&* *&+,-. !',%&',#
)/Q/) .72P47? *47<>7=8 $72H:
Majoi syslens shaII le pIanned and designed lo confoin lo naluiaI diainage palleins and dischaige lo naluiaI
diainage palhs vilhin a calchnenl. As nuch as possilIe, lhis aIso shouId le done foi ninoi syslen, vhich is
oflen nodified lo confoin lo ioad and Iol Iayouls.
In geneiaI, iunoff fion deveIopnenl siles vilhin a calchnenl shouId le dischaiged al lhe exisling naluiaI
diainage oulIel oi oulIels. If lhe deveIopei vishes lo change dischaige poinls he oi she nusl denonsliale lhal
lhe change viII nol have any adveise inpacls on dovnsliean piopeilies oi sloinvalei syslens.
Diveiling iunoff fion olhei calchnenls oi sul-calchnenls can cause adveise inpacls on dovnsliean
piopeilies and sloinvalei syslens due lo giealei iunoff voIunes lhan vouId olheivise occui fion lhe naluiaI
diainage calchnenl. Theiefoie, lhe diveision of iunoff lo oi fion olhei calchnenls oi sul-calchnenls is nol
peinilled vilhoul aulhoiily appiovaI.
)/Q/; $43J8429 *47<>7=8
If diainage is piovided vilhin a deveIopnenl, each Iol lo le seiviced ly a syslen (open oi pipe diain) shaII
have an individuaI sloinvalei seivice lie lo piovide foi lhe conneclion of diainage fion luiIdings lo lhe pulIic
sloinvalei conveyance syslen.
A pulIic sloinvalei conveyance shaII onIy le Iocaled vilhin a Iol vheie il is inlended soIeIy foi lhe puipose of
pioviding diainage foi lhe Iol oi adjacenl Iols. The conveyance shaII le Iocaled such lhal access can le ieadiIy
achieved and iesliiclions inposed on lhe use of lhe Iand due lo lhe piesence of lhe seivice aie nininised.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2 1-11
)/Q/O *47<>7=8 '8:84I8:
A diainage ieseive shaII le piovided foi sloinvalei conveyances Iocaled vilhin piivale Iols lo piovide access
foi nainlenance. As diainage ieseives can iesliicl fIexiliIily in Iocaling sliucluies on a Iol, conveyance syslen
aIignnenls vhich nininise lhe need foi such ieseives shaII le consideied vheievei possilIe.
To neel lhe inlenl of lhe najoi/ninoi sloinvalei diainage phiIosophy, onIy ninoi syslen conveyances nay
le conlained vilhin diainage ieseives in piivale Iols. The najoi diainage syslen shaII le conlained vilhin
sepaiale diainage ieseives Iocaled conpIeleIy oulside piivale Iand.
)/Q/Q '<=H2: 3L 02H84 #P2H34<2<8:
Wheie a sloinvalei conveyance is pioposed lo le Iocaled vilhin cIose pioxinily lo anolhei seivice, lhe
designei shaII ensuie lhal lhe iequiienenls of lhe aulhoiily iesponsilIe foi lhal seivice aie nel.
Wheie lheie is significanl advanlage in pIacing a sloinvalei conveyance on an aIignnenl ieseived foi anolhei
aulhoiily, il nay le so pIaced piovided lhal lolh lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily iesponsilIe foi nainlenance of
lhe sloinvalei conveyance and lhe olhei aulhoiily conceined agiee in viiling lo ieIease lhe ieseivalion.
)/Q/R &]24858 &I8>2:
Design of sloinvalei syslens lo pass oi safeIy conlain a iunoff of a given ARI inpIies lhal an oveifIov viII
occui duiing a Iaigei evenl. Theie is aIso a iisk lhal oveifIovs viII occui duiing a snaIIei sloin due lo
lIockage of sone diains, cuIveils oi inIels. AII hydiauIic voiks sized ly a fIood eslinale aie designed on a iisk
lasis.
If faiIuie of conveyance syslens and/oi najoi sliucluies such as delenlion pond occuis duiing an exliene
sloin evenl, lhe iisk lo Iife and piopeily couId le significanlIy incieased. This iisk nusl le laIanced againsl
lhe piolaliIily of lhe exliene evenl. In nosl uilan sloinvalei diainage syslens lhe piovision foi a najoi
sloin viII piovide adequale secuiily. Hovevei in unusuaI silualions, such as possilIe faiIuie of Ievees and
delenlion pond oulIels, lhe designei nusl considei lhe eIenenl of iisk in a fIood Iaigei lhan 1OO yeai ARI.
)/R +,%& *&^&T0$B&.%
)/R/O #8:2H82<G: 7>@ MP>G2<3>7?<29
The sloinvalei diainage syslen shaII le designed so lhal il enhances lhe appeaiance of lhe aiea, and
naxinises ils use ly lhe connunily (Ailhinglon el aI., 1993) vilhoul conpionising lhe funclionaIily of lhe
diainage conponenl oi syslen. Hovevei, lhe funclionaIily nusl le given piioiily ovei lhe aeslhelics, lo nake
suie lhal lhe oljeclive of lhe conponenl is nel. Iending good aeslhelics vilh lhe diainage conponenl vouId
nake lhe oveiaII syslen easiIy acceplalIe lo lhe connunily and peopIe.
)/R/Q T7>@:G7J<>=
Landscaping is inlended lo ensuie lhal a sloinvalei diainage syslen viII enhance visuaI quaIily an aiea vhiIe
pioviding valei quaIily inpiovenenl. The Iandscaping shouId inciease lhe aeslhelics of lhe suiioundings
vilhoul conpionising lhe funclionaIily of lhe sloinvalei diainage oljeclives. The Iandscape design shaII lake
inlo accounl and le pail of lhe oveiaII sloinvalei syslen design.
The design shaII considei lhe foIIovings:
- AIIov foi Iandscaping oi fuluie changes in Iandscaping lo enhance lhe visuaI appeaI of lhe syslen,
- Lnhance open space Iinks lhiough deveIopnenl aieas,
- Relain exisling fIoia and fauna, as nuch as possilIe,
- Respecl lhe funclionaI use of lhe space, and
- Ioin pail of and le synpalhelic vilh lhe Iandscape chaiaclei of lhe suiiounding neighlouihood.
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1-12 065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2
)/R/R +<28 !?874<>=
NaluiaI vegelalion shaII le ielained vheievei possilIe lo nininise eiosion vilhin a sile. This viII aIso ieduce
lhe iequiienenl foi eiosion and sedinenl conlioIs duiing consliuclion.
)/R/S T7>@ -47@<>=
Wheievei piaclicaI, lhe naluiaI sIope of lhe Iand vilhin lhe deveIopnenl sile shaII le ielained lo ensuie
deveIopnenl Iols and ioadvays aie fiee diaining. Wheie possilIe nininise deveIopnenl siles vilh pIalfoin
lhal iesuIl in pooi iunoff disposaI piinaiiIy al hiIIside aieas. The conveyance syslen nay lhen le excessiveIy
deep al lhe sile oulIel and possilIy leIov lhe laiIvalei IeveI. The exisling lopogiaphy of sone siles nay
naluiaIIy le veiy fIal lhal giade ciealion shaII le consideied.
)/R/_ $43`8G2 T793P2:
Iiojecl Iayouls nusl le pIanned in conjunclion vilh diainage engineeis, ecoIogisls, enviionnenlaIisls, elc. lo
avoid polenliaI piolIens. Allenlion lo lhe Iayoul al lhis slage can significanlIy ieduce diainage cosls. Issues lo
considei incIude,
- Avoiding liapped Iov poinls,
- Iioviding suilalIe fIov palhs foi lhe najoi design fIood, and
- Iioviding suilalIe aieas foi sloinvalei quanlily and quaIily conlioI faciIilies.
Ioi aII kinds of Iol deveIopnenls il is inpoilanl lhal Iayouls do nol iesuIl in lhe concenlialion and dischaige of
iunoff fion upsliean Iols lo adjacenl dovnsliean Iols in sufficienl quanlily lo cause nuisance condilions.
)/R/a "<??:<@8 *47<>7=8
IIanning and achieving suslainalIe deveIopnenl in hiIIy aieas is pailicuIaiIy inpoilanl in iegaid lo diainage,
fIash fIood, eiosion and sedinenl and sIope slaliIily nanagenenl. Of aII lhe lechniques consideied foi lhe
coiieclion oi pievenlion of sIope inslaliIily on hiIIside deveIopnenl, piopei diainage is iecognised as lhe nosl
inpoilanl eIenenl. Iiopei diainage ieduces soiI noisluie conlenl and lhe deslaliIising hydioslalic and
seepage foices on a sIope, as veII as lhe iisk of suiface eiosion and piping. Iooi sile pIanning and design in a
hiIIside deveIopnenl aiea causes Iaige quanlilies of iainvalei coIIecled in lhe diainage syslen and fion diiecl
iainfaII, lo infiIliale inlo lhe giound. Design and consliuclion of sloinvalei faciIilies in lhe hiIIy aieas aie lo le
done vilh piopei caulion, faiIuie of vhich nay cause sIope inslaliIily. Sone speciaI diainage iequiienenls aie
slipuIaled foi a fev lypes of deveIopnenl on hiIIside aieas.
)/R/W T36?7>@\ %<@7? 7>@ +57?? ,:?7>@ *47<>7=8
SuslainalIe sloinvalei syslen design in Iov-Iying and lidaI aieas invoIves a nunlei of speciaI consideialions.
Sone of lhe peilinenl issues aie lhe hydiauIic effecls of fIal giades and high laiIvalei IeveIs, lidaI effecls, sloin
suige, fIood effecls in esluaiies, gieenhouse effecl and lhe conlined piolaliIilies of diffeienl nodes of
fIooding. The saIlvalei inliusion and polenliaI foi gioundvalei depIelion can aIso infIuence lhe sloinvalei
quaIily lo vhich designeis nusl lake inlo consideialions al pIanning slage. DeveIopnenl of Iand in lhese aieas
nay le enviionnenlaIIy sensilive and lhe pioposaIs viII need lo conpIy vilh aII appIicalIe IegisIalion and
ieguIalions. These aieas nusl le piolecled againsl sloin and vave aclion and appiopiiale guidance can le
found in a nunlei of speciaIized lechnicaI pulIicalions as such in Inlegialed ShoieIine Iioleclion IIan ly DID
as veII as in Chaplei 46,MSMA 2OOO. Design guideIine foi gales and punped syslen is given in Chaplei 19.

)/S *&+,-. M0' B#,.%&.#.!&
The design of a sloinvalei diainage syslen needs lo lake inlo accounl lhe nainlenance iequiienenls of lhe
syslen aflei il has leen consliucled. The diainage syslen shouId incIude faciIilies foi ease of nainlenance.
ConsequenlIy, designeis viII need lo faniIiaiise lhenseIves vilh lhe capacily and capaliIilies of lhe aulhoiily
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065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2 1-13
iesponsilIe foi nainlaining lhe sloinvalei infiasliucluie in oidei lo piovide faciIilies, lhal can le ieadiIy and
econonicaIIy nainlained.
The puichase of speciaI nainlenance equipnenl and pIanl iequiies consideialIe Iead-line ly lhe nainlenance
aulhoiily foi appiovaIs and funding. As a consequence, any design incoipoialing lhe need foi speciaI oi
unusuaI equipnenl shaII nol le piepaied vilhoul lhe piioi viillen appiovaI of lhe nainlenance aulhoiily. This
appiovaI aIso exlends lo lhe use of speciaI lechniques and lhe hiie of speciaI equipnenl.
A sloinvalei diainage syslen nusl aIso le designed such lhal nainlenance aclivilies can le peifoined
vilhoul lhe iisk of inadveilenl danage lo lhe assels of olhei aulhoiilies. Olhei aulhoiilies incIude lhose
iesponsilIe foi gas, eIecliicily, leIeconnunicalions, valei suppIy, seveiage and olhei ieIaled seivices.
)/_ "&#T%"\ +#M&%E #.* &.^,'0.B&.%
Many of lhe iequiienenls foi lhe pIanning and design of sloinvalei syslens piesenled in lhis nanuaI have
eilhei diieclIy oi indiieclIy consideied lhe need lo piolecl pulIic safely. Nolvilhslanding lhese iequiienenls,
sloinvalei nanageis and designeis nusl considei lhe need oi olheivise lo inpIenenl addilionaI neasuies lo
fuilhei piolecl pulIic safely.

TypicaI neasuies lo inpiove pulIic safely incIude lhe foIIovings:
- RaiIings on ciossings, headvaIIs, sleep sIope oi olhei Iocalions vheie lhe pulIic couId faII inlo diains oi
valeilodies,
- Ciales ovei open diains and nanhoIes,
- Liniling lhe deplh of open diains and ponds,
- CenlIe side sIopes on engineeied valeivays and on lhe sides of ponds, velIands and Iakes,
- Maxinun fIov veIocily ciileiia foi engineeied valeivays,
- Maxinun veIocily-deplh ciileiia foi fIov on oi acioss ioads, and
- Landgiading ciileiia foi diffeienl sloin valei sliucluies.

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1-14 065)7& #8869*2&86 :;)*6;)2
'&M&'&.!&+
1. Ailhinglon A.H., unn S. and CaleiaII C. (1993). LE6 (8+3+7)823 N+365 +G N)92;)2& O676*2*)+&, in WoodfuII }.,
IinIayson . and McMahon T. (eds.), The RoIes of uffei Sliips in lhe Managenenl of Waleivay IoIIulion
fion Diffused Uilan and RuiaI Souices, Iioceedings of a Woikshop HeId al lhe Univeisily of MeIlouine.
AusliaIia.
2. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage - DID (2OOO). P;D2& "*+;<H2*6; !2&276<6&* !2&A23 G+; !23245)2,
INM Coveinnenl of MaIaysia.
3. KilIei, D.I. (1982). P;D2& "*+;<H2*6; Q4';+3+74 !+&+7;29E R, Aneiican CeophysicaI Union, Washinglon
D.C.
4. Knox Counly (2OO8). S&+T :+A&*4 L6&&65566 "*+;<H2*6; !2&276<6&* !2&A23. VoIune 2 (TechnicaI
Cuidance). Tennessee, USA.

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!
QUANTITY DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
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2-i
!"#$%&' ) *+#,%-%. /&0-1, 2+,/#3&,%#40
2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 RAINIALL LSTIMATION ............................................................................................... 2-1
2.2.1 Aveiage Recuiience InleivaI ............................................................................. 2-1
2.2.2 Tine of Concenlialion ........................................................................................ 2-1
2.2.3 Design RainfaII Lslinale..................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.3.1 Inlensily-Duialion-Iiequency Cuives DeveIopnenl ...................... 2-2
2.2.3.2 LnpiiicaI IDI Cuives ........................................................................... 2-3
2.2.4 TenpoiaI Ialleins ............................................................................................... 2-3
2.3 ILAK DISCHARCL LSTIMATION ................................................................................ 2-5
2.3.1 RalionaI Melhod .................................................................................................. 2-5
2.3.1.1 Runoff Coefficienl foi Mixed DeveIopnenl...................................... 2-6
2.3.1.2 Assunplions .......................................................................................... 2-7
2.3.1.3 CaIcuIalion Sleps .................................................................................. 2-7
2.3.2 RalionaI Hydiogiaph Melhod ........................................................................... 2-8
2.3.3 Tine Aiea Hydiogiaph Melhod ....................................................................... 2-9
2.3.3.1 Concepl .................................................................................................. 2-9
2.3.3.2 RainfaII Lxcess ....................................................................................... 2-1O
2.3.4 Conpulei Soflvaie AppIicalion ....................................................................... 2-11
2.4 OUTILOW CONTROL ..................................................................................................... 2-11
2.4.1 Oiifices .................................................................................................................. 2-11
2.4.2 Shaip Ciesled Weiis ............................................................................................ 2-12
2.4.3 ioad Ciesled Weiis ........................................................................................... 2-13
2.4.4 Diavdovn Tine .................................................................................................. 2-14
2.5 HYDROLOCIC IOND ROUTINC .................................................................................. 2-15
2.6 CRITICAL STORM DURATION ..................................................................................... 2-18
2.6.1 Conveyance Syslen............................................................................................. 2-18
2.6.2 Sloiage Syslen ..................................................................................................... 2-2O
RLILRLNCLS .............................................................................................................................. 2-21
AIILNDIX 2.A DLSICN CHART - OVLRLAND ILOW TIML ............................................. 2-23
AIILNDIX 2. IDI CONSTANTS .............................................................................................. 2-24
AIILNDIX 2.C NORMALISLD DLSICN RAINIALL TLMIORAL IATTLRN .................. 2-32
AIILNDIX 2.D LXAMILL - IDI CURVL DLVLLOIMLNT ................................................. 2-37
AIILNDIX 2.L LXAMILL - DLSICN TLMIORAL IATTLRNS ........................................... 2-41
AIILNDIX 2.I LXAMILL - RUNOII QUANTITY LSTIMATION ..................................... 2-44
AIILNDIX 2.C LXAMILL - IOND ROUTINC ....................................................................... 2-56

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672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-1
)56 -,%'7/+!%-7,
This chaplei piovides lhe fundanenlaIs and appiopiiale nelhods iequiied foi designing sloinvalei quanlily
faciIilies. They appIy lo piinaiiIy delenlion pond as veII as conveyance. The design ARIs foi vaiious lypes of
faciIilies vaiy vhiIe lhe ciilicaI sloin duialion nighl le diffeienl due lo diffeiing faciIily opeialionaI concepls
and nechanisns.
)5) '#-,2#44 &0%-3#%-7,
RainfaII dala and chaiacleiislics aie lhe diiving foice lehind aII sloinvalei sludies and designs. Adequacy and
significance of lhe iainfaII design is a necessaiy pie-iequisile foi piepaiing salisfacloiy uilan diainage and
sloinvalei nanagenenl piojecls. The eslinalion invoIves fiequency, duialion and inlensily anaIyses of iainfaII
dala.
)5)56 #89:;<9 '9=>::9?=9 -?@9:8;A
RainfaII and sulsequenl dischaige eslinale is lased on lhe seIecled vaIue of fiequency oi ieluin peiiod, leined
as lhe Aveiage Recuiience InleivaI (ARI) vhich is used lhioughoul lhis ManuaI. ARI is lhe aveiage Ienglh of
line lelveen iain evenls lhal exceeds lhe sane nagnilude, voIune oi duialion (Chov, 1964), and is expiessed
as:
.--
<
.
=
>
= (2.1)
vheie,
=
>
= Aveiage Recuiience InleivaI, ARI (yeai), and
< = AnnuaI Lxceedance IiolaliIily, ALI ().
As an exanpIe, using Lqualion 2.1, 1 ALI of sloin has an ARI of 1OO yeais. Accoiding lo lhe definilion, a 1OO
yeai ARI sloin can occui in any yeai vilh a piolaliIily of 1/1OO oi O.O1.
The design ARI of a sloinvalei faciIily is seIecled on lhe lasis of econony and IeveI of pioleclion (iisk) lhal lhe
faciIily offeis. ARIs lo le used foi lhe design of ninoi and najoi sloinvalei quanlily syslens aie piovided in
TalIe 1.1. Il is assuned lhal lhe design fIov of a given ARI is pioduced ly a design sloin iainfaII of lhe sane
ARI. Design iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi) depends on duialion (ninule oi houi) and ARI (nonlh oi yeai). Il is
sliongIy ieconnended lhal peifoinance of lhe designed diainage syslen nusl le exanined foi a iange of
ARIs and sloin duialions lo ensuie lhal lhe syslen(s) viII peifoin salisfacloiiIy.
)5)5) %BC9 DE !D?=9?@:;@BD?
Tine of concenlialion (*
?
) is lhe liaveI line of iunoff fIovs fion lhe nosl hydiauIicaIIy ienole poinl upsliean
in lhe conliiluling calchnenl aiea lo lhe poinl undei consideialion dovnsliean. The concepl of line of
concenlialion is inpoilanl in aII nelhods of peak fIov eslinalion as il can le assuned lhal lhe iainfaII
occuiiing duiing lhe line of concenlialion is diieclIy ieIaled lo peak fIov iale. The piaclice is lo seIecl lhe
design sloin duialion as equaI lo oi giealei lhan lhe line of concenlialion (*
?
)
In lhe design of sloinvalei diainage syslens, *
?
is lhe sun of lhe oveiIand fIov line (*
+
) and lhe line of liaveI
in slieel gulleis (*
9
), oi ioadside svaIes, diains, channeIs and snaII slieans (*
'
@. The ieIevanl equalions
necessaiy lo caIcuIale lhe *
?
is given in TalIe 2.1 (QUDM, 2OO7). CaIcuIalion of *
?
is suljecl lo lhe calchnenl
piopeilies, pailicuIaiIy Ienglh, sIope and ioughness of lhe diainage palh. The oveiIand fIov line *
+
can le
eslinaled vilh piopei judgnenl of lhe Iand suiface condilion due lo lhe facl lhal lhe Ienglh of sheel fIov is
shoil foi sleep sIopes and Iong foi niId sIopes. This equalion shaII le appIied onIy foi dislances (A)
ieconnended in TalIe 2.1. Calchnenl ioughness, Ienglh and sIope affecl lhe fIov veIocily and sulsequenlIy
oveiIand fIov line *
+
. TypicaI vaIues of Hoilons ioughness &
B
foi vaiious Iand suifaces aie given in TalIe 2.2
(QUDM, 2OO7). AIleinaliveIy, lhe oveiIand fIov line can easiIy le eslinaled using lhe Design Chail 2.A1.
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2-2 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
The diain fIov line equalion shouId le used lo eslinale *
'
foi lhe ienaining Ienglh of lhe fIov palhs
dovnsliean. Caie shouId le given lo ollain lhe vaIues of hydiauIic iadius and fiiclion sIope foi use in lhe
diain fIov line equalion. Nole lhal ieconnended nininun line of concenlialion foi a calchnenl is 5 ninules
vhich appIies lo ioof diainage.
TalIe 2.1: Lqualions lo Lslinale Tine of Concenlialion (QUDM, 2OO7)
TiaveI Ialh TiaveI Tine Renaik
OveiIand IIov
C D .
E D . B
+
"
A , & , .-F
* =
*
+
= OveiIand sheel fIov liaveI line (ninules)
A = OveiIand sheel fIov palh Ienglh (n)
G+> "*88H "3+H8 IJ.-K@L A < C- ;
G+> !+'8>2*8 "3+H8 IMCK@L A < .-- ;
G+> !)3' "3+H8 IM.K@L A < %-- ;
&
B
= Hoilons ioughness vaIue foi lhe suiface
(TalIe 2.2)
" = SIope of oveiIand suiface ()
Cuil Cullei IIov
" N-
A
*
9
=
*
9
= Cuil gullei fIov line (ninules)
A = Lenglh of cuil gullei fIov (n)
" = LongiludinaI sIope of lhe cuil gullei ()
Diain IIov
% D . E D %
'
" O P-
A , &
* =
& = Mannings ioughness coefficienl (TalIe 2.3)
O = HydiauIic iadius (n)
" = Iiiclion sIope (n/n)
A = Lenglh of ieach (n)
*
'
= TiaveI line in lhe diain (ninules)

TalIe 2.2: VaIues of Hoilons Roughness &
B
(QUDM, 2OO7)
Land Suiface Hoilons Roughness &B
Iaved
aie SoiI
IooiIy Ciassed
Aveiage Ciassed
DenseIy Ciassed
O.O15
O.O275
O.O35
O.O45
O.O6O

)5)5F /9GB<? ';B?E;AA &G@BC;@9
)5)5F56 -?@9?GB@HI/>:;@BD?I2:9J>9?=H !>:89G /989ADKC9?@
The nosl connon foin of design iainfaII dala iequiied foi use in peak dischaige eslinalion is fion
ieIalionship iepiesenled ly lhe inlensily-duialion-fiequency (IDI) cuives. The IDI can le deveIoped fion lhe
hisloiicaI iainfaII dala and lhey aie avaiIalIe foi nosl geogiaphicaI aieas in MaIaysia.
Recognising lhal lhe iainfaII dala used lo deiive IDI aie suljecled lo sone inleipoIalion and snoolhing, il is
desiialIe lo deveIop IDI cuives diieclIy fion IocaI iaingauge iecoids, if lhese iecoids aie sufficienlIy Iong and
ieIialIe. The IDI deveIopnenl pioceduies invoIve lhe sleps shovn in Iiguie 2.1 vhiIe a lypicaI deveIoped
cuives aie shovn in Iiguie 2.2.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-3
TalIe 2.3: VaIues of Mannings Roughness Coefficienl (&) foi Open Diains and Iipes
(Chov, 1959, DID, 2OOO and Iiench, 1985)
Diain/Iipe Manning Roughness &
Ciassed Diain
Shoil Ciass Covei (< 15O nn) O.O35
TaII Ciass Covei (> 15O nn) O.O5O
Lined Diain

Conciele
Snoolh Iinish O.O15
Rough Iinish O.O18
Slone Iilching
Diessed Slone in Moilai O.O17
Randon Slones in Moilai oi RullIe Masoniy O.O35
Rock Ripiap O.O3O
iickvoik O.O2O
Iipe MaleiiaI

Viliified CIay O.O12
Spun Iiecasl Conciele O.O13
Iilie Reinfoiced Cenenl O.O13
UIVC O.O11

)5)5F5) &CKB:B=;A -/2 !>:89G
LnpiiicaI equalion can le used lo nininise eiioi in eslinaling lhe iainfaII inlensily vaIues fion lhe IDI cuives.
Il is expiessed as
q
k
u
@ ' I
=
)
+
= (2.2)
vheie,
) = Aveiage iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi),
= = Aveiage iecuiience inleivaI - ARI (O.5 s T s 12 nonlh and 2 s T s 1OO yeai),
' = Sloin duialion (houis), O.O833 s ' s 72, and
'L xL 0 2&' p = Iilling conslanls dependenl on lhe iaingauge Iocalion (TalIe 2.1 in Appendix 2.).
The equalion appIicalion is sinpIe vhen anaIysis is piepaied ly spieadsheel. AIleinaliveIy designeis can
nanuaIIy use lhe IDI cuives piovided in Annexuie 3.
)5)5L %9CKD:;A $;@@9:?G
Il is inpoilanl lo enphasise lhal lhe iainfaII lenpoiaI palleins aie inlended foi use in hydiogiaph geneialion
'85)9& sloins. They shouId nol le confused vilh lhe ieaI iainfaII dala in hisloiicaI sloins, vhich is usuaIIy
iequiied lo caIiliale and vaIidale hydioIogicaI and hydiauIic sinuIalion iesuIls.
The slandaid line inleivaIs ieconnended foi uilan sloinvalei nodeIIing aie Iisled in TalIe 2.4. The design
lenpoiaI palleins lo le used foi a sel of duialions aie given in Appendix 2.C.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-4 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
CoIIecl MonlhIy oi AnnuaI Maxinun RainfaII Dala of
SeIecled Duialions fion lhe Neaily Aulonalic Slalion(s)

Tesl Dala foi QuaIily and Consislency (e.g. Mass Cuive)

Iil lhe Rav RainfaII Dala lo Vaiious Iiequency Disliilulions
(e.g. CLV, Log-NoinaI, Log-Ieaison, elc.)

SeIecl lhe Mosl SuilalIe Iiequency Disliilulion Melhod
lhal fils lhe Dala

CaIcuIale lhe Anounls of RainfaIIs foi Vaiious Duialions
and SeIecled ARIs (2, 5, 1O, 2O, 5O and 1OO yeai)

Conveil lhe RainfaII inlo Inlensily and IIol Vaiious Duialions
in lhe Log-Log Ciaph foi lhe SeIecled ARIs

Iiguie 2.1: TypicaI Sleps lo DeveIop IDI Cuives
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
Sloin Duialion (nin)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI
5O-yi ARI 1OO-yi ARI

Iiguie 2.2: TypicaI IDI Cuive
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-5
If dala avaiIalIe, il is ieconnended lo deiive lhe lenpoiaI palleins using lhe IocaI dala foIIoving lhe exanpIe
given in Appendix 2.D. Ioi olhei duialions, lhe lenpoiaI pallein foi lhe neaiesl slandaid duialion shouId le
adopled. Il is QR= coiiecl lo aveiage lhe lenpoiaI palleins foi diffeienl duialions.
TalIe 2.4: Reconnended InleivaIs foi Design RainfaII TenpoiaI Iallein
Sloin Duialion
(ninules)
Tine InleivaI
(ninules)
A855 *S2& 6O 5
6O - 12O 1O
121 - 36O 15
T>82*8> *S2& 36O 3O

Vaiious nelhods can le used lo deveIop design iainfaII lenpoiaI pallein. Hovevei, il is nosl inpoilanl lo nole
lhal design palleins aie nol deiived fion conpIele sloins, lul fion inlense luisls of iecoided iainfaII dala foi
lhe seIecled duialions. The nelhod desciiled heiein incoipoiales lhe aveiage vaiialiIily of iecoided inlense
iainfaIIs and aIso lhe nosl IikeIy sequence of inlensilies. The highesl iainfaII luisls of seIecled design sloin
duialions aie coIIecled fion lhe iainfaII iecoid. Il is desiialIe lo have a Iaige nunlei of sanpIes. The duialion
is lhen divided inlo a nunlei of equaI line inleivaIs, as given in TalIe 2.4. The inleivaIs foi each iainfaII luisl
aie ianked and lhe aveiage iank is deleinined foi lhe inleivaIs having sane iainfaII anounl. The peicenlage of
iainfaII is deleinined foi each iank foi each iainfaII luisl, and lhe aveiage peicenlage pei iank is caIcuIaled.
This pioceduie is lhen iepealed foi olhei duialions. The pioceduie invoIves lhe sleps as shovn in Iiguie 2.3.
)5F $&#M /-0!"#'1& &0%-3#%-7,
This Seclion piesenls lhe nelhods and pioceduies iequiied foi iunoff eslinalion. The ieconnended nelhods
aie lhe RalionaI Melhod and Hydiogiaph Melhods. Lach nelhod has ils ovn neiils. # 5);H38 O2*)+&23
U4'>+9>2HS !8*S+' IOU!@ )5 >8?+;;8&'8' G+> *S8 '85)9& +G 5;233 5*+>298 G2?)3)*)85,
)5F56 ';@BD?;A 39@NDO
The RalionaI Melhod is lhe nosl fiequenlIy used lechnique foi iunoff peak eslinalion in MaIaysia and nany
pails of lhe voiId. Il gives salisfacloiy iesuIls foi snaII diainage calchnenls and is expiessed as:
EP-
# , ) , V
6= (2.3)
vheie,
6 = Ieak fIov (n
3
/s),
V = Runoff coefficienl (TalIe 2.5),
) = Aveiage iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi), and
# = Diainage aiea (ha).
The piinaiy alliaclion of lhe RalionaI Melhod has leen ils sinpIicily. Hovevei, nov lhal conpuleiised
pioceduies foi hydiogiaph geneialion aie ieadiIy avaiIalIe, naking conpulalion/design ly conpuleiised
nelhod oi soflvaie is aIso sinpIe.
The nosl ciilicaI pail of using lhe RalionaI Melhod is lo nake a good eslinale of lhe iunoff coefficienl V. In
geneiaI, lhe vaIues of V depend nainIy on Ianduse of lhe calchnenl and is veiy cIose lo ils inpeiviousness (in
decinaI foin). The vaIue of V aIso vaiies vilh soiI lype, soiI noisluie condilion, iainfaII inlensily, elc. The usei
shouId evaIuale lhe acluaI calchnenl condilion foi a IogicaI vaIue of V lo le used. Ioi Iaigei aiea vilh high
spaliaI vaiialiIilies in Ianduse and olhei paianeleis, lhis can easiIy le done ly lhe use of AuloCAD, CIS oi
olhei conpulei soflvaies.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-6 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

SeIecl lhe iequiied sloin duialion and find aloul
len (1O) dales vhen exliene iainfaII evenls occuiied

CoIIecl lhe iainfaII anounls fion lhe neaily aulonalic iainfaII slalion
foi lhe iequiied inleivaIs (TalIe 2.4)

Assign a iank foi each inleivaI lased on lhe iainfaII anounl
(1 foi lhe highesl anounl)

Deleinine lhe peicenlage of iain occuiied in each inleivaI

CaIcuIale lhe nean ianks and peicenlages of iainfaII foi each inleivaI

Assign lhe nean peicenlages of iainfaII foi each inleivaI
lased on lhe nev nean iank

Conveil lhe peicenlage iainfaII inlo fiaclion of lolaI iainfaII
and pIol lhe lenpoiaI pallein

MuIlipIy lhe fiaclionaI vaIues vilh lhe design iainfaII anounl (nn)
lo gel lhe disliilulion of iainfaII in each line inleivaI

Iiguie 2.3: TypicaI Sleps foi lhe DeveIopnenl of Design RainfaII TenpoiaI Iallein
)5F5656 '>?DEE !D9EEB=B9?@ ED: 3BP9O /989ADKC9?@
Segnenls of diffeienl Ianduse vilhin a sul-calchnenl can le conlined lo pioduce an aveiage iunoff coefficienl
(Lqualion 2.4). Ioi exanpIe, if a sul-calchnenl consisls of segnenls vilh diffeienl Ianduse denoled ly W = 1,
2,.., n, lhe aveiage iunoff coefficienl is eslinaled, V, ly:
=
=
=
;
. W
W
;
. W
W W
2X9
#
# V
V (2.4)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-7
vheie,
V
2X9
= Aveiage iunoff coefficienl,
V
W
= Runoff coefficienl of segnenl )Y
#
W
= Aiea of segnenl ) (ha), and
; = TolaI nunlei of segnenls.
TalIe 2.5: Reconnended Runoff Coefficienls foi Vaiious Landuses
(DID, 198O, Chov el aI., 1988, QUDM, 2OO7 and Daivin Hailoui, 2OO9)

)5F565) #GG>CK@BD?G
Assunplions used in lhe RalionaI Melhod aie as foIIovs:
- The peak fIov occuis vhen lhe enliie calchnenl is conliiluling lo lhe fIov,
- The iainfaII inlensily is lhe unifoin ovei lhe enliie calchnenl aiea, and
- The iainfaII inlensily is unifoin ovei a line duialion equaI lo lhe line of concenlialion, *
?
.
The RalionaI Melhod is &+* >8?+;;8&'8' foi use vheie:
- The calchnenl aiea is giealei lhan 8O ha (TxDOT, 2OO9),
- Ionding of sloinvalei in lhe calchnenl nighl affecl peak dischaige, and
- The design and opeialion of Iaige and noie coslIy diainage faciIilies aie lo le undeilaken, pailicuIaiIy if
lhey invoIve sloiage.
)5F565F !;A=>A;@BD? 0@9KG
Sleps foi eslinaling a peak fIov fion a singIe sul-calchnenl foi a pailicuIai ARI using lhe RalionaI Melhod aie
oulIined in Iiguie 2.4.

Landuse
Runoff Coefficienl (C)
Ioi Minoi Syslen
(<1O yeai ARI)
Ioi Majoi Syslen
(> 1O yeai ARI)
ResidenliaI
ungaIov
Seni-delached ungaIov
Link and Teiiace House
IIal and Apailnenl
Condoniniun

O.65
O.7O
O.8O
O.8O
O.75

O.7O
O.75
O.9O
O.85
O.8O
ConneiciaI and usiness Cenlies O.9O O.95
IndusliiaI O.9O O.95
Spoil IieIds, Iaik and AgiicuIluie O.3O O.4O
Open Spaces
aie SoiI (No Covei)
Ciass Covei
ush Covei
Ioiesl Covei

O.5O
O.4O
O.35
O.3O

O.6O
O.5O
O.45
O.4O
Roads and Highvays O.95 O.95
Walei ody (Iond)
Delenlion Iond (vilh oulIel)
Relenlion Iond (no oulIel)

O.95
O.OO

O.95
O.OO
Nole: The iunoff coefficienls in lhis lalIe aie given as a guide foi designeis. The neai-fieId
iunoff coefficienl foi any singIe oi nixed Ianduse shouId le deleinined lased on
lhe inpeiviousness of lhe aiea.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-8 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

Iiguie 2.4: CeneiaI Iioceduie foi Lslinaling Ieak IIov Using lhe RalionaI Melhod (DID, 2OOO)
)5F5) ';@BD?;A "HO:D<:;KN 39@NDO
This pioceduie, RalionaI Hydiogiaph Melhod (RHM), exlends lhe RalionaI Melhod lo lhe deveIopnenl of
iunoff hydiogiaphs. Ioi sinpIicily, lhis nelhod is ieconnended foi lhe deiiving infIov hydiogiaph on-sile
delenlion (OSD) and snaII delenlion pond. Hovevei, foi conpIex diainage syslen and high iisk aieas, lhe
Tine Aiea Melhod in Seclion 2.2.3 oi conpulei nodeIs shouId le used foi ollaining lhe infIov hydiogiaph.
As iIIuslialed in Iiguie 2.5, lvo lypes of hydiogiaphs aie lo le used foi lhe sul-calchnenl using lhe RHM
pioceduie. Lach hydiogiaph lype is a funclion of lhe Ienglh of lhe iainfaII aveiaging line, ', vilh iespecl lo lhe
sul-calchnenl line of concenlialion, *
?
.
Deleinine aveiage
iainfaII inlensily, )
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-9
=4H8 . (' is giealei lhan *
?
@: The iesuIling liapezoidaI hydiogiaph has a unifoin naxinun dischaige 6, as
deleinined fion lhe RalionaI Melhod. The Iineai iising and faIIing Iinls each has a duialion of *
?
.

=4H8 % (' is equaI lo *
?
L): The iesuIling liianguIai hydiogiaph has a peak dischaige 6. The Iineai iising and
faIIing Iinls each have a duialion of *
?
.

d
lc lc
d
lc lc
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
Tine
Tine
a) Type 1 (d>lc) l) Type 2 (d=lc)
Q Q

Iiguie 2.5: Hydiogiaph Types of lhe RHM
In sunnaiy, hydiogiaph lype in lhe RHM is deleinined ly lhe ieIalionship lelveen iainfaII duialion and lhe
line of concenlialion of lhe sul-calchnenl. Civen lhe hydiogiaph lype, lhe peak dischaige is deleinined using
lhe RalionaI Melhod (Lqualion 2.3).
)5F5F %BC9 #:9; "HO:D<:;KN 39@NDO
)5F5F56 !D?=9K@
This nelhod assunes lhal lhe oulfIov hydiogiaph foi any sloin is chaiacleiised ly sepaialIe sulcalchnenl
liansIalion and sloiage effecls. Iuie liansIalion of lhe diiecl iunoff lo lhe oulIel via lhe diainage nelvoik is
desciiled using lhe channeI liaveI line, iesuIling in an oulfIov hydiogiaph lhal ignoies sloiage effecls.
To appIy lhe nelhod, lhe calchnenl is fiisl divided inlo a nunlei of isochiones oi Iines of equaI liaveI line lo
lhe oulIel (Iiguie 2.6l). The aieas lelveen isochiones aie lhen deleinined and pIolled againsl lhe liaveI line as
shovn in Iiguie 2.6c. Deiivalion of isochiones is ciuciaI and is iIIuslialed in a voiked exanpIe in Appendix
2.L2. The liansIaled infIov hydiogiaph oidinales Z
)
(Iiguie 2.6d) foi any seIecled design hyelogiaph can nov
le deleinined. Lach lIock of sloin, Iiguie 2.6a, shouId le appIied (aflei deducling Iosses) lo lhe enliie
calchnenl, lhe iunoff fion each sul-aiea ieaches lhe oulfIov al Iagged inleivaIs defined ly lhe line-aiea
hislogian. The sinuIlaneous aiiivaI of lhe iunoff fion aieas #
.
, #
%
,.foi sloins 1
.
, 1
%
,.shouId le deleinined
ly piopeiIy Iagging and adding conliilulions, oi geneiaIIy expiessed as:
W . % . W . W W
# , 1 ,,,,,,, # , 1 # , 1 Z + + + =

(2.5)
vheie,
Z
W
= IIov hydiogiaph oidinales (n
3
/s),
1
W
= RainfaII excess hyelogiaph oidinales (n/s),
#
W
= Tine-aiea hislogian oidinales (n
2
), and
W = Nunlei of isochione conliiluling lo lhe oulIel.
As an exanpIe foi W = 3, lhe iunoff fion sloins 1
.
on #
E
, 1
%
on #
%
and 1
E
on #
.
aiiive al lhe oulIel sinuIlaneousIy,
and Z
E
is lhe lolaI fIov. The infIov hydiogiaph (Iiguie 2.6d) al lhe oulIel can le ollained using Lqualion 2.5.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-1O 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
Tine
Conlinuous Loss
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I
/
L
o
s
s
I
n
i
l
i
a
I

L
o
s
s
RainfaII Lxcess (RL)

Iiguie 2.6: Tine-Aiea Hydiogiaph Melhod

)5F5F5) ';B?E;AA &P=9GG
TolaI RainfaII shouId le deducled ly Iosses, iniliaI oi conlinuous, lo caIcuIale lhe iainfaII excess (RL), vhich viII
iesuIl in lhe suiface iunoff hydiogiaph. The iainfaII Iosses can le assuned conslanl (foi sinpIicily) oi decaying
(lo le noie piaclicaI), as shovn in Iiguie 2.7. The paianelei vaIues aie given in TalIe 2.6.

Iiguie 2.7: IniliaI and Conlinuous Loss Concepl foi Runoff Lslinalion

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-11
TalIe 2.6: Reconnended Loss VaIues foi RainfaII Lxcess Lslinalion (Chov el aI., 1988)
Calchnenl
Condilion
IniliaI Loss
(nn)
Conlinuous Loss
(nn/hi)
Inpeivious 1.5 O
Ieivious 1O (i) Sandy SoiI: 1O - 25 nn/hi
(ii) Loan SoiI: 3 - 1O nn/hi
(iii) CIay SoiI: O.5 - 3 nn/hi

)5F5L !DCK>@9: 0DE@Q;:9 #KKAB=;@BD?
Vaiious lypes of sinpIe and conpIex conpulei soflvaie (nodeIs) aie avaiIalIe lo sinuIale lhe iunoff peak fIov
oi hydiogiaph. Iiudenl use of such soflvaies can piovide noie fIexiliIily and oppoilunily lo eslinale lhe
iunoff hydiogiaph and voIune laking consideialion of lhe vaiialiIily in iainfaII and calchnenl piopeilies.
Wheievei and vhenevei possilIe, designeis shouId use conpulei soflvaies lo design and anaIyse sloinvalei
nanagenenl conponenl oi lhe vhoIe syslen liain, foi noie scenaiios and ieIialiIily al ieasonalIe cosl.

Thiee lypes of conpulei nelhods nighl le consideied, lhey aie:
- Spieadsheels lhal can le used lo inpIenenl aII of lhe nelhods desciiled in lhis chaplei,
- IulIic donain soflvaies, such as SWMM-5, ROR and HLC-RAS, and
- ConneiciaI soflvaies.
AII iunoff eslinalion nelhods viII give diffeienl peak fIov iales. The nosl piaclicaI vay lo nininise lhe
vaiialions is ly caIilialing and vaIidaling againsl lhe iecoided iainfaII and iunoff dala.
)5L 7+%247R !7,%'74
Oiifices and veiis oulIel aie lypicaIIy used as oulIel conlioI sliucluies foi ponds and lheii chaiacleiislics nusl
le specified vhen peifoining ieseivoii iouling caIcuIalions. The ieIevanl equalions aie given in lhe foIIoving
seclions.
)5L56 7:BEB=9G
Ioi a singIe oiifice as iIIuslialed in Iiguie 2.8, oiifice fIov can le deleinined using Lqualion 2.6.

6 [ V
+
#
+
I%9U
+
@
-,C
(2.6)
vheie ,
6 = Oiifice fIov iale (n
3
/s),
V
+
= Dischaige coefficienl (O.6O),
#
+
= X-seclionaI aiea of oiifice (n
2
),
U
+
= Lffeclive head of lhe oiifice neasuied fion lhe cenlioid of lhe opening (n), and
9 = CiavilalionaI acceIeialion (9.81n/s
2
).

If lhe oiifice dischaiges as a fiee oulfaII, lhen lhe effeclive head is neasuied fion lhe cenleiIine of lhe oiifice lo
lhe upsliean valei suiface eIevalion. If lhe oiifice dischaige is sulneiged, lhen lhe effeclive head is lhe
diffeience in eIevalion of lhe upsliean and dovnsliean valei suifaces. This Iallei condilion of a sulneiged
dischaige is shovn in Iiguie 2.8(l).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-12 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

(a) Iiee IaII (l) SingIe (Sulneiged) (c) MuIlipIe

Iiguie 2.8: Definilion Skelch foi Oiifice IIov (IHWA, 1996)

Ioi squaie-edged, unifoin oiifice enliance condilions, a dischaige coefficienl of O.6 shouId le used. Ioi iagged
edged oiifices, such as lhose iesuIling fion lhe use of an acelyIene loich lo cul oiifice openings in coiiugaled
pipe, a vaIue of O.4 shouId le used. Ioi ciicuIai oiifices vilh V
+
sel equaI lo O.6, lhe foIIoving equalion iesuIls:

6 [ \
+>
0
%
U
+
-,C-
(2.7)
vheie,
\
+>
= 2.O9 in S.I. unils,
0 = Oiifice dianelei (n), and
U
+
= Heighl - 0D% foi fiee faII and diffeience in head and laiIvalei foi sulneiged oiifice.
Iipes snaIIei lhan O.3 n in dianelei nay le anaIysed as a sulneiged oiifice as Iong as U
+
D0 is giealei lhan 1.5.
Iipes giealei lhan O.3 n in dianelei shouId le anaIysed as a dischaige pipe vilh headvalei and laiIvalei
effecls laken inlo accounl, nol jusl as an oiifice.

)5L5) 0N;:K !:9G@9O R9B:G
TypicaI shaip ciesled veiis aie iIIuslialed in Iiguie 2.9. Lqualion 2.8 piovides lhe dischaige ieIalionship foi
shaip-ciesled veiis vilh no end conliaclions (iIIuslialed in Iiguie 2.9a).

H
Hc
H
Hc
L L

a) TiapezoidaI l) ReclanguIai

H
1
Hc
H
2
H
Hc
Weii Ciesl

c) Iiee IIov (d) Sulneiged IIov
Iiguie 2.9: Shaip Ciesled Weiis (IHWA, 1996)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-13
6 [ V
"V]
,^, U
.,C
(2.8)
vheie,
6 = Dischaige (n
3
/s),
^ = HoiizonlaI veii vidlh (n),
U = Head alove veii ciesl excIuding veIocily head (n), and
V
"V]
= Weii dischaige coefficienl = 1.81 + O.22 (UDU
?
).
As indicaled alove, lhe vaIue of lhe coefficienl V
"V]
is knovn lo vaiy vilh lhe ialio UDU
?
. Lqualion 2.9 piovides
lhe dischaige equalion foi shaip-ciesled veiis vilh end conliaclions. Ioi vaIues of lhe ialio UDU
?
Iess lhan O.3, a
conslanl V
"V]
of 1.84 can le used.

6 [ V
"V]
I^ _ -,% U@ U
.,C
(2.9)
)5L5F S:D;O !:9G@9O R9B:G
The nosl connon lype of eneigency spiIIvay used is a lioad-ciesled oveifIov veii cul lhiough oiiginaI
giound nexl lo lhe enlanknenl. The liansveise cioss-seclion of lhe veii cul is lypicaIIy liapezoidaI in shape
foi ease of consliuclion. Such an excavaled eneigency spiIIvay is iIIuslialed in Iiguie 2.1O.
Lqualion 2.1O piesenls a ieIalionship foi conpuling lhe fIov lhiough a lioad-ciesled eneigency spiIIvay. The
dinensionaI leins used in lhe equalion aie iIIuslialed in Iiguie 2.1O.
C , .
H "<
U ^ V 6 = (2.1O)
vheie,
6 = Lneigency spiIIvay dischaige (n
3
/s),
V
"<
= SpiIIvay dischaige coefficienl (n
O.5
/s),
^ = SpiIIvay lase vidlh (n), and
U
H
= Lffeclive head on lhe spiIIvay veii ciesl (n).
The dischaige coefficienl V
"<
in Lqualion 2.1O vaiies as a funclion of spiIIvay lase vidlh and effeclive head
(TalIe 2.7). Lqualions 2.11 and 2.12 can le used lo conpule lhe ciilicaI veIocily `
?
and ciilicaI sIope "
?
al lhe
conlioI seclion of an eneigency spiIIvay:
EE , -
?
^
6
.N , % `
|
.
|
\
|
= (2.11)
EE , -
? %
?
6
^ `
& aN , b "
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (2.12)
vheie,
& = Mannings ioughness coefficienl,
`
?
= CiilicaI veIocily (n/s), and
"
?
= CiilicaI sIope ().

Nole lhal foi a given effeclive head U
H
L fIallening lhe exil sIope "
8
lo Iess lhan "
?
decieases spiIIvay dischaige,
lul sleepening "
8
giealei lhan "
?
does nol inciease dischaige. AIso, if a sIope "
8
sleepei lhan "
?
is used, lhe
veIocily `
8
in lhe exil channeI viII inciease accoiding lo lhe foIIoving ieIalionship:
E , -
?
8
? 8
"
"
` `
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (2.13)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-14 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
LeveI Ioilion Ciesl and
ConlioI Seclion
IIov
Lxil Seclion
ein
Lnlanknenl
Appioach
ChanneI
ConlioI Seclion
dc
Mininun 3n
S
l
a
g
e

H
p
Min 2 Sc
Appioach ChanneI
Se
Lxil Seclion
d
2d
2d
1
2
a) IIan Viev of Lxcavaled Lneigency SpiIIvay
l) IiofiIe AIong CenleiIine
c) Cioss-Seclion al ConlioI Seclion
IIal

Iiguie 2.1O: SpiIIvay Design Schenalic (IHWA, 1996)
)5L5L /:;QODQ? %BC9
Il is sonelines necessaiy lo eslinale lhe line il vouId lake lo diain a knovn sloied valei voIune of a pond
lhiough an oiifice syslen. The foIIoving equalion nay le used lo check lhal lhe sloiage does nol lake loo Iong
line lo enply lhe pond oi lo ieluin lo lhe noinaI valei (pooI) IeveI, aflei lhe sloin ends:
9 % # V
.
*
+ '
= '4
4
#
%
U
5
}
|
|
.
|
\
|
(2.14)
vheie,
* = Tine lo enply (seconds),
4 = Deplh of valei alove lhe cenlieIine in lhe sloiage (n),

H
1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-15
#
5
= Sloiage valei suiface aiea al deplh 4 (n
2
), and
U
1,2
= Lffeclive heads on lhe oiifice neasuied fion lhe cenlioid of lhe opening (n).
Wheie lhe valei suiface aiea is conslanl (i.e. veilicaI vaIIs in lhe pond), Lqualion 2.14 ieduces lo:
( )
% .
+ '
5
4 4
9 % # V
# %
* - = (2.15)

TalIe 2.7: ioad-Ciesled Weii Coefficienl V
5H
VaIues as a Iunclion of
Weii ase Widlh and Head (IHWA, 1996)

Head
U
H
(n)
(1)

Weii ase Widlh ^ (n)
O.15 O.2O O.3O O.4O O.5O O.6O O.7O O.8O O.9O 1.OO 1.25 1.5O 2.OO 3.OO 4.OO
O.1O 1.59 1.56 1.5O 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.4O 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.36 1.4O 1.45
O.15 1.65 1.6O 1.51 1.48 1.45 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.45
O.2O 1.73 1.66 1.54 1.49 1.46 1.44 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.45
O.3O 1.83 1.77 1.64 1.56 1.5O 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.45
O.4O 1.83 1.8O 1.74 1.65 1.57 1.52 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.45
O.5O 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.74 1.67 1.6O 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.45
O.6O 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.73 1.65 1.58 1.54 1.46 1.31 1.34 1.48 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.45
O.7O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.78 1.72 1.65 1.6O 1.53 1.44 1.45 1.49 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.45
O.8O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.79 1.72 1.66 1.6O 1.57 1.55 1.5O 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.45
O.9O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.58 1.5O 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.45
1.OO 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.76 1.7O 1.64 1.6O 1.51 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45
1.1O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.8O 1.75 1.66 1.62 1.52 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.45
1.2O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.79 1.7O 1.65 1.53 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45
1.3O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.56 1.51 1.49 1.46 1.45
1.4O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.77 1.6O 1.52 1.5O 1.46 1.45
1.5O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.79 1.66 1.55 1.51 1.46 1.45
1.6O 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.81 1.74 1.58 1.53 1.46 1.45
(1)
Measuied al Ieasl 2.5U upsliean of lhe veii
)5T "./'7471-! $7,/ '7+%-,1
The nosl connonIy used nelhod foi iouling infIov hydiogiaph lhiough a delenlion pond is lhe Sloiage
Indicalion oi nodified IuIs nelhod. This nelhod legins vilh lhe conlinuily equalion vhich slales lhal lhe
infIov ninus lhe oulfIov equaIs lhe change in sloiage (I-O=AS). y laking lhe aveiage of lvo cIoseIy spaced
infIovs and lvo cIoseIy spaced oulfIovs, lhe nelhod is expiessed ly Lqualion 2.16. This ieIalionship is
iIIuslialed giaphicaIIy in Iiguie 2.11.

%
R R
%
1 1
*
"
% . % .
+
+
=
A
A
(2.16)

vheie:
A" = Change in sloiage (n
3
),
A* = Tine inleivaI (nin),
1 = InfIov (n
3
), and
R = OulfIov (n
3
).

In Lqualion 2.16, sulsciipl 1 iefeis lo lhe leginning and sulsciipl 2 iefeis lo lhe end of lhe line inleivaI.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-16 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

Iiguie 2.11: DeveIopnenl of lhe Sloiage-Dischaige Iunclion foi HydioIogic Iond Rouling

Lqualion 2.16 can le ieaiianged so lhal aII lhe knovn vaIues aie on lhe Iefl side of lhe equalion and aII lhe
unknovn vaIues aie Iocaled on lhe iighl hand side of lhe equalion, as shovn in Lqualion 2.17. Nov lhe
equalion vilh lvo unknovns, S
2
and O
2
, can le soIved vilh one equalion. The foIIoving pioceduie can le used
lo peifoin iouling lhiough a ieseivoii oi sloiage faciIily using Lqualion 2.17.

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
%
R
*
"
R
%
R
*
"
%
1 1
% %
.
. . % .
A A

(2.17)

Slep 1: DeveIop an infIov hydiogiaph, slage-dischaige cuive, and slage-sloiage cuive foi lhe pioposed
sloiage faciIily.

Slep 2: SeIecl a iouling line peiiod, Al, lo piovide a nininun of five poinls on lhe iising Iinl of lhe infIov
hydiogiaph.
Slep 3: Use lhe slage-sloiage and slage-dischaige dala fion Slep 1 lo deveIop a sloiage indicaloi nunleis lalIe
lhal piovides sloiage indicaloi vaIues, S/(Al) + O/2, veisus slage. A lypicaI sloiage indicaloi nunleis
lalIe conlains lhe foIIoving coIunn headings:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-17
O
O
u
l
f
I
o
v
,

O
2

(
n
/
s
)
L
q
u
a
I

V
a
I
u
e

L
i
n
e
S
l
o
i
a
g
e

I
n
d
i
c
a
l
o
i

C
u
i
v
e
Sloiage Indicaloi Nunleis S
2
+
!
O
2
2

1 2 3 4 5 6
Slage Dischaige (O
2
) Sloiage (S
2
) O
2
/2 S
2
/Al S
2
/Al + O
2
/2
(n) (n
3
/s) (n
3
) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (Sloiage Indicaloi
Nunlei)

- Dischaige (O) and sloiage (S) aie ollained fion lhe slage-dischaige and slage-sloiage cuives,
iespecliveIy.
- Sulsciipl 2 is aililiaiiIy assigned al lhis line.
- Tine inleivaI (Al) nusl le lhe sane as lhe line inleivaI used in lhe laluIaled infIov hydiogiaph.

Slep 4: DeveIop a sloiage indicaloi nunleis cuive ly pIolling lhe oulfIov (coIunn 2) veilicaIIy againsl lhe
sloiage indicaloi nunleis in coIunn 6. An equaI vaIue Iine pIolled as O
2
= S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 shouId aIso le
pIolled. If lhe sloiage indicaloi cuive ciosses lhe equaI vaIue Iine, a snaIIei line incienenl (Al) is
needed (Iiguie 2.12).

Slep 5: A suppIenenlaiy cuive of sloiage (coIunn 3) vs. S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 (coIunn 6) can aIso le consliucled. This
cuive does nol enlei inlo lhe nainsliean of lhe iouling, hovevei, il is usefuI foi idenlifying sloiage foi
any given vaIue of S
2
/Al + O
2
/2. A pIol of sloiage vs. line can le deveIoped fion lhis cuive.

Iiguie 2.12: Sloiage Indicaloi Cuive

Slep 6: Rouling can nov le peifoined ly deveIoping a iouling lalIe foi lhe soIulion of Lqualion 2.17 as
foIIovs:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tine InfIov (I
1
+I
2
)/2 (S
1
/Al+O
1
/2) O
1
S
2
/Al + O
2
/2) O
2

(hi) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s)

- CoIunns (1) and (2) aie ollained fion lhe infIov hydiogiaph.

- CoIunn (3) is lhe aveiage infIov ovei lhe line inleivaI.

- The iniliaI vaIues foi coIunns (4) and (5) aie geneiaIIy assuned lo le zeio since lheie is no sloiage
oi dischaige al lhe leginning of lhe hydiogiaph vhen lheie is no infIov inlo lhe lasin.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-18 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
- The Iefl side of Lqualion 2.17 is deleinined aIgeliaicaIIy as coIunns (3) + (4) -(5). This vaIue equaIs
lhe iighl side of Lqualion 2.17 oi S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 and is pIaced in coIunn (6).

- Lnlei lhe sloiage indicaloi cuive vilh S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 (coIunn 6) lo ollain O
2
(coIunn 7).

- CoIunn (6) (S
2
/Al + O
2
/2) and coIunn (7) (O
2
) aie lianspoiled lo lhe nexl Iine andlecone S
1
/Al +
O
1
/2 and O1 in coIunns (4) and (5), iespecliveIy. ecause (S
2
/Al+ O
2
/2) and O2 aie lhe ending
vaIues foi lhe fiisl line slep, lhey can aIso le said lo le lhe leginning vaIues foi lhe second line
slep.

- CoIunns (3), (4), and (5) aie again conlined and lhe piocess is conlinued unliI lhe sloin is iouleh.
Ieak sloiage deplh and dischaige (O
2
in coIunn (7)) viII occui vhen coIunn (6) ieaches a
naxinun. The sloiage indicaloi nunleis lalIe deveIoped in Slep 3 is enleied vilh lhe naxinun
vaIue of S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 lo ollain lhe naxinun anounl of sloiage iequiied. This lalIe can aIso le
used lo deleinine lhe coiiesponding eIevalion of lhe deplh of sloied valei.

- Designei needs lo nake suie lhal lhe peak vaIue in coIunn (7) does nol exceed lhe aIIovalIe
dischaige as piesciiled ly lhe sloinvalei nanagenenl ciileiia.

Slep 7: IIol O
2
(coIunn 7) veisus line (coIunn 1) lo ollain lhe oulfIov hydiogiaph.

The alove pioceduie is iIIuslialed in Iiguie 2.13.

)5U !'-%-!#4 0%7'3 /+'#%-7,
Deleininalion of ciilicaI sloin duialion is inpoilanl lo nake lhe sloinvalei nanagenenl faciIilies safe.
CiilicaI sloin duialion is a funclion of iainfaII inlensily, anlecedenl noisluie condilion, iainfaII lenpoiaI
pallein, elc. Theiefoie, il is sliongIy ieconnended lhal lhe engineei oi aulhoiily shouId Iook inlo vaiious
scenaiios lhal can pioduce ciilicaI sloin duialion.
Deleininalion of ciilicaI sloin duialion, lhe one lhal pioduces lhe highesl iunoff fIov iale in lhe conveyance
(pipe oi open diain) syslen, oi lhe highesl valei IeveI in lhe sloiage faciIily, is iequiied foi lhe design of
diainage syslens.
)5U56 !D?89H;?=9 0HG@9C
The ciilicaI sloin duialion of a conveyance syslen is usuaIIy cIose lhe vaIue of line of concenlialion (*
?
).
Hovevei, depending on lhe anlecedenl noisluie condilion, vaiialion in lhe lenpoiaI pallein, sloin and vind
diieclion, Iand deveIopnenl disliilulion of inpeivious suifaces in lhe sulcalchnenl, elc. lhe ciilicaI sloin
duialion nighl le significanlIy diffeienl fion lhal of lhe *
?
. Theiefoie, iainfaII evenls of vaiious duialions and
possilIe iunoff conliiluling aieas need lo le anaIysed lo deleinine lhe ciilicaI sloin duialion foi lhe
conveyance syslen.
Tvo oplions can le used lo deleinine lhe ciilicaI sloin duialion foi conveyance. Those aie:
- SinpIe CaIcuIalion foi calchnenl < 8O ha: CiilicaI Sloin Duialion = *
?
vilh possilIe checks foi pailiaI aiea
effecls, and
- Conpulei ModeI foi calchnenl > 8O ha: Run nodeI foi vaiious sloin duialions and pIolling lhe caIcuIaled
peak fIov iales foi vaiious duialions lo find lhe ciilicaI sloin duialion, as shovn in Iiguie 2.14.
In oidei lo deveIop lhe ciilicaI sloin duialion foi a conveyance syslen, lhe designei has lo seIecl lhe design
ARI and sinuIale hydioIogic and hydiauIic caIcuIalions foi vaiious sloin duialions logelhei vilh lhe iainfaII
lenpoiaI palleins, anlecedenl noisluie condilion, elc. lo gel lhe peak fIov vaIues. The designei nusl lhen pIol
lhe design peak fIov vaIues againsl lhe sloin duialions, as shovn in Iiguie 2.14 lo find lhe ciilicaI sloin
duialion foi lhe diain oi diainage syslen
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-19

Iiguie 2.13: CeneiaI AnaIysis Iioceduie foi Iond Rouling (DID, 2OOO)

No
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-2O 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
Sloin Duialion (houi)
V
o
I
u
n
e

(
n
)
Sloin Duialion (houi)
I
e
a
k

I
I
o
v

(
n
/
s
)

Iiguie 2.14: Deleininalion of CiilicaI Sloin Duialion foi Conveyance

)5U5) 0@D:;<9 0HG@9C
On lhe olhei hand, lhe ciilicaI sloin duialion of any sloiage faciIily (OSD, Delenlion Iond, WelIand, elc.)
nainIy depends on lhe evenl iunoff voIune, infIov-oulfIov ieIalionship, iniliaI valei IeveI in lhe syslen, elc.
In shoil, iunoff voIune is noie ciilicaI, inslead of jusl lhe inlensily of lhe iainfaII. HydioIogic and hydiauIic
iouling of vaiious sloin duialions foi vaiious iainfaII lenpoiaI palleins, anlecedenl noisluie condilions, elc. Is
iequiied lo define lhe naxinun valei IeveI in lhe sloiage faciIily. The designei nusl lhen pIol lhe sinuIaled
highesl valei IeveI in lhe pond, velIand oi delenlion faciIily againsl lhe sloin duialions, as shovn in Iiguie
2.15, lo find lhe ciilicaI sloin duialion foi lhe sloiage faciIilies.

Iiguie 2.15: Deleininalion of CiilicaI Sloin Duialion foi a Sloiage IaciIily

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-21
'&2&'&,!&0

1. Chov V.T. (1959). RH8& VS2&&83 U4'>273)?5L McCiav-HiII ook Conpany. Nev Yoik.
2. Chov V.T. (1964). U2&'c++d +G #HH3)8' U4'>+3+94, McCiav-HiII ook Conpany. Nev Yoik.
3. Chov V.T., Maidnenl D.R. and Mays L.R. (1988). #HH3)8' U4'>+3+94, McCiav-HiII ook Conpany, Nev
Yoik.
4. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage - DID (2OOO). e>c2& "*+>;f2*8> !2&298;8&* !2&723 G+> !23245)2,
Coveinnenl of MaIaysia.
5. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage - DID (198O). :3++' (5*);2*)+& )& e>c2& #>825 )& <8&)&5732> !23245)2,
Coveinnenl of MaIaysia.
6. IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion - IHWA (1996). e>c2& 0>2)&298 085)9& !2&723, HydiauIic Lngineeiing
CiicuIai No. 22, Washinglon DC, lhe USA.
7. Inslilulion of Lngineeis AusliaIia, ILA (1977). #75*>23)2& O2)&G233 2&' O7&+GG, Canleiia, ACT.
8. Inslilulion of Lngineeis AusliaIia, ILA (1998). #75*>23)2& O2)&G233 2&' O7&+GG, Repiinled Ldilion, Canleiia,
ACT.
9. QueensIand Uilan Diainage ManuaI, QUDM (2OO7). 6788&532&' e>c2& 0>2)&298 !2&723. VoIune 1, Second
Ldilion. QueensIand Coveinnenl, AusliaIia.
1O. Rouse H. (1949). (&9)&88>)&9 U4'>273)?5. }ohn WiIey & Sons Inc., Nev Yoik.
11. Texas Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion, TxDOT (2OO9). U4'>273)? 085)9& !2&723. Texas, USA.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-23
A
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6O 4O 3O 2O 1O 5 4 3 2 1 5 1O 2O 5O 1OO 2OO 5OO 1OOO
Tine of TiaveI Ovei Suiface (nin) Lenglh of OveiIand IIov (n)

#$$&,/-V )5# /&0-1, !"#'% W 7X&'4#,/ 247R %-3&

Design Chail 2.A1: Nonogiaph foi lhe Lslinalion of OveiIand IIov Tine (*
+
)
foi Sheel IIov (ILA, 1977)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-24 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
#$$&,/-V )5S -/2 !7,0%#,%0
TalIe 2.1: Iilling Conslanls foi lhe IDI LnpiiicaI Lqualion foi lhe Diffeienl Localions in MaIaysia
foi High ARIs lelveen 2 and 1OO Yeai and Sloin Duialions fion 5 Minules lo 72 Houis

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
}ohoi 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1437116
1534OO2
1541139
1636OO1
1737OO1
1829OO2
1834124
1839196
1931OO3
2O25OO1
2O33OO1
2231OO1
2232OO1
2235163
2237164
233OOO9
2528O12
253416O
263617O
Sloi }IS }ohoi ahiu
Iusal Ken. Iekan Nenas
}ohoi SiIica
aIai IoIis Kg SeeIong
SM ukil esai
Seloi }IS alu Iahal
Ladang UIu Renis
Sinpang Masai K. SediIi
Lnp. Senleiong
Iinlu Kav. Tg. Agas
}IS KIuang
Ladang Chan Wing
Ladang Kekayaan
Ilu ekaIan Kahang
}aIan KIuang-Meising
Ladang Lalis
Rnh. Tapis Seganal
Kg Iela HuIu Sg Lndau
Seloi }IS Lndau
59.972
54.265
59.O6O
5O.115
5O.554
64.O99
55.864
61.562
6O.568
8O.936
54.428
57.188
53.457
52.177
56.966
45.8O8
45.212
59.5OO
62.O4O
O.163
O.179
O.2O2
O.191
O.193
O.174
O.166
O.191
O.163
O.187
O.192
O.186
O.18O
O.186
O.19O
O.222
O.224
O.185
O.215
O.121
O.1OO
O.128
O.O99
O.117
O.2O1
O.174
O.1O3
O.159
O.258
O.1O8
O.O93
O.O94
O.O55
O.144
O.O12
O.O39
O.129
O.1O3
O.793
O.756
O.66O
O.763
O.722
O.826
O.81O
O.7O1
O.821
O.89O
O.74O
O.777
O.735
O.652
O.637
O.713
O.711
O.623
O.592
Kedah 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
55O7O76
57O4O55
58O6O66
58O8OO1
61O3O47
61O8OO1
62O6O35
61O7O32
63O6O31
l. 27, }aIan aIing
Kedah Ieak
KIinik }eniang
l. 61, }aIang aIing
Seloi }IS AIoi Selai
KonpIeks Runah Muda
KuaIa Neiang
AnpangIadu
Iadang Senai
52.398
81.579
59.786
47.496
64.832
52.341
54.849
66.1O3
6O.331
O.172
O.2OO
O.165
O.183
O.168
O.173
O.174
O.177
O.193
O.1O4
O.437
O.2O3
O.O79
O.346
O.12O
O.25O
O.284
O.249
O.788
O.719
O.791
O.752
O.8OO
O.792
O.81O
O.842
O.829
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-25

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
KeIanlan 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
4614OO1
4726OO1
4819O27
4915OO1
4923OO1
512OO25
5216OO1
532OO38
5322O44
5522O47
5718O33
5719OO1
5722O57
5824O79
6O19OO4
6122O64
iook
Cunung Cagau
Cua Musang
Chalai
Kg Aiing
aIai IoIis eilan
Col
Dalong
Kg LaIok
}IS KuaIa Kiai
Kg }eIi, Tanah Meiah
Kg Duiian Daun Lavang
}IS Machang
Sg Rasau Iasii Iulih
Runah Kaslan Ranlau Ijg
Seloi }IS Kola haiu
49.623
43.O24
57.132
47.932
47.62O
61.338
41.783
51.442
53.766
39.669
72.173
51.161
48.433
51.919
49.315
6O.988
O.159
O.22O
O.155
O.169
O.187
O.168
O.175
O.189
O.197
O.231
O.196
O.193
O.219
O.216
O.228
O.214
O.242
O.OO4
O.119
O.1O8
O.O2O
O.193
O.122
O.O77
O.121
O.OOO
O.36O
O.O63
O.OOO
O.O62
O.OOO
O.148
O.795
O.527
O.795
O.794
O.637
O.811
O.72O
O.71O
O.7O5
O.563
O.7O3
O.745
O.6O1
O.56O
O.6O9
O.616
KuaIa
Lunpui

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
3O15OO1
3116OO3
3116OO4
3116OO5
3116OO6
3216OO1
3216OO4
3217OO1
3217OO2
3217OO3
3217OO4
3217OO5
3317OO1
3317OO4
Iuchong Diop, K Lunpui
Ilu Iejalal }IS
Ilu Iejalal }IS1
SK Tanan MaIuii
Ladang Ldinluigh
Kg. Sungai Tua
SK }enis Kel. Kepong
Ilu ek. KM16, Conlak
Lnp. Cenling KeIang
Kg. KuaIa SeIeh, H. KIg
Kg. Keidas, Conlak
Aii Teijun Sg. alu
Cenling Senpah
69.65O
61.976
64.689
62.765
63.483
64.2O3
73.6O2
66.328
7O.2OO
62.6O9
61.516
63.241
72.992
61.335
O.151
O.145
O.149
O.132
O.146
O.152
O.164
O.144
O.165
O.152
O.139
O.162
O.162
O.157
O.223
O.122
O.174
O.147
O.21O
O.25O
O.33O
O.23O
O.29O
O.221
O.183
O.137
O.171
O.292
O.88O
O.818
O.837
O.82O
O.83O
O.844
O.874
O.859
O.854
O.8O4
O.837
O.856
O.871
O.868

IV+&*)&78'@

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-26 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
MaIacca 1
2
3
2222OO1
2224O38
2321OO6
ukil Selukoi
Chin Chin Tepi }aIan
Ladang Lendu
95.823
54.241
72.163
O.169
O.161
O.184
O.66O
O.114
O.376
O.947
O.846
O.9OO
Negeii
SenliIan
1
2
3
4
5
2719OO1
27222O2
2723OO2
2725O83
292OO12
Seloi }IS Sikanal
Kg Savah Lelai K IiIah
Sungai Kepis
Ladang Nev Ronpin
IelaIing K KeIavang
52.823
44.811
54.4OO
57.616
5O.749
O.167
O.181
O.176
O.191
O.173
O.159
O.137
O.134
O.224
O.235
O.811
O.811
O.842
O.817
O.854
Iahang 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
263OOO1
2634193
2828173
3O26156
3121143
3134165
3231163
3424O81
35331O2
3628OO1
3818O54
3924O72
393OO12
4O23OO1
4127OO1
4219OO1
4223115
4513O33
Sungai Iukin
Sungai Anak Lndau
Kg Canlii
Ios Iskandai
Sinpang IeIangai
Dispensaii Nenasi
Kg Unchang
}IS TeneiIoh
Runah Ian Iahang Tua
Iinlu Kav. IuIau Keilan
Seloi }IS Raul
Rnh Ian Iaya Kangsai
Sungai Lenling ICC MiII
Kg Sungai Yap
HuIu Tekai Kvsn.
ukil enlong
Kg Meiling
Cunung iinchang
46.577
66.179
47.7O1
47.452
57.1O9
61.697
55.568
73.141
58.483
5O.O24
53.115
62.3O1
45.999
65.914
59.861
73.676
52.731
42.OO4
O.232
O.182
O.182
O.184
O.165
O.152
O.179
O.173
O.212
O.211
O.168
O.167
O.21O
O.195
O.226
O.165
O.184
O.164
O.169
O.O81
O.O96
O.O71
O.19O
O.12O
O.O96
O.577
O.197
O.O89
O.191
O.363
O.O74
O.252
O.213
O.384
O.O96
O.O46
O.687
O.589
O.715
O.78O
O.867
O.593
O.649
O.896
O.586
O.716
O.833
O.868
O.59O
O.817
O.762
O.879
O.8O5
O.8O2
Ienang 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
52O4O48
53O2OO1
53O2OO3
53O3OO1
53O3O53
54O2OO1
54O2OO2
54O4O43
55O4O35

Sg Sinpang Anpal
Tangki Aii esai Sg Iinang
KoIan Tkgn Aii Hilan
Rnh Kelajikan I Iinang
KonpIek Iiai
KIinik kl endeia I Iinang
KoIan eisih I Iinang
Ilu ekaIan Sg KuIin
Lahai Ikan Mali KepaIa alas
62.O89
67.949
52.459
57.326
52.771
64.5O4
53.785
57.832
48.415

O.22O
O.181
O.191
O.2O3
O.2O3
O.196
O.181
O.188
O.221

O.4O2
O.299
O.1O6
O.325
O.O95
O.149
O.125
O.245
O.O68

O.785
O.736
O.729
O.791
O.717
O.723
O.7O6
O.751
O.692

IV+&*)&78'@

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-27

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
Ieiak 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
4O1OOO1
42O7O48
4311OO1
44O9O91
4511111
48O7O16
4811O75
5OO5OO3
52O7OO1
521OO69
5411O66
571OO61
}IS TeIuk Inlan
}IS Seliavan
Iejalal Daeiah Kanpai
Runah Ian Kulang Haji
IoIileknik Ungku Unai
ukil Laiul Taiping
Rancangan eIia IeiIop
}In. Mlg. uIoh gn Seiai
KoIan Aii }KR SeIana
Slesen Ien. Hulan Lavin
KuaIa Kendeiong
Dispensaii Keioh
54.O17
56.121
69.926
52.343
7O.238
87.236
58.234
52.752
59.567
52.8O3
85.943
53.116
O.198
O.174
O.148
O.164
O.164
O.165
O.198
O.163
O.176
O.169
O.223
O.168
O.O84
O.211
O.149
O.177
O.288
O.258
O.247
O.179
O.O62
O.219
O.248
O.112
O.79O
O.854
O.813
O.84O
O.872
O.842
O.856
O.795
O.8O7
O.838
O.9O9
O.82O
IeiIis 1 64O1OO2 Iadang Kalong, Kangai 57.645 O.179 O.254 O.826
SeIangoi 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
2815OO1
2913OO1
2917OO1
3117O7O
31181O2
3314OO1
3411O17
3416OO2
3516O22
371OOO6
}IS Sungai Manggis
Iusal KvIn. }IS T Cong
Seloi }IS Kajang
}IS Anpang
SK Sungai Lui
Runah Ian }IS I Selia
Seloi }IS Tj. Kaiang
Kg KaIong Tengah
Loji Aii KuaIa Kulu aiu
Rnh Ian agan Teiap
56.O52
63.493
59.153
65.8O9
63.155
62.273
68.29O
61.811
67.793
6O.793
O.152
O.17O
O.161
O.148
O.177
O.175
O.175
O.161
O.176
O.173
O.194
O.254
O.118
O.156
O.122
O.2O5
O.243
O.188
O.278
O.185
O.857
O.872
O.812
O.837
O.842
O.841
O.894
O.816
O.854
O.884
Teiengganu 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
3933OO1
4131OO1
42341O9
4332OO1
4529OO1
4529O71
4631OO1
4734O79
4832O77
493OO38
5O29O34
5128OO1
5226OO1
5328O44
5331O48
5426OO1
5428OO1
5524OO2
5725OO6
HuIu }aloi, Kenanan
Kg, an Ho, Kenanan
}IS Kenanan
}anlalan Telak, Ken.
Rnh Ian Iaya Kenpian
SK Iasii Raja
AInuklafiliIIah Shah
SM SuIlan Onai, Dungun
SK }eiangau
Kg Meneiong, HuIu Tig
Kg Duia. HuIu Tig
Sungai Cavi, HuIu Tig
Sg IeluaIang, HuIu Tig
Sungai Tong, Seliu
Seloi }IS K Teiengganu
Kg SeIadang, HuIu Seliu
Kg l. Hanpai, Seliu
SK Ianchoi, Seliu KIinik
Kg Raja, esul
1O3.519
65.158
55.899
61.7O3
53.693
48.467
66.O29
51.935
54.947
6O.436
6O.51O
48.1O1
48.527
52.377
58.3O7
57.695
55.452
53.43O
52.521
O.228
O.164
O.2O1
O.185
O.194
O.2O7
O.199
O.213
O.212
O.2O4
O.22O
O.215
O.228
O.188
O.21O
O.197
O.186
O.2O6
O.225
O.756
O.O92
O.OOO
O.O88
O.OOO
O.OOO
O.165
O.O2O
O.O26
O.O63
O.O87
O.O27
O.OOO
O.OO3
O.123
O.OOO
O.OOO
O.OOO
O.O41
O.7O7
O.66O
O.58O
O.637
O.6O7
O.6OO
O.629
O.587
O.555
O.588
O.617
O.566
O.547
O.558
O.555
O.544
O.545
O.524
O.56O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-28 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
IV+&*)&78'@
foi Lov ARIs lelveen O.5 and 12 Monlh and Sloin Duialions fion 5 Minules lo 72 Houis

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
}ohoi 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1437116
1534OO2
1541139
1636OO1
1737OO1
1829OO2
1834124
1839196
1931OO3
2O25OO1
2231OO1
2232OO1
2235163
2237164
233OOO9
2528O12
253416O
263617O
Sloi }IS }ohoi ahiu
Iusal Ken. Iekan Nenas
}ohoi SiIica
aIai IoIis Kg SeeIong
SM ukil esai
Seloi Daeiah }IS alu Iahal
Ladang UIu Renis
Sinpang Masai K. SediIi
Lnp. Senleiong
Iinlu Kav. Tg. Agas
Ladang Chan Wing
Ladang Kekayaan
Ilu ekaIan Kahang
}aIan KIuang-Meising
Ladang Lalis
Rnh. Tapis Seganal
Kg Iela HuIu Sg Lndau
Seloi }IS Lndau
73.6792
62.6514
79.5355
61.2124
61.3513
62.1576
59.1713
71.7947
66.8854
77.7719
66.1439
66.7541
62.3394
73.2358
65.222O
63.6892
69.9581
77.63O2
O.277O
O.3231
O.3363
O.3373
O.3O27
O.3O55
O.2935
O.2683
O.3549
O.31O2
O.3236
O.3O76
O.2786
O.3431
O.3947
O.3817
O.3499
O.3985
O.2927
O.1557
O.2947
O.2375
O.2O29
O.1423
O.1847
O.1863
O.21O7
O.28O6
O.1778
O.227O
O.1626
O.2198
O.2353
O.2586
O.18O8
O.2497
O.862O
O.8212
O.8O97
O.8427
O.824O
O.8253
O.838O
O.8O71
O.8384
O.8789
O.8489
O.8381
O.7389
O.7733
O.8455
O.8711
O.7O64
O.6927
Kedah 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
55O7O76
57O4O55
58O6O66
58O8OO1
61O3O47
61O8OO1
62O6O35
62O7O32
63O6O31
l. 27, }aIan aIing
Kedah Ieak
KIinik }eniang
l. 61, }aIan aIing
Seloi }IS AIoi Selai
KonpIeks Runah Muda
KuaIa Neiang
Anpang Iadu
Iadang Sanai
62.761O
58.596O
67.12OO
56.399O
67.641O
58.4O4O
62.96OO
7O.997O
63.615O
O.258O
O.339O
O.382O
O.388O
O.334O
O.278O
O.3O8O
O.293O
O.313O
O.3O4O
O.O64O
O.238O
O.252O
O.274O
O.234O
O.359O
O.382O
O.3O9O
O.835O
O.661
O.823O
O.8O3O
O.828O
O.829O
O.859O
O.863O
O.852O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-29

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
KeIanlan 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
4614OO1
4915OO1
4923OO1
512OO25
5216OO1
532OO38
5322O44
5522O47
5718O33
5719OO1
5722O57
5824O79
6O19OO4
iook
Chalai
Kg Aiing
aIai IoIis eilan
Col
Dalong
Kg LaIok
}IS KuaIa Kiai
Kg }eIi, Tanah Meiah
Kg Duiian Daun Lavang
}IS Machang
Sg Rasau, Iasii Iulih
Runah Kaslan Ranlau Ijg
49.7311
56.2957
7O.2651
67.7195
47.4654
67.79O7
67.766O
63.O69O
73.8139
67.2398
57.3756
68.5O83
65.365O
O.3159
O.2986
O.381O
O.3271
O.2829
O.3777
O.3288
O.4681
O.3878
O.3651
O.3441
O.4O79
O.4433
O.1978
O.1965
O.2416
O.243O
O.1531
O.274O
O.2367
O.3O96
O.1161
O.1822
O.1742
O.2O19
O.1582
O.7924
O.8384
O.8185
O.8424
O.785O
O.8115
O.8188
O.7833
O.76OO
O.7531
O.7O85
O.7OO3
O.7527
KuaIa
Lunpui

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
3O15OO1
3116OO4
3116OO5
3116OO6
3216OO1
3216OO4
3217OO1
3217OO2
3217OO3
3217OO4
3217OO5
3317OO1
3317OO4
Iuchong Diop, K Lunpui
Ilu Iejalal }IS
SK Tanan MaIuii
Ladang Ldinluigh
Kg. Sungai Tua
SK }enis Kel. Kepong
Lnp. Cenling KeIang
Kg. KuaIa SeIeh, H. KIang
Kg. Keidas, Conlak
Aii Teijun Sg. alu
Cenling Senpah
68.5873
65.9923
74.451O
64.5O33
62.9398
69.7878
66.O685
66.2582
73.954O
64.3175
68.8526
75.9351
55.3934
O.3519
O.2857
O.2663
O.2751
O.2579
O.2955
O.2565
O.2624
O.2984
O.234O
O.2979
O.2475
O.2822
O.1697
O.16O4
O.312O
O.1814
O.1989
O.1672
O.2293
O.2423
O.3241
O.1818
O.2O24
O.2664
O.1835
O.8494
O.8341
O.86O8
O.8329
O.8374
O.85O8
O.84O1
O.8446
O.8238
O.8645
O.882O
O.8668
O.8345

IV+&*)&78'@

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-3O 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
MaIacca 1
2
3
2222OO1
2224O38
2321OO6
ukil Selukoi
Chin Chin Tepi }aIan
Ladang Lendu
78.1482
66.O589
64.7588
O.269O
O.3363
O.2975
O.3677
O.33O1
O.2896
O.8968
O.89O5
O.8787
Negeii
SenliIan
1
2
3
4
5
2719OO1
27222O2
2723OO2
2725O83
292OO12
Seloi }IS Sikanal
Kg Savah Lelai K IiIah
Sungai Kepis
Ladang Nev Ronpin
IelaIing K KeIavang
6O.4227
49.3232
61.3339
65.O249
51.7343
O.2793
O.2716
O.2536
O.3575
O.2919
O.2694
O.2164
O.3291
O.3546
O.2643
O.854O
O.85O3
O.8717
O.875O
O.863O
Iahang 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
263OOO1
2634193
2828173
3O26156
3121143
3134165
3231163
3424O81
35331O2
3628OO1
3818O54
3924O72
393OO12
4O23OO1
4127OO1
4219OO1
4223115
4513O33
Sungai Iukin Sungai
Anak Lndau
Kg Canlii
Ios Iskandai
Sinpang IeIangai
Dispensaii Nenasi
Kg Unchang
}IS TeneiIoh
Runah Ian Iahang Tua
Iinlu Kav. IuIau Keilan
Seloi }IS Raul
Rnh Ian Iaya Kangsai
Sungai Lenling ICC MiII
Kg Sungai Yap
HuIu Tekai Kvsn.
ukil enlong
Kg Meiling
Cunung iinchang
63.9783
79.431O
61.1933
59.99O3
64.9653
88.6484
71.6472
62.2O75
8O.8887
63.5O73
61.3432
58.3761
77.OOO4
77.1488
6O.2235
67.6128
62.7511
42.1757
O.39O6
O.3639
O.3857
O.3488
O.3229
O.383O
O.3521
O.3528
O.3611
O.383O
O.3692
O.3334
O.453O
O.3725
O.465O
O.27O6
O.2843
O.2833
O.2556
O.1431
O.1878
O.2262
O.3OO3
O.4O4O
O.18O5
O.35O5
O.48OO
O.2881
O.3929
O.2421
O.57O1
O.3439
O.1241
O.2459
O.363O
O.1468
O.8717
O.7O51
O.8237
O.8769
O.8995
O.7614
O.7886
O.8368
O.7578
O.82O2
O.8445
O.843O
O.8125
O.881O
O.8O2O
O.8656
O.9O24
O.785O
Ienang
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
52O4O48
53O2OO1
53O2OO3
53O3OO1
53O3O53
54O2OO1
54O2OO2
55O4O35
Sg Sinpang Anpal
Tangki Aii esai Sg Iinang
KoIan Tkgn Aii Hilan
Rnh Kelajikan I Iinang
KonpIeks Iiai I Iinang
KIinik kl endeia I Iinang
KoIan eisih I Iinang
Lahai Ikan Mali KepaIa alas
59.3122
71.7482
56.1145
6O.1O84
49.486O
68.O999
62.7533
6O.8596
O.3394
O.2928
O.2975
O.3575
O.3314
O.3111
O.2688
O.3369
O.335O
O.2934
O.1778
O.2745
O.O518
O.19O4
O.2488
O.2316
O.8O9O
O.7779
O.7626
O.83O3
O.7116
O.7662
O.7757
O.7981

IV+&*)&78'@

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-31

Slale No. Slalion
ID
Slalion Nane
Conslanls
\ i O q
Ieiak 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
5OO5OO3
4O1OOO1
42O7O48
4311OO1
44O9O91
4511111
48O7O16
4811O75
52O7OO1
521OO69
5411O66
571OO61
}IS TeIuk Inlan
}IS Seliavan
Iejalal Daeiah Kanpai
Runah Ian Kulang Haji
IoIileknik Ungku Unai
ukil Laiul Taiping
Rancangan eIia IeiIop
}In. Mlg. uIoh gn Seiai
KoIan Aii }KR SeIana
Slesen Ien. Hulan Lavin
KuaIa Kendeiong
Dispensaii Keioh

65.1854
56.2695
79.27O6
47.8316
62.9315
83.3964
57.4914
63.2357
67.O499
53.731O
68.5357
59.2197
O.3681
O.3434
O.1829
O.3527
O.3439
O.3189
O.3199
O.3176
O.3164
O.3372
O.4196
O.3265
O.2552
O.2O58
O.3O48
O.1O38
O.17O3
O.1767
O.2O27
O.333O
O.2255
O.2237
O.1558
O.1621
O.8458
O.8465
O.8532
O.8O18
O.8229
O.8166
O.8696
O.8462
O.8O8O
O.8347
O.8378
O.8522
IeiIis 1 64O1OO2 Iadang Kalong, Kangai 52.151O O.3573 O.1584 O.7858
SeIangoi 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
2815OO1
2913OO1
2917OO1
3117O7O
31181O2
3314OO1
3411O17
3416OO2
3516O22
371OOO6
}IS Sungai Manggis
Iusal KvIn. }IS T Cong
Seloi }IS Kajang
}IS Anpang
SK Sungai Lui
Runah Ian }IS I Selia
Seloi }IS Tj. Kaiang
Kg KaIong Tengah
Loji Aii KuaIa Kulu aiu
Rnh Ian agan Teiap
57.3495
65.3556
62.9564
69.1727
68.4588
65.1864
7O.9914
59.975O
66.8884
62.2644
O.2758
O.3279
O.3293
O.2488
O.3O35
O.2816
O.2999
O.2444
O.2798
O.3168
O.1693
O.3451
O.1298
O.1918
O.2O36
O.2176
O.2929
O.1642
O.3489
O.2799
O.8672
O.8634
O.8273
O.8374
O.8726
O.87O4
O.9O57
O.8O72
O.8334
O.8665
Teiengganu 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
3933OO1
4131OO1
42341O9
4332OO1
4529OO1
4631OO1
4734O79
4832O77
493OO38
5O29O34
5128OO1
5226OO1
5328O44
5331O48
5426OO1
5428OO1
5524OO2
HuIu }aloi, Kenanan
Kg, an Ho, Kenanan
}IS Kenanan }anlalan
Telak, Ken.
Rnh Ian Iaya Kenpian
AInuklafiliIIah Shah
SM SuIlan Onai, Dungun
SK }eiangau
Kg Meneiong, HuIu Tig
Kg Duia. HuIu Tig
Sungai Cavi, HuIu Tig
Sg IeluaIang, HuIu Tig
Sungai Tong, Seliu
Seloi }IS K Teiengganu
Kg SeIadang, HuIu Seliu
Kg l. Hanpai, Seliu
SK Ianchoi, Seliu
74.8O46
68.6659
75.8258
77.2826
65.2791
81.8861
66.4262
81.4981
8O.9649
62.7859
59.3O63
51.7862
63.4136
67.O267
76.9O88
57.9456
75.1489
O.217O
O.3164
O.2385
O.346O
O.3642
O.34OO
O.3288
O.3736
O.3782
O.3495
O.4OO1
O.2968
O.3864
O.2844
O.4513
O.249O
O.4147
O.2527
O.1157
O.3811
O.3O36
O.1477
O.26OO
O.2152
O.4226
O.2561
O.11O3
O.1312
O.O7O4
O.O995
O.2633
O.1636
O.O38O
O.258O
O.7281
O.6969
O.73O3
O.73O1
O.6667
O.7459
O.7O15
O.7586
O.7158
O.6638
O.6796
O.6587
O.654O
O.669O
O.6834
O.6OOO
O.676O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-32 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
#$$&,/-V )5! ,7'3#4-0&/ /&0-1, '#-,2#44 %&3$7'#4 $#%%&',
)5!6 '9<BD? 6Y %9:9?<<;?> ;?O M9A;?@;?

No. of
Iock
Sloin Duialion
15-nin
3O-nin 6O-nin 18O-nin 6-hi 12-hi 24-hi 48-hi 72-hi
1 O.316 O.133 O.O6O O.O6O O.O59 O.O7O O.O19 O.O27 O.O21
2 O.368 O.193 O.O62 O.O61 O.O67 O.O73 O.O22 O.O28 O.O29
3 O.316 O.211 O.O84 O.O71 O.O71 O.O83 O.O27 O.O29 O.O3O
4 O.2O2 O.O87 O.O8O O.O82 O.O84 O.O36 O.O33 O.O33
5 O.161 O.O97 O.11O O.119 O.O97 O.O42 O.O37 O.O37
6 O.1OO O.12O O.132 O.13O O.1O6 O.O44 O.O4O O.O38
7 O.115 O.12O O.123 O.O99 O.O48 O.O46 O.O42
8 O.O91 O.1OO O.O86 O.O86 O.O49 O.O48 O.O48
9 O.O87 O.O78 O.O73 O.O84 O.O5O O.O49 O.O53
1O O.O82 O.O69 O.O69 O.O83 O.O56 O.O54 O.O55
11 O.O61 O.O6O O.O63 O.O7O O.O58 O.O58 O.O58
12 O.O54 O.O59 O.O57 O.O64 O.O68 O.O65 O.O67
13 O.O58 O.O6O O.O59
14 O.O57 O.O55 O.O56
15 O.O5O O.O53 O.O53
16 O.O5O O.O48 O.O52
17 O.O48 O.O46 O.O47
18 O.O46 O.O44 O.O41
19 O.O43 O.O38 O.O38
2O O.O39 O.O34 O.O36
21 O.O28 O.O3O O.O33
22 O.O25 O.O29 O.O3O
23 O.O22 O.O28 O.O22
24 O.O16 O.O19 O.O2O

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-33
)5!) '9<BD? )Y ZDND:[ ,9<9:B 09C\BA;?[ 39A;];[ 09A;?<D: ;?O $;N;?<

No. of
Iock
Sloin Duialion
15-nin 3O-nin 6O-nin 18O-nin 6-hi 12-hi 24-hi 48-hi 72-hi
1 O.255 O.124 O.O53 O.O53 O.O44 O.O45 O.O22 O.O27 O.O16
2 O.376 O.13O O.O59 O.O61 O.O81 O.O48 O.O24 O.O28 O.O23
3 O.37O O.365 O.O63 O.O63 O.O83 O.O64 O.O29 O.O29 O.O27
4 O.152 O.O87 O.O8O O.O9O O.1O6 O.O31 O.O33 O.O33
5 O.126 O.1O3 O.128 O.1O6 O.124 O.O32 O.O37 O.O36
6 O.1O3 O.153 O.151 O.115 O.146 O.O35 O.O4O O.O43
7 O.11O O.129 O.114 O.127 O.O39 O.O46 O.O47
8 O.O88 O.O97 O.O9O O.116 O.O42 O.O48 O.O49
1O O.O6O O.O62 O.O81 O.O56 O.O54 O.O54 O.O51
11 O.O57 O.O54 O.O74 O.O46 O.O65 O.O58 O.O67
12 O.O46 O.O42 O.O37 O.O41 O.O93 O.O65 O.O79
13 O.O83 O.O6O O.O68
14 O.O57 O.O55 O.O57
15 O.O52 O.O53 O.O5O
16 O.O47 O.O48 O.O49
17 O.O4O O.O46 O.O48
18 O.O39 O.O44 O.O43
19 O.O33 O.O38 O.O38
2O O.O31 O.O34 O.O35
21 O.O29 O.O3O O.O3O
22 O.O28 O.O29 O.O24
23 O.O24 O.O28 O.O22
24 O.O2O O.O19 O.O16

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-34 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
)5!F '9<BD? FY $9:;][ M9O;N[ $>A;> $B?;?< ;?O $9:ABG

No. of
Iock
Sloin Duialion
1 O.215 O.158 O.O68 O.O6O O.O45 O.O4O O.O27 O.O15 O.O21
2 O.395 O.161 O.O74 O.O85 O.O7O O.O6O O.O31 O.O2O O.O23
3 O.39O O.21O O.O77 O.O86 O.O78 O.O66 O.O33 O.O26 O.O24
4 O.173 O.O87 O.O87 O.O99 O.O92 O.O34 O.O28 O.O25
5 O.158 O.O99 O.1OO O.113 O.114 O.O35 O.O38 O.O28
6 O.141 O.1O6 O.1OO O.129 O.166 O.O36 O.O39 O.O31
7 O.1O4 O.1OO O.121 O.119 O.O39 O.O45 O.O44
8 O.O98 O.O88 O.O99 O.113 O.O42 O.O46 O.O49
9 O.O78 O.O87 O.O81 O.O81 O.O44 O.O52 O.O58
11 O.O72 O.O63 O.O47 O.O46 O.O56 O.O69 O.O74
13 O.O76 O.O73 O.O78
14 O.O55 O.O6O O.O7O
15 O.O48 O.O56 O.O58
16 O.O44 O.O46 O.O5O
17 O.O41 O.O45 O.O44
18 O.O39 O.O44 O.O44
19 O.O36 O.O39 O.O3O
2O O.O34 O.O35 O.O26
21 O.O33 O.O28 O.O25
22 O.O32 O.O21 O.O24
23 O.O31 O.O17 O.O22
24 O.O23 O.O14 O.OO8

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-35
)5!L '9<BD? LY 3D>?@;B?D>G #:9;

No. of
Iock
Sloin Duialion
1 O.146 O.117 O.O28 O.O19 O.O19 O.O41 O.OOO O.OO2 O.OO5
2 O.677 O.13O O.O52 O.O19 O.O4O O.O52 O.OO2 O.OO7 O.OO6
3 O.177 O.374 O.O64 O.O55 O.O45 O.O56 O.OO7 O.O18 O.O11
4 O.152 O.O73 O.O98 O.O6O O.O59 O.OO9 O.O24 O.O14
5 O.121 O.1O6 O.164 O.O82 O.12O O.O23 O.O27 O.O18
6 O.1O7 O.28O O.197 O.39O O.253 O.O26 O.O33 O.O27
7 O.119 O.169 O.171 O.157 O.O27 O.O37 O.O28
8 O.O79 O.132 O.O62 O.O65 O.O4O O.O43 O.O35
9 O.O66 O.O95 O.O54 O.O58 O.O49 O.O53 O.O56
11 O.O42 O.O19 O.O2O O.O48 O.112 O.O8O O.116
12 O.O28 O.OO6 O.O16 O.O38 O.227 O.2O4 O.171
13 O.142 O.O81 O.127
14 O.O6O O.O66 O.O96
15 O.O5O O.O57 O.O6O
16 O.O48 O.O47 O.O39
17 O.O34 O.O37 O.O34
18 O.O27 O.O36 O.O28
19 O.O26 O.O31 O.O23
2O O.O23 O.O26 O.O16
21 O.OO8 O.O18 O.O11
22 O.OO7 O.OO7 O.OO9
24 O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-36 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
)5!T '9<BD? TY +:\;? #:9; ^M>;A; 4>CK>:_

No. of
Iock
Sloin Duialion
1 O.184 O.O97 O.O56 O.O48 O.O33 O.OO3 O.OO3 O.OO1 O.OO6
2 O.448 O.161 O.O61 O.O6O O.O45 O.O51 O.O11 O.O11 O.O14
3 O.368 O.4OO O.O65 O.O78 O.O92 O.O74 O.O15 O.O15 O.O19
4 O.164 O.O96 O.O95 O.O96 O.O86 O.O21 O.O18 O.O23
5 O.1O6 O.1O6 O.O97 O.1O7 O.14O O.O25 O.O24 O.O27
6 O.O72 O.164 O.175 O.161 O.2O6 O.O32 O.O27 O.O4O
7 O.1O8 O.116 O.118 O.18O O.O47 O.O31 O.O49
8 O.1O3 O.O96 O.1O2 O.1O7 O.O52 O.O33 O.O5O
9 O.O68 O.O93 O.O96 O.O81 O.O55 O.O41 O.O54
11 O.O58 O.O5O O.O37 O.OO7 O.O87 O.129 O.O72
12 O.O5O O.O3O O.O23 O.OO3 O.1O3 O.142 O.11O
13 O.O91 O.132 O.O87
14 O.O8O O.O96 O.O7O
15 O.O75 O.O53 O.O6O
16 O.O54 O.O36 O.O52
17 O.O48 O.O33 O.O5O
18 O.O35 O.O3O O.O47
19 O.O27 O.O26 O.O31
2O O.O23 O.O2O O.O25
21 O.O17 O.O17 O.O22
22 O.O12 O.O12 O.O14

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-37
#$$&,/-V )5/ &V#3$4& W -/2 !+'X& /&X&47$3&,%
IiolIen:
DeveIop IDI cuives foi 2, 5, 1O, 2O, 5O and 1OO yeai ARI using lhe annuaI naxinun iainfaII dala of 5, 1O, 15,
3O6O, 18O, 36O, 54O, 72O, 9OO and 144O ninules duialions foi a iaingauge slalion Iocaled al Anpang, SeIangoi.
The iequiied iainfaII dala is given in TalIe 2.D1.
TalIe 2.D1: AnnuaI Maxinun RainfaII Dala al Anpang Slalion
Yeai
AnnuaI Maxinun RainfaII (nn) Dala foi Vaiious Duialions (ninules)
5 1O 15 3O 45 6O 12O 18O 36O 54O 72O 9OO 144O
198O 2O.2 35.3 4O.8 53.O 59.8 65.4 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 122.4 123.5
1981 34.3 41.O 45.2 49.5 62.6 65.2 76.1 87.2 97.5 113.O 113.O 113.O 114.5
1982 22.3 26.3 35.9 54.9 64.3 69.1 89.O 89.O 89.O 89.O 89.O 89.O 1O2.5
1983 12.5 15.7 23.5 46.O 65.7 84.7 111.O 111.O 111.O 113.O 113.O 113.O 119.5
1984 38.9 44.5 5O.2 67.2 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 84.O 9O.8 92.5 93.O 93.O
1985 5O.1 5O.4 5O.7 51.6 52.8 58.1 74.8 83.5 84.O 84.O 84.5 89.5 118.5
1986 32.2 36.5 36.5 38.2 54.3 59.O 77.9 89.5 1O1.7 1O7.O 1O8.8 135.2 181.5
1987 8.4 11.O 12.7 25.4 35.O 46.7 64.O 64.O 64.O 64.O 64.O 64.O 74.O
1988 34.5 34.5 34.5 53.3 69.5 85.8 1O3.O 1O3.O 1O3.O 1O3.O 1O3.O 1O3.O 1O3.O
1989 11.9 23.7 31.5 31.5 38.6 42.O 56.8 64.5 78.5 83.1 91.5 111.O 115.5
199O 18.7 33.O 33.O 33.O 42.4 54.4 59.5 59.5 61.O 66.O 66.O 66.O 88.O
1991 5.2 1O.4 15.6 31.2 4O.O 47.7 63.2 68.O 86.O 86.O 86.5 86.5 95.2
1992 8.8 17.5 23.7 28.9 42.O 51.7 89.7 1O7.O 1O7.O 1O7.O 1O7.O 1O7.O 1O7.O
1993 1O.1 2O.3 3O.1 54.8 71.4 86.3 1O5.O 119.O 121.5 121.5 121.5 122.4 124.5
1994 17.O 2O.4 24.9 43.O 49.8 54.2 72.O 72.1 77.O 77.O 77.O 77.O 77.O
1995 27.5 3O.2 34.O 42.5 5O.9 57.4 65.5 66.O 66.5 66.5 67.O 67.O 82.5
1996 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O 87.O
1997 31.3 39.2 47.1 48.5 48.5 5O.3 65.4 79.2 1O9.3 113.5 113.5 113.5 113.5
1998 25.5 29.5 31.8 41.8 51.1 56.O 59.O 59.5 59.7 59.8 6O.O 6O.1 61.6
1999 26.9 3O.2 33.5 44.3 57.6 69.3 84.5 1O3.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 119.O
2OOO 21.1 26.9 35.3 49.8 58.4 65.6 97.3 1O4.6 111.6 111.7 111.9 112.O 116.1
2OO1 2O.5 29.5 39.O 66.9 87.2 95.6 113.7 114.1 118.1 118.4 119.1 119.3 14O.1
2OO2 19.6 33.4 41.1 61.7 81.3 94.O 115.8 117.5 118.4 118.7 119.1 138.6 139.O
2OO3 16.5 25.6 35.5 66.O 95.7 1O2.7 11O.O 11O.5 11O.7 11O.9 111.O 111.O 133.4
2OO4 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 67.8 77.9 89.7 91.9 92.3 92.5 92.5 92.5 128.2
2OO5 14.6 27.O 36.7 62.1 7O.5 83.2 9O.8 91.O 99.4 1O3.6 1O4.3 1O5.O 11O.O
2OO6 15.1 28.2 39.2 68.7 87.6 111.6 14O.7 142.9 144.3 144.6 144.7 144.9 145.O
2OO7 18.3 29.8 42.8 69.8 9O.5 1O3.2 133.1 137.3 137.7 138.O 138.1 138.3 191.9
2OO8 18.2 27.6 34.O 61.O 81.O 87.6 9O.O 9O.1 9O.3 9O.5 98.1 98.3 98.5
2OO9 11.8 21.5 27.1 45.5 61.7 72.4 76.O 76.1 76.3 76.4 117.8 139.1 139.4

SoIulion:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-38 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
Refeience CaIcuIalion Oulpul
Iiguie 2.1

Iiguie 2.1

Iiguie 2.1

Iiguie 2.1

Iiguie 2.1

Iiguie 2.1

Slep 1: CoIIecl annuaI naxinun iainfaII dala of seIecled duialions fion lhe
Anpang slalion, vhich is given in TalIe 2.D1.
Slep 2: CaIcuIale lhe cunuIalive iainfaII vaIue foi each duialion lo check lhe
consislencies ly nass cuive nelhod. A sanpIe nass cuive is shovn in Iiguie 2.D1
foi lhe sloin duialion of 24 houis.
Slep 3: Iil lhe Rav RainfaII Dala lo Vaiious Iiequency Disliilulions. Ioi lhis
puipose, caIcuIale lhe nean and slandaid devialion foi lhe annuaI naxinun
iainfaII vaIues of each duialion, as shovn in TalIe 2.D2.
Slep 4: SeIecl lhe Mosl SuilalIe Iiequency Disliilulion Melhod lhal fils lhe Dala.
Vaiious slalislicaI disliilulion shouId le used lo deleinine lhe nosl suilalIe
nelhod lhal fils lhe dala sel lesl. This slep is iequiied lo eslinale lhe design
iainfaII of vaiious ARIs. The CunlIe disliilulion is used in lhis exanpIe, vhich
used lhe foIIoving equalion.
O:
=
[ O:
;82&
g o\
vheie,
O:
=
= The nagnilude of lhe iainfaII foi a ieluin peiiod of T yeai,
O:
;82&
= The aiilhnelic nean vaIue of lhe annuaI iainfaII vaIues of
vaiious duialions,
o = The slandaid devialion fion lhe nean,
\ = The fiequency facloi foi exliene vaIues, vhich depends on
lhe lype of disliilulion used.

Slep 5: CaIcuIale lhe Anounls of RainfaIIs foi Vaiious Duialion and SeIecled ARIs
(2, 5, 1O, 2O, 5O and 1OO yeai). CaIcuIale lhe fiequency faclois foi lhe iequiied ARIs
as given in TalIe 2.D3. MuIlipIy lhe slandaid devialion vaIues vilh lhe
coiiesponding fiequency faclois of vaiious ARIs and add lo lhe nean annuaI
naxinun iainfaII vaIues lo gel lhe design iainfaII as given in TalIe 2.D4.

Slep 6: Conveil lhe RainfaII inlo Inlensily (TalIe 2.D5) and IIol Vaiious Duialions
in lhe Log-Log Ciaph foi lhe SeIecled ARIs. IIol lhe dala of TalIe 2.D4 lo gel lhe
IDI cuives, as shovn in Iiguie 2.D2. If lhe giaphs aie nol snoolh lased on lhe
acluaI slalislicaI dala, adjusl lhe dala lo pioduce snoolh giaphs.

Iiguie
2.D1

TalIe
2.D2.

TalIe
2.D3
and
2.D4

TalIe
2.D5
and
Iiguie
2.D2

TalIe 2.D2: CaIcuIalion of Mean and Slandaid Devialion foi lhe Dala given in TalIe 2.D1
Tein
AnnuaI Maxinun RainfaII (nn) foi Vaiious Duialions (ninules)
5 1O 15 3O 45 6O 12O 18O 36O 54O 72O 9OO 144O
Mean 24.6 31.5 37.1 51.2 63.4 72.O 87.O 91.2 95.7 97.4 99.6 1O4.4 114.8
Sld.
Dev.
16.9 14.9 13.6 14.2 16.9 18.9 21.9 22.2 21.7 21.8 21.5 23.5 28.7

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-39

TalIe 2.D3: CaIcuIalion of Iiequency Iaclois foi lhe SeIecled ARIs
ARI (Yeai) Iiequency Iacloi
2 -O.1681
5 O.7371
1O 1.3379
2O 1.9134
5O 2.6585
1OO 3.2166

TalIe 2.D4: CaIcuIalion of Design RainfaII Deplhs foi Vaiious ARIs

TalIe 2.D5: CaIcuIalion of Design RainfaII Inlensilies foi Vaiious ARIs
ARI
(Yeai)
Design RainfaII Inlensilies (nn/hi) foi Vaiious Sloin Duialions (ninule)
5 1O 15 3O 6O 18O 54O 72O 9OO 1O8O 144O
2 216.OO 173.93 146.89 99.31 8O.68 68.81 41.63 29.16 15.35 1O.41 7.99
5 26O.62 215.28 181.55 126.47 1O1.O9 85.9O 51.55 35.87 18.62 12.6O 9.61
2O 3OO.OO 247.74 2O6.54 142.56 114.63 97.25 58.12 4O.32 2O.8O 14.O5 1O.69
5O 348.34 287.74 237.68 159.22 127.61 1O8.12 64.43 44.59 22.88 15.45 11.72
1OO 389.O5 325.O9 274.16 181.55 144.41 122.19 72.58 5O.11 25.57 17.25 13.O5

ARI
(Yeai)
Design RainfaII (nn) Dala foi Vaiious Sloin Duialions (ninule)
5 1O 15 3O 6O 18O 54O 72O 9OO 1O8O 144O
2 21.2 29.4 36.7 55.3 67.O 77.O 86.6 87.9 93.9 99.9 11O.9
5 23.1 32.O 4O.O 6O.1 75.3 85.3 96.O 97.2 1O3.2 1O9.2 12O.2
2O 25.5 35.5 44.4 66.4 86.O 96.O 1O8.2 1O9.3 115.3 121.3 132.3
5O 27.1 37.7 47.1 7O.4 92.8 1O2.8 115.9 117.O 123.O 129.O 14O.O
1OO 28.3 39.3 49.1 73.4 97.9 1O7.9 121.7 122.7 128.7 134.7 145.7
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-4O 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
4OOO
35OO
3OOO
25OO
2OOO
15OO
1OOO
5OO
O
198O 1985 199O 1995 2OOO 2OO5 2O1O
Yeai
C
u
n
u
I
a
l
i
v
e

R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

(
n
n
)

Iiguie 2.D1: Mass Cuive lo Check Consislency of lhe Rav RainfaII Dala (24 houis Duialion)

Iiguie 2.D2: DeveIoped IDI Cuives foi Anpang Slalion
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
Sloin Duialion (ninules)
2-Yeai ARI
5-Yeai ARI
1O-Yeai ARI
2O-Yeai ARI
5O-Yeai ARI
1OO-Yeai ARI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-41
#$$&,/-V )5& &V#3$4& I /&0-1, %&3$7'#4 $#%%&',0
IiolIen:
Deleinine lhe design iainfaII lenpoiaI pallein foi lhe iav dala given in TalIe 2.L1.
TalIe 2.L1: Recoided RainfaII Dala foi TenpoiaI Iallein
A C D L I C H

Sloin Duialion = 25 nin
Nunlei of InleivaIs = 5
Rain (nn) al 5-ninule InleivaI

Dale
TolaI Rain
(nn)
Rank 1
sl
2
nd
3
id
4
lh
5
lh

12.O1.1972 58.7 1 9.2 12.8 12.8 12.8 11.1
O7.12.1983 58.3 2 8.O 11.7 14.O 13.3 11.2
21.O7.1992 54.O 3 9.5 12.3 11.2 1O.9 1O.2
O3.12.1985 52.3 4 11.2 17.3 9.3 4.O 1O.5
19.O1.1999 51.1 5 4.8 13.3 12.O 1O.7 1O.3
27.O4.2OO3 5O.O 6 1O.7 7.2 1O.9 11.2 1O.O
14.O6.2OO5 46.7 7 9.3 1O.3 9.7 9.O 8.3
3O.O6.1989 43.7 8 11.2 1O.7 9.3 7.O 5.5
O4.O2.199O 4O.9 9 8.1 8.9 9.9 6.9 7.1
17.11.2OO1 4O.2 1O 9.6 12.8 1O.7 4.O 3.1

SoIulion:

Slep 1: SeIecl lhe iequiied sloin duialion and find aloul len (1O) dales of
exliene nosl iainfaII evenls, as given in TalIe 2.L1.

Slep 2: CoIIecl lhe iainfaII anounls fion lhe neaily aulonalic iainfaII
slalion foi lhe iequiied inleivaIs as given in TalIe 2.5. The seIecled highesl
sloin luisl vilh dales and lolaI iainfaII anounl aie coIIecled fion lhe iav
iainfaII dala of 5 ninules inleivaI and Iisled in TalIe 2.L1. The TalIe aIso
shovs lhe disliilulion of iav iainfaII dala foi lhe nosl exliene evenls in
lhal aiea. Dala of CoIunn D lo H aie exliacled fion lhe five ninule iainfaII
inleivaIs.

Slep 3: Assign iank foi each inleivaI lased on lhe iainfaII anounl (1 foi lhe
highesl anounl and so on). This aiiangenenl is given in coIunns I lo M of
TalIe 2.L2. Ioi sane iainfaII anounls in lhe inleivaIs, lhe aveiage ianks
shouId le used, as shovn in lhe fiisl evenl of TalIe 2.L2.

Slep 4: Deleinine peicenlage of iain occuiied in each inleivaI as given in
coIunns N lo I of TalIe 2.L2

TalIe 2.L2

TalIe 2.L2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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&'
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2-42 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

TalIe 2.L2: CaIcuIalion foi lhe Deleininalion of Design RainfaII TenpoiaI Iallein
A C D L I C H I } K L M N M N O I
Rank of Lach RainfaII InleivaI
(Mean Rank foi lhe InleivaIs
vilh Sane RainfaII VaIues)
Ieicenlage of Rain foi
lhe InleivaI
Dale
TolaI
Rain
(nn)
Rank 1
sl
2
nd
3
id
4
lh
5
lh
1
sl
2
nd
3
id
4
lh
5
lh
1
sl
2
nd
3
id
4
lh
5
lh

12.O1.1972 58.7 1 9.2 12.8 12.8 12.8 11.1 5.O 2.O 2.O 2.O 4.O 16 22 22 22 19
O7.12.1983 58.3 2 8.O 11.7 14.O 13.3 11.2 4.O 3.O 1.O 2.O 5.O 14 2O 24 23 19
21.O7.1992 54.O 3 9.5 12.3 11.2 1O.9 1O.2 5.O 1.O 2.O 3.O 4.O 18 23 21 2O 19
O3.12.1985 52.3 4 11.2 17.3 9.3 4.O 1O.5 2.O 1.O 4.O 5.O 3.O 21 33 18 8 2O
19.O1.1999 51.1 5 4.8 13.3 12.O 1O.7 1O.3 5.O 1.O 2.O 3.O 4.O 9 26 23 21 2O
27.O4.2OO3 5O.O 6 1O.7 7.2 1O.9 11.2 1O.O 3.O 5.O 2.O 1.O 4.O 21 14 22 22 2O
14.O6.2OO5 46.7 7 9.3 1O.3 9.7 9.O 8.3 3.O 1.O 2.O 4.O 5.O 2O 22 21 19 18
3O.O6.1989 43.7 8 11.2 1O.7 9.3 7.O 5.5 1.O 2.O 3.O 4.O 5.O 26 24 21 16 13
O4.O2.199O 4O.9 9 8.1 8.9 9.9 6.9 7.1 3.O 2.O 1.O 5.O 4.O 2O 22 24 17 17
17.11.2OO1 4O.2 1O 9.6 12.8 1O.7 4.O 3.1 3.O 1.O 2.O 4.O 5.O 24 32 27 1O 8
Mean VaIue (MV) 3.4 1.9 2.1 3.3 4.3 19 24 22 18 17
Nev Rank (NR) 4 1 2 3 5 3 1 2 4 5

RainfaII Iallein (in as
pei lhe Nev Rank)
18 24 22 19 17

Design TenpoiaI Iallein,
in fiaclion (TII)
O.18 O.24 O.22 O.19 O.17


Slep 5: CaIcuIale lhe nean ianks (coIunns I lo M) and peicenlages of iainfaII
(coIunns N lo I) foi each inleivaI as given in lhe iov (MV).
Slep 6: Assign lhe nean peicenlages of iainfaII foi each inleivaI lased on lhe
nev nean iank as given in lhe iov (NR foi coIunns I lo M).
Slep 7: Conveil lhe peicenlage iainfaII inlo fiaclion of lolaI iainfaII and pIol lhe
lenpoiaI pallein (TII foi coIunn I lo M).
Slep 8: MuIlipIy lhe TII vaIues vilh lhe design iainfaII anounl (nn) lo gel
lhe disliilulion of iainfaII in each line inleivaI.

TalIe 2.L2
TalIe 2.L2
TalIe 2.L2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-43
1 2 3 4 5
O.18
O.24
O.22
O.19
O.17
O.3O
O.25
O.2O
O.15
O.1O
O.O5
O.OO
I
i
a
c
l
i
o
n

o
f

T
o
l
a
I

R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I
Tine InleivaI 5 ninules

Iiguie 2.L1: Design RainfaII TenpoiaI Iallein

Ioi a 1OO yi ARI iainfaII vilh lolaI 7O nn and 25 nin duialion, lhe disliilulion design iainfaII, lased on Iiguie
2.L1, is given in TalIe 2.L3 leIov.

TalIe 2.L3: Disliilulion of Design RainfaII accoiding lo lhe TenpoiaI Iallein
TolaI Design RainfaII (nn)
foi 1OO yeai ARI
1
sl
2
nd
3
id
4
lh
5
lh

7O.O 12.6 16.8 15.4 13.3 11.9

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-44 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
75
1OO
1OO
125
15O
175
16O
125
14O
62
75
65
115
L
O
=97.67n
L
d
=474n
LO
=
6
4
.8
2
n
L
d
=
4
9
1
.
2
n
L
d
=
1
O
5
4
n
L
d
=
2
O
O
n
L
O
=
9
8
.
9
3
n
L
O
=
5
3
.
5
n
A
C Sulcalchnnel 2
Sulcalchnenl 3
Sulcalchnenl 4
Sulcalchnenl 1
Selapak }aya
O 1OO 2OO 3OO
Melei
Legend
NaluiaI Diain
Diain
Calchnenl oundaiy
Sulcalchnenl oundaiy
uiIding
#$$&,/-V )52 &V#3$4& W '+,722 *+#,%-%. &0%-3#%-7,
)526 ';@BD?;A 39@NDO ;?O '"3
IiolIen:
Using RalionaI Melhod pioceduie lo caIcuIale a 2O yeai ARI peak dischaige fion a sulcalchnenl aiea of 4O.7
ha in Wangsa Maju, KuaIa Lunpui (Iiguie 2.I1). AIso deveIop lhe iunoff hydiogiaph using lhe RHM foi diain
A lased on 5 and 1O ninule duialions design sloins.

Iiguie: 2.I1: Diainage Sulcalchnenl Wangsa Maju
SoIulion:

TalIe 2.5

Slep 1:DeIineale lhe sulcalchnenls, as shovn in Iiguie 2.I1. The
sulcalchnenls in lhis exanpIe aie idenlified as 1, 2, 3 and 4 (TalIe
2.I1).
Slep 2: CaIcuIale lhe sulcalchnenl aieas. The aiea foi sulcalchnenl 1 is 3.87
ha, sulcalchnenl 2 is 4.95 ha, sulcalchnenl 3 is 8.61 ha, and
sulcalchnenl 4 is 23.22ha.
Slep 3: SeIecl iunoff coefficienl (C). The C vaIue foi sulcalchnenl 1 is O.8 foi
fIal and apailnenl aiea, O.4 foi open spaces (giass covei), foi
sulcalchnenl 2 conlain lvo lypes of Ianduse, vhich is O.8 foi fIal and
apailnenl aiea, O.4 foi open spaces (giass covei), foi sulcalchnenl 3
conlain lvo lype of Ianduse vhich is O.75 foi condoniniun aiea and
O.5 foi open spaces (laie soiI), and foi sulcalchnenl 4 aIso conlain
lvo lypes of Ianduse vhich is O.9 foi conneiciaI and lusiness
cenlies and O.4 foi open spaces (giass covei).

TalIe
2.I1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-45

Lqualion
2.4

TalIe 2.1
TalIe 2.2.

Iiguie 2.I1

TalIe 2.1
TalIe 2.3

Lqualion
2.3
Slep 4: CaIcuIale C
avg
vaIues.
C
avg
= |(3.67 x O.8O) + (O.2 x O.4)j/(3.67 + O.2)
Slep 5: Deleinine oveiIand sheel fIov palh Ienglh, A
+
foi lhe fIov palhs in
eveiy sulcalchnenl lo caIcuIale lhe line of concenlialion of each
sulcalchnenl. IoIIov lhe guideIine in TalIe 2.I2 lo eslinale A
+
.
Slep 6: Deleinine sIope of oveiIand suiface in peicenl ()
" = |(68 - 66)/53.5j x 1OO

Slep 7: CaIcuIale l
o
. Use lhe Hoilons n
*
VaIue (use &B=O.O15 fion TalIe 2.2).
C D .
E D .
+
"
A , B & , .-F
* = [
C D .
E D .
FN , E
C , CE h -.C , - h .-F

Slep 8: Deleinine channeI Ienglh, A
'
foi lhe channeIs in eveiy sulcalchnenl.
Slep 9: CaIcuIale aiea of lhe channeI (liianguIai shape vilh sIope = 1:2).
Iion lhe sile visil lhe deplh of lhe channeI is assuned al O.3 n and
vidlh = 1.2 n
Slep 1O: CaIcuIale velled peiinelei of lhe channeI (I)
< [ 2(O.6
2
+ O.3
2
)
1/2

Slep 11: CaIcuIale hydiauIic iadius ly, R = A/I
# = 1/2 x O.3 x 1.2
= O.18 n
2
O = O.18/1.34

Slep 12: Deleinine lhe fiiclion sIope of lhe channeI, s (n/n) ly dividing lhe
diffeienl eIevalion ly lhe Ienglh of channeI.
" = (66 - 62)/2OO

Slep 13: CaIcuIale liaveI line in channeI, l
d
(use &=O.O15 fion TalIe 2.3).

% D . E D %
'
" O P-
A , &
* = [
2 / 1 3 / 2
O2 . O x 134 . O x 6O
2OO x O15 . O

Slep 14: CaIcuIale line of concenlialion ly using equalion leIov.
*
?
[ *
+
g *
'

= 4.6 + 1.4
Slep 15 : CaIcuIale Ieak Dischaige, 6 (TalIe 2.I3)
Diain A: This diain dischaige valei fion sulcalchnenls 3 and 4. Iion
TalIe 2.I1 #
E
= 8.61ha, V
E
= O.57, and lhe *
?
= 4.4 nin, vhiIe #
N
=
23.22ha, V
N
= O.51, and lhe *
?
= 7.5 nin. Hence, lhe lolaI aiea
diained ly diain A is 31.83ha and
_V# [ V
E
#
E
g V
N
#
N
[ I-,CFha,P.@ g I-,C.h%E,%%@
The line of concenlialion used is 7.5 nin lhe Iaigei of lvo diain
lines. The iainfaII inlensily, ) is laken fion TalIe 2.1 foi 2O yeai
ieluin peiiod sloin duialion and 7.5nin line of concenlialion al
Ilu Iejalal }IS Slalion, 3OO.36nn/hi. CaIcuIale peak fIov, 6
H82d.

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

O.78

TalIe
2.I2

3.74

4.6 nin

1.34 n

O.134 n

O.O2
n/n

1.4 nin

6.O nin

TalIe
2.I3

16.75ha

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-46 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

TalIe 2.I1: Chaiacleiislics of lhe Diainage Calchnenl

Sulcalchnenl
ID
Landuse
Aiea (ha)
Runoff Coefficienl, C
(TalIe 2.5)
Aiea
Weighled
C

DeveIoped
Aiea
UndeveIoped
Aiea
DeveIoped
Aiea
UndeveIoped
Aiea
1
Condo
3.67 O.2O O.8O O.4O O.78
2
Apailnenl
3.22 1.73 O.8O O.4O O.66
3
Teiiace
2.37 6.24 O.75 O.5O O.57
4
Indusliy
5.1O 18.12 O.9O O.4O O.51

TalIe 2.I2: CaIcuIalion of Tine of Concenlialion (l
c
)
Sulcalchnenl L
o
S, l
o
, nin L
d
A I R S, n/n l
d
, nin l
c
, nin
1 53.5O 3.74 4.6 2OO.OO O.18 1.34 O.134 O.O2 1.4 6.O
2 97.67 46.1O 3.4 474.OO O.18 1.34 O.134 O.11 1.4 4.8
3 64.82 3O.85 3.2 491.2O O.18 1.34 O.134 O.15 1.2 4.4
4 98.93 5O.54 3.4 1O54.OO O.18 1.34 O.134 O.O6 4.1 7.5

TalIe 2.I3: CaIcuIalion foi Ieak Dischaige, Q
Diain
TolaI Aiea
(ha)
_CA l
c
(nin) I (nn/hi)
IIov, Q
(n
3
/s)
A 31.83 16.75O 7.5 3OO.36
13.98
C 4O.65 23.O36 8.7 281.83
18.O3


Diain C: This diain conveys fIov fion aII 4 sulcalchnenls. Sulcalchnenl 3
and 4 lhiough diain A, vhiIe sulcalchnenl 2 and 1 diieclIy lo
poinl . Theie aie lhus 3 possilIe palhs foi valei lo ieach al poinl
. The line of concenlialion is lhe Iaigesl of lhe fIov lines. The
fIov line foi fIoving coning fion diain A is 7.5 nin pIus 1.18
nin liaveI line = 8.7 nin, lhe fIov line fion sulcalchnenl 1 and
2 is 6.O nin and 4.8 nin, iespecliveIy. Thus, lhe line of
concenlialion foi pipe C is laken as 8.7 nin. Then foi iainfaII
inlensily and Q
peak
, use lhe sane nelhod foi lhe pievious diain.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-47
O
O
5 1O 15 2O
5
1O
15
Tine (ninules)
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

Q

(
n
/
s
)
O
O
5 1O 15 2O
Tine (ninules)
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

Q

(
n
/
s
)
5
1O
15
Hydiogiaph DeveIopnenl using RHM

TalIe 2.I3
Iiguie 2.I1

Iiguie 2.5

TalIe 2.I3
Iiguie 2.5(a)

Iiguie 2.5(l)
Slep 1: SeIecl lhe diain A foi vhich lhe hydiogiaph need lo le geneialed.
Slep 2:Deleinine vhelhei lhe sloin duialion (d) is shoilei oi Iongei lhan
lhe line of concenlialion (l
c
) of lhe diain. This infoinalion is
necessaiy lo deleinine lhe lype of lhe hydiogiaph ly RHM. In lhis
case, vhen lhe d is 5 ninules (d < l
c
) il viII le lype 2 hydiogiaph and
vhen lhe d is 1O ninules (d > l
c
) il viII le lype 1 hydiogiaph.
Slep 3: Nov foi lhe sloin duialion (d) of 1O ninules vhich is Iongei lhan
lhe l
c
, foIIov siniIai pioceduie and consliucl a liapezoidaI
hydiogiaph vilh heighl as 13.98 n
3
/s and lase as d+l
c
=1O+7.5= 17.5
ninules, as shovn in Iiguie 2.I2(a). The cooidinales of lhe
liianguIai hydiogiaph aie A(O,O), (7.5,13.98), C(1O,13.98) and
D(17.5,O).
Slep 4: When d=5 ninules, lase of lhe hydiogiaph viII le 2l
c
=2x7.5=15
ninules.
Slep 5: Consliucl a liianguIai hydiogiaph vilh heighl as 13.98 n
3
/s and
lase as 15 ninules, as shovn in Iiguie 2.I2(l). The cooidinales of
lhe liianguIai hydiogiaph aie A(O,O), (7.5, 13.98) and C(15,O).

Iiguie
2.I2(a)

Iiguie
2.I2(l)

a) d > l
c
l) d < l
c

Iiguie 2.I2 : Hydiogiaphs ly RHM
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-48 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
Legend
Diain
Calchnenl
Conloui
uiIding
O 1OO 2OO 3OO
)52) %BC9I#:9; "HO:D<:;KN 39@NDO

IiolIen:
Using lhe Tine-Aiea Hydiogiaph Melhod caIcuIale a 2O yeai ARI iunoff hydiogiaph fion a 97 heclaie nixed
uilan aiea Iocaled in Wangsa Maju, KuaIa Lunpui. The sludy aiea is shovn in Iiguie 2.I3.

Iiguie 2.I3: Calchnenl Aiea in Wangsa Maju, KuaIa Lunpui
SoIulion:

A. Isochione DeveIopnenl
Slep 1: Selling giid syslen

Iiguie
2.I4

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-49
TalIe 2.1

TalIe 2.1

TalIe 2.1

Lqualion 2.2

Appendix
2.C5

TalIe 2.6
Slep 2: Lslinale oveiIand fIov line, *
+

C D .
E D . B
+
"
A , & , .-F
* =
Slep 3: Lslinale diain line, l
d

% D . E D %
'
" O P-
A , &
* =

Hovevei, fIov veIocily lhiough lhe diain channeI is assuned, in lhis
exanpIe, 1n/s foi lhe sake of sinpIicily.

Slep 4: CaIcuIale *
?
al each giid poinl

Slep 5: IIol conloui of equaI l
c
foi 5 ninule inleivaI lo pioduce isochiones, 5,
1O, 15, 2O, and 25 nin

Slep 6: Lslinale aiea lelveen isochiones using AuloCAD

Slep 7: CaIcuIale iainfaII excess
y using iainfaII dala of 2O yeai ARI and 3O ninules duialion al slalion Ilu
Iejalal }IS, KuaIa Lunpui in TalIe 2.1, iainfaII inlensily is:

q
k
u
@ ' I
=
)
+
=

= 61.976 x 2O
O.145

(O.5 + O.122)
O.818

= 141.11nn/hi

TolaI RainfaII = 141.11 x (3O/6O) = 7O.56nn

y using Appendix 2.C5, iainfaII lenpoiaI pallein is ollained fion fiaclion
foi 3O-nin sloin duialion as foIIovs :
O-5 : O.O97 x 7O.56 = 6.84nn
5-1O : O.161 x 7O.56 = 11.36nn
1O-15 : O.4OO x 7O.56 = 28.22nn
15-2O : O.164 x 7O.56 = 11.57nn
2O-25 : O.1O6 x 7O.56 = 7.48nn
25-3O : O.O72 x 7O.56 = 5.O8nn

Using TalIe 2.6 lo assune lhe Iosses, in decay foin, as foIIovs :
O-5 : 3.5nn
5-1O : 3.Onn
1O-15 : 2.5nn

TalIe
2.I4

TalIe
2.I4

TalIe
2.I4
Iiguie
2.I5

TalIe
2.I5

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-5O 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

15-2O : 2.Onn
2O-25 : 1.5nn
25-3O : 1.Onn

RainfaII Lxcess = RainfaII TenpoiaI Iallein - Losses
O-5 : 6.84 - 3.5 = 3.34nn
5-1O : 11.36 - 3.O = 8.36nn
1O-15 : 28.22 - 2.5 = 25.72nn
15-2O : 11.57 - 2.O = 9.57nn
2O-25 : 7.48 - 1.5 = 5.98nn
25-3O : 5.O8 - 1.O = 4.O8nn

Slep 8: CaIcuIale hydiogiaph oidinale
Slep 9: Idenlify lhe peak dischaige
Iion lhe TalIe 2.I7 oi Iiguie 2.I6 lhe peak dischaige is

TalIe
2.I6

TalIe
2.I7
Iiguie
2.I6
32.81
n
3
/s.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-51
TalIe 2.I4: CaIcuIalion Tine of Concenlialion
Ciid no. L
d
(n) L
o
(n) n* S () l
o
(nin) V (n/s) l
d
(nin) l
c
(nin)
A6 14O.44 1O1.83 O.O15 O.5 8.6 1.O 2.3 11.O
A7 2O2 133.1 O.O15 O.5 9.4 1.O 3.4 12.8
5 78.58 - - - - 1.O 1.3 1.3
6 167.63 - - - - 1.O 2.8 2.8
7 258.38 37 O.O15 O.5 6.1 1.O 4.3 1O.4
8 375.11 22.25 O.O15 O.5 5.2 1.O 6.3 11.4
9 547.27 8.44 O.O15 O.5 3.8 1.O 9.1 12.9
C5 18O.81 12.28 O.O15 O.5 4.3 1.O 3.O 7.3
C6 191.56 88.22 O.O15 O.5 8.2 1.O 3.2 11.4
C7 297.O5 71.38 O.O15 O.5 7.6 1.O 5.O 12.6
C8 397.1 19.2 O.O15 O.5 4.9 1.O 6.6 11.6
C9 47O.35 71.O3 O.O15 O.5 7.6 1.O 7.8 15.5
C1O 698.4 - - - - 1.O 11.6 11.6
D5 3OO.33 - - - - 1.O 5.O 5.O
D6 329.84 2O.51 O.O18 O.5 6.1 1.O 5.5 11.6
D7 543.55 23.32 O.O18 O.5 6.3 1.O 9.1 15.4
D8 457.39 25.15 O.O18 O.5 6.5 1.O 7.6 14.1
D9 528.72 49.41 O.O18 O.5 8.1 1.O 8.8 16.9
D1O 633 78.56 O.O18 O.5 9.5 1.O 1O.6 2O.O
D11 736.21 146.81 O.O18 O.5 11.7 1.O 12.3 23.9
L4 514.4
-
- - - 1.O 8.6 8.6
L5 312.32
1O6.O1
O.O18 O.5 1O.5 1.O 5.2 15.7
L6 534.59
-
- - - 1.O 8.9 8.9
L7 626.41
24.81
O.O18 O.5 6.5 1.O 1O.4 16.9
L8 513.82
87.91
O.O18 O.5 9.8 1.O 8.6 18.4
L9 598.97
-
- - - 1.O 1O.O 1O.O
L1O 7OO.41
-
- - - 1.O 11.7 11.7
L11 795.95
21.73
O.O18 O.5 6.2 1.O 13.3 19.4
I3 827.O7
35.29
O.O18 O.5 7.3 1.O 13.8 21.O
I4 756.59
-
- - - 1.O 12.6 12.6
I5 631.7
-
- - - 1.O 1O.5 1O.5
I6 536.7
-
- - - 1.O 8.9 8.9
I7 748.69
17.25
O.O18 O.5 5.7 1.O 12.5 18.2
I8 869.59
-
- - - 1.O 14.5 14.5
I9 954.2
-
- - - 1.O 15.9 15.9
I1O 745.74 43.69 O.O18 O.5 7.8 1.O 12.4 2O.2
I11 828.38 19.46 O.O18 O.5 6.O 1.O 13.8 19.8
I12 1OO9.78 15.88 O.O18 O.5 5.6 1.O 16.8 22.4
C4 981.95 51.69 O.O18 O.5 8.2 1.O 16.4 24.6
C5 624.4 99.51 O.O18 O.5 1O.3 1.O 1O.4 2O.7
C6 638.56 42.88 O.O18 O.5 7.7 1.O 1O.6 18.4
C7 775.O2 152.36 O.O18 O.5 11.8 1.O 12.9 24.7
C8 966.13 22.37 O.O18 O.5 6.2 1.O 16.1 22.3
C9 863.39 - - - - 1.O 14.4 14.4

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-52 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
TalIe 2.I4: CaIcuIalion Tine of Concenlialion (Conlinued)

Ciid no. L
d
(n) L
o
(n) n S () l
o
(nin) V (n/s) l
d
(nin) l
c
(nin)
C1O 83O.13 39.1 O.O18 O.5 7.5 1.O 13.8 21.3
C11 899.7 88.56 O.O18 O.5 9.9 1.O 15.O 24.9
C12 11O8.96 42.6 O.O18 O.5 7.7 1.O 18.5 26.2
H3 1OOO 95.92 O.O18 3.43 6.9 1.O 16.7 23.6
H4 944.6 27.O4 O.O18 2.22 4.9 1.O 15.7 2O.7
H5 852.6 - - - - 1.O 14.2 14.2
H6 751.78 16.37 O.O18 23 2.6 1.O 12.5 15.1
H7 71O.12 76.6 O.O18 17 4.6 1.O 11.8 16.5
H8 973.69 76.85 O.O18 31.4 4.1 1.O 16.2 2O.3
H9 9O8.11 1OO.11 O.O18 25.4 4.7 1.O 15.1 19.8
H1O 9O8.99 63.86 O.O18 11.1 4.8 1.O 15.1 19.9
H11 9O2.89 157 O.O18 3.38 8.1 1.O 15.O 23.2
H12 1225.4 - - - - 1.O 2O.4 2O.4
I3 1O87.2 61.9 O.O18 O.9 7.8 1.O 18.1 25.9
I4 1O11.6 - - - - 1.O 16.9 16.9
I5 896.86 35.18 O.O18 O.4 7.6 1.O 14.9 22.5
I6 88O.33 65.93 O.O18 34 3.8 1.O 14.7 18.5
I7 796.26 164.71 O.O18 37.24 5.1 1.O 13.3 18.4
I8 1O3O.23 71.77 O.O18 22.67 4.3 1.O 17.2 21.5
I9 1O24.6 57.79 O.O18 12.41 4.5 1.O 17.1 21.6
I1O 958.8 123.63 O.O18 4.9 7.O 1.O 16.O 23.O
I11 923.51 2O1.87 O.O18 1.1 11.O 1.O 15.4 26.4
I12 1318.7 28.14 O.O18 1O.7 3.6 1.O 22.O 25.6
}4 1O35.5 86.72 O.O18 36.O 4.2 1.O 17.3 21.4
}5 995.64 29.53 O.O18 37.3 2.9 1.O 16.6 19.5
}6 998.59 7O.44 O.O18 42.O 3.8 1.O 16.6 2O.4
}7
931.68 179.89
O.O18
38.1
5.2 1.O 15.5 2O.8
}8 1O3O.23 151.48 O.O18 29.O 5.2 1.O 17.2 22.4
}9 1622.78 47.58 O.O18 32.6 3.5 1.O 27.O 3O.5
}1O 154O.87 - - - - 1.O 25.7 25.7
}11 1443.19 26.86 O.O18 22 3.1 1.O 24.1 27.2
}12 1385.47 8O.71 O.O18 7.31 5.6 1.O 23.1 28.7
K3 1169.14 92.O2 O.O18 6O.9 3.8 1.O 19.5 23.3
K4 1O56.37 139.61 O.O18 64.1 4.3
1.O
17.6 22.O
K5 1O83.1 37.39 O.O18 54 2.9
1.O
18.1 21.O
K6 1O78.29 65.58 O.O18 63.5 3.4
1.O
18.O 21.4
K7 1O4O.3 174.25 O.O18 46.8 5.O
1.O
17.3 22.3
K8 1742.31 42.35 O.O18 7O.8 2.9
1.O
29.O 31.9
K9 169O.2 36.24 O.O18 41.4 3.O
1.O
28.2 31.2
K1O 1494.O2 111.44 O.O18 22.43 5.O
1.O
24.9 29.9
K11 1498.53 96.72 O.O18 3O 4.5
1.O
25.O 29.5

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-53
TalIe 2.I5: Aieas lelveen lhe Isochiones

ID Isochiones Aiea (n
2
)
A
1
O - 5 44449
A
2
5 - 1O 793O4
A
3
1O - 15 2294O4
A
4
15 - 2O 213852
A
5
2O - 25 16O342
A
6
25 >
453O6

TalIe 2.I6: RainfaII Lxcess foi 2O yeai ARI Design RainfaII
Tine (nin)
TolaI RainfaII
(nn)
Losses (nn)
RainfaII Lxcess
(nn)
5 6.84 3.5 3.34
1O 11.36 3.O 8.36
15 28.22 2.5 25.72
2O 11.57 2.O 9.57
25 7.48 1.5 5.98
3O 5.O8 1.O 4.O8

TalIe 2.I7: Tine-Aiea Hydiogiaph Melhod
Tine
(nin)
Aiea (n
2
)
RainfaII Lxcess (nn)
Hydiogiaph
(n
3
/s)
3.34 8.36 25.72 9.57 5.98 4.O8
O O O O.OO
5 44449 O.49 O O.49
1O 793O4 O.88 1.24 O 2.12
15 2294O4 2.55 2.21 3.81 O 8.57
2O 213852 2.38 6.39 6.8O 1.42 O 16.99
25 16O342 1.79 5.96 19.67 2.53 O.89 O 3O.83
3O 453O6 O.5O 4.47 18.33 7.32 1.58 O.6O F)5`6
35 1.26 13.75 6.82 4.57 1.O8 27.48
4O 3.88 5.11 4.26 3.12 16.38
45 1.45 3.2O 2.91 6.32
5O O.9O 2.18 3.O8
55 O.62 O.62

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-54 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
A C D L I C H I } K
L
M
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
71
71
71
71
71 71
71
71
71
71
74 1OO
75 71
72
76 85
96
117 86
96
9O
71 75
82 89 96
85 8O 75
75
1O9 165
118 139
75 1O3
84 133 143
158
95
115
142 15O
115 113 1O4
114
1OO
1O5 1O7
1OO
125
11.O
12.8 1O.4
2.8
1.3
5
7.3
11.4
12.6
15.5
11.6
12.9
2O.O
14.1
11.6
5.O
8.6
8.6
21.O
12.6
24.6
1O.5 2O.7
23.6
2O.7
16.9
14.2
15.1
16.5
2O.3
19.8
14.4 15.9
22.3
24.7
18.2
16.9
21.3
2O.2 11.7
19.4
19.8 24.9 23.2 26.4
19.9 23.O
21.6
21.5
18.4 2O.8
22.3
22.4 31.9
31.2 3O.5
29.9 25.7
27.2
29.5
28.7
25.6 2O.4
26.2
25.9
23.3
22.O
21.4
21.O 19.5 22.5
2O.4 21.4 18.5
1O.O
18.4
18.4
8.9
8.9
15.7
11.4
11.6
15.4
16.9
22.4
15.1
15.1
15.1
23.9
14.5
Legend
Diain
Calchnenl
Conloui
uiIding
O 1OO 2OO 3OO

Iiguie 2.I4: Ciid Syslen lo CaIcuIale l
c

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-55
71
71
71
71
71 71
71
71
71
71
74 1OO
75 71
72
76 85
96
117 86
96
9O
71 75
82 89 96
85 8O 75
75
1O9 165
118 139
75 1O3
84 133 143 158
95
115
142 15O
115 113 1O4
114
1OO
1O5 1O7
1OO
125
5 nin
5 nin
11.7
1O nin
1O nin
15 nin
15 nin
2O nin
2O nin
25 nin
25 nin
Legend
Diain
Calchnenl
Conloui
Isochione
O 1OO 2OO 3OO
MLTLR
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
A
6
11.O
12.8 1O.4
2.8
1.3 7.3
11.4
12.6
15.5
11.6
12.9
2O.O
14.1
11.6
5.O
8.6
8.6
21.O
12.6
24.6
1O.5 2O.7
23.6
2O.7
16.9
14.2
15.1
16.5
2O.3
19.8
14.4 15.9
22.3
24.7
18.2
16.9
21.3
2O.2 11.7
19.4
19.8 24.9 23.2 26.4
19.9 23.O
21.6
21.5
18.4 2O.8 22.3
22.4 31.9
31.2 3O.5
29.9 25.7
27.2
29.5
28.7
25.6 2O.4
26.2
25.9
23.3
22.O
21.4
21.O 19.5 22.5
2O.4 21.4 18.5
1O.O
18.4
18.4
8.9
8.9
15.7
11.4 11.6
15.4
16.9
22.4
15.1
15.1
15.1
23.9
14.5
M
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
L K } I H C I L D C A

Iiguie 2.I5: Calchnenl Aiea vilh lhe DeveIoped Isochione Lines

O
5
1O
15
2O
25
3O
35
O 1O 2O 3O 4O 5O 6O
R
u
n
o
f
f

(
n
3
/
s
)
Tine (ninules_

Iiguie 2.I6: Runoff Hydiogiaph
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-56 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
12
11
1O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
O
Q
posl
=1O.93n
3
/s
I
I
o
v
i
a
l
e
,

Q
(
n
3
/
s
)
O 5 1O 15 2O 25 3O
Tine of Concenlialion, lc (ninules)
#$$&,/-V )51 &V#3$4& I $7,/ '7+%-,1
IiolIen:
Civen is a liianguIai infIov hydiogiaph vilh Q
p
= 1O.93 n
3
/s al l
c
= 11.65 nin (Iiguie 2.C1). Deleinine lhe
oulfIov hydiogiaph fion a sloiage pond using lhe iouling pioceduie in Seclion 2.5. Civen aie pond slage-
sloiage cuive (Iiguie 2.C2) and slage-dischaige cuive of lhe oulIel sliucluie, oiifice and spiIIvay conlined
(Iiguie 2.C3).

Iiguie 2.C1: TiianguIai Hydiogiaph

Iiguie 2.C2: Slage-sloiage Cuive
S
l
o
i
a
g
e

(
n
)
Slage (n)
31.OO 31.5O 32.OO 32.5O 33.OO 33.5O 34.OO
O
1OOO
2OOO
3OOO
4OOO
5OOO
6OOO
7OOO
8OOO
9OOO
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-57
31.OO 31.5O 32.OO 32.5O 33.OO 33.5O 34.OO
O.O
O.5
1.O
1.5
2.O
2.5
Slage (n)
Oiifice
Oiifice +
SpiIIvay
O
u
l
f
I
o
v

(
n
/
s
)

Iiguie 2.C3: Slage-dischaige Cuive (Conposile)
SoIulion

Seclion
2.5

DeveIop sloiage indicaloi cuive

- Ioi each slage poinl deleinine sloiage(S) and dischaige (O)
- Ioi each dischaige poinl deleinine sloiage indicaloi (S
2
/Al + O
2
/2)

DeveIop oulfIov hydiogiaph

TalIe 2.C1
Iiguie 2.C4

TalIe 2.C2
Iiguie 2.C5

TalIe 2.C1: Sloiage Indicaloi Nunleis - Oiifice (Al = 2.5 nin. oi 15O sec)
Slage Dischaige, O
2
Sloiage VoIune, S
2
O
2
/ 2 S
2
/ Al S
2
/ Al + O
2
/ 2
(n) (n
3
/s) (n
3
) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s)
31.OO O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO
31.5O O.217 486.838 O.1O9 3.246 3.354
32.OO O.376 1216.161 O.188 8.1O8 8.296
32.5O O.485 2228.O79 O.243 14.854 15.O97
33.OO O.574 3562.7OO O.287 23.751 24.O38
33.5O O.651 526O.137 O.326 35.O68 35.393
34.OO 2.131 8489.O51 1.O65 56.594 57.659

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2-58 672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
Indicaloi Nunleis (S2/ l + O2/ 2) (n/s)
O
u
l
f
I
o
v

O
2

(
n
/
s
)
2.5
2.O
1.5
1.O
O.5
O.O
O 5 1O 15 2O 25 3O 35 4O 45 5O 55 6O

Iiguie 2.C4: Sloiage Indicaloi Cuive (Conposile)

TalIe 2.C2: IinaI Rouling TalIe

Tine InfIov (I) (I
1
+ I
2
)/2 S
1
/ Al + O
1
/ 2 OulfIov (O
1
) S
2
/ Al + O
2
/ 2 OulfIov (O
2
)
(hi) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s)
O.OO O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO O.OOO
O.O4 2.35O 1.173 O.OOO O.OOO 1.173 O.O78
O.O8 4.69O 3.52O 1.173 O.O78 4.614 O.463
O.13 7.O4O 5.866 4.614 O.463 1O.O17 O.715
O.17 9.39O 8.212 1O.O17 O.715 17.515 O.9O4
O.21 1O.14O 9.761 17.515 O.9O4 26.371 1.O4O
O.25 7.79O 8.963 26.371 1.O4O 34.295 1.142
O.29 5.44O 6.617 34.295 1.142 39.77O 1.669
O.33 3.1OO 4.27O 39.77O 1.669 42.372 1.971
O.38 O.75O 1.924 42.372 1.971 42.324 1.966
O.42 O.OOO O.375 42.324 1.966 4O.734 1.781
O.46 O.OOO O.OOO 4O.734 1.781 38.953 1.574
O.5O O.OOO O.OOO 38.953 1.574 37.379 1.391
O.54 O.OOO O.OOO 37.379 1.391 35.988 1.229
O.58 O.OOO O.OOO 35.988 1.229 34.759 1.148
O.63 O.OOO O.OOO 34.759 1.148 33.611 1.133
O.67 O.OOO O.OOO 33.611 1.133 32.479 1.118
O.71 O.OOO O.OOO 32.479 1.118 31.36O 1.1O4
O.75 O.OOO O.OOO 31.36O 1.1O4 3O.257 1.O9O
O.79 O.OOO O.OOO 3O.257 1.O9O 29.167 1.O76
O.83 O.OOO O.OOO 29.167 1.O76 28.O92 1.O62
O.88 O.OOO O.OOO 28.O92 1.O62 27.O3O 1.O48
O.92 O.OOO O.OOO 27.O3O 1.O48 25.982 1.O35
O.96 O.OOO O.OOO 25.982 1.O35 24.947 1.O22
1.OO O.OOO O.OOO 24.947 1.O22 23.926 1.OO8
1.O4 O.OOO O.OOO 23.926 1.OO8 22.918 O.991
1.O8 O.OOO O.OOO 22.918 O.991 21.927 O.975
1.13 O.OOO O.OOO 21.927 O.975 2O.951 O.96O
1.17 O.OOO O.OOO 2O.951 O.96O 19.992 O.944
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

672&*)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 2-59

Iiguie 2.C5: InfIov and OulfIov Hydiogiaph

O.O
2.O
4.O
6.O
8.O
1O.O
O.OO O.2O O.4O O.6O O.8O 1.OO 1.2O
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

(
n
/
s
)
Tine (hi)
OulfIov
InfIov
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!
QUALITY DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-i
!"#$%&' ) *+#,-%. /&0-12 3+2/#4&2%#,0
3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 IOLLUTANT LSTIMATION ........................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.1 TypicaI Runoff IoIIulanls ................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.2 Walei QuaIily VoIune (WQV) .......................................................................... 3-1
3.2.3 Load Lslinale ....................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3 IOLLUTANT CONTROL................................................................................................. 3-3
3.3.1 IailicuIale IoIIulanls .......................................................................................... 3-3
3.3.2 DissoIved IoIIulanls ........................................................................................... 3-3
3.3.3 IIoalalIe IoIIulanls ............................................................................................. 3-3
3.4 MIs IACILITILS ............................................................................................................. 3-4
3.4.1 Types ..................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.4.2 Tiealnenl Oljeclives .......................................................................................... 3-5
3.4.3 SeIeclion ................................................................................................................ 3-5
3.5 IRLLIMINARY SIZINC OI MIs .................................................................................. 3-6
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 3-1O
AIILNDIX 3.A LXAMILL - IOLLUTION LOAD IROM MULTIILL LANDUSLS ........... 3-11
AIILNDIX 3. LXAMILL - IRLLIMINARY SIZINC OI WATLR QUALITY IOND ........ 3-13
AIILNDIX 3.C LXAMILL - IRLLIMINARY SIZINC OI TRLATMLNT TRAIN ................ 3-14

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-1
)56 -2%'7/+!%-72
This chaplei piovides fundanenlaIs on lhe non-poinl souice (NIS) poIIulanls fion lypicaI uilan aieas,
eslinalion of annuaI poIIulanl Ioad lased on lhe evenl nean concenlialion (LMC) and sinpIified pioceduies
iequiied foi pieIininaiy sizing and designing sloinvalei quaIily conlioI faciIilies oi esl Managenenl
Iiaclices (MIs). The ieconnended appioach is lo adopl peifoinance slandaids as sel oul in Chaplei 1. Ioi
nev deveIopnenl and iedeveIopnenl, a nininun oveiaII <8'7=*)+& )& *>8 2?8<298 2&&723 @+337*2&* 3+2' is
specified (TalIe 1.4) conpaied vilh lhe Ioad undei exisling condilion. The laigeled ieduclion is achievalIe
appIying lhe piesciiled MIs and liealnenl liains, as piesenled in lhe ieIevanl design Chapleis.
)58 $7,,+%#2% &0%-4#%-72
)5856 %9:;<=> '?@ABB $A>>?C=@CD
AIlhough nany diffeienl consliluenls can le found in uilan iunoff, lhe focus is piinaiiIy on ceilain poIIulanls
lhal can le used as iepiesenlalive indicalois of olheis. The foIIoving consliluenls aie ieconnended as lypicaI
poIIulanls chaiacleiising uilan iunoff in MaIaysia:-
- Cioss poIIulanls,
- TolaI suspended soIids (TSS),
- iochenicaI oxygen denand (OD),
- ChenicaI oxygen denand (COD),
- TolaI niliogen (TN),
- TolaI phosphoius (TI),
- Coppei (Cu),
- Lead (Il),
- Zinc (Zn),
- OiI and giease (O&C), and
- acleiia ((, =+3)).
Hovevei, in lhe cuiienl piaclice, MIs aie lo le designed lased on lhiee lypes of seIecled poIIulanls, naneIy
gioss poIIulanls, lolaI suspended soIids (TSS), and nuliienls (TN and TI). These sloinvalei poIIulanls aie
polenliaIIy geneialed fion vaiious Ianduses as given in TalIe 3.1.
TalIe 3.1: SeIecled IoIIulanls Ceneialion IolenliaIs (Adapled fion MeIlouine Walei, 2OO5)

Landuse
Ceneialion IolenliaIs
Cioss
IoIIulanls
TolaI Suspended
SoIids (TSS)
Nuliienls
(TN & TI)
Roads and Highvays Lov High Lov
ResidenliaI High High High
ConneiciaI High Mediun Mediun
IndusliiaI Mediun Mediun Lov
Iaiks and AgiicuIluiaI Lov Mediun High

)5858 E=CFG *?=>;C9 HA>?IF JE*HK
Il is necessaiy lo eslinale iunoff voIunes lefoie any assessnenl can le nade of poIIulanl Ioads. Runoff
eslinalion is necessaiy lo size ceilain MIs and aIso lo design lhe oulIel sliucluies of lhe MIs. Runoff
voIunes (expiessed as iainfaII deplh nuIlipIied ly lhe calchnenl aiea and voIuneliic iunoff coefficienl, A
?
)
shouId le used lo deleinine lhe MIs voIunes.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-2 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
The iequiied valei quaIily voIune (WQV) foi MIs can le caIcuIaled using Lqualion 3.1 as foIIovs:
WQV = A
?
,BC
'
D,# (3.1)
vheie,
WQV = Walei quaIily voIune (n
3
),
A
?
= Aiea-veighled voIuneliic iunoff coefficienl foi lhe Ianduse (TalIe 2.5),
C
'
= RainfaII deplh foi valei quaIily design sloin (n), and
# = Conliiluling diainage aiea (n
2
).
The iunoff coefficienl A foi RalionaI Melhod (Chaplei 2) is a funclion of iainfaII inlensily, and lheiefoie of evenl
ARI. In geneiaI, lhe vaIue of aveiage voIuneliic iunoff coefficienl A
?
viII le Iess lhan lhal of RalionaI Melhod
iunoff coefficienl A foi evenls of Iaige ARI (say >2 yeais), and A
?
viII le giealei lhan A foi evenls of snaII ARI.
Hovevei, foi lhe sinpIicily and vilhoul conpionising lhe accuiacy, lhe vaIues of A
?
can le consideied sane as
A given in TalIe 2.5, vhich vouId piovide safe vaIues as lhe MIs aie designed foi snaII ARIs.
)585) ,A=L &DC;I=CF
IdeaIIy, lhe idenlificalion of suslainalIe poIIulanl Ioads in ieceiving valei shouId le lased on lhe nagnilude of
oveiaII calchnenl poIIulanl expoils, and lhe ieduclion in poIIulanl Ioads iequiied lo achieve valei quaIily
oljeclives. Land aclivilies and piaclices vilhin a calchnenl conliilule lo lhe accunuIalion of poIIulanl Ioads as
a iesuIl of sloinvalei vash off. Lvenl nean concenlialions (LMC) foi diffeienl Iand aclivilies aie lo le used lo
eslinale poIIulanl Ioads.
Load eslinalion, lased on lhe LMC nelhod, is ieconnended foi nosl piaclices. This is lhe sinpIesl lul nosl
videIy used nelhod lo eslinale iunoff poIIulanls fion uilan aieas. Hovevei, lhe ieIialiIily of lhis nelhod
depends on lhe accuiacy of lhe LMC vaIues foi lhe inlended paianeleis and Ianduses. Reconnended nean
LMC vaIues foi vaiious poIIulanls and Ianduses aie sel oul in TalIe 3.2. They aie ieIaled lo IeveI of
housekeeping piaclices vilhin lhe seIecled sludy aieas, naneIy in MaIacca, Danansaia and Ienang iivei
calchnenls and Kajang MunicipaIily.
TalIe 3.2: Mean LMC VaIues foi SeIecled Landuses
IoIIulanls Landuses
Iaianelei Unil ResidenliaI ConneiciaI IndusliiaI Highvay
TSS ng/L 128.OO 122.OO 166.OO 8O.OO
Tuilidily NTU 122.OO 96.OO 147.OO 69.OO
TDS ng/L 131.OO 43.OO 137.OO 38.OO
pH - 6.46 6.77 6.66 6.57
OD ng/L 17.9O 22.9O 19.3O 14.9O
COD ng/L 97.OO 134.OO 14O.OO 81.OO
AN ng/L O.73 O.85 1.OO O.44
TKN ng/L 2.38 2.53 4.25 1.43
TN ng/L 4.21 4.84 5.OO 2.25
TI ng/L O.34 O.32 O.49 O.16
O&C ng/L 2.OO 4.OO NA 3.OO
Zn ng/L O.19 O.34 O.43 O.21
Il g/L 6.OO 22.OO 12.OO 2O.OO
Cu g/L 28.OO 37.OO 42.OO 28.OO
Ci g/L 4.OO 32.OO 31.OO 11.OO
Ni g/L 1O.OO 17.OO 3O.OO 15.OO
Cd g/L 6.OO 26.OO 5.OO 1O.OO
Souice: LocaI sloinvalei sludies conducled ly DID in MaIacca, Danansaia, Ienang and Kajang
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-3
The Ioad eslinaled ly LMC nelhod is
.-- E A , # , (!A , F G
?
= (3.2)
vheie,
G = AnnuaI poIIulanl Ioad (kg/yeai),
F = Mean annuaI iainfaII-MAR (nn/yeai),
(!A = Lvenl nean concenlialion (ng/L),
# = Calchnenl aiea (ha), and
A
?
= Aiea-veighled voIuneliic iunoff coefficienl foi lhe vhoIe calchnenl (TalIe 2.5).
)5) $7,,+%#2% !72%'7,
Sloinvalei poIIulanls can le pailicuIales, dissoIved sulslances and fIoalalIes (Iilleis and hydiocailons).
IhysicochenicaI naluie of each gioup of poIIulanls is diffeienl. Theiefoie, nechanisn lo ienove lhen fion lhe
valei is aIso diffeienl, vhich aie liiefIy discussed leIov.
)5)56 $=GC;<?>=CF $A>>?C=@CD
IailicuIales aie lhe piinaiy poIIulanls found in sloinvalei and aie ienoved lhiough sedinenlalion and
fiIlialion. Sedinenlalion occuis vhen pailicIes have a giealei densily lhan lhe suiiounding Iiquid. Undei
Ialoialoiy quiescenl condilions, il is possilIe lo sellIe oul veiy snaII pailicIes, lhe snaIIesl piaclicaI sellIing size
in lhe fieId is aiound O.O1 nn (MelcaIf & Lddy, 1979). Sonelines, lhe snaIIesl pailicIes lecone eIecliicaIIy
chaiged, vhich can fuilhei inleifeie vilh lheii aliIily lo sellIe oul. The Nevlons and Slokes Iavs aie oflen
used lo quanlify lhe sedinenlalion piocess. Moie infoinalion on sedinenlalion lheoiy, incIuding Slokes and
Nevlons Iavs, can le found in olhei iefeiences (Hazen, 19O4).
IailicuIales can aIso le ienoved ly fiIlialion lhiough use of infiIlialion faciIilies. The nechanisn is diffeienl
fion sedinenlalion piocess, vheie nedia is used foi exanpIe sand, lo inciease lhe efficiency of lhe poIIulanl
fiIlialion piocess. LxceIIenl ienovaI of suspended soIids in fieId lioielenlion syslens has leen iepoiled
eIsevheie (Li and Davis, 2OO9).

)5)58 /;DDA>MFL $A>>?C=@CD
DissoIved poIIulanls aie nainIy ienoved lhiough adsoiplion, nicioliaI fixalion, liochenicaI degiadalion and
pIanl uplake (phyloienedialion). Hovevei, lhe doninancy of lhe piocess nechanisn depends on lhe lype of
MIs. SoiI oi pIanl-lased nedia is iequiied lo ienove lhe dissoIved poIIulanls (MelaIs, TN, TI, OD, COD,
peslicides, heilicides, elc.).
Tvo nosl connon MIs used lo ienove dissoIved poIIulanl fion sloinvalei aie velIands and lioielenlion
faciIilies. WelIands suppoil vaiious lypes of niciophyles and naciophyles lhal eilhei alsoil oi adsoil
dissoIved poIIulanls fion lhe sloin iunoff. On lhe olhei hand ienovaI of dissoIved poIIulanls ly lioielenlion
faciIily is nainIy done ly nedia and pIanl uplakes. This is lecause due lo lhe diy naluie of lhe lioielenlion
syslen, lhe nunlei of nicioliaI aqualic oiganisn (e.g. aIgae) viII le Iess, vhich pIays inpoilanl ioIe in
ienoving nicionuliienls of Iov concenlialions.
)5)5) 3>A=C=N>F $A>>?C=@CD
IIoalalIe poIIulanls in lhe sloin iunoff can le in lhe foin of Iilleis (iefuse oi liash) oi oiI and giease (fIoaling
hydiocailon). The Iilleis aie fIoaling oi sulneiged pailicIes Iaige enough lo le ienoved ly scieen, liash iack,
nels and olhei nechanicaI devices. Opening of lhe Iillei liapping devices depend on lhe size of lhe pailicIes lo
le liapped. Hovevei, fine scieens pose high polenliaI lo choke oi cIog lhe diainage syslen. Theiefoie, capluied
fIoalalIe poIIulanls shouId le ienoved fion lhe gioss poIIulanl liap al lhe soonesl possilIe line, piefeialIy
lefoie lhe nexl sloin occuis.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-4 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
The ienovaI of fIoaling oiI and giease (hydiocailon) is lased upon lhe iise iale veIocily of oiI diopIel and iale
of iunoff. Hovevei, vilh lhe exceplion of sloinvalei fion oiI iefineiies lheie aie no dala desciiling lhe
chaiacleiislics of pelioIeun pioducls in uilan sloinvalei lhal aie ieIevanl lo design, eilhei oiI densily and
diopIel size lo caIcuIale iise iale oi diiecl neasuienenl of iise iales. Iuilhei, il is knovn lhal a significanl
peicenlage of lhe pelioIeun pioducls aie allached lo lhe fine suspended soIids and lheiefoie aie ienoved ly
sellIing (AII, 199O).
)5O P4$D 3#!-,-%-&0
This Seclion piovides lypes, liealnenl oljeclives and guidance foi lhe seIeclion of a sloinvalei liealnenl
syslen (MIs). They shouId le caiefuIIy seIecled lased on sile-specific condilions and lhe oveiaII nanagenenl
oljeclives of lhe calchnenl.
The seIeclion piocess has lhe foIIoving aspecls:
- Idenlificalion of piolIens and liealnenl oljeclives,
- IaniIiaiisalion vilh capaliIilies of lhe aIleinalive liealnenl devices and liealnenl nechanisns,
- IaniIiaiisalion vilh consliainls on use of vaiious liealnenl devices, and
- Cosl consideialions.
The advanlages oi disadvanlages of each MIs faciIily, consliainls on use and sone faclois IikeIy lo affecl cosl
aie sunnaiised.
)5O56 %9:FD
OnIy lhe noie univeisaIIy accepled MIs lypes aie ieconnended foi piesenl use. They aie infiIlialion
faciIilies, lioielenlion faciIilies, svaIes, gioss poIIulanl liaps and valei quaIily pond and velIands. Il is lo le
expecled lhal noie nevei and inpioved MIs faciIilies viII le deveIoped voiIdvide and lhe designei shouId
keep up-lo-dale vilh lhese in lhe fuluie.
B2D 1&H)3*<2*)+& :2=)3)*)85
InfiIlialion devices can lake a nunlei of sliucluiaI foins incIuding pils, lienches, oi lasins. AII of lhese
devices voik ly sloiing sloinvalei fIov and pionoling infiIlialion inlo lhe soiI. They aie piinaiiIy foi
ienoving soIulIe and fine naleiiaIs fion sloinvalei.
BID J)+<8*8&*)+& :2=)3)*)85
These devices use a fiIleiing aclion lo ienove poIIulanls, nainIy pailicuIale naleiiaI. Tvo lypes of fiIlialion aie
used: liofiIlialion, using lioIogicaI nelhods, and nedia fiIlialion lhiough poious nedia such as sand.
ioielenlion faciIilies aie good foi alsliacling nuliienls and fine coIIoidaI pailicIes, vhich aie difficuIl lo le
ielained in sedinenl lasins and valei quaIily ponds.
B=D K<+55 C+337*2&* L<2@5
Cioss poIIulanl liaps (CITs) ienove fIoaling and sulneiged gioss Iillei, hydiocailons and coaise soIids. They
can le eilhei luiIl in-silu oi pie-faliicaled. The CITs nainIy heIp inpiove lhe visuaI quaIily of lhe sloin
iunoff. Hovevei, lhese faciIilies iequiie fiequenl nainlenance foi lhen lo le peifoined lo neel lhe designed
efficiency. Choked CITs in lhe diains nay cause nuisance fIooding in lhe IocaIily.
B'D "M2385
SvaIes aie vegelaled diains lhal can le used lo convey and fiIlei iunoff. They lake advanlage of lioIogicaI
piocesses lo inpiove poIIulanl ienovaI fion lhe sloin iunoff. ioIogicaI conlioIs piovided ly svaIes aie
lypicaIIy cheapei and have lellei aeslhelic lhan sliucluiaI conlioIs, lul nay invoIve noie nainlenance and
Iandlake.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-5
B8D N2*8< 6723)*4 C+&' 2&' N8*32&'5
Walei quaIily ponds have a leneficiaI effecl on sloinvalei quaIily liealnenl ly conlioIIing lhe voIune of
iunoff and pioviding liealnenl ly giavily sellIing, lioIogicaI slaliIisalion of soIulIe poIIulanls such as
nuliienls, and adsoiplion and deconposilion of liodegiadalIe poIIulanls such as OD and Iighl oiIs. The
funclion of velIands is siniIai lo lhal of ponds, excepl lhal aieas of aclive vegelalion giovlh aie lhe nain
conponenl of velIands inslead of open valei. This pionoles lioIogicaI aclion in piefeience lo sedinenlalion.
In piaclice, nosl valei quaIily ponds conlain velIands aieas and vice veisa so il is convenienl lo considei lhe
lvo lypes logelhei.
)5O58 %GF=CIF@C 7NQF<C;MFD
The piinaiy oljeclive of lhe liealnenl MIs in lhis nanuaI (vilh lhe exceplion of oiI sepaialois) is lo ienove
lolaI suspended soIids and sedinenl-lound conpounds. RenovaI of TSS viII iesuIl in lhe ienovaI of nany of
lhe conlaninanls of concein, incIuding:
- IailicuIale liace nelaIs,
- IailicuIale nuliienls, and
- OiI and giease on soIids.
The oveiaII oljeclive of ienoving 8O of lhe TSS Ioad (on a Iong-lein aveiage lasis) in a calchnenl has leen
adopled in lhis ManuaI (iefei lo Chaplei 1). A highei degiee of ienovaI vouId iequiie a Iaige inciease in
liealnenl device size and cosl. In sone ieliofilling cases in oIdei deveIoped calchnenls, il nay nol le possilIe
lo neel lhe 8O ienovaI oljeclives due lo space Iinilalions. Ioi oiI and giease ienovaI, lhe oljeclive of
liealing ovei 9O of lhe lolaI annuaI iunoff is pioposed.
)5O5) 0F>F<C;A@
The peinanenl faciIilies such as infiIlialion lasins, svaIes, CITs, lioielenlion faciIilies, valei quaIily ponds
and velIands aie lo le piovided lo lake caie of lhe iunoff Iaden poIIulanls geneialed fion lhe deveIoped aieas.
TalIe 3.3 piovides a ialing fion Iov lo high foi each liealnenl MIs lype againsl ils ienovaI efficiency and
olhei faclois such as nainlenance and cosl. Consideialion shouId le given lo lhe inlended calchnenl aiea lo le
liealed, as sone syslens such as velIands lake up consideialIe anounls of Iand.
TalIe 3.3: SeIeclion of MIs foi Vaiious IoIIulanls (Adapled fion MeIlouine Walei, 2OO5)

MIs Type
IoIIulanl RenovaI Lfficiency Olhei faclois
C
i
o
s
s

I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l
s

T
S
S

N
u
l
i
i
e
n
l

(
T
N

&

T
I
)

M
a
i
n
l
e
n
a
n
c
e

L
a
n
d

R
e
q
u
i
i
e
d

T
i
e
a
l
a
l
I
e

C
a
l
c
h
n
e
n
l

A
i
e
a

C
o
s
l

InfiIlialion Lov High High Mediun High Mediun Lov
ioielenlion Lov High High Lov Mediun Mediun Mediun
SvaIe Lov Mediun Mediun Lov Lov Lov Lov
CIT High Lov No Mediun Mediun Mediun Mediun
Walei QuaIily Iond Mediun Mediun Mediun Mediun High High High
WelIands Mediun High High High Mediun High High
Nole: In oidei lo ienove lhe desiied conlaninanls foi lhe appIicalion leing consideied, a conposile syslen
incoipoialing nuneious design eIenenls nay le iequiied. This is connonIy iefeiied lo as a 'liealnenl
liain. In lhis inslance, an oidei of suilaliIily can le ollained ly iefeiencing vaiious conlinalions of
design eIenenls and lheii associaled poIIulanl liealnenl aliIily and olhei faclois as Iisled alove. The
highei lhe IeveI, lhe noie suilalIe lhal conlinalion of design eIenenls viII le.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-6 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
The definilions of Iov, nediun and high capluie oi liealnenl laigel foi each of lhe MIs foi TSS and nuliienls
is given in TalIe 3.4.

TalIe 3.4: CIassificalion of Tiealnenl Taigels foi IndividuaI MIs (Adapled fion MeIlouine Walei, 2OO5)

IoIIulanl
Taigel of Tiealnenl
Lov Mediun High
TSS
Less lhan 4O of
pailicuIales giealei lhan
O.125nn ielained.
4O-7O of pailicuIales
giealei lhan O.125nn
ielained.
Moie lhan 7O of
pailicuIales giealei lhan
O.125 nn ielained.
Nuliienls
(TN & TI)
Less lhan 1O ieduclion 1O-4O ieduclion Moie lhan 4O ieduclion
Nole: Theie is insufficienl dala avaiIalIe lo give fiin guidance on gioss poIIulanls. The IeveI of liealnenl
chosen has an effecl on lhe aiea iequiied foi lhe MIs. Hovevei, in aII silualions, lhe oveiaII
poIIulanl ieduclion ly any MIs oi liealnenl liain (al Ieasl) !"#$ %&!'() vilh lhe ciileiia given in
TalIe 1.4.
SuilaliIily of MIs aIso depends on lhe lype and size of lhe deveIopnenl and ils associaled Ianduse. TalIe 3.5
piovides a guide lo seIecl lhe nosl appiopiiale MIs foi diffeienl deveIopnenl lypes vhiIe TalIe 3.6 piovides
connenlaiy on lenefils and siling consideialions foi diffeienl MIs eIenenls.

TalIe 3.5: SuilaliIily of MIs foi Vaiious Landuses (Adapled fion Cily of Knox, 2OO2)

DeveIopnenl Types/Landuse

i
o
i
e
l
e
n
l
i
o
n

S
v
a
I
e

W
e
l
I
a
n
d
s

W
a
l
e
i

Q
u
a
I
i
l
y

I
o
n
d

I
n
f
i
I
l
i
a
l
i
o
n

C
I
T

Nev Roads and Highvays
On sIopes Iess lhan 4
On sIopes giealei lhan 4

High
Mediun

High
Mediun

High
Mediun

High
Mediun

High
Mediun

High
Mediun
OId Roads and Highvays
On sIopes Iess lhan 4
On sIopes giealei lhan 4

High
Mediun

Mediun
Lov

High
High

High
Mediun

Mediun
Lov

High
High
Nev ResidenliaI/ConneiciaI/
IndusliiaI DeveIopnenl
OId ResidenliaI/ConneiciaI/
IndusliiaI DeveIopnenl
High

Mediun
High

Lov
High

Lov
High

Mediun
High

High
High

High

)5R $'&,-4-2#'. 0-S-21 73 P4$D
RenovaI cuives aie piesenled in lhis Seclion foi lhe pieIininaiy eslinale of MIs sizes. They aie foi svaIe,
valei quaIily pond and velIands appIicalion onIy. The sinpIified pioceduie is used foi lhe puipose of
pIanning sulnission lo a ieguIaloiy IocaI aulhoiily foi iniliaI assessnenl. The pIanning appIicalion piocess
usuaIIy enlaiIs an appIicanl sulnilling lo a IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily lhe piepaied pIans and associaled
docunenlalion lhal oulIine lhe inlenl and exlenl of lhe pioposed deveIopnenl. DelaiIed design is nol
undeilaken al lhis slage, as lhe aulhoiily is IikeIy lo piovide ieconnendalions oi condilions duiing lhe iniliaI
assessnenl. LocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily can, lheiefoie, aIso use lhe pieIininaiy design oulcones lo assess
sulnissions lased on lhe nelhodoIogy pioposed in lhis seclion.
*+,# '.&%/## ,# 0) 1& !/21# ,1$/13/3 $& ./'(2%/ $+/ !&./ .,4&.&"# '.&%/##/# &"$(,1/3 ,1 $+/ 3/#,41 5+2'$/.# &6
$+/ 721"2(8 213 2# #"%+ #+&"(3 1&$ 0/ "#/3 $& 3/$/.!,1/ 6,12( $./2$!/1$ #,9,14 &. /66,%,/1%): ;/#,41/.# #+&"(3
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-7
TalIe 3.6: Tiealnenl AppIicalion Cuide (Landcon, 2OO4)
MIs IolenliaI enefils SuilalIe Sile Condilion UnsuilalIe Condilions
CIT
Reduces Iillei and deliis
Can ieduce sedinenls
Iie-liealnenl foi olhei
neasuies
ConvenlionaI diainage syslens Siles Laigei lhan 1OO ha
NaluiaI channeIs
InfiIlialion
Reduce iunoff
IoIIulanl ienovaI
Iassive iiiigalion
Sandy lo sandy-cIay soiIs (k noie
lhan 36nn/hi)
IIal leiiain (Iess lhan 2)
Deep gioundvalei lalIe
SiIly cIay lo cIay soiIs
Sleep leiiain
ShaIIov gioundvalei lalIe
HighIy poIIuled iunoff
SvaIes
Mediun and fine pailicuIale
ienovaI
Iassive iiiigalion
MiId sIopes (Iess lhan 4)

Sleep sIopes (noie lhan 4)
ioielenlion
Iine and soIulIe poIIulanls
ienovaI
SnaII ARI
Iiequenl fIood ielaidalion
IIal leiiain Sleep leiiain
High gioundvalei lalIe
Walei
QuaIily
Iond
Sloiage foi ieuse
Iine sedinenl ienovaI
IIood ielaidalion
Connunily and viIdIife
assel
Sleep leiiain vilh confined vaIIeys

Iioxinily lo aiipoils, IandfiII
WelIands
Connunily assel
Mediun lo fine pailicuIales
and sone soIulIe poIIulanl
ienovaI
WiIdIife halilal
IIal leiiain
Sleep leiiain
Acid suIphale soiIs

./%&41,#/ $+2$ (&%2( 62%$&.# !2) #$.&14() ,16("/1%/ $+/ ./#"($# 6.&! $+/ '.&%/## 213 $2</ $+/#/ ,1$& 2%%&"1$ ,1
$+/,. 6,12( 3/%,#,&1 ,1 #,9,14 $+/ =7>#:
The pieIininaiy MIs sizing pioceduie is given leIov:
Slep 1: Idenlify lhe nain non-poinl souice (NIS) poIIulanls lhal vouId le geneialed ly lhe pioposed
deveIopnenl (TalIe 3.3).
Slep 2: Choose lhe MIs lesl suiled lo lhe laigel lhe NIS poIIulanls (Slep 1) and Ianduse (TalIe 3.5).
Slep 3: Choose lhe IeveI of liealnenl and ieduclion laigel iequiied foi lhe MIs (TalIe 1.4).
Slep 4: Woik oul lhe MIs aiea iequiied ly ieading lhe laigel poIIulanl ieduclion vaIue fion lhe Y-axis of lhe
ieIevanl chail. Then nove hoiizonlaIIy iighl and neel lhe cuive of lhe laigel poIIulanl. Then nove
veilicaIIy dovn and iead lhe MIs/Calchnenl Inpeivious Aiea ialio in peicenlage () fion lhe
appiopiiale chail in Iiguie 3.1. Lslinale lhe MIs aiea ly nuIlipIying lhe MIs/Calchnenl
Inpeivious Aiea ialio ly lhe eslinaled inpeivious aiea (in ha) of lhe calchnenl and dividing ly 1OO. If
lhe inpeivious aiea is nol avaiIalIe, a ieIevanl iunoff coefficienl (TalIe 2.6) appiopiiale foi lhe laigel
Ianduse can le used inslead of lhe inpeiviousness ().
Slep 5: Choose lhe appiopiiale Iayoul pIans and guideIine diaving(s) and foi lhe pioposed MIs.
Slep 6: CoIIale lhe iesuIls and sulnil lhe infoinalion lo lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily foi iniliaI appiovaI.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-8 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

a) SvaIe

l) Walei QuaIily Iond
Iiguie 3.1: IoIIulanl Reduclion Cuives (Adapled fion MeIlouine Walei, 2OO5 and Daivin Hailoui, 2OO9)

O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
SvaIe Aiea as Ieicenlage of Conliiluling Inpeivious Aiea
TSS TN TI
O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
1OO
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O 3.5 4.O 4.5 5.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
TSS TN TI
Walei QuaIily Iond Aiea as Ieicenlage of Conliiluling Inpeivious Aiea
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-9

c) WelIands

Iiguie 3.1: IoIIulanl Reduclion Cuives (Adapled fion MeIlouine Walei, 2OO5 and Daivin Hailoui, 2OO9)

O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O 3.5 4.O 4.5 5.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
WelIand Aiea as Ieicenlage of Conliiluling Inpeivious Aiea
TSS TN TI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-1O 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
'&3&'&2!&0
1. Aneiican IelioIeun Inslilule, AII, (199O). 085)9& 2&' O@8<2*)+& +H O)3PN2*8< "8@2<2*+<5, IulIicalion 421.
2. Cily of Knox (2OO2). N2*8< "8&5)*)?8 Q<I2& 085)9& K7)'83)&85 H+< *>8 A)*4 +H R&+S. Muiphy Design Cioup and
KLM DeveIopnenl ConsuIlanls. Cily of Knox, AusliaIia.
3. Daivin Hailoui (2OO9). N2*8< "8&5)*)?8 Q<I2& 085)9& L8=>&)=23 085)9& K7)'83)&85. Daivin, AusliaIia.
4. Hazen, A. (19O4). O& "8');8&*2*)+&. Tians. ASCL 53:45-88.
5. Landcon (2OO4). N2*8< "8&5)*)?8 Q<I2& 085)9& "*<2*894. Sydney, AusliaIia.
6. Li, H. and Davis, A.I. (2OO9). N2*8< 6723)*4 1;@<+?8;8&* *><+79> F8'7=*)+&5 +H C+337*2&* G+2'5 75)&9
J)+<8*8&*)+&. }ouinaI of LnviionnenlaI Lngineeiing, 135(8): 567-576.
7. MeIlouine Walei (2OO5). N"Q0 (&9)&88<)&9 C<+=8'7<85T "*+<;M2*8<. Adopled foi WSUD Lngineeiing
Iioceduies foi Sloinvalei Managenenl in Soulhein Tasnania, AusliaIia.
8. MelcaIf & Lddy Inc. (1979). N25*8M2*8< (&9)&88<)&9U A+338=*)+&U L<82*;8&*U 0)5@+523, McCiav-HiII ook
Conpany, Nev Yoik.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-11
#$$&2/-T )5# &T#4$,& U $7,,+%-72 ,7#/ 3'74 4+,%-$,& ,#2/+0&0
IiolIen:
Deleinine lhe annuaI poIIulion Ioading (in lonnes/yi) geneialed fion a 753.28 ha nixed deveIopnenl aiea
Iocaled in upsliean of Sg. uIoh calchnenl shovn in Iiguie 3.A1. The nean annuaI iainfaII foi lhe calchnenl is
285O nn.

Iiguie 3.A1: Calchnenl Aiea foi lhe CaIcuIalion of IoIIulion Load
SoIulion:


TalIe 2.5
Lqualion 2.4

TalIe 3.2
Lqualion 3.2

Slep 1: Cel lhe nean annuaI iainfaII (MAR) dala foi lhe calchnenl (in
lhis case, 285O nn) and nuIlipIy vilh lhe coiiesponding
iunoff coefficienl lo caIcuIale lhe annuaI iunoff fion each
Ianduse.

Slep 2: Iick lhe LMC vaIues foi each poIIulanl coiiesponding lo lhe
Ianduse and use Lqualion 3.2 lo caIcuIale lhe poIIulanl
Ioading. The iesuIls aie sunnaiised in TalIe 3.A1.

TalIe 3.A1

TalIe 3.A1

IndusliiaI (124 ha)
Tanan Ieiindusliian Tago
ResidenliaI (114.54 ha)
Tanan Wangsa Ieinai
IndusliiaI (1O4.15 ha)
Tanan Ieiindusliian KII
ConneiciaI (26.18 ha)
andai Dii Danansaia
ResidenliaI (86.5 ha)
andai ManjaIaia
Sg. uIoh
Roads and Highvays
(3O.39 ha)
Legends:
Calchnenl oundaiy
Landuse oundaiy
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-12 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

Slep 3: CaIcuIale lhe lolaI annuaI poIIulion Ioad foi TSS, TI and TN in
lonne pei yeai.
They aie sunned as foIIovs:
TSS = TSS fion ResidenliaI + Indusliy + ConneiciaI + Road and
Highvay
= 1299.O7 + 971.44 + 81.93 + 65.84
SiniIaiIy
TI = 3.45 + 2.87 + O.22 + O.13

TN = 42.73 + 29.26 + 3.25 + 1.85

=

=

=

2418.28
lonne/yeai
6.67
lonne/yeai
77.O9
lonne/yeai

TalIe 3.A1: CaIcuIalion of IoIIulion Loading fion Vaiious Calchnenls
Landuse Aiea (ha)
VoIuneliic
Runoff
Coefficienl
(A
?
)
IoIIulanl
LMC
(ng/L)
AnnuaI Runoff
(nn)
AnnuaI Loading
(kg/yeai) (lonne/yeai)
ResidenliaI

TSS 128

1299O73 1299.O7
468.56
O.76*
TI O.34
2166
3451 3.45

TN 4.21

42727 42.73

TSS 166

97144O 971.44
Indusliy 228.15
O.9O
TI O.49
2565
2868 2.87

TN 5.OO

2926O 29.26

TSS 122

81925 81.93
ConneiciaI 26.18
O.9O
TI O.32
2565
215 O.22

TN 4.84

325O 3.25
Roads and

TSS 8O

65837 65.84
Highvays 3O.39
O.95
TI O.16
27O8
132 O.13

TN 2.25 1852 1.85
* Aiea-veighled aveiage voIuneliic iunoff coefficienl foi lhe iesidenliaI aieas (using TalIe 2.5 and
Lqualion 2.4).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-13
#$$&2/-T )5P &T#4$,& U $'&,-4-2#'. 0-S-21 73 E#%&' *+#,-%. $72/
IiolIen:
Lslinale lhe pieIininaiy size of a valei quaIily pond iequiied lo ieduce lhe TSS, TN and TI ly 8O, 35 and
4O, iespecliveIy fion lhe iesidenliaI aiea (Tanan Wangsa Ieinai, 114.54 ha), as given in LxanpIe 3.A (Iiguie
3.A1). The aveiage iunoff coefficienl of lhe aiea is O.55, vhich vas caIcuIaled lased on lhe acluaI
inpeiviousness of lhe nixed deveIopnenl iesidenliaI aiea (e.g. ungaIov, Link House and Open Spaces).
SoIulion:


Iiguie
3.1l

Slep 1 - CaIcuIale lhe conliiluling inpeivious aiea as O.55 x 114.54 ha

Slep 2 - Idenlify lhe peicenlage of poIIulanl needed lo le ienoved ly lhe pioposed
pond and diav lhe hoiizonlaI Iines as shovn leIov:
Slep 3 - Deleinine lhe ialio of Iond Aiea/Conliiluling Inpeivious Aiea ialio
in , fion lhe X-axis as shovn alove, vhich aie:
Ioi TSS
Ioi TN
Ioi TI

Slep 4 - Nov lhe pieIininaiy pond aiea nusl le deleinined lased on lhe naxinun
aiea iequiied vhich is 4.95 foi lhe TN ienovaI.
Theiefoie, lhe valei quaIily pond aiea shouId le,

(4.95 x 63 ha) /1OO

=

=
=
=

=

63 ha

1.7
4.95
2.O

3.12 ha.
O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
1OO
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O 3.5 4.O 4.5 5.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
Walei QuaIily Iond Aiea as Ieicenlage of Conliiluling Inpeivious
Aiea
TSS TN TI
TSS
TI
TN
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-14 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235
Access Road
Calchnenl oundaiy
Aiea (14.46 ha)
Inpeiviousness=75
Iiinaiy
OulIel
Secondaiy OulIel
(SpiIIvay)
S
v
a
I
e
S
v
a
I
e
S
v
a
I
e
S
v
a
I
e
#$$&2/-T )5! &T#4$,& U $'&,-4-2#'. 0-S-21 73 %'&#%4&2% %'#-2
IiolIen:
Lslinale lhe pieIininaiy sizes of a MIs liealnenl liain using svaIe, velIands and valei quaIily pond shovn
in Iiguie 3.C1, lo ieduce TSS ly 8O fion a iesidenliaI sulcalchnenl, Tanan ukil Rahnan Iulia Iocaled in
Uppei Sg. uIoh Calchnenl, vilh an aiea of 14.46 ha (Iiguie 3.C1). The aveiage conliiluling inpeiviousness of
lhe iesidenliaI aiea is 75.

Iiguie 3.C1: Layoul of lhe Iioposed of MIs Tiealnenl Tiain

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235 3-15
SoIulion:

TalIe 3.3
and 3.4

Iiguie 3.1a

Iiguie 3.1c

Iiguie 3.1l

Slep 1: Assuning TSS ienovaI vilhin lhe liealnenl liain is disliiluled as
foIIovs :
SvaIe (4O) WelIands (1O) Walei QuaIily Iond (3O)
Slep 2: Top vidlhs of lhe svaIes aie assuned lo le 3 n vide, incIuding lhe
diainage ieseives lhal acl as luffei sliip. Nov lhe lolaI aiea of lhe svaIes
iequiied lo ienove 4O of lhe TSS can le deleinined using Iiguie 3.1a, vhich
is shovn leIov:
So, lhe lolaI svaIe aiea iequiied is O.3O of lhe conliiluling inpeivious aiea,
= O.3O/1OO x 14.46 x O.75 = O.O33 ha
SvaIe Ienglh (foi vidlh 3n)
Slep 3: The nexl slep is lo eslinale lhe size of velIand lo ienove 1O of lhe
TSS. A pieIininaiy size of lhe velIand is eslinaled fion lhe Iiguie 3.1 (c). The
iequiied velIand aiea lo ienove 1O of lhe TSS is O.2O, i.e.
WelIands aiea = O.2O/1OO x 14.46 x O.75 = O.O22 ha
The aiea is divided inlo lvo unils of velIands, as shovn in Iiguie 3.C1. One is
foi shaIIov pooI (1OO n
2
) and lhe olhei is foi deep pooI (12O n
2
) vilh
sulneiged naciophyles.
Slep 4: The ienaining 3O of lhe TSS needed lo neel lhe ienovaI laigel of 8O
viII le ienoved ly lhe valei quaIily pond, vhich is lhe Iasl conponenl of lhe
pioposed liealnenl liain MIs. IieIininaiy size of lhe pond is eslinaled fion
lhe Iiguie 3.1 (l). The iequiied valei quaIily pond aiea lo ienove 3O of lhe
TSS is O.18, i.e.
Walei quaIily pond aiea = O.18/1OO x 14.46 x O.75 = O.O2O ha

=
=

=

=

33O n
2

11O n

22O n
2

2OOn
2

O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
SvaIe Aiea as Ieicenlage of Conliiluling Inpeivious Aiea
TSS TN TI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

3-16 6723)*4 085)9& :7&'2;8&*235

Sunnaiy and fIov of lhe eslinaled MIs sizes aie as foIIovs:
SvaIe (33On
2
) WelIand 1 (1OOn
2
) WelIand 2 (12On
2
) Walei QuaIily
Iond (2OOn
2
)

O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O 3.5 4.O 4.5
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
TSS TN TI
O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
1OO
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O 3.5 4.O 4.5 5.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
TSS TN

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!
ROOF AND PROPERTY DRAINAGE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd
|di|icn. 2012 [ D|D Ma|aqsia
4-i
!"#$%&' ) '**+ #,- $'*$&'%. -'#/,#0&
4.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 4-1
4.2 ROOI DRAINACL SYSTLM ........................................................................................... 4-1
4.3 ROOI DRAINACL DLSICN IROCLDURL .................................................................. 4-2
4.3.1 Calchnenl Aiea ................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.2 Design Aveiage Recuiience InleivaIs .............................................................. 4-2
4.3.3 Dischaige Lslinalion .......................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.4 Design of Laves Culleis and Dovnpipes ........................................................ 4-4
4.3.5 Design of VaIIey Culleis .................................................................................... 4-5
4.3.6 Design of ox Culleis and Dovnpipes ............................................................ 4-6
4.4 IROILRTY DRAINACL .................................................................................................. 4-8
4.4.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 4-8
4.4.2 Design Aveiage Recuiience InleivaIs .............................................................. 4-9
4.4.3 Diainage lo lhe Reai of Iiopeilies .................................................................... 4-9
4.4.4 Diainage on HiIIside Aiea .................................................................................. 4-9
4.4.5 Diainage lhiough IulIic Reseives .................................................................... 4-1O
4.4.6 Rainvalei Haivesling and Delenlion ............................................................... 4-1O
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 4-11
AIILNDIX 4.A DLSICN CHARTS ............................................................................................ 4-13
AIILNDIX 4. LXAMILL - LAVLS CUTTLRS ...................................................................... 4-17
AIILNDIX 4.C LXAMILL - OX CUTTLRS ........................................................................... 4-19

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Rccf and Prcpcr|q Drainagc 4-1

)12 /,%'*-3!%/*,
Iiopeily diainage iefeis lo lhe syslens lhal liansfei iunoff fion ioofs, paved aieas and olhei suifaces of a
pienise lo a suilalIe oulIel oi disposaI faciIily. The syslen invoIves gulleis, dovnpipes, diains, pipes, svaIes
and sloiage and liealnenl faciIilies. TypicaI piopeily diainage conponenls foi iesidenliaI and indusliiaI
pienises aie shovn in Iiguie 4.1.
LocaI aulhoiilies nay pIace Iinilalions on lhe anounl of sloinvalei lhal can le diained lo slieels oi liunk
diainage syslens, in oidei lo ieduce fIooding and poIIulion. In lhese cases il is lhe iesponsiliIily of lhe
piopeily ovnei lo piovide infiIlialion oi on-sile delenlion faciIilies.
OveifIov
Dovnpipe
Iil
Inlei-aIIolnenl
Dovnpipe
Laves Cullei
Sunp and
InleinaI
SulsoiI Diain
Slieel Iil
S
l
i
e
e
l
D
i
a
in Slieel
O
v
e
iIa
n
d
I
Io
v I
ip
e
Rainhead
ox Cullei
Laves Cullei
Dovnpipe
Diain
VaIIey
Indusliy
Cullei
House

Iiguie 4.1: TypicaI Iiopeily Diainage Conponenls
)14 '**+ -'#/,#0& 5.5%&6
Roof diainage syslens aie Iocaled al lhe lop of piopeily diainage syslens. ecause lhe aieas aie usuaIIy snaII
and lheie aie fevei conpIicalions, ioof diainage can le designed using sinpIei nelhods lhan lhose enpIoyed
al Iaigei scaIe diainage. This chaplei appIies lo lhose luiIdings vheie ioof diainage is specified foi ieasons of
iunoff conveyance and coIIeclion lo sloiage/delenlion faciIilies as veII as foi confoil and safely of occupanls
and lhe pioleclion of lhe luiIding sliucluie. The iuIes aIso appIy lo aII inhaliled luiIdings as veII as indusliiaI
luiIdings and vaiehouses.
The nelhods given in lhis seclion aie lased on lhe AusliaIian/ Nev ZeaIand Slandaid (AS/NZS 35OO.3, 2OO3),
adapled foi MaIaysian condilions. Laves gulleis aie Iocaled on lhe oulside of a luiIding vhiIe lox gulleis and
vaIIey gulleis aie Iocaled vilhin lhe pIan aiea of lhe luiIding and lhe inleisecling sIoping suifaces of a ioof
iespecliveIy (Iiguie 4.2).

a) Laves l) ox
Iiguie 4.2: Roof Culleis
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

4-2 Rccf and Prcpcr|q Drainagc

)17 '**+ -'#/,#0& -&5/0, $'*!&-3'&
)1712 !89:;<=>9 #?=8
The design appioach foi diainage of ioofs is lo deleinine lhe Iayouls and sizes of conponenls, and lhen lo
anaIyse lheii lehavioui in one oi noie design sloins lhal viII lesl lhe adequacy of lhe syslen.
The design pioceduie heiein foIIovs AS/NZS 35OO.3 in iecognising lhal vind causes lhe iain lo sIope, ciealing
a hoiizonlaI conponenl of iainfaII, vhich lecones significanl on veilicaI vaIIs oi sIoping ioofs. The diieclion
of vind lhal iesuIls in lhe naxinun ioof calchnenl aiea shouId le seIecled. Il is nol sufficienl lo considei onIy
lhe diieclion of pievaiIing vinds. A naxinun iainfaII sIope of 2 veilicaI lo 1 hoiizonlaI is assuned. The ioof
calchnenl aiea (A
c
) eslinales, lased on Iiguie 4.3, aie given leIov:
Ioi singIe sIoping ioof fuIIy exposed lo vind

2
A
A A
t
n c
+ = (4.1)
vheie lhe neaning of leins is as shovn in Iiguie 4.3. If lhe ioof is pailIy shieIded ly anolhei vaII, lhe nel
veilicaI aiea A
t
is lhe aiea seen ly Iooking in lhe sane diieclion as lhe vind. The foIIoving foinuIa is used
) A - (A
2
1
+ A = A
1 2
t t n c
(4.2)
Ioi lhe lvo adjacenl sIoping ioofs
) A - (A
2
1
+ A + A = A
1 2 2 1
t t n n c
(4.3)
Roofs of Iaigei luiIdings nay have conpIex aiiangenenls of calchnenls and diainage syslens. Wheie il is
difficuIl lo define calchnenls, a conseivalive appioach shouId le adopled, assuning lhe Iaigesl possilIe
calchnenls.
)1714 -=@AB> #C=?8B= '=:D??=>:= />9=?C8E@
Roof diainage shaII use lhe ARIs sel oul in TalIe 4.1. The ciilicaI sloin duialion of 5 ninules shouId le
adopled foi aII ioofs unIess speciaI ciicunslances juslify a Iongei duialion.

TalIe 4.1: Design ARIs foi Roof Diainage
Iiopeily Type Laves Culleis VaIIey and ox Culleis
AII luiIdings 2O yeai ARI 1OO yeai ARI
Noles :
1. If valei can fIov lack inlo lhe luiIding, lhen oveifIov neasuies aie iequiied
2. A highei design ARI shaII le adopled foi luiIdings Iocaled on hiIIside aiea

)1717 -A@:;8?B= &@9A<89AF>
The 5 ninule duialion 2O, 5O and 1OO yeai ARI iainfaII inlensilies foi lhe pailicuIai Iocalion aie ollained fion
lhe shoil-duialion iainfaII IDI nelhod in Chaplei 2, appIied al lhe pailicuIai sile. If speciaI ciicunslances
juslify lhe use of a Iongei line of concenlialion, lhe iainfaII inlensily foi lhis line of concenlialion shaII le
deiived using lhe nelhods sel oul in Chaplei 2.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


2
1
(a) SingIe SIoping Roof IieeIy Lxposed lo lhe Wind
2
1
(l) SingIe SIoping Roof IailiaIIy Lxposed lo lhe Wind
(c) Tvo Adjacenl SIoping Roofs
AngIe of Descenl of Rain
1
At
2
At
At A
n
A
n
At
At
2
2
1
R
o
o
f
R
o
o
f
R
o
o
f
AngIe of Descenl of Rain
A
c
At
!
2
1
A
n
A
n
1
2

Iiguie 4.3: SIoped Roof Calchnenl Aiea ReIalionships
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


The ioof fIov pioduced ly lhe design iainfaII shaII le caIcuIaled using lhe RalionaI Melhod, vilh iunoff
coefficienl C = 1.O, vhich can le expiessed ly lhe foIIoving foin:
36OO
=
c
A . i
Q (4.4)
vheie,
Q = Ieak fIov (L/s),
i = RainfaII inlensily (nn/hi), and
A
c
= Roof calchnenl aiea diaining lo a dovnpipe (n
2
).
)171) -=@AB> FG &8C=@ 0D99=?@ 8>H -FI>JAJ=@
Ioi a sinpIe sIoping (galIed) ioof, lhe eaves gullei (Iiguie 4.4) shouId sIope fion one end lo lhe dovnpipe
Iocalion al lhe olhei end.
ShingIes
IaneI inslaIIed undei
lop Iayei of shingIe
Iascia loaid
Soffil
Cullei
Dovnpipe

Iiguie 4.4: Cioss Seclion of Laves Cullei
The pioceduie foi lhe design of an eaves gullei is as foIIovs:
- Deleinine lhe calchnenl aiea lo each dovnpipe,
- Deleinine lhe design 5 ninule duialion, 2O yeai ARI iainfaII inlensily, and
- Choose lhe gullei size fion Design Chail 4.A1.
To piovide adequale faII and nininise lhe iisk of ponding, lhe nininun giadienl of an eaves gullei shaII le
1:5OO.
The nininun cioss-seclionaI size of an eaves gullei shaII le 4,OOOnn
2
vhiIe lhe noinaI naxinun 22,OOOnn
2
.
If caIcuIalions indicale lhal a Iaigei size is iequiied, il is piefeialIe lo piovide noie dovnpipes ialhei lhan
incieasing lhe gullei size.
The iequiied size of eaves gullei shaII le deleinined fion Design Chail 4.A1. This Chail is deiived fion
Manning's foinuIa vilh 'n' = O.O16 and S = 1/5OO. This is a sinpIified nelhod lecause lhe effecl of vaiying
fIov deplh is negIecled. When appIying lhe design chail, A
c
is lhe calchnenl aiea diaining lo a singIe
dovnpipe.
Dovnpipe size is lhen deleinined fion TalIe 4.2 lo nalch lhe eaves gullei size. Dovnpipes nay le eilhei
ieclanguIai oi ciicuIai. Nole lhal foi a given ioof calchnenl aiea, lhe size of dovnpipe viII le lhe sane
iiiespeclive of lhe sIope of lhe eaves gullei.
If lhe Iisled size is nol avaiIalIe, an aIleinalive dovnpipe vilh equaI oi giealei cioss-seclionaI aiea lhan lhal
shovn nay le sulsliluled.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


TalIe 4.2: Requiied Size of Dovnpipe foi Laves Cullei (AS/NZS 35OO.3, 2OO3)
Laves Cullei Size
(nn
2
)
Mininun NoninaI Size of Dovnpipe (nn)
CiicuIai ReclanguIai
4,OOO
75

4,2OO 65 x 5O
4,6OO
4,8OO
85
75 x 5O
5,9OO
6,4OO
9O
1OO x 5O
6,6OO
6,7OO
1OO
75 x 7O
8,2OO
9,6OO
125
1OO x 75
12,8OO 1OO x 1OO
16,OOO
15O
125 x 1OO
18,4OO
19,2OO 15O x 1OO
2O,OOO Nc| app|icao|c 125 x 125
22,OOO 15O x 125

)171K -=@AB> FG L8EE=M 0D99=?@
VaIIey gulleis aie Iocaled lelveen lhe sIoping ioof seclions of a hipped ioof (see Iiguie 4.1). The foIIoving
poinls shouId le noled vhen designing syslens incoipoialing vaIIey gulleis:
- VaIIey gulleis shouId end al lhe high poinl of an eaves gullei, and
- The dischaige fion a vaIIey gullei does nol fIov equaIIy inlo lolh eaves gulleis. Theiefoie lhe designei
shouId aIIov al Ieasl 2O excess capacily in lhe sizing of lhe eaves gulleis.
The piofiIe of a vaIIey gullei is shovn in Iiguie 4.5.
We
he
Side AngIe
h
f

Iiguie 4.5: IiofiIe of a VaIIey Cullei
The sizing guideIines in TalIe 4.3 aie vaIid foi lhe foIIoving condilions:
- Roof sIope of nol Iess lhan 12.5,
- The noninaI side angIe of vaIIey gulleis is 16.5, and
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


Cullei oaids
Roof Iianing
ox Cullei
High Ioinl
Roofing
MaleiiaI
Roofing
allen
- The calchnenl aiea shaII nol exceed 2On
2
.
The pioceduie foi lhe design of a vaIIey gullei is as foIIovs:
- SeIecl lhe ARI,
- Deleinine lhe design 5 ninule duialion, 1OO yeai ARI iainfaII inlensily, and
- Choose lhe giilh size and dinensions fion TalIe 4.3.
TalIe 4.3: Mininun Dinensions foi VaIIey Culleis

Design RainfaII
Inlensily
(nn/hi)
Mininun Dinension (nn)
Sheel
Widlh
Lffeclive
Deplh (h
e
)
Lffeclive
Widlh (W
e
)
s 2OO 355 32 215
2O1 - 25O 375 35 234
251 - 3OO 395 38 254
3O1 - 35O 415 4O 273
351 - 4OO 435 43 292
> 4OO 455 45 311
Noles:
1. Iieeloaid (h
f
) = 15 nn
2. The sheel vidlh fion vhich lhe vaIIey is lo le foined
has leen caIcuIaled on lhe lasis of h
f
= 15 nn and an
aIIovance foi side ioIIs oi lends of 25 nn.

)171N -=@AB> FG OFP 0D99=?@ 8>H -FI>JAJ=@
ox gulleis aie Iocaled vilhin a luiIding pIan aiea (Iiguie 4.6). Culleis adjacenl lo a vaII oi paiapel shaII le
designed as lox gulleis. The nain piincipIe in lhe design of lox gulleis is lo avoid lhe polenliaI foi lIockages,
vhich vouId pievenl lhe fiee iunoff of ioof valei, and possilIy cause valei lo enlei lhe luiIding. The design
ciileiia of lox gullei aie as lhe foIIovings:
- ox gulleis nusl le sliaighl (no lends),
- Cioss-seclion shape nusl have a conslanl lase vidlh and veilicaI sides,
- LongiludinaI sIope nusl le lelveen 1:2OO and 1:4O. Changes in sIope aie nol peinilled, and
- The gullei nusl dischaige diieclIy inlo a iainhead oi sunp al lhe dovnsliean end vilhoul change of
diieclion.

Iiguie 4.6: ox Cullei
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd
Rccf anf Prcpcr|q Drainagc 4-7
ox gulleis aie connecled lo eilhei iainheads oi sunps vilh oveifIov devices. The nininun vidlh of lox
gulleis foi conneiciaI oi indusliiaI consliuclion is 3OOnn. Ioi iesidenliaI consliuclion, a nininun vidlh of
2OO nn is peinilled lul such gulleis aie noie pione lo lIockage and shouId le suljecl lo noie fiequenl
inspeclion and nainlenance.
The pioceduie foi design of a lox gullei is as foIIovs:
- Deleinine lhe calchnenl aiea diaining lo each dovnpipe (Lqualion 4.1),
- Deleinine lhe design 5 ninule duialion, 1OO yeai ARI iainfaII inlensily,
- SeIecl lhe vidlh and sIope of lhe lox gullei lo suil lhe luiIding Iayoul, and
- Read off lhe nininun deplh of lhe lox gullei fion Design Chail 4.A3. This nininun deplh nusl le
used foi lhe fuII Ienglh of lhe lox gullei. If a sIoping lox gullei is luiIl vilh a hoiizonlaI lop edge foi
aichilecluiaI ieasons, lhe nininun deplh iequiienenl sliII appIies. When appIying lhe design chail, lhe
calchnenl aiea ollained is foi diaining lo a singIe dovnpipe.
)171N12 '8A>;=8H@ 8>H -FI>JAJ=@
ox gulleis shaII dischaige via a iainhead oi sunp, lo a dovnpipe. The iequiied size of dovnpipe fion a lox
gullei is deleinined fion Design Chail 4.A3 (AS/NZS 35OO.3, 2OO3). The sizing piincipIe is lo Iinil lhe
naxinun capacily of lhe dovnpipe in oidei lo pievenl sIugs of unslalIe fIov. The giaph does nol peinil veiy
deep, oi veiy shaIIov iainheads. The nininun deplh of valei in lhe iainhead is Iiniled lo aloul haIf of lhe
dianelei of lhe dovnpipe. Alove lhis deplh, oiifice fIov condilions appIy. A slandaid iainhead is shovn in
Iiguie 4.7. Il incIudes an oveifIov lo safeIy dischaige fIov fion lhe lox gullei even if lhe dovnpipe is
lIocked. The design fIov of a iainhead shaII nol exceed 16 L/s.
i
i
i
a
h -25
L
h
h
Rainhead
Dovnpipe
ox Cullei
OveifIov

Iiguie 4.7: TypicaI Rainhead
AIso designeis aie lo olseive lhe foIIovings:-
- Widlh of iainhead is equaI lo lhe vidlh of lox gullei. The iainhead nusl le seaIed lo lhe lox gullei,
- The deplh of a iainhead, h
i
nusl le al Ieasl 1.25 x equivaIenl dianelei of a ieclanguIai dovnpipe (h
i
>
1.25D
c
) oi 1.25 x inleinaI dianelei of a ciicuIai dovnpipe (h
i
> 1.25D
i
).
- Theie is an oveifIov veii al a Iovei IeveI lhan lhe soIe of lhe lox gullei, and
- The iainhead lo le fuIIy sealed lo lhe lox gullei and lhe fionl of lhe iainhead Iefl open alove lhe oveifIov
veii.

)171N14 5D<J@
Sunps aie Iocaled al lhe Iov poinl of a lox gullei, vhich sIopes lovaids lhe sunp in lolh diieclions. A
slandaid sunp is shovn in Iiguie 4.8. AII sunps nusl le piovided vilh an oveifIov lo pievenl oveilopping of
lhe lox gullei even if lhe dovnpipe is lIocked. Tvo lypes of oveifIov devices aie peinilled foi use
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

a) Sidc Otcrf|cu Dcticc
This device is shovn in Iiguie 4.8. This design has leen in use voiId-vide foi nany yeais. Il is onIy suilalIe
foi lox gulleis, vhich iun paiaIIeI and adjacenl lo a paiapel vaII.
Dovnpipe
OveifIov Ducl oi ChanneI
WaII
Sunp
ox Cullei

Iiguie 4.8: TypicaI Sunp and Side OveifIov

o) Hign Capaci|q Otcrf|cu Dcticc
As shovn in Iiguie 4.9 lhis device design is deveIoped in AusliaIia (}ones and KIoli, 1999). Il is anlicipaled lhal
fuilhei ieseaich viII le conducled inlo deveIoping oveifIov devices suilalIe foi MaIaysian condilions.

ox Cullei
OveifIov
Dovnpipe
NoinaI Dovnpipe
Sunp
OveifIov
ChanneI
Secondaiy Sunp
OveifIov Weiis

Iiguie 4.9: Sunp vilh AIleinalive OveifIov Devices

)1) $'*$&'%. -'#/,#0&
)1)12 0=>=?8E
The diainage syslen pioposed vilhin aIIolnenls depends upon lhe lopogiaphy, lhe inpoilance of lhe
deveIopnenl and lhe consequences of faiIuie. The diainage syslens coIIecl valei fion ioofs (via dovnpipes),
suifaces of aieas aiound luiIdings, and fIovs onlo lhe piopeily fion adjacenl aIIolnenls in najoi sloin.
In aieas vilh suilalIe soiIs and valei lalIe condilions, sloinvalei nay le infiIlialed diieclIy inlo lhe soiI,
ialhei leing diiecled lo lhe slieel diainage syslen (Chaplei 8).
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

)1)14 -=@AB> #C=?8B= '=:D??=>:= />9=?C8E@
LIenenls in lhe piopeily diainage syslens shaII le designed lo conlain fIovs fion ninoi sloin evenls of ARI
nol Iess lhan lhal specified in TalIe 4.4.
The piopeily diainage syslens shaII le designed lo ensuie lhal oveifIovs in a najoi sloin evenl do nol
piesenl a hazaid lo peopIe oi cause significanl danage lo piopeily.

TalIe 4.4: Mininun Design ARIs foi Iiopeily Diainage

Lffecl of Suichaige and OveiIand IIov
ARI
(yeais)
SnaII inpacl, in Iov densily aiea 1
NoinaI inpacls 2
Ionding in fIal lopogiaphy, oi fIooding of paiking Iols lo
deplhs giealei lhan 15O nn
1O
Inpeded access lo conneiciaI and indusliiaI luiIding 1O
Ionding againsl adjoining luiIdings, oi inpeded access
lo inslilulionaI oi inpoilanl luiIdings (e.g., hospilaIs,
haIIs, schooI enliances)
2O

)1)17 -?8A>8B= 9F 9;= '=8? FG $?FJ=?9A=@
Wheie lhe naluiaI giound IeveI does nol peinil diainage ly giavily lo lhe slieel diain oi gullei, il viII le
necessaiy lo eilhei fiII lhe sile lo ollain a faII lo lhe slieel, oi aIleinaliveIy, lo piovide a piped diain lhiough an
adjoining piivale piopeily oi piopeilies, lo dischaige lhe iunoff fion lhe sile ly giavily.
Requiienenls foi piped diainage in piivaleIy ovned Iols aie sel oul in Chaplei 15. Open diains shaII nol le
peinilled al lhe ieai of piivale Iols lecause lhey aie difficuIl lo nainlain.
Any piped diain in piivale piopeily, vhich seives an adjoining piopeily, shaII le piolecled ly a diainage
easenenl. Such easenenls shaII le fiee of any luiIding encioachnenls, incIuding eaves fooling and shaII
conlain a singIe pipe onIy. IuII delaiIs of any pioposed easenenl is lo le sulnilled lo lhe ieguIaloiy aulhoiily
foi appiovaI and lhis easenenl shaII le iegisleied vilh lhe aulhoiily piioi lo ieIease of lhe luiIding pIans.
)1)1) -?8A>8B= F> "AEE@AH= #?=8
In connon piaclice, aIlhough lhe ioofs of luiIdings aie designed lo coIIecl sloin valei, lheie is no piovision lo
effecliveIy diain lhen lo lhe peiinelei diain suiiounding lhe luiIdings. The concenlialed iunoff fion lhe ioof
eaves is sonelines nuch highei lhan lhe diiecl inpacl due lo iainvalei and lhis can cause giound eiosion.
uiIdings in vhich ioof gulleis aie onilled shaII nol le peinilled in hiIIside aieas. This lype of ioof diainage
vouId have unacceplalIe consequences in lein of concenlialed iunoff on polenliaIIy unslalIe hiII sIopes.
The 2O yeai ARI slandaid foi ioof eaves gulleis (TalIe 4.1) shouId le incieased lo 5O yeai ARI in hiIIside aieas.
The slandaid foi lox gulleis is goveined ly olhei faclois, and does nol change.
IiopeiIy designed gulleis nusl le piovided lo coIIecl sloinvalei fion lhe ioof and convey il lo lhe foinaI
piopeily diainage syslen, eilhei open diains oi pipes. As a geneiaI piincipIe, il is desiialIe lo diieclIy connecl
aII significanl inpeivious aieas lo lhe Iined diainage syslen.
Iiopeily diainage shaII le inslaIIed al oi leIov giound IeveI, lo naxinise lhe inleiceplion of suiface iunoff.
The ciealion of ponding aieas due lo pooi giading of piopeily diainage is nol peinilled.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

4-1O Rccf and Prcpcr|q Drainagc
)1)1K -?8A>8B= 9;?FDB; $DQEA: '=@=?C=@
Wheie a Iov IeveI piopeily adjoins a pulIic ieseive, lhe consliuclion of diainage Iine lhiough lhe ieseive
geneiaIIy viII nol le peinilled and aIleinalive nelhods of diainage shouId le invesligaled, incIuding:
- consliuclion of a pipeIine lhiough an adjoining piivale piopeily, and
- a punp oul syslen.
Consliuclion of a diainage Iine lhiough a pulIic ieseive nay le peinilled ly lhe ieguIaloiy aulhoiily, onIy in
silualions vheie lhe appIicanl piovides salisfacloiy pioof lhal lhe aIleinalives have leen invesligaled and
found lo le inpiaclicaI.
Wheie diainage lhiough a pulIic ieseive is peinilled, lhe appIicanl is iequiied lo enlei inlo a Iicence
agieenenl vilh lhe ieguIaloiy aulhoiily, suljecl lo lhe paynenl of a one off Iicence fee undei lhe iespeclive
agieenenl coveiing any inslaIIalion, IegaI oi olhei cosls associaled vilh lhe piepaialion and execulion of lhe
Iicence agieenenls, logelhei vilh an anounl consideied appiopiiale lovaids lhe inpiovenenl of lhe
iespeclive ieseive.
Iipes on pulIic slieels and Iand lhal diain deveIopnenls aie peinilled, piovided lhal lhey aie luiIl lo lhe
appiovaI aulhoiilys slandaids and ovneiship is liansfeiied lo lhe aulhoiily. Il is nol peinilled vheie lhe
pioposed diainage syslen viII cause a confIicl vilh olhei diainage syslens oi seivices.
)1)1N '8A>I89=? "8?C=@9A>B 8>H -=9=>9AF>
Rainvalei lanks nay le piovided lo coIIecl fIov fion ioof and gullei syslens. These lanks can le used lo:
- piovide valei suppIies, and/oi
- piovide on-sile delenlion sloiage.
The design of iainvalei lanks foi valei suppIy is coveied in Chaplei 6 vhiIe lhe design of on-sile delenlion
sloiage in Chaplei 5. Nole lhal any lank voIune piovided foi delenlion is addi|icna| lo lhal sel aside foi valei
suppIy sloiage.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

'&+&'&,!&5
1. AS/NZS 35OO.3 (2OO3). Na|icna| P|unoing and Drainagc Ccdc Par| 3. S|crnua|cr Drainagc - Acccp|ao|c
Sc|u|icns. IulIished joinlIy ly Slandaids AusliaIia and Slandaids Nev ZeaIand.

2. }ones and KIli (1999). Hign Capaci|q Otcrf|cu Dcticc fcr |n|crna| 8cx Gu||crs cf Rccfs. 8
lh
InleinalionaI
Confeience on Uilan Sloinvalei Diainage (ICUSD), Sydney, AusliaIia.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

1OO.O
9O.O
8O.O
7O.O
6O.O
5O.O
4O.O
3O.O
2O.O
1O.O
O
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1O 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Design RainfaII Inlensily
(
2O
|
5
) oi (
1O
|
1O
), nn/hi (TypicaI)
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
1
2
O
1
4
O
1
6
O
1
8
O
2
O
O
2
2
5
2
5
O
3
O
O
3
5
O
4
O
O
4
5
O
5
O
O
Lffeclive Cioss-SeclionaI Aiea of Laves Cullei, 1OOO nn
foi Ciadienls of 1:5OO and Sleepei
O.6 1.O 2.O 3.O 4.O 6.O 5.O
C
a
l
c
h
n
e
n
l

A
i
e
a

I
e
i

V
e
i
l
i
c
a
I

D
o
v
n
p
i
p
e

(
n
)
TolaI IIov in Laves Cullei (L/s)
2
7
5
#$$&,-/R )1# -&5/0, !"#'%5

Design Chail 4.A1: Sizing Laves Culleis foi Ciadienls 1:5OO and Sleepei
Noles:
1. This giaph assunes -
(a) An effeclive vidlh lo deplh ialio is aloul 2:1,
(l) A giadienl in lhe diieclion of fIov is 1:5OO oi sleepei,
(c) The Ieasl favouialIe posilioning of lhe dovnpipe and lends vilhin lhe gullei Ienglh,
(d) A cioss -seclion of haIf iound, quad, ogee oi squaie, and
(e) The oulIel lo a veilicaI dovnpipe is Iocaled cenliaIIy in lhe soIe of lhe eaves gullei.
2. The iequiied eaves gullei dischaige aieas do nol aIIov foi Ioss of valeivay due lo inleinaI liackels.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

TolaI IIov in Laves Cullei (L/s)
1OO.O
9O.O
8O.O
7O.O
6O.O
5O.O
4O.O
3O.O
2O.O
1O.O
O
C
a
l
c
h
n
e
n
l

A
i
e
a

I
e
i

V
e
i
l
i
c
a
I

D
o
v
n
p
i
p
e

(
n
)
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
1
2
O
1
4
O
1
6
O
1
8
O
2
O
O
2
2
5
2
5
O
3
O
O
3
5
O
4
O
O
4
5
O
5
O
O
(
2O
|
5
) oi (
1O
|
1O
), nn/hi (TypicaI)
4 5 6 7 8 9 1O 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2O 21 22 23 24
Lffeclive Cioss-Seclion Aiea of Laves Cullei, 1OOO nn
foi Ciadienls IIallei Than 1:5OO
O.6 1.O 2.O 3.O 4.O 6.O 5.O
2
7
5

Design Chail 4.A2: Sizing Laves Culleis foi Ciadienls IIallei lhan 1:5OO
Noles:
1. This giaph assunes-
(a) An effeclive vidlh lo deplh is a ialio of aloul 2:1,
(l) A giadienl in lhe diieclion of fIov fIallei lhan 1:5OO,
(c) The Ieasl favouialIe posilioning of lhe dovnpipe and lends vilhin lhe gullei Ienglh,
(d) A cioss -seclion oi haIf iound, quad, ogee oi squaie, and
(e) The oulIel lo a veilicaI dovnpipe is Iocaled cenliaIIy in lhe soIe of lhe eaves gullei.
2. The iequiied eaves gullei dischaige aieas do nol aIIov foi Ioss of valeivay due lo inleinaI liackels.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


2OO
13O 15O 17O
8O
1OO
12O
14O
16O
18O
6 1 7O 9O 11O 5 4 3 2 8 7
6 1 5 4 3 2 8 7 14 13 12 11 1O 9 15 16
17O 15O 13O 11O 9O
4OO
36O
32O
28O
24O
2OO
16O
12O
8O
4O
9 1O 11 12 13 14 15 16
4OO
36O
32O
28O
24O
2OO
16O
12O
8O
4O
8O
1OO
12O
14O
16O
18O
2OO
C
a
l
c
h
n
e
n
l

A
i
e
a

p
e
i

I
i
e
e
l
o
a
i
d

v
i
l
h
o
u
l

S
I
o
p
e

A
d
j
u
s
l
n
e
n
l

(
n
n
)
I
i
e
e
l
o
a
i
d

(

)

v
i
l
h
o
u
l

S
I
o
p
e

A
d
j
u
s
l
n
e
n
l

(
n
n
)
M
i
n
i
n
u
n

D
e
p
l
h

o
f

o
x

C
u
l
l
e
i

I
n
c
I
u
d
i
n
g
Mininun Deplh of ox Cullei
Dischaiging lo Rainhead
IncIuding Iieeloaid (h ) vilh
SIope Adjuslnenl (nn)
a
Mininun Deplh of ox Cullei
IncIuding Iieeloaid ( ) vilh
Dischaiging lo Rainhead
SIope Adjuslnenl (nn)
a
Design IIov (L/s)
5
O
1
O
O
1
5
O
2
O
O
2
5
0
3
O
O
3
5
O
4
O
O
4
5
O
5
O
O
A
6
O
O
5
2
5
4
5
O
3
7
5
3
O
O
2
O
O
1

:

2
O
O
1

:

1
5
O
1

:

1
O
O
1

:

4
O
C
- Ciadienl of lox gullei (lypicaI)
- Design iainfaII inlensily ( ) oi ( ) in nn/hi (lypicaI)
- Widlh of lox gullei in nn (lypicaI)
A
C
LLCLND :
Design IIov (L/s)
C
a
l
c
h
n
e
n
l

A
i
e
a

p
e
i

h
1OO
I
5
5O
I
1O
D
o
v
n
p
i
p
e

(
n
)
D
o
v
n
p
i
p
e

(
n
)
h
a
M
i
n
i
n
u
n

D
e
p
l
h

o
f

C
u
l
l
e
i
,

(
h
a
)

i
n
c
I
u
d
i
n
g

Design Chail 4.A3: Sizing a IieeIy Dischaiging ox Cullei

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

TolaI Deplh of
ox Cullei (h ) al
a
3
2
O
4
O
6
O
8
O
1
O
O
1
2
O
1
4
O
1
6
O
1
8
O
2
O
O
2
2
O
2
4
O
2
6
O
2
8
O
3
O
O
3
2
O
3
4
O
3
6
O
3
8
O
4
O
O
4
2
O
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
8O
12O
16O
2OO
24O
28O
O
2
O
4
O
6
O
8
O
1
O
O
1
2
O
1
4
O
1
6
O
1
8
O
2
O
O
2
2
O
2
4
O
2
6
O
1OO
14O
18O
22O
26O
3OO
D
e
s
i
g
n

I
I
o
v

(
L
/
s
)
Requiied Deplh of Walei in Rainhead (nn)
Iieeloaid (TypicaI)
1 : 2OO SIope IncIuding
O
17On
n
15On
n
125n
n
1OOn
n
1
5
O
n
n

x

1
5
O
n
n
1
5
O
n
n

1
2
5
n
n

x

1
2
5
n
n

a
n
d

1
4
O
n
n

1
5
O
n
n

x

1
O
O
n
n

1
2
5
n
n

1
O
O
n
n

x

1
O
O
n
n
1
O
O
n
n

9
O
n
n

1
O
O
n
n
x
7
5
n
n
NoninaI Size of Dovnpipe, nn (TypicaI)
4
4
O
TolaI Deplh of Rainhead, hi (nn)
L
e
n
g
l
h

o
f

R
a
i
n
h
e
a
d
,

L
i

(
n
n
)
6O

Design Chail 4.A4: Sizing Dovnpipes fion ox Culleis

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

#$$&,-/R )1O &R#6$S& T &#L&5 03%%&'5
IiolIen:
A house, vilh lhe galIe ioof shovn in Iiguie 4.1, is Iocaled in KuaIa Lunpui. Deleinine lhe size of lhe
iequiied eaves gulleis and dovnpipes.

7.On
6.5n
13.On
6.5n
4.On
4.On
Laves Cullei
(TypicaI)
Dovnpipe
Dovnpipe
Dovnpipe
Ridge
ILAN
LLLVATION
A
H
C I
}
L
D
C
Roof SIope
14 oi 1:4
TypicaI
3.On
8.On 3.On

Iiguie 4.1: CalIe Roof of a House
SoIulion:
a) CaIcuIale iainfaII inlensily foi 5 ninules sloin duialion and 2O yeai
ARI foi KuaIa Lunpui.
q
k
u
) ( +
=
d
T
i

' = 69.65O
K = O.151
0 = O.223
q = O.88O
d = O.O883
88O . O
151 . O
) 223 . O O833 . O (
) 2O )( 65O . 69 (
+
=

=

3O4.4
nn/hi

Lqualion 2.2
Appendix
2.1
i
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


l) CaIcuIalion of Calchnenl Aiea

Lqualion 4.1 Rccf A-8-C-H-A.
IIan aiea A
h
= 13 x 4 = 52n
2
Rise is 1 n. VeilicaI aiea A
v
= 1 x 13 = 13n
2
TolaI calchnenl aiea = A
n
+ A
t
/2
= 52 + (13)/2 = 58.5n
2

Lqualion 4.1 Rccf ]-C-D-|-].
IIan aiea A
h
= 7 x 6.5 = 45.5n
2
Rise is 1.75 n. VeilicaI aiea A
v
= 1.75 x 6.5 = 11.4n
2
TolaI Calchnenl aiea = A
n
+ A
t
/2
= 45.4 + (11.4)/2 = 51.2n
2

Lqualion 4.1 Rccf H-]-|-G-H.
IIan aiea A
h
= 4 x 6.5 = 26n
2

Rise is 1n. VeilicaI aiea A
v
= 1 x 6.5 = 6.5n
2

TolaI calchnenl aiea = A
n
+ A
t
/2
= 26+(6.5/2) = 29.3n
2

c) CaIcuIalion of Cullei and Dovnpipe Size
Assune giadienl of eaves gullei is 1:6OO

Rccf A-8-C-H-A.
Calchnenl aiea = 58.5n
2

Chail 4.A2 Requiied effeclive cioss seclion aiea foi gullei A- = 19,5OOnn
2

The vaIue of effeclive cioss seclion aiea foi gullei A- exceeded lhe
naxinun vaIue of cioss seclion foi ciicuIai dovnpipe. Theiefoie, lhe
squaie dovnpipe is chosen.

TalIe 4.2 Requiied dovnpipe size = 125nn x
125nn

Rccf ]-C-D-|-].
2

Chail 4.A2 Requiied effeclive cioss seclion aiea foi gullei L-D = 17,25Onn
2

TalIe 4.2 Requiied dovnpipe size = 15Onn

Rccf H-]-|-G-H.
2

Chail 4.A2 Requiied effeclive cioss seclion aiea foi gullei I-C = 11,OOOnn
2

TalIe 4.2 Requiied dovnpipe size = 125nn

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

4.4n
7.25n
7.25n
WaII
Rainhead
Dovnpipe
1.5n
9n
Ridge
ox Cullei
Lxpansion }oinl
1
6
#$$&,-/R )1! &R#6$S& T O*R 03%%&'5
IiolIen:
A pail of a facloiy as shovn in Iiguie 4.C1 is lo le consliucled al Kola Danansaia, KuaIa Lunpui. Deleinine
lhe size of lhe lox gullei and associaled veilicaI dovnpipes vilh iainheads lhal aie lo dischaige lo lhe sile
sloinvalei diains of lhe suiface valei diainage syslen.

Iiguie 4.C1: Roof of a Iacloiy
SoIulion:
TalIe 4.1
Lqualion 2.2
Appendix 2.

SeIecl 1OO yeai ARI foi KuaIa Lunpui
q
k
u
) d (
T
i
+
=
\ = 54.927
K = O.2O9
0 = O.123
q = O.544
d = O.O83
44 5 . O
2O9 . O
) 123 . O O83 . O (
) 1OO )( 927 . 54 (
i
+
=

The dinension and olhei ieIevanl dala aie shovn in Iiguie 4.C1
SeIecl posilion of expansion joinl and iainheads as shovn in Iiguie
4.C1

=

339.66
nn/hi

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

4-2O Rccf and Prcpcr|q Drainagc


Lqualion 4.2

Chail 4.A3

Chail 4.A3
Chail 4.A3

Chail 4.A4

Chail 4.A4

Chail 4.A4
CaIcuIale calchnenl aiea
Roof A
h
= 7.25n x 9n

Roof SIope 1:6, Rise = 1/6 x 9
Roof A
v1
= 7.25n x 1.5n
WaII A
v2
= 7.25n x 4.4n
A
c
= A
h
+ 1/2 (A
v2
- A
v1
)
A
c
= 65.25n
2
+ 1/2 (31.9 - 1O.88) n
2
Q = 7 L/s
Q < 16 L/sO
Ioi Q = 7 L/s, seIecl soIe vidlh of lox gullei (W
lg
) = 375nn and
giadienl = 1:2OO
Ioi Q = 7 L/s, W
lg
= 375nn and giadienl = 1:2OO , lhe acluaI nininun
deplh of lox gullei incIuding fiee loaid (ha)
As each lox gullei dischaiges lo a iainhead lhal is design lo diveil lhe
design fIov avay fion lhe luiIding in lhe evenl of a lolaI lIockages of
lhe dovnpipe, vilhoul incieasing lhe deplh of fIov in lhe lox gullei,
lhis is lhe nininun deplh iequiied foi lhe lox gullei.
The design fIov in each lox gullei is aIso lhe design fIov in lhe
iainhead, Q = 7 L/s.
SeIecl 1OO nn dianelei dovnpipe.
Deplh of valei in iainhead
TolaI deplh of iainhead h
i

AIleinaliveIy, seIecl 1OOnn x 75nn dovnpipe.
Deplh of valei in iainhead
TolaI deplh of iainhead
Use lolaI deplh of iainhead
Check if lhe lolaI deplh h
i
needs lo le adjusled as iequiied ly noles in
Iiguie 4.7.
Ioi 115 nn deplh of lox gullei, Ienglh of iainhead (L
i
)
Deplh of iainhead
Refei lo Iiguie 4.7,
finaI dinension of iainhead, h
i
= 25O nn, h
i
- 25
h
a

L
i

=
=
=
=
=

=

=
=

=
=
=

=
=

=
=
=

65.25n
2

1.5n
1O.88n
2

31.9n
2

75.76n
2

115nn
Use lox
gulleis 375
nn x 115
nn
nininun
vilh
giadienl
1:2OO

125nn
2O5nn

14Onn
235nn
25Onn

15Onn
25Onn
225nn
115nn
15Onn
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!
ON-SITE DETENTION
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-i
!"#$%&' ) *+,-.%& /&%&+%.*+
5.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 5-1
5.2 CLNLRAL DLSICN CONSIDLRATIONS ..................................................................... 5-1
5.2.1 Requiienenl of OSD ............................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.2 Diainage Syslen ...................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.3 MuIlipIe Sloiages ..................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.4 IIooi LeveIs .............................................................................................................. 5-2
5.2.5 Aeslhelics .................................................................................................................. 5-2
5.2.6 Signs .......................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.3 OILN STORACL ............................................................................................................... 5-2
5.3.1 Lavns, Cai Iaiks and Tanks.................................................................................. 5-2
5.3.2 Rooflops .................................................................................................................... 5-3
5.4 CLOSLD STORACL .......................................................................................................... 5-4
5.4.1 Alove-giound Tank ................................................................................................ 5-4
5.4.2 eIov-giound Tank ................................................................................................ 5-4
5.5 STORACL TANK CHARACTLRISTICS ........................................................................ 5-5
5.5.1 asic Configuialion ................................................................................................. 5-5
5.5.2 SliucluiaI Adequacy ............................................................................................... 5-6
5.5.3 Layoul IIan .............................................................................................................. 5-6
5.5.4 ollon SIope ............................................................................................................ 5-6
5.5.5 VenliIalion ................................................................................................................ 5-6
5.5.6 OveifIov Iiovision ................................................................................................. 5-6
5.5.7 Access Openings ...................................................................................................... 5-6
5.6 IRIMARY OUTLLT .......................................................................................................... 5-6
5.6.1 CeneiaI Design Consideialions ............................................................................. 5-6
5.6.2 IIov Resliicling Iipe .............................................................................................. 5-7
5.6.3 Dischaige ConlioI Iil (DCI) .................................................................................. 5-1O
5.7 SLCONDARY OUTLLT .................................................................................................... 5-11
5.8 DLSICN IROCLDURL ..................................................................................................... 5-12
5.8.1 Design Consideialion ............................................................................................. 5-12
5.8.2 Design Sleps ............................................................................................................. 5-14
5.8.3 SinpIified OSD Design Iioceduie ........................................................................ 5-14
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 5-17
AIILNDIX 5.A DLSICN IICURLS AND TALLS .................................................................... 5-19
AIILNDIX 5. LXAMILL - SIZINC OSD TANKS ................................................................... 5-28

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6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-1
Alove-giound Tank
Cai Iaiking and
Diivevay Aieas Landscaped Aiea
Rooflop
eIov-giound Tank
Iipe Iackage
Iipe Diain To Main Diain
)01 .+%'*/2!%.*+
This chaplei piovides sinpIified guideIines foi lhe design of on-sile delenlion (OSD) faciIilies. OSD nay le
piovided as alove-giound sloiages, leIov-giound sloiages, oi a conlinalion of lolh vilhin a piopeily
loundaiy. Alove-giound sloiages lypicaIIy aie Iocaled in Iavns/gaidens, cai paiking/diivevay aieas, iooflop
and lanks. eIov-giound sloiages can le lanks and pipe packages (Iiguie 5.1). The nain advanlages of alove-
giound sloiages aie lhal lhey can geneiaIIy le incoipoialed inlo lhe sile ly sIighl nodificalion lo lhe design of
suiface fealuies and aie ieIaliveIy inexpensive conpaied lo leIov-giound sloiages. Safely fealuies such as sign
loaid and fencing nusl le incoipoialed in lhe design of alove-giound sloiage lo pievenl diovning,
pailicuIaiIy of chiIdien and senioi cilizen. eIov-giound sloiages hovevei, aie oul of sighl, occupy nininun
Iand space. OSD faciIilies aie designed lo le diy nosl of lhe line, unIess inlegialed vilh iainvalei haivesling.

Iiguie 5.1: TypicaI OSD Sloiage IaciIilies
)03 4&+&'#5 /&-.4+ !*+-./&'#%.*+-
)0301 '6789:6;6<= >? *-/
Ioi lhe deveIopnenl aiea Iess lhan O.1 ha, lhe individuaI OSD faciIilies is ieconnended neanvhiIe foi lhe aiea
noie lhan O.1 ha, lhe connunily OSD need lo le piovided.
)0303 /:@9<@A6 -BC=6;
The sloinvalei diainage syslen incIuding gulleis, pipes, open diains, and oveiIand fIov palhs foi lhe sile
nusl neel lhe foIIovings:
- le alIe lo convey aII iunoff lo lhe OSD sloiage vhenevei possilIe, and
- ensuie lhal lhe OSD sloiage is lypassed ly aII iunoff fion neighlouiing piopeilies and any pail of lhe
sile nol leing diiecled lo lhe OSD sloiage faciIily.
The oulIel fion lhe OSD faciIily nusl le designed lo ensuie lhal oulfIov dischaiges:
- do nol cause adveise effecls on dovnsliean piopeilies ly concenlialing fIov, and
- can le achieved vilh Iov nainlenance.
)030D E8F=9GF6 -=>:@A6C
Sonelines OSD sloiages need lo le designed as nuIlipIe unil vilh lhe sepaiale pails of a piopeily diaining lo
each sloiage defined. When eslalIishing lhe calchnenls diaining lo each sloiage, il is inpoilanl lo ienenlei
lhal aII fIovs fion lhe sile, up lo and incIuding lhe sloiage design sloin ARI, need lo le diiecled lo lhe sloiage.
In addilion lo lhe piopeily diainage syslen, suiface giadings viII need lo le checked lo ensuie lhal suiface
fIovs and oveifIovs fion ioof gulleis, pipes, and open diains aie diiecled lo lhe appiopiiale OSD sloiage.
The oulIel pipe fion a sloiage needs lo le connecled dovnsliean of lhe piinaiy oulIel sliucluie of any olhei
sloiage, i.e. sloiages shouId acl independenlIy of each olhei and nol le connecled in seiies.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-2 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
)030H IF>>: 56J6FC
The sile diainage syslen nusl ensuie lhal:
- aII halilalIe fIooi IeveIs foi nev and exisling dveIIings aie a nininun of 2OOnn alove lhe sloiage
naxinun valei suiface IeveI foi lhe sloiage design sloin ARI, and
- gaiage fIooi IeveIs aie a nininun of 1OOnn alove lhe sloiage naxinun valei suiface IeveI.
A siniIai fieeloaid shouId le piovided foi fIovpalhs adjacenl lo halilalIe luiIdings and gaiages.
)030) #6C=K6=9LC
The designei shouId liy lo ensuie lhal OSD sloiages and dischaige conlioI sliucluies lIend in vilh lhe
suiiounding enviionnenl and enhance lhe oveiaII aeslhelic viev of lhe sile.
)030M -9A<C
Il is essenliaI lhal cuiienl and fuluie piopeily ovneis aie avaie of lhe puipose of lhe OSD faciIilies piovided.
A peinanenl advisoiy sign foi each OSD sloiage faciIily piovided shouId le secuieIy fixed al a peilinenl and
cIeaiIy visilIe Iocalion slaling lhe inlenl of lhe faciIily. An exanpIe of an advisoiy sign is shovn in Iiguie 5.2
(UIRCT,1999).

Iiguie 5.2: TypicaI OSD Advisoiy Sign (UIRCT, 1999)
)0D *$&+ -%*'#4&
TypicaI open sloiages aie shovn in Iiguie 5.3 and Iiguie 5.4 vhiIe TalIe 5.1 ieconnends lheii aIIovalIe
ponding deplhs. The guideIines given leIov aIIov lhe designei naxinun fIexiliIily vhen inlegialing lhe
sloiage inlo lhe sile Iayoul.
)0D01 5@N<CO !@: $@:PC @<Q %@<PC
Landscaped aieas offei a vide iange of possiliIilies foi pioviding alove-giound sloiage and can enhance lhe
aeslhelics of a sile. The nininun design iequiienenls foi sloiage syslens piovided in Iandscaped aieas aie:
- sloiage voIunes piovided shaII le 2O noie lhan lhe caIcuIaled voIunes lo conpensale foi consliuclion
inaccuiacies and lhe inevilalIe Ioss of sloiage due lo vegelalion giovlh ovei line,
- lhe nininun giound suiface sIope shaII le 2 lo pionole fiee suiface diainage and nininise lhe
possiliIily of ponding, and
- side sIopes shouId le a naxinun of 4(H):1(V) vheie possilIe. If sleep oi veilicaI sides (e.g. ielaining
vaIIs) aie unavoidalIe, due consideialion shouId le given lo safely aspecls, such as lhe need foi fencing,
lolh vhen lhe sloiage is fuII and enply.
Cai paiks, diivevays, sloiage yaids, and olhei paved suifaces nay le used foi sloinvalei delenlion. The
nininun design iequiienenls foi sloiage syslens piovided in inpeivious aieas shaII le as foIIovs:
- lo avoid danage lo vehicIes, deplhs of ponding on diivevays and cai paiks shaII nol exceed lhe Iinils
ieconnended in TalIe 5.1 undei design condilions, and
- liansveise paving sIopes vilhin sloiages aieas shaII nol le Iess lhan O.7.
Signs: CoIouis:
TiiangIe and WARNINC Red
Walei Iue
Iiguie and olhei Lelleiing Iack
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-3
Isoneliic Viev
Top Viev
Resliicloi DelaiIs
HoiizonlaI
Diain
Leadei
Secondaiy OulIel
Iiinaiy OulIel
(Resliicloi)
Lxleiioi
WaII
VeilicaI Diain
Ciound
Suiface
To On-Sile ConlioI oi
Conveyance IaciIilies
TalIe 5.1: Maxinun Deplhs foi Diffeienl Open Sile Sloiage
Sile CIasses Maxinun Sloiage Deplh
Iedesliian Aieas 5Onn
Iaiking Aieas and Diivevays 15Onn
Landscaped Aieas 6OOnn
Rooflops 3OOnn
Iaved Reciealion Aieas 1OOnn

a) Lavn l) Cai Iaik c) Open Tank
Iiguie 5.3 Open Sloiage Iealuies
)0D03 '>>?=>GC
Sloinvalei can le delained up lo lhe naxinun deplh ieconnended in TalIe 5.1 ly inslaIIing fIov iesliiclois
on ioof diains. IIal ioofs used foi delenlion viII have a sulslanliaI Iive Ioad conponenl. Il is lheiefoie
essenliaI lhal lhe sliucluiaI design of lhe ioof is adequale lo suslain incieased Ioadings fion ponded
sloinvalei. The Ialesl sliucluiaI codes and slandaids shouId le checked lefoie finaIising pIans. Roofs nusl
aIso le seaIed lo pievenl Ieakage. A lypicaI fIov iesliicloi on a ioof diain is shovn in Iiguie 5.4. As can le
seen, lhe oulIel has a sliainei lhal is suiiounded ly a fIov iesliicling iing. The degiee of fIov conlioI is
deleinined ly lhe size and nunlei of hoIes in lhe iing.

a) Sloiage Aiea l) IIov Resliicloi
Iiguie 5.4: TypicaI Roof Sloiage Syslen
IIov Resliicloi
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5-4 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
SuppIy
Roof
Diain
OSD Reuse
Access
Laddei
Access and OveifIov Ciale
Roof/Lavn
InIel Iipes
Access Laddei
Rainvalei
Haivesling
SuppIy
OSD
Access Laddei
Tiash Scieen
OulIel Iipe
)0H !5*-&/ -%*'#4&
CIosed sloiage is in lank and is Iocaled eilhei alove-and/oi leIov-giound.
)0H01 #R>J6,A:>8<Q %@<P
Alove-giound lanks nay le used soIeIy foi on-sile delenlion, oi uliIised in conlinalion vilh sloiage piovided
foi iainvalei haivesling as iIIuslialed in Iiguie 5.5. They piovide a delenlion voIune of iunoff fion luiIding
iooflops onIy. If a conlined syslen is piovided, lhe iainvalei haivesling sloiage voIune cannol le ieIied upon
foi delenlion puiposes as lhis poilion nay le fuII oi pailIy fuII al lhe onsel of iain and lheiefoie ineffeclive foi
delenlion. The sloiage voIune lhal is iequiied foi on-sile delenlion nusl lheiefoie le in addilion lo lhe sloiage
voIune piovided foi iainvalei haivesling.

a) Concepl l) ConpIelion
Iiguie 5.5: Alove-giound Sloiage Tank - Conlined vilh Rainvalei Haivesling
)0H03 S6F>N,A:>8<Q %@<P
SiniIaiIy a leIov-giound lank nay le used foi OSD onIy, oi uliIised in conlinalion vilh sloiage piovided foi
iainvalei haivesling (Iiguie 5.6). When piepaiing a design foi leIov-giound sloiage, designeis shouId le
avaie of any slaluloiy iequiienenls foi voiking in confined spaces. Access shouId le piovided lo aIIov
iouline inspeclion and nainlenance. The safely aspecl of lhe access shouId le consideied in lhe design.

Iiguie 5.6: eIov-giound Sloiage Tank - Conlined vilh Rainvalei Haivesling
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&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-5
)0) -%*'#4& %#+T !"#'#!%&'.-%.!-
)0)01 S@C9L !><?9A8:@=9><
TypicaI sloiage lanks aie eilhei ciicuIai oi ieclanguIai in pIan and/oi cioss-seclion lul, due lo lheii sliucluiaI
naluie, can le configuied inlo aInosl any geoneliicaI pIan shape (TalIe 5.2). Ioi leIov-giound lank lhe
configuialion is IaigeIy deleinined ly sile condilions. Ioi inslance, lhe veilicaI faII in lhe sloinvalei syslen
viII deleinine if lhe sloiage can le diained ly giavily oi if punping viII le iequiied.
TalIe 5.2: TypicaI Types of Tank and Sloiage VoIune IoinuIa
Type Sloiage VoIune IoinuIa
1. CyIindiicaI

9 : ;
%
t =

vheie,
; = VoIune al Specific Deplh (n),
t

= 3.142,
9 = Deplh of Ionding (n), and
: = Radius of asin (n).
2. ReclanguIai

ReclanguIai : TiiangIe :

<=9 ; =
"
9
=
%
.
;
%
=

vheie,

; = VoIune al a Specific Deplh (n
3
),
9 = Deplh of Ionding foi Thal Shape (n),
= = Widlh of asin al ase (n),
< = Lenglh of asin al ase (n), and
" = SIope of asin (n/n).

3. TiapezoidaI

> % %
9 ?
>
@
<?9 <=9 ; + + =
vheie,
; = VoIune al a Specific Deplh (n
3
),
9 = Deplh of Ionding foi Thal Shape (n),
< = Lenglh of asin al ase (n),
= = Widlh of asin al ase (n),
A = Ralio of Widlh lo Lenglh of asin al The ase, and
? = Side SIope Iacloi, Ralio of HoiizonlaI lo VeilicaI
Conponenls of Side SIope.
4. Iipe and Conduils

B # ! @ # C
D
<
;
% .
+ + =
vheie,
; = VoIune of Sloiage (n
3
) ,
< = Lenglh of Seclion (n),
#
.
= Cioss-seclionaI Aiea of IIov al ase (n
2
),
#
%
= Cioss-seclionaI Aiea of IIov al Top (n
2
), and
! = Cioss-seclionaI Aiea of IIov al Midseclion (n
2
).

9
:
<
9
=
"
ReclanguIai
Shape
TiianguIai
Shape
#
%
!
#
.
< <E%
<
=
.
?
9
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-6 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
)0)03 -=:8L=8:@F #Q678@LB
Sloiage lanks nusl le sliucluiaIIy sound and le consliucled fion duialIe naleiiaIs lhal aie nol suljecled lo
deleiioialion ly coiiosion oi aggiessive soiI condilions. The leIov-giound lanks nusl le designed lo
vilhsland lhe expecled Iive and dead Ioads on lhe sliucluie, incIuding exleinaI and inleinaI hydioslalic
Ioadings. uoyancy shouId aIso le checked, especiaIIy foi Iighlveighl lanks, lo ensuie lhal lhe lank viII nol le
Iifled undei high gioundvalei condilions.
)0)0D 5@B>8= $F@<
Sile Iayoul viII diclale hov lhe inslaIIalion is configuied in pIan. OlviousIy, lhe aiea lhal lhe sloiage faciIily
viII occupy viII depend, anong olhei lhings, on heighl and vidlh Iinilalions on lhe sile. This can le especiaIIy
ciilicaI in high-densily deveIopnenls vheie avaiIalIe sile space nay le veiy Iiniled. A ieclanguIai shape offeis
ceilain cosl and nainlenance advanlages, lul space avaiIaliIily viII sonelines diclale a vaiialion fion a
slandaid ieclanguIai pIan. Il nay le necessaiy on sone siles lo design iiieguIai-shaped lanks.
)0)0H S>==>; -F>G6
To peinil easy access lo aII pails of lhe leIov-giound lank foi nainlenance, lhe fIooi sIope of lhe lank shouId
nol le giealei lhan 1O. The Iovei Iinil foi lhis sIope is 2, vhich is needed foi good diainage of lhe lank
fIooi.
)0)0) U6<=9F@=9><
Il is veiy inpoilanl lo piovide venliIalion foi leIov-giound sloiage syslens lo nininise odoui piolIens.
VenliIalion nay le piovided lhiough lhe lank access opening(s) oi ly sepaiale venliIalion pipe iiseis. AIso, lhe
venliIalion openings shouId le designed lo pievenl aii fion leing liapped lelveen lhe ioof of lhe sloiage and
lhe valei suiface.
)0)0M *J6:?F>N $:>J9C9><
An oveifIov syslen nusl le piovided lo aIIov lhe lank lo oveifIov in a conlioIIed nannei if lhe capacily of
lhe lank is exceeded due lo a lIockage of lhe oulIel pipe oi a sloin Iaigei lhan lhe sloiage design ARI. As
iIIuslialed in Iiguie 5.6, an oveifIov can le piovided ly inslaIIing a gialed access covei on lhe lank.
)0)0V #LL6CC *G6<9<AC
eIov-giound sloiage lanks shouId le piovided vilh openings lo aIIov access ly nainlenance peisonneI and
equipnenl. An access opening shouId le Iocaled diieclIy alove lhe oulIel foi cIeaning vhen lhe sloiage lank is
fuII and lhe oulIel is cIogged. A peinanenlIy inslaIIed Iaddei oi slep iion aiiangenenl nusl le piovided
leIov each access opening if lhe lank is deepei lhan 12OO nn.
)0M $'.E#'W *2%5&%
)0M01 46<6:@F /6C9A< !><C9Q6:@=9><C
C2B F3+G A8HI32*+:
IIov delenlion is piovided ly a sloiage voIune fion vhich valei is ieIeased lhiough a fIov ieguIaling device.
Il is lhe fIov ieguIalois lhal deleinine hov efficienlIy lhe sloiage voIune viII le uliIised. OlviousIy, lhe fIov
ieguIaloi has lo le in laIance vilh lhe avaiIalIe sloiage voIune foi lhe iange of iunoff evenls il is designed lo
conlioI.
IIov ieguIaloi aie oflen caIIed upon lo peifoin vhal nay appeai lo le confIicling lasks, such as Iiniling fIov
iales, le fiee of cIogging, and le ieIaliveIy nainlenance fiee.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-7
CJB <+K2*)+& +L *M8 F3+G A8HI32*+:
IIov ieguIaling devices foi alove-giound sloiages aie lypicaIIy housed in an oulIel sliucluie, caIIed a
dischaige conlioI pil (DCI), vhich is an inpoilanl conponenl of lhe sloiage faciIily. Il nol onIy conlioI lhe
ieIease iale, lul aIso deleinine lhe naxinun deplh and voIune vilhin lhe sloiage.
IIov ieguIaling devices foi leIov-giound sloiages aie lypicaIIy Iocaled vilhin lhe sloiage faciIily. In lhis lype
of aiiangenenl, lhe fIov ieguIaloi shouId le Iocaled al, oi neai, lhe lollon of lhe sloiage faciIily. In sone
cases, vheie lhe lopogiaphy does nol peinil enplying of lhe sloiage faciIily ly giavily, punping viII le
iequiied lo ieguIale lhe fIov iale. Iiguie 5.7 shovs lhe indicalive Iocalion of lhe piinaiy oulIel fIov ieguIaloi
in a lypicaI alove and leIov-giound sloiages.

Iiguie 5.7: Iiinaiy OulIel IIov ReguIaloi
)0M03 IF>N '6C=:9L=9<A $9G6
The nain advanlage of using a fIov iesliicling pipe as a sloiage oulIel is lhal il is difficuIl lo nodify lhe
hydiauIic capacily of lhe pipe, unIike an oiifice vhich can le easiIy ienoved. As iIIuslialed in Iiguie 5.8, lhe
nel fIov iesliicling effecl of lhe pipe is noslIy a funclion of lhe pipe Ienglh and pipe ioughness chaiacleiislics.
Anolhei advanlage is lhal lhe iequiied fIov ieduclion nay le achieved using a Iaigei dianelei opening lhan
an oiifice, vhich consideialIy ieduces lhe possiliIily of lIockage of lhe oulIel. The pipe nusl le sel al a sIope
Iess lhan lhe hydiauIic fiiclion sIope, lul sleep enough lo nainlain a nininun veIocily of 1.O n/s undei
noinaI fIov condilion in lhe pipe in oidei lo keep any siIl caiiied ly lhe valei fion sellIing oul vilhin lhe
pipe.

Iiguie 5.8: IIov ReguIalion vilh an OulIel Iipe (Slahie and Uilonas, 199O)
If lhe pipe is assuned lo le fIoving fuII, lhe oulIel capacily can le caIcuIaled fion Lqualion 5.1 vhich is lased
on lhe conlinuily equalion. This equalion is appIicalIe lo aII oulIel condilions, i.e. fiee oulfaII as veII as
sulneigence:
Open Sloiage
CIosed Sloiage
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-8 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
<
8 5
N
4 < ", 4
%H # O
+
=
(5.1)
vheie,
O = Iipe Capacily (n
3
/s),
# = Cioss-seclionaI Aiea of lhe Iipe (n
2
),
H = AcceIeialion due lo Ciavily (9.81 n/s
2
),
4
5
= Walei Deplh al lhe Upsliean Inveil of lhe Iipe (n),
4
8
= Walei Deplh al lhe Dovnsliean Inveil of lhe Iipe (n),
" = Iipe LongiludinaI SIope (nn),
< = Iipe Lenglh (n), and
N
<
= Sun of Loss Iaclois foi lhe Iipe Syslen.
Iiguie 5.9, deveIoped ly Li and Ialleison (1956), can le used lo deleinine lhe dischaige if lhe pipe is, in facl,
enliieIy fuII. AIlhough lhis figuie is lased on nodeI lesls using pIaslic pipe, il shouId piovide a ieasonalIe
lasis foi checking lhe fIov condilion in olhei pipe lypes.
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
Pipe not
full
Full pipe
L

=

4
5
.
D
L

=

3
2
.
5
.
D
L

=
Pipe Slope (%)
D
h
Q
g D
5
L

=

2
0
.
D
L

=

8
.
D

Iiguie 5.9: Lenglh Upsliean of OulIel Needed lo Assuie IuII Iipe IIov (Aflei Li and Ialleison, 1956)
The sun of lhe Ioss faclois viII depend on lhe chaiacleiislics of lhe oulIel and is expiessed as:
N
<
P N
*
Q N
8
Q N
L
Q N
J
Q N
+
(5.2)
vheie,
N
*
= Tiash Scieen Loss Iacloi,
N
8
= Lnliance Loss Iacloi,
N
L
= Iiiclion Loss Iacloi,
N
J
= end Loss Iacloi, and
N
+
= OulIel Loss Iacloi.

2B R:25M "K:88& <+55 F2K*+:
Accoiding lo Cieagei and }uslin (195O), lhe aveiage Ioss facloi of a liash scieen can le appioxinaled using lhe
foIIoving equalion:
Iipe SIope ()

Iipe
Nol IuII
IuII
Iipe

L
=

8
.
D

L
=

2
O
.
D

L
=

3
2
.
5
.
D

L
=
4
5
.
D

M
0

1.6

2.O
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.O
O.8
O.6
O.5

S
H0
O

O.1
O.15
O.2
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.8
1.O

O.1 O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5 1.O 2.O 3.O 4.O 5.O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-9

%
H
&
H
&
*
#
#
#
#
-,@S .,@S N
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(5.3)
vheie,
#
&
= Nel Open Aiea lelveen lhe Scieen ais (n
2
), and
#
H
= Cioss Aiea of lhe Scieen and Suppoils (n
2
).
When eslinaling lhe naxinun polenliaI Iosses al lhe scieen, assune lhal 5O of lhe scieen aiea is lIocked.
Hovevei, lhe naxinun oulIel capacily shouId le caIcuIaled assuning no lIockage. Mininun and naxinun
oulIel capacilies shouId le caIcuIaled lo ensuie lhal lhe inslaIIalion viII funclion adequaleIy undei lolh
possilIe opeialing scenaiios.
JB (&*:2&K8 <+55 F2K*+:
Assuning oiifice condilions al lhe pipe enliance, lhe pipe enliance Ioss facloi nay le expiessed as:
.
T
.
N
%
'
8
=
(5.4)
vheie,
T
'
= Oiifice Dischaige Coefficienl.
KB F:)K*)+& <+55 F2K*+:
The pipe fiiclion Ioss facloi foi a pipe fIoving fuII is expiessed as:
D
L
f K
f
=
(5.5)
vheie,
L = Daicy-Weislach Iiiclion Loss Coefficienl, and
0 = Iipe Dianelei (n).
The Daicy-Weislach fiiclion Ioss coefficienl, undei ceilain sinpIifying assunplions, can le expiessed as a
funclion of Mannings &, naneIy:

.E>
%
0
&
.%S L =
(5.6)
'B U8&' <+55 F2K*+:
end Iosses in a cIosed conduil aie a funclion of lend iadius, pipe dianelei, and lhe defIeclion angIe al lhe
lend. Ioi 9O lends having a iadius al Ieasl lvice lhe pipe dianelei, a vaIue of N
9O
= O.2 nay le adopled. Ioi
lends having olhei lhan 9O, lhe lend Ioss facloi can le caIcuIaled using lhe foIIoving equalion:
V- J J
N F N = (5.7)
vheie,
F
J
= Adjuslnenl Iacloi piovided in TalIe 5.3, and
N
9O
= Loss Iacloi foi 9O
o
end.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-1O 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
8B 6I*38* <+55 F2K*+:
ViiluaIIy no iecoveiy of veIocily head occuis vheie lhe pipe oulIel fieeIy dischaiges inlo lhe alnospheie oi is
sulneiged undei valei. Theiefoie, unIess a speciaIIy shaped fIaied oulIel is piovided, assune lhal N
+
= 1.O. If
lhe pipe oulIel is sulneiged, assune N
+
= O.5.
TalIe 5.3: Adjuslnenl Iaclois foi olhei lhan 9O ends
AngIe of end (in degiees) Adjuslnenl Iacloi, F
J

O O.OO
2O O.37
4O O.63
6O O.82
8O O.9O
9O 1.OO
)0M0D /9CLK@:A6 !><=:>F $9= X/!$Y
As pieviousIy slaled, a DCI (see Iiguie 5.1O) is lypicaIIy used lo house a fIov ieguIaloi foi an alove-giound
sloiage. The DCI piovides a Iink lelveen lhe sloiage and lhe conneclion lo lhe nunicipaI sloinvalei
diainage syslen.
To faciIilale access and ease of nainlenance, lhe nininun inleinaI dinensions (vidlh and lieadlh) of a DCI
shaII le as foIIovs:
- up lo 6OOnn deep : 6OOnn x 6OOnn, and
- giealei lhan 6OOnn deep : 9OOnn x 9OOnn.
These dinensions can le incieased lo aIIov giealei scieen sizes oi inpiove access.
The foIIoving nininun dinensions viII achieve piediclalIe hydiauIic chaiacleiislics:
- nininun design head = 2 D
o
(fion cenlie of oiifice lo lop of oveifIov),
- nininun scieen cIeaiance = 1.5 D
o
(fion oiifice lo upsliean face of scieen), and
- nininun fIooi cIeaiance = 1.5 D
o
(fion cenlieIine of oiifice lo lollon of pil).
Nole: D
o
is lhe dianelei of lhe oiifice.

Iiguie 5.1O: TypicaI DCI (Aflei UIRCT,1999)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-11
)0V -&!*+/#'W *2%5&%
A suilalIe oveifIov aiiangenenl nusl le piovided lo calei foi iaiei sloins lhan lhe OSD faciIilies veie
designed foi, oi in lhe evenl of a lIockage anyvheie in lhe sile diainage syslen.
The nosl connonIy used aiiangenenl foi an alove-giound sloiage is a lioad-ciesled veii vhich, vilh nosl
sloiages, can le designed lo pass lhe enliie oveifIov dischaige vilh onIy a fev cenlinelies deplh of valei ovei
lhe veii. This is pailicuIaiIy desiialIe foi cai paik sloiages lo nininise lhe polenliaI foi valei danage lo
paiked vehicIes. Ioi a leIov-giound sloiage, il is connon foi lhe access chanlei oi nanhoIe lo le designed
as lhe oveifIov syslen. If lhis is nol piaclicalIe, an oveifIov pipe nay le piovided al lhe lop of lhe sloiage lo
dischaige lo a safe poinl dovnsliean.
Il is essenliaI lhal lhe access opening oi oveifIov pipe has sufficienl capacily lo pass lhe sloiage design sloin
fIov. An access poinl nusl le sized foi lhe dinensions iequiied lo pass lhis fIov oi lhe dinensions iequiied
foi ease of access, vhichevei is Iaigei. Sone lypicaI exanpIes of secondaiy oulIels foi alove and leIov-giound
sloiages aie iIIuslialed in Iiguie 5.11.

Iiguie 5.11: LxanpIes of Secondaiy OulIels

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-12 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
)0Z /&-.4+ $'*!&/2'&
Inslead of lhe conpulalions specified in lhe pievious edilion of MSMA, lhe sinpIified pioceduie onIy invoIves
lhe use of lalIes, figuie and sinpIe conpulalions. TalIes and figuie lhal used in OSD design conpulalions aie
as foIIovs:
- Iiguie 5.A1: 5 (Iive) Design Regions,
- TalIe 5.A1: Maxinun IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD) and Mininun Sile Sloiage Requiienenl (SSR)
VaIues in Accoidance vilh The Iive Regions in IeninsuIai MaIaysia,
- TalIe 5.A2: Maxinun IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD), Mininun Sile Sloiage Requiienenl (SSR) and
InIel VaIues in Accoidance vilh The Majoi Tovns in IeninsuIai MaIaysia,
- TalIe 5.A3: OSD VoIune, InIel Size and OulIel Size foi Iive Diffeienl Regions in IeninsuIai MaIaysia,
and
- TalIe 5.A4: Dischaige - Iipe Dianelei.
)0Z01 /6C9A< !><C9Q6:@=9><
C2B 085)H& "*+:W #A1
The design sloin shaII le 1O yeai ARI in accoidance vilh lhe ninoi diainage syslen ARI piovided in TalIe 1.1.
CJB X8:W)55)J38 ")*8 0)5KM2:H8 CX"0B
The ISD is lhe naxinun aIIovalIe posl-deveIopnenl dischaige fion a sile foi lhe seIecled design sloin and is
eslinaled on lhe lasis lhal fIovs vilhin lhe dovnsliean sloinvalei diainage syslen viII nol le incieased.
CKB ")*8 "*+:2H8 A8YI):8W8&* C""AB
The SSR is lhe lolaI anounl of sloiage iequiied lo ensuie lhal lhe iequiied ISD is nol exceeded and lhe OSD
faciIily does nol oveifIov lased on lhe sloiage design sloin ARI.
C'B T+&K8Z* X32& X:8Z2:2*)+&
An OSD Concepl IIan (OCI) is iequiied lo suppoil aII deveIopnenl appIicalions excepl foi singIe faniIy
dveIIings, piopeilies Iocaled neai lhe end of a diainage syslen such as Iakeside oi seaside piopeilies. The
puipose of OCI is lo idenlify lhe diainage consliainls and lo denonsliale lhal lhe OSD syslen can le
inlegialed inlo lhe pioposed sile Iayoul. In lhe piepaialion of OCI, pieIininaiy design of OSD sloiage syslen
needs lo le caiiied oul. The sleps invoIved aie as shovn in Iiguie 5.12.
DeveIopeis shouId invoIve lheii OSD designei in deveIoping lhe iniliaI sile Iayoul. Theie aie issues lo le
addiessed al lhe concepluaI slage, lhese incIude:
- sinpIifying lhe design ly idenlifying adequale sloiage aieas in lhe pIanning slage,
- aIIoving foi lhe cosl of deveIopnenl ieIaling lo OSD al lhe pIanning slage,
- ieducing piojecl cosls ly naxinising lhe use of pioposed Iandscape and aichilecluiaI fealuies as pail of
lhe OSD syslen,
- consliucling in nuIli Iol suldivisions, a connon OSD syslen on one Iol ialhei lhan a sepaiale syslen
on each individuaI Iol,
- diveiling oveiIand fIovs fion upsliean pasl lhe OSD unIess lhe sloiage voIune is incieased lo calei foi
lhe upsliean calchnenl, and
- giading lhe sile lo ensuie lhal aII fIovs aie diiecled lo lhe sloiage even if lIockages oi Iaigei sloin
evenl occui.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-13

Iiguie 5.12: IieIininaiy Design Iioceduie foi OSD Sloiage Syslens (DID, 2OOO)

exleinaI fIovs enleiing lhe sile,
calchnenl aiea of any exleinaI fIovs,
polenliaI dischaige poinls, and
polenliaI sloiage aieas.

Iocalion and IeveIs of pulIic diainage syslen,
sufficienl suiface IeveIs lo chaiacleiize sile,
exlending inlo adjoining Iols if necessaiy, and
any olhei consliainls (e.g. seivices and diainage
ieseives).

eslinale sloiage voIune iequiied,
eslinale exleinaI fIov enleiing lhe sile, and
eslalIish luiIding and sile Iayoul.

seIecl lype and Iocalion of suilalIe sloiage(s),
deleinine aieas unalIe lo diain lo sloiages,
eslinale sloiage IeveIs assess avaiIalIe dischaige
poinls,
idenlify eneigency spiIIvay lypes and Iocalions, and
idenlify oveiIand fIov palhs foi exleinaI fIovs and
sloiage oveifIovs.

check olhei pIans piepaied foi lhe deveIopnenl foi
any anonaIies oi confIicls vilh lhe pieIininaiy
diainage pIan.

Delenlion deveIopnenl sile lo idenlify
diainage consliainls

Undeilake sile suivey and piepaie
conloui pIan

Discussion sile Iayoul vilh
aichilecl/luiIdei/deveIopei

Iiepaie pieIininaiy diainage pIan

Reviev aichilecluiaI/luiIding,
Iandscape pIans

Sulnil pieIininaiy diainage pIan
vilh Iand sul-division appIicalion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
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5-14 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
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The sleps invoIved in a lypicaI design iequiied lo le caiiied oul aie oulIined in Iiguie 5.13.
A slep ly sleps pioceduie foi designing sloiage syslen of OSD aie as foIIovs:
Slep 1: Deleinine lhe sloiage lype(s) lo le used vilhin lhe sile, i.e. sepaiale alove and/oi leIov-giound
sloiage(s), oi a conposile alove and leIov- giound sloiage.
Slep 2: Idenlify lhe iegion of lhe delenlion sile fion Iiguie 5.A1.
Slep 3: Deleinine lhe calchnenl chaiacleiislics such as leiiain lype and peicenlage of inpeivious aiea.
Slep 4: Deleinine IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD) pei heclaies (ISD/ha) fion TalIe 5.A1. Then nuIlipIy
vilh piojecl aiea lo deleinine ISD.
Slep 5: Deleinine Sile Sloiage Requiienenl (SSR) pei heclaies (SSR/ha) fion TalIe 5.A1. Then nuIlipIy vilh
piojecl aiea lo deleinine SSR.
Slep 6: Idenlify lhe najoi lovn of lhe delenlion sile in TalIe 5.A2 and deleinine inIel fIov pei heclaies fion
TalIe 5.A2 . Then nuIlipIy vilh piojecl aiea lo deleinine inIel fIov.
Slep 7: Deleinine ISD pei heclaies (ISD/ha) fion TalIe 5.A2. Then nuIlipIy vilh delenlion aiea lo
deleinine ISD.
Slep 8: Deleinine SSR pei heclaies (SSR/ha) fion TalIe 5.A2. Then nuIlipIy vilh delenlion aiea lo
deleinine SSR.
Slep 9: Conpaie lhe vaIue of ISD fion Slep 4 and Slep 7. The snaIIei ISD vaIue is adopled foi sulsequenl
sizing of oulIel pipe.
Slep 1O: Conpaie lhe vaIue of SSR fion Slep 5 and Slep 8. The Iaigei SSR vaIue is adopled foi SeIecled Design
VaIue.
Slep 11: Deleinine lhe InIel Iipe dianelei fion TalIe 5.A3.
Slep 12: Deleinine lhe OulIel Iipe dianelei fion TalIe 5.A3.
Slep 13: Deleinine lhe InIel Iipe dianelei fion TalIe 5.A4 ly using lhe InIel IIov vaIue fion Slep 6 as
dischaige.
Slep 14: Deleinine lhe OulIel Iipe dianelei fion TalIe 5.A4 ly using lhe ISD vaIue fion Slep 9 as dischaige.
Slep 15: Conpaie lhe vaIue of InIel Iipe dianelei and fion Slep 11 and Slep 13. The snaIIei InIel Iipe
dianelei is adopled foi SeIecled Design VaIue.
Slep 16: Conpaie lhe vaIue of OulIel Iipe dianelei and fion Slep 12 and Slep 14. The snaIIei OulIel Iipe
dianelei is adopled foi SeIecled Design VaIue.
)0Z0D -9;GF9?96Q *-/ /6C9A< $:>L6Q8:6
The nain oljeclive in lhe design of OSD faciIilies is lo deleinine lhe iequiied sloiage (SSR) lo ieduce lhe posl
deveIopnenl dischaige lo lhal of lhe pie-deveIopnenl IeveI (ISD) . In oidei lo achieve lhis lhe oulIel sliucluie
needs lo le sized appiopiialeIy. The OSD Design ManuaI sinpIifies nosl of lhe piocesses invoIved in lhe
design of OSD faciIilies iequiied foi a pioposed sile, laking inlo consideialion lhe design sloin foi shoil
duialion iainfaII Iess lhan 1 houi, lhe ciilicaI line of concenlialion foi vaiious sIopes and calchnenl aieas, lhe
ISD and lhe SSR foi lhe sile. The deleininalion of each paianelei vas lased on lhe assunplions lhal
IeninsuIai MaIaysia can le divided inlo five design iegions having diffeienl unifoin design sloins, as shovn
in Iiguie 5.A1.
C2B X8:W)55)J38 ")*8 0)5KM2:H8 CX"0B
The naxinun aIIovalIe dischaige Ieaving lhe sile is given in Iilies/second/heclaie (I/s/ha), oi in
Iilies/second (I/s) vhen appIied lo a specific sile. The naxinun ISD is aloul 65 I/s/ha. This needs lo le
adjusled in accoidance vilh lhe design iegions as shovn in Iiguie 5.A1 and lhe iesuIls veie sunnaiised in
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
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6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-15

appiove pieIininaiy diainage pIan,
deveIopnenl/suldivision consenl condilions, and
Iandscape and aichilecluiaI/luiIding pIans.

seIecl dischaige conlioI device foi each sloiage,
eslalIish IeveI of oulIel(s) and ensuie fiee oulfaII if
possilIe, and
finaIise iequiied voIune(s).

disliilule finaI sloiage voIune(s) lo nininize,
nuisance ponding condilions lo piopeily ovneis,
check undeigiound sloiages foi access and ease of
nainlenance, and
ensuie sufficienl veii capacily foi sloiage oveifIovs.

ensuie sloiage design ARI fIovs aie conveyed lo
sloiage foi aII aieas designed lo diain lo sloiages, and
check oveiIand fIovpalhs have adequale capacily lo
ensuie exleinaI fIovs lypass on-sile sloiages.

undeilake sliucluiaI design of syslen eIenenls as
necessaiy,
piepaie pIans of sufficienl slandaid an delaiI lo aIIov
luiIdeis/pIunleis lo consliucl syslen, and
specify consliuclion naleiiaIs.

piepaie caIcuIalion sheels foi each sloiage syslen,
and
piepaie nainlenance scheduIe oulIining necessaiy
nainlenance piaclices.

ieviev olhei pIans piepaied foi lhe deveIopnenl foi
any anonaIies oi confIicls vilh delaiIed diainage
pIan, and
check aII sloinvalei-ieIaled deveIopnenl consenl
condilions have leen salisfied.

Iiguie 5.13: DelaiIed Design Iioceduie foi OSD Sloiage Syslens (DID, 2OOO)

Ollain copies of appioved pIans and
condilions

SeIecl dischaige conlioI device and
finaIise sloiage voIunes

Design sloiage syslens

Design diainage conveyance syslen

Iiepaie delaiIed design diavings

Iiepaie caIcuIalion sheels and
nainlenance scheduIe

Reviev design

Sulnil delaiIed diainage pIan vilh
luiIding pIan appIicalion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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5-16 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
TaleI 5.A1. TalIe 5.A3 shovs lhe inIel sizes vhich iepiesenl lhe ISD capacily. The exanpIes of hov lo use
lhese lalIes and figuies aie given in Appendix 5..
CJB ")*8 "*+:2H8 A8YI):8W8&* C""AB
The nininun voIune (in n
3
/heclaie oi in n
3
vhen appIied lo a specific sile) is iequiied foi sloiage lo ensuie
lhal spiIIage viII nol occui vhen lhe oulfIov is iesliicled lo lhe ISD. The nininun SSR foi an OSD sloiage
lhal has a Dischaige ConlioI Iil (DCI) lhal achieves lhe fuII ISD eaiIy in lhe sloin evenl is piesenled in TalIe
5.A1 vhich shovs lhe vaIues in accoidance vilh lhe design iegion, in n
3
/ha. Infoinalion aloul SSR foi najoi
lovns in IeninsuIai MaIaysia is piovided in TalIe 5.A2.
TalIe 5.A3 can le used lo deleinine lhe size of lhe OSD sloiage, and ils inIel and oulIel sliucluies foi diffeienl
lypes of deveIopnenl piojecls in MaIaysia vhen lhe piojecl aiea, leiiain sIope and peicenlage of inpeivious
aiea aie knovn. LxanpIes of hov lo use lhese lalIes aie piesenled in Appendix 5..
CKB !)&)WIW 6I*38* ")[8
To ieduce lhe IikeIihood of lhe DCI oulIel leing lIocked ly deliis, lhe oulIel opening shaII have a nininun
inleinaI dianelei oi vidlh of al Ieasl 3O nn and shaII le piolecled ly an appioved scieen. SlainIess sleeI veII
scieen faliic is noie piefeialIe inslead of nesh sieen in conlioIIing liash enleiing lhe oiifice due lo lhe naluie
of easiei cIeaning aflei accunuIaling liash. TalIe 5.A3 piovides lhe pipe dianelei foi lhe oulIel in iespecl lo
lhe ISD iequiienenls in diffeienl iegions in IeninsuIai MaIaysia.
C'B 6\8:L3+G X)Z8E"Z)33G24
An oveifIov syslen nusl le piovided lo aIIov lhe sloiage conpailnenl lo suichaige in a conlioIIed nannei if
lhe capacily of lhe syslen is exceeded due lo a lIockage of lhe oulIel pipe oi a sloin Iaigei lhan lhe design
ARI. An oveifIov can le piovided ly inslaIIing a pipe/veii and lhe size of pipe is given in TalIe 5.A3. The
veii size can le caIcuIaled lased on pipe aiea, vhich can le deleinined foi a given pipe dianelei. Iiguie 5.A2
can aIso le used lo deleinine lhe pipe sizes.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-17
'&I&'&+!&-
1. Cieagei W.I. and }uslin }.D. (195O). 94':+838K*:)K 92&'J++]^ 2nd Ldilion, }ohn WiIey and Sons Inc., Nev
Yoik.
2. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage - DID (2OOO). _:J2& "*+:WG2*8: !2&2H8W8&* !2&I23 L+: !23245)2,
VoIune 7, Coveinnenl of MaIaysia.
3. Li W.H. and Ialleison C. (1956). F:88 6I*38*5 2&' "83L7X:)W)&H #K*)+& +L TI3\8:*5, }ouinaI of HydiauIics
Division, ASCL, HY 3.
4. Slahie I. and Uilonas . (199O). "*+:WG2*8: 08*8&*)+& L+: 0:2)&2H8^ =2*8: OI23)*4 2&' T"6 !2&2H8W8&*^
Iienlice HaII, Nev }eisey, USA.
5. Uppei Iaiianalla Rivei Calchnenl Tiusl, UIRCT (1999). 6&75)*8 "*+:WG2*8: 08*8&*)+& 92&'J++], 3id
Ldilion, AusliaIia.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-19
RLCION 4
HICHLAND
RLCION 5
SOUTHLRN
RLCION 1
WLST COAST
RLCION 3
NORTHLRN
RLCION 2
LAST COAST
ILRLIS
KLDAH
ILRAK
KLLANTAN
TLRLNCCANU
IAHANC
SLLANCOR
KUALA LUMIUR
IUTRA}AYA
NLCLRI SLMILAN
MLLAKA
}OHOR
IULAU
IINANC
1O2
3
4
5
6
2
1
1O3 1O4 1O5 1O1 1OO 99
Kangai
AIoi Slai
Ceoigelovn
Ipoh
Shah AIan
Seienlan
andai MeIaka
}ohoi ahiu
Kuanlan
KuaIa Teiengganu
Kola haiu
IuIau
Langkavi
Kulang Iasu
Iadang Teiap
Iendang
KuIin
HuIu Ieiak
KuaIa
Kangsai
alang
Iadang
Caneion
HighIands
enlong
eia
Ronpin
Iekan
}eianlul
Maian
TeneiIoh
Seganal
Muai
alu Iahal
Ionlian
Kola Tinggi
Meising
}asin
AIoi Cajah
Tanpin
}enpoI
}eIelu
Sepang
Conlak
HuIu
Langal
Salak
einan
HuIu
SeIangoi
KuaIa
SeIangoi
UTARA
Kenanan
Maiang
HuIu
Teiengganu
esul
KuaIa
Kiai
}eIi
Iasii
Iuleh Tanah
Meiah
Cua Musang
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Iiguie 5.A1: Iive (5) Design Regions

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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5-2O 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
TalIe 5.A1: Maxinun IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD) and Mininun Sile Sloiage Requiienenl (SSR) VaIues
in Accoidance vilh The Iive Regions in IeninsuIai MaIaysia
3)\ H]\ )]\ V)\ ^]\ 3)\ H]\ )]\ V)\ ^]\
<+G34)&H 63.4 64.2 64.5 65.2 65.5 322.2 363.O 394.2 478.3 54O.4
!)3' 76.7 77.5 77.9 78.7 79.1 3O6.6 34O.O 367.2 448.5 5O4.7
"*88Z 87.7 88.6 89.1 9O.1 9O.5 294.O 327.O 35O.5 426.7 478.8
<+G34)&H 53.O 53.6 53.9 54.5 54.7 276.6 35O.4 41O.7 6O9.1 768.8
!)3' 61.1 61.8 62.2 62.8 63.1 257.6 321.7 373.9 546.1 678.7
"*88Z 67.4 68.2 68.6 69.3 69.6 243.5 3O2.6 351.O 5O9.9 625.9
<+G34)&H 54.8 55.4 55.7 56.3 56.5 311.1 353.3 389.7 493.3 564.4
!)3' 68.O 68.8 69.2 69.9 7O.2 295.5 328.3 36O.3 454.O 521.6
"*88Z 77.3 78.2 78.6 79.5 79.8 284.8 316.2 341.8 43O.3 492.6
<+G34)&H 42.6 43.1 43.4 43.8 44.O 227.8 285.7 331.4 46O.5 546.6
!)3' 49.6 5O.2 5O.5 51.O 51.2 212.3 266.O 3O7.3 428.2 5O9.2
"*88Z 55.O 55.6 56.O 56.5 56.8 2O2.1 252.3 291.O 4O5.5 484.1
<+G34)&H 61.1 61.9 62.2 62.8 63.1 315.O 362.O 398.4 5O1.O 572.7
!)3' 74.8 75.7 76.1 76.9 77.2 298.5 34O.9 372.6 465.9 532.3
"*88Z 83.4 84.3 84.8 85.7 86.1 288.5 323.3 352.5 442.8 5O5.O
'&4.*+ ) , -*2%"&'+
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TalIe 5.A2: Maxinun IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD), Mininun Sile Sloiage Requiienenl (SSR) and InIel
VaIues in Accoidance vilh The Majoi Tovns in IeninsuIai MaIaysia
3)\ H]\ )]\ V)\ ^]\ 3)\ H]\ )]\ V)\ ^]\ 3)\ H]\ )]\ V)\ ^]\
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"*88Z M30D MD0] MD0H MH0] MH0D 33)0M 3M10Z 3^10D DZD0) HHV01 1H]0] 1)^0] 1V30] 3]H0] 33H0]
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<+G734)&H D)0V DM01 DM0D DM0V DM0Z 33)03 3M30D 3Z^0Z DVD01 H3^0M ^]0] 11]0] 13]0] 1H]0] 1M]0]
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!)3' H30H H30^ HD01 HD0M HD0V 1Z]01 31^03 3)]03 DDH0Z DZZ01 1]]0] 11M0] 1D]0] 1))0] 1V30]
"*88Z HV0H HV0^ HZ03 HZ0V HZ0^ 1VD0H 3]Z0^ 3D^01 D3101 DVH01 1]Z0] 13M0] 1H]0] 1MV0] 1Z]0]
<+G734)&H M10M M30D M30M MD0D MD0M D330) DZD0V HD]0] )HV03 M1)0V 1HZ0] 1V]0] 1Z]0] 3130] 3D]0]
!)3' V30^ VD0V VH01 VH0^ V)03 D]10Z D)M0D D^V0^ )1D0V )ZH0] 1V]0] 1^D0] 31]0] 3DH0] 3)^0]
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V^0Z Z]0V Z103 Z30] Z30H 3Z^0^ DH]01 DZ]0H H^D0V )MD0M 1ZZ0] 3]Z0] 33]0] 3))0] 3Z]0]
<+G734)&H HM0) HV01 HV0H HV0Z HZ0] DD10) DV)0Z H130^ )3M01 )^V0M 1D]0] 1)]0] 1M]0] 3]]0] 31]0]
!)3' )V0] )V0V )Z0] )Z0M )Z0^ D1^0] D))0M DZZ0V H^30] )M30Z 1M]0] 1Z]0] 1^]0] 33]0] 3H]0]
"*88Z MH0^ M)0M MM0] MM0V MV0] D]^0V DH30D DVD01 HMZ0D )DV0H 1V]0] 1^]0] 31]0] 3H]0] 3M]0]
<+G734)&H MD0H MH03 MH0) M)03 M)0) D3303 DMD0] D^H03 HVZ0D )H]0H 1D]0] 1)]0] 1V]0] 3]]0] 33]0]
!)3' VM0V VV0) VV0^ VZ0V V^01 D]M0M DH]0] DMV03 HHZ0) )]H0V 1M]0] 1Z]0] 3]]0] 3D]0] 3)]0]
"*88Z ZV0V ZZ0M Z^01 ^]01 ^]0) 3^H0] D3V0] D)]0) H3M0V HVZ0Z 1M]0] 3]]0] 33]0] 3)]0] 3V]0]
<+G734)&H HV03 HV0V HZ0] HZ0) HZ0V 3ZD0D DD)0] DM)0] HM)0] )H]0] 13]0] 1D]0] 1)]0] 1Z]0] 1^]0]
!)3' M]0Z M10) M10Z M30) M30Z 3MV0] D]30Z DH]0] H3H0] HZM0] 1H]0] 1M]0] 1V]0] 3]]0] 33]0]
"*88Z VH0H V)03 V)0V VM0) VM0Z 3)10D 3^]0] D1Z0] H1D0] HZZ0] 1)]0] 1V]0] 1^]0] 33]0] 3H]0]
<+G734)&H )D0] )D0M )D0^ )H0) )H0V 3VM0M D)]0H H1]0V M]^01 VMZ0Z 1D]0] 1H]0] 1M]0] 1^]0] 31]0]
!)3' M101 M10Z M303 M30Z MD01 3)V0M D310V DVD0^ )HM01 MVZ0V 1H]0] 1M]0] 1V]0] 31]0] 3D]0]
"*88Z MV0H MZ03 MZ0M M^0D M^0M 3HD0) D]30M D)10] )]^0^ M3)0^ 1)]0] 1V]0] 1^]0] 33]0] 3H]0]
<+G734)&H M]0Z M10) M10Z M30) M30Z DD)01 D^^0Z HHZ0D )V101 MH)0) 1)]0] 1V]0] 1Z]0] 31]0] 3D]0]
!)3' V301 V30^ VD0D VH0] VH0H D110D DMV01 H1H0] )D)0D M]Z0^ 1V]0] 1^]0] 31]0] 3H]0] 3M]0]
"*88Z V^03 Z]01 Z]0) Z10D Z10V 3^Z0^ D)10M D^D01 )1D03 )ZM0H 1^]0] 31]0] 33]0] 3M]0] 3Z]0]
<+G734)&H )H0Z ))0H ))0V )M0D )M0) D1101 D)D0D DZ^0V H^D0D )MH0H 1D]0] 1)]0] 1M]0] 1^]0] 31]0]
!)3' MZ0] MZ0Z M^03 M^0^ V]03 3^)0) D3Z0D DM]0D H)H0] )310M 1)]0] 1Z]0] 1^]0] 33]0] 3H]0]
"*88Z VV0D VZ03 VZ0M V^0) V^0Z 3ZH0Z D1M03 DH10Z HD]0D H^30M 1V]0] 1^]0] 31]0] 3H]0] 3M]0]
T*%# S#"'2
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T2#5# %&'&+44#+2
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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-22 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
TalIe 5.A3: OSD VoIune, InIel Size and OulIel Size foi Iive Diffeienl Regions in IeninsuIai MaIaysia
Region 1
%&''#.+ d 5*_5W.+4O -5*$& 1 d 3]]] %* 1 d )]]]
O.1 32 129 62 36 138 62 39 147 62 48 16O 62 54 167 62
O.2 64 182 87 73 195 87 79 2O8 87 96 226 87 1O8 237 87
O.4 129 257 124 145 276 124 158 294 124 192 319 124 216 335 124
O.6 193 315 151 218 339 151 236 35O 151 288 391 151 324 41O 151
O.8 258 364 175 29O 391 175 315 416 175 384 451 175 432 474 175
1 322 4O7 195 363 437 195 394 465 195 48O 5OO.OO 195 54O 529 195
2 77O 422 276 87O 479 276 95O 5O5 276 119O 553 276 136O 576 276
3 1155 517 339 13O5 586 339 1425 618 339 1785 677 339 2O4O 7O5 339
4 154O 597 391 174O 677 391 19OO 714 391 238O 782 391 272O 814 391
5 1925 668 437 2175 757 437 2375 798 437 2975 874 437 34OO 91O 437
%&''#.+ d E.5/O -5*$& 1 d ZV) %* 1 d 1^^^
O.1 31 143 69 34 151 69 37 16O 69 45 171 7O 51 178 7O
O.2 61 2O2 97 68 214 97 74 226 97 9O 242 98 1O1 252 98
O.4 122 286 137 136 3O3 137 148 319 137 18O 342 139 2O2 357 139
O.6 183 35O 168 2O4 371 168 222 391 168 27O 419 17O 3O3 437 17O
O.8 244 4O4 194 272 428 194 296 451 194 36O 484 197 4O4 5O5 197
1 3O5 451 217 34O 479 217 37O 5O5 217 45O 541 22O 5O5 564 22O
2 74O 451 3O7 84O 5O5 3O7 91O 529 3O7 114O 597 311 13OO 618 311
3 111O 553 376 126O 618 376 1365 648 376 171O 731 381 195O 757 381
4 148O 638 434 168O 714 434 182O 749 434 228O 845 44O 26OO 874 44O
5 185O 714 485 21OO 798 485 2275 837 485 285O 944 492 325O 977 492
%&''#.+ d -%&&$O -5*$& 1 d 1]] %* 1 d ZVH
O.1 3O 143 73 32.5 16O 73 35 167 74 43 178 74 48 185 74
O.2 59 2O2 1O3 65 226 1O3 7O 237 1O5 86 252 1O5 96 262 1O5
O.4 118 286 146 13O 319 146 14O 335 148 172 357 148 192 371 148
O.6 177 35O 179 195 391 179 21O 41O 181 258 437 181 288 454 181
O.8 236 4O4 2O7 26O 451 2O7 28O 474 2O9 344 5O5 2O9 384 525 2O9
1 295 451 231 325 5O5 231 35O 529 234 43O 564 234 48O 586 234
2 71O 5O5 327 81O 553 327 87O 576 331 1O8O 638 331 123O 658 331
3 1O65 618 4O1 1215 677 4O1 13O5 7O5 4O5 162O 782 4O5 1845 8O6 4O5
4 142O 714 463 162O 782 463 174O 814 468 216O 9O3 468 246O 931 468
5 1775 798 517 2O25 874 517 2175 91O 523 27OO 1O1O 523 3O75 1O41 523
3)\ H]\
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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-23
Region 2
%&''#.+ d 5*_5W.+4O -5*$& 1 d 3]]] %* 1 d )]]]
O.1 28 129 55 35 134 55 41 143 56 61 156 56 77 164 56
O.2 55 182 78 7O 189 78 82 2O2 8O 96 226 8O 154 231 8O
O.4 11O 257 111 14O 267 111 164 286 113 192 319 113 3O8 327 113
O.6 165 315 135 21O 327 135 246 35O 138 288 391 138 462 4O1 138
O.8 22O 364 156 28O 378 156 328 4O4 16O 384 451 16O 616 463 16O
1 275 4O7 175 35O 422 175 41O 451 178 61O 451 178 77O 517 178
2 73O 451 247 98O 5O5 247 119O 529 252 187O 576 252 229O 618 252
3 1O95 553 3O3 147O 618 3O3 1785 648 3O9 28O5 7O5 3O9 3435 757 3O9
4 146O 638 35O 196O 714 35O 238O 749 357 374O 814 357 458O 874 357
5 1825 714 391 245O 798 391 2975 837 399 4675 91O 399 5725 977 399
%&''#.+ d E.5/O -5*$& 1 d ZV) %* 1 d 1^^^
O.1 26 134 61 33 143 61 38 147 61 55 164 62 68 171 62
O.2 52 189 86 65 2O2 86 75 2O8 86 1O9 231 87 136 242 87
O.4 1O4 267 122 13O 286 122 15O 294 122 218 327 124 272 342 124
O.6 156 327 149 195 35O 149 225 36O 149 327 4O1 151 4O8 419 151
O.8 2O8 378 172 26O 4O4 172 3OO 416 172 436 463 175 544 484 175
1 26O 422 192 325 451 192 375 465 192 545 517 195 68O 541 195
2 68O 479 247 9OO 529 247 75O 553 247 171O 618 276 213O 638 276
3 1O2O 586 3O3 135O 648 3O3 1125 677 3O3 2565 757 339 3195 782 339
4 136O 677 35O 18OO 749 35O 15OO 782 35O 342O 874 391 426O 9O3 391
5 17OO 757 391 225O 837 391 1875 874 391 4275 977 437 5325 1O1O 437
%&''#.+ d -%&&$O -5*$& 1 d 1]] %* 1 d ZVH
O.1 25 138 64 3O.5 147 64 35 156 64 51 167 65 62.5 175 65
O.2 49 195 9O 61 2O8 9O 7O 22O 9O 1O2 237 92 125 247 92
O.4 98 276 128 122 294 128 14O 311 128 2O4 335 13O 25O 35O 13O
O.6 147 339 156 183 36O 156 21O 381 156 3O6 41O 159 375 428 159
O.8 196 391 181 244 416 181 28O 44O 181 4O8 474 183 5OO 495 183
1 245 437 2O2 3O5 465 2O2 35O 492 2O2 51O 529 2O5 625 553 2O5
2 64O 5O5 286 84O 553 286 1O1O 576 286 15OO 638 29O 181O 677 29O
3 96O 618 35O 126O 677 35O 1515 7O5 35O 225O 782 355 2715 829 355
4 128O 714 4O4 168O 782 4O4 2O2O 814 4O4 3OOO 9O3 41O 362O 958 41O
5 16OO 798 451 21OO 874 451 2525 91O 451 375O 1O1O 458 4525 1O71 458
^]\
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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-24 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
Region 3
*8=F6= *8=F6= *8=F6= *8=F6= *8=F6=
/9@0 /9@0 /9@0 /9@0 /9@0
X;;Y X;;Y X;;Y X;;Y X;;Y
%&''#.+ d 5*_5W.+4O -5*$& 1 d 3]]] %* 1 d )]]]
O.1 32 129 58 36 138 58 39 143 59 49.5 156 59 57 164 59
O.2 63 182 81 71 195 81 78 2O2 83 96 226 83 113 231 83
O.4 126 257 115 142 276 115 156 286 117 192 319 117 226 327 117
O.6 189 315 141 213 339 141 234 35O 144 288 391 144 339 4O1 144
O.8 252 364 163 284 391 163 312 4O4 166 384 451 166 452 463 166
1 315 4O7 182 355 437 182 39O 451 185 495 492 185 565 517 185
2 74O 422 257 85O 479 257 96O 5O5 262 125O 553 262 145O 597 262
3 111O 517 315 1275 586 315 144O 618 321 1875 677 321 2175 731 321
4 148O 597 364 17OO 677 364 192O 714 371 25OO 782 371 29OO 845 371
5 185O 668 4O7 2125 757 4O7 24OO 798 415 3125 874 415 3625 944 415
%&''#.+ d E.5/O -5*$& 1 d ZV) %* 1 d 1^^^
O.1 3O 138 65 33 151 65 36 156 65 46 167 65 53 175 66
O.2 6O 195 92 66 214 92 72 22O 92 91 237 92 1O5 247 93
O.4 12O 276 13O 132 3O3 13O 144 311 13O 182 335 13O 21O 35O 132
O.6 18O 339 159 198 371 159 216 381 159 273 41O 159 315 428 161
O.8 24O 391 183 264 428 183 288 44O 183 364 474 183 42O 495 186
1 26O 437 2O5 325 479 2O5 375 492 2O5 545 529 2O5 68O 553 2O8
2 71O 451 29O 82O 5O5 29O 91O 529 29O 118O 597 29O 137O 618 294
3 1O65 553 355 123O 618 355 1365 648 355 177O 731 355 2O55 757 36O
4 142O 638 41O 164O 714 41O 182O 749 41O 236O 845 41O 274O 874 416
5 1775 714 458 2O5O 798 458 2275 837 458 295O 944 458 3425 977 465
%&''#.+ d -%&&$O -5*$& 1 d 1]] %* 1 d ZVH
O.1 29 147 69 31.5 156 69 34.5 164 7O 43 175 7O 49.5 182 7O
O.2 57 2O8 97 63 22O 97 69 231 98 86 247 98 99 257 98
O.4 114 294 137 126 311 137 138 327 139 172 35O 139 198 364 139
O.6 171 36O 168 189 381 168 2O7 4O1 17O 258 428 17O 297 446 17O
O.8 228 416 194 252 44O 194 276 463 197 344 495 197 396 515 197
1 285 465 217 315 492 217 345 517 22O 43O 553 22O 495 576 22O
2 69O 5O5 3O7 79O 553 3O7 87O 576 311 113O 638 311 131O 658 311
3 1O35 618 376 1185 677 376 13O5 7O5 381 1695 782 381 1965 8O6 381
4 138O 714 434 158O 782 434 174O 814 44O 226O 9O3 44O 262O 931 44O
5 1725 798 485 1975 874 485 2175 91O 492 2825 1O1O 492 3275 1O41 492
U>F8;6
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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-25
Region 4
%&''#.+ d 5*_5W.+4O -5*$& 1 d 3]]] %* 1 d )]]]
O.1 23 113 5O 29 124 52 34 129 52 46 143 52 55 147 52
O.2 46 16O 71 57 175 73 67 182 73 96 226 73 1O9 2O8 73
O.4 92 226 1O1 114 247 1O3 134 257 1O3 192 319 1O3 218 294 1O3
O.6 138 276 124 171 3O3 127 2O1 34O 127 288 391 127 327 36O 127
O.8 184 319 143 228 35O 146 268 364 146 384 451 146 436 416 146
1 23O 357 16O 285 391 164 335 4O7 164 46O 451 164 545 465 164
2 54O 391 226 69O 451 231 8OO 479 231 11OO 529 231 129O 553 231
3 81O 479 276 1O35 553 283 12OO 586 283 165O 648 283 1935 677 283
4 1O8O 553 319 138O 638 327 16OO 677 327 22OO 749 327 258O 782 327
5 135O 618 357 1725 714 366 2OOO 757 366 275O 837 366 3225 874 366
%&''#.+ d E.5/O -5*$& 1 d ZV) %* 1 d 1^^^
O.1 22 124 55 27 134 55 31 138 55 43 151 55 51 16O 55
O.2 43 175 78 54 189 78 62 195 78 86 214 78 1O2 226 78
O.4 86 247 111 1O8 267 111 124 276 111 172 3O3 111 2O4 319 111
O.6 129 3O3 135 162 327 135 186 339 135 258 371 135 3O6 391 135
O.8 172 35O 156 216 378 156 248 391 156 344 428 156 4O8 451 156
1 215 391 175 27O 422 175 31O 437 175 43O 479 175 51O 5O5 175
2 54O 422 247 68O 479 247 79O 5O5 247 1O9O 553 247 129O 597 247
3 81O 517 3O3 1O2O 586 3O3 1185 618 3O3 1635 677 3O3 1935 731 3O3
4 1O8O 597 35O 136O 677 35O 158O 714 35O 218O 782 35O 258O 845 35O
5 135O 668 391 17OO 757 391 1975 798 391 2725 874 391 3225 944 391
%&''#.+ d -%&&$O -5*$& 1 d 1]] %* 1 d ZVH
O.1 21 129 59 25.5 138 59 29 143 59 4O.5 156 59 48.5 164 59
O.2 41 182 83 51 195 83 58 2O2 83 81 22O 83 97 231 83
O.4 82 257 117 1O2 276 117 116 286 117 162 311 117 194 327 117
O.6 123 315 144 153 339 144 174 35O 144 243 381 144 291 4O1 144
O.8 164 364 166 2O4 391 166 232 4O4 166 324 44O 166 388 463 166
1 2O5 4O7 185 255 437 185 29O 451 185 4O5 492 185 485 517 185
2 52O 451 262 65O 5O5 262 75O 553 262 1O4O 597 262 123O 618 262
3 78O 553 321 975 618 321 1125 677 321 156O 731 321 1845 757 321
4 1O4O 638 371 13OO 714 371 15OO 782 371 2O8O 845 371 246O 874 371
5 13OO 714 415 1625 798 415 1875 874 415 26OO 944 415 3O75 977 415
.<F6= e
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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-26 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
Region 5
%&''#.+ d 5*_5W.+4O -5*$& 1 d 3]]] %* 1 d )]]]
O.1 32 133 61 37 141 62 4O 147 62 5O 16O 62 58 168 62
O.2 63 188 86 73 2OO 87 8O 2O8 87 96 226 87 115 237 87
O.4 126 265 122 146 283 124 16O 294 124 192 319 124 23O 336 124
O.6 189 325 149 219 346 151 24O 355 151 288 391 151 345 411 151
O.8 252 375 172 292 4OO 175 32O 416 175 384 451 175 46O 475 175
1 315 419 192 365 447 195 4OO 465 195 5OO 5O7 195 575 531 195
2 75O 443 272 88O 484 276 97O 51O 276 126O 569 276 146O 6O4 276
3 1125 542 333 132O 593 339 1455 624 339 189O 697 339 219O 739 339
4 15OO 626 384 176O 685 391 194O 721 391 252O 8O4 391 292O 854 391
5 1875 7OO 43O 22OO 765 437 2425 8O6 437 315O 899 437 365O 954 437
%&''#.+ d E.5/O -5*$& 1 d ZV) %* 1 d 1^^^
O.1 3O 144 68 35 153 68 38 158 68 47 172 69 54 179 69
O.2 6O 2O4 96 69 217 96 75 224 96 93 243 97 1O7 253 97
O.4 12O 288 135 138 3O6 135 15O 317 135 186 343 137 214 358 137
O.6 18O 353 166 2O7 375 166 225 388 166 279 42O 168 321 439 168
O.8 24O 4O8 192 276 433 192 3OO 448 192 372 485 194 428 5O7 194
1 3OO 456 214 345 484 214 375 5O1 214 465 542 217 535 567 217
2 74O 482 3O3 85O 522 3O3 94O 546 3O3 122O 6O6 3O7 142O 638 3O7
3 111O 59O 371 1275 639 371 141O 669 371 183O 742 376 213O 782 376
4 148O 681 428 17OO 738 428 188O 772 428 244O 857 434 284O 9O3 434
5 185O 761 479 2125 826 479 235O 863 479 3O5O 958 485 355O 1O1O 485
%&''#.+ d -%&&$O -5*$& 1 d 1]] %* 1 d ZVH
O.1 3O 152 71 32.5 16O 71 35 165 72 44.5 178 72 5O.5 186 72
O.2 59 215 1O1 65 227 1O1 7O 234 1O2 89 252 1O2 1O1 263 1O2
O.4 118 3O4 143 13O 321 143 14O 331 145 178 357 145 2O2 372 145
O.6 177 372 175 195 393 175 21O 4O5 177 267 437 177 3O3 455 177
O.8 236 429 2O2 26O 454 2O2 28O 468 2O4 356 5O5 2O4 4O4 526 2O4
1 3OO 48O 226 32O 5O7 226 29O 523 229 4O5 564 229 485 588 229
2 7OO 512 319 8OO 555 319 88O 58O 323 113O 64O 323 13OO 673 323
3 1O5O 627 391 12OO 68O 391 132O 71O 396 1695 784 396 195O 825 396
4 14OO 724 451 16OO 785 451 176O 82O 457 226O 9O6 457 26OO 952 457
5 175O 81O 5O5 2OOO 878 5O5 22OO 917 511 2825 1O13 511 325O 1O65 511
^]\
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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-27
TalIe 5.A4: Dischaige and Iipe Dianelei ReIalionship

Teiiain: LovIying Teiiain: Sleep
Dischaige
(n
3
/s)
Iipe Dianelei
(nn)
Dischaige
(n
3
/s)
Iipe Dianelei
(nn)
O.O1 236 O.O1 259
O.O2 247 O.O2 269
O.O4 27O O.O4 288
O.O6 292 O.O6 3O7
O.O8 315 O.O8 326
O.1 338 O.1 345
O.12 361 O.12 364
O.16 4O6 O.16 4O2
O.22 474 O.22 459
O.24 497 O.24 478
O.28 542 O.28 516
O.32 587 O.32 554
O.36 633 O.36 592
O.42 7O1 O.42 649
O.48 769 O.48 7O7
O.52 814 O.52 745
O.56 86O O.56 783
O.62 928 O.62 84O
O.66 973 O.66 878
O.72 1O41 O.72 935
O.78 11O9 O.78 992
O.82 1154 O.82 1O3O

Teiiain: MiId
Dischaige
(n
3
/s)
Iipe Dianelei
(nn)
O.O1 25O
O.O2 261
O.O4 282
O.O6 3O3
O.O8 325
O.1 346
O.12 367
O.16 41O
O.22 474
O.24 495
O.28 538
O.32 581
O.36 623
O.42 687
O.48 751
O.52 794
O.56 836
O.62 9OO
O.66 943
O.72 1OO7
O.78 1O71
O.82 1114

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-28 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
MuIli-puipose
HaII
Iioposed OSD
#$$&+/.[ )0S &[#E$5& , -.f.+4 *-/ %#+T-
)0S1 g 2<Q6:A:>8<Q *-/ %@<P
IiolIen:
A nuIli-puipose haII is lo le deveIoped vilhin UiTM KuaIa IiIah canpus aiea. The piojecl aiea is O.61ha. 75
of il shaII le occupied ly luiIding, access ioad and pavenenl vhiIe 25 ly gaiden and luifed aieas. The
calchnenl aiea of lhe piojecl vheie il connecls lo lhe nain diain is O.61ha and has a leiiain sIope of aloul
1:2OOO. Il is noie econonicaI lo consliucl an OSD lank lhan lo upgiade lhe exisling diainage syslen foi lhis
nev deveIopnenl. ased on lhe design pioceduie, caIcuIale lhe IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD), Sile Sloiage
Requiienenl (SSR) and lhe inIel and oulIel pipe sizes.

Iiguie 5.1.1 MuIli-Iuipose HaII Layoul al UiTM KuaIa IiIah
SoIulion:

Iiguie 5.A1

KuaIa IiIah faIIs undei Region 1 ~ Wesl Coasl.

So, use OSD Chaiacleiislic foi Region 1~ Wesl Coasl.

Iiojecl Aiea = O.61ha

Teiiain = MiId

of Inpeivious Aiea = 75

TalIe 5.A1 IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD)/ha:

Ioi aiea of O.61 ha, ISD = O.61 x 78.7
=

=
=
78.71 3 /s/ha

48.O 3 /s
O.O48n
3
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-29
TalIe 5.A1 Sile Sloiage Requiienenl (SSR)/ha:
Ioi aiea of O.61ha, SSR = O.61 x 448.5
=

=
448.5n
3
/ha
273.6n
3

TalIe 5.A2 InIel IIov/ha:

Ioi aiea of O.61 ha, InIel IIov = O.61 x 17O.O
=

=
=
17O.O1/s/ha

1O3.7 3 /s
O.1O4n
3
/s
TalIe 5.A2 ISD/ha:
=

=
=
45.91/s/ha

28.O 3/s
O.O28n
3
/s
TalIe 5.A2 SSR/ha:

Ioi aiea of O.61 ha, SSR = O.61 x 349.2

=

=
349.2n
3
/ha
213.On
3

SnaIIei ISD vaIue is adopled foi sulsequenl sizing of oulIel pipe.
Thus, ISD = O.O28n
3
/sec.
= O.O28n
3
/s

TalIe 5.A3 InIel Iipe:
(adopl 45Onn dia. as il is ieadiIy avaiIalIe in lhe naikel)
= 419nn dia.
(Adopl 45Onn
dia.)

TalIe 5.A3 OulIel Iipe:
(adopl 16Onn dia. as il is ieadiIy avaiIalIe in lhe naikel)
= 17Onn dia.
(Adopl 16Onn
dia.)
TalIe 5.A4 InIel Iipe: (vilh InIel IIov of O.1O4n
3
/sec)

= 35Onn dia.
TalIe 5.A4
OulIel pipe: (vilh ISD of .OO28n
3
/sec)
= 27Onn dia.

Design VaIue SeIecled:

ISD:
(vhichevei is snaIIei fion TalIe 5.A1 and 5.A2)

SSR:
(vhichevei is Iaigei fion TalIe 5.A1 and 5.A2)

Sizing of OSD Tank:
The iequiied sloiage is 273.6n
3

Adopl lank vidlh of 2On, 12n Ienglh and a deplh of 1.2n.
Tank sloiage = 2On x 12n x 1.2n

InIel Iipe:

OulIel Iipe:

=

=

=

=

=

28.O 3/s

273.6n
3

288n
3
> 273.6n
3

ok

35Onn dia.
Hence, adopl 35O
nn dia. pipe size.

17Onn dia.
Hence, adopl 16O
nn dia. pipe size.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-3O 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&
2On
T
a
n
k

R
o
o
f
S
c
i
e
e
d

l
o

L
d
g
e
T
a
n
k

R
o
o
f
S
c
i
e
e
d

l
o

L
d
g
e
Access ManhoIe
InIel
Chanlei
45Onn InIel
Iipe Iion CIT
T
a
n
k

I
I
o
o
i
S
c
i
e
e
d

l
o

I
a
I
I
Tank Roof
Scieed lo Ldge
Tank Roof
Scieed lo Ldge
T
a
n
k

R
o
o
f
S
c
i
e
e
d

l
o

L
d
g
e
T
a
n
k

I
I
o
o
i
S
c
i
e
e
d

l
o

f
a
I
I
Scieed lo IaII
T
a
n
k

I
I
o
o
i
S
c
i
e
e
d

l
o

I
a
I
I
RC Tiusl Iock
16Onn OveifIov
Iipe lo Diain
11.5n
T
a
n
k

I
I
o
o
i
S
c
i
e
e
d

l
o

I
a
I
I
Diain Iipe lo
Neaiesl Diain
A
A
Scoui
Iipe
Access ManhoIe
Access ManhoIe
Access ManhoIe
D
i
a
i
n

I
i
p
e

l
o
N
e
a
i
e
s
l

D
i
a
i
n
Scoui
Iipe
OulIel Iipe
2On
45Onn InIel Iipe
Iion CIT
Scoui Iipe
1.2n
1n
RC WaII
Scieed lo Deck
RC SIal
RC IiIes
WL
CL 14.OOnn
75nn Thick Lean
Conciele
ILAN
SLCTION A-A

Iiguie 5.1.2: TypicaI DelaiI Diaving foi eIov-Ciound OSD Tank

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-31
)0S3 g #R>J6 4:>8<Q *-/ %@<P
IiolIen:
Theie is a lennis couil Iocaled nexl lo a nuIlipuipose luiIding of UiTM in KIuang, }ohoi. OSD lank needs lo le
luiIl foi lhe sane ieason as in Design LxanpIe 5.1. The lennis couil aiea is O.7ha and 6O of il shaII le paved.
The calchnenl aiea of lhe piojecl lhal connecls lo lhe nain diain is aloul O.7ha vilh a sIope of aloul 1: 18OO.
Tenis Couil
Iioposed OSD

Iiguie 5.2.1: Tennis Couil al UiTM KIuang
SoIulion:

Iiguie 5.A1

KIuang faIIs undei Region 5 - Soulhein.

So, use OSD Chaiacleiislic foi Region 5~ Soulhein.

Iiojecl Aiea = O.7Oha

Teiiain = MiId

of Inpeivious Aiea = 6O

TalIe 5.A1 IeinissilIe Sile Dischaige (ISD)/ha:


=

=
=
76.4 3/s/ha

53.5 3/s
O.O35n
3
/s
TalIe 5A1 Sile Sloiage Requiienenl (SSR)/ha :

Ioi aiea of O.7ha, SSR = O.7 x 4O9.9

Sizing of OSD Tank:
The iequiied sloiage is 286.9n
3

Adopl lank vidlh of 2On, 12n Ienglh and a deplh of 1.2n.
Tank sloiage = 2On x 12n x 1.2n

=
=

=
4O9.9n
3
/ha
286.9n
3

288n
3
> 286.9n
3

ok

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

5-32 6&75)*8 08*8&*)+&

TalIe 5.A2 InIel IIov:
As KIuang is nol in lhe Iisl in TalIe 5.A2, iefei lo TalIe 5.A3 onIy.

TalIe 5.A2 ISD:

TalIe 5.A2 SSR:

(adopl 4OOnn Dia. as il is ieadiIy avaiIalIe in lhe naikel)

= 4O1nn dia.
(Adopl 4OOnn
dia.)

TalIe 5.A3 OulIel Iipe:
(adopl 16Onn Dia. as il is ieadiIy avaiIalIe in lhe naikel)

= 167nn dia.
(Adopl 16Onn
dia.)

As KIuang is nol in lhe Iisl in TalIe 5.A2, no checking foi TalIe 5.A4 is
iequiied. Refei lo TalIe 5.A3 onIy.

TalIe 5.A4 OulIel pipe:
As KIuang is nol in lhe Iisl in TalIe 5.A2, no checking foi TalIe 5A4 is
iequiied. Refei lo lalIe 5.A3 onIy.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6&7")*8 08*8&*)+& 5-33

2On
12n
Inconing Diain
OveifIov
Weii
OulIel Iipe
16Onn
Open Diain
OId Sloiage
T
a
n
k
I
I
o
o
i
S
c
i
e
e
d
l
o
I
a
I
I
DCI (Iiinaiy OulIel)
A A
2On
1.2n
InIel Iipe
IaII
DCI (Iiinaiy
OulIel) OulIel Iipe
16Onn
OveifIov
Weii
Open Diain
Meshed Scieen
ILAN
SLCTION A-A

Iiguie 5.2.2: TypicaI DelaiI Diaving foi Alove-Ciound Tank
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!
RAINWATER HARVESTING
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-i
!"#$%&' ) '#*+,#%&' "#'-&.%*+/
6.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.2 IiincipIes .............................................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.3 enefils .................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.2 COMIONLNTS OI A SYSTLM ...................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.1 Conponenls ......................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.2 Inlegialion vilh OSD .......................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.3 Iunps ................................................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.4 Iiisl IIush Device ................................................................................................ 6-3
6.3 CONIICURATION OI TANK ........................................................................................ 6-3
6.3.1 Sloiage Type ......................................................................................................... 6-3
6.3.2 Shape of Sloiage Tank ........................................................................................ 6-3
6.4 SIZINC STORACL TANK ................................................................................................ 6-4
6.4.1 Rainvalei Denand ............................................................................................. 6-4
6.4.2 Iaclois Affecling Rainvalei AvaiIaliIily ......................................................... 6-4
6.4.3 Rainvalei AvaiIaliIily Lslinalion .................................................................... 6-6
6.4.4 Aveiage AnnuaI Rainvalei YieId Lslinalion ................................................. 6-6
6.4.5 Tank Size Lslinalion ........................................................................................... 6-7
6.5 SIZINC CONVLYANCL AND DISTRIUTION SYSTLMS ........................................ 6-8
6.5.1 Rainvalei CoIIeclion and Conveyance ............................................................ 6-8
6.5.2 Disliilulion Iipe ................................................................................................. 6-8
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 6-11
AIILNDIX 6.A SIZINC CHARTS ............................................................................................... 6-13
AIILNDIX 6. LXAMILL - SIZINC TANK AND IIIL ......................................................... 6-15

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-1
)01 *+%'234!%*2+
)0101 /565789
Rainvalei haivesling is a lechnique of coIIecling iainfaII as a suppIenenlaiy souice of valei suppIy foi
househoIds, conneiciaI and indusliiaI pienises, Iandscape valeiing, Iiveslock valei, and iiiigalion of
agiicuIluie. The pIanning and deveIopnenl of iainvalei haivesling syslens shaII le caiiied oul adheiing lo lhe
piincipIes and guideIines desciiled heie. This is lo ensuie lhal lhe syslen conpIies vilh suslainaliIily, valei
quaIily and design slandaid.
)010: $7;6<;=95>
The vaIue of iainvalei as lhe piinaiy souice of cIean valei is aIvays ignoied. The ain of iainvalei haivesling
is lo concenliale iunoff and coIIecl il in a lasin foi use. Rainvalei haivesling using ioof calchnenls is lhe
easiesl and nosl connon nelhod. Rainvalei nay aIso le coIIecled fion any inpeivious suiface, such as slone,
conciele, oi asphaIlic pavenenl. Landscape can aIso le conlouied lo naxinize lhe calchnenl aieas and iunoff
foi iainvalei coIIeclion.
)010? @565A;B>
Theie aie nuneious lenefils of iainvalei haivesling:
- Il piovides an aIleinalive valei suppIy lo suppIenenl piped valei,
- Il is a gieen appioach. Il ieduces lhe dependency of peopIe on pipe valei hence discouiage dan
consliuclion and defoieslalion,
- Il ieduces valei liIIs foi consunei. OccasionaIIy, lheie aie econonic advanlages such as ielales fion
nunicipaIilies foi a ieduclion in use and dependency on nunicipaI valei,
- On isIands vilh Iiniled fiesh-valei, iainvalei haivesling is lhe najoi souice of valei foi doneslic use,
and
- Il ieduces sloinvalei fIooding and soiI eiosion.
)0: !2C$2+&+%. 2D # .E.%&C
)0:01 !FG=F656B>
Whelhei il is Iaige oi snaII, a iainvalei haivesling syslen (RWHS) has five lasic conponenls:
- Calchnenl aiea - lhe suiface aiea vhich calches lhe iainfaII. Il nay le a ioof oi inpeivious pavenenl
and nay incIude Iandscaped aieas,
- Conveyance - channeIs oi pipes lhal lianspoil lhe valei fion calchnenl aiea lo a sloiage,
- Iiisl fIush - lhe syslens lhal fiIlei and ienove conlaninanls and deliis using sepaialion devices,
- Sloiage lanks - vheie coIIecled iainvalei is sloied, and
- Disliilulion - lhe syslen lhal deIiveis lhe iainvalei lo lhe poinl of use, eilhei ly giavily oi punp.
In ceilain case vheie coIIecled iainvalei is foi polalIe usage, puiificalion invoIving fiIleiing, disliIIalion and
disinfeclion aie lhe oplionaI conponenls in iainvalei haivesling syslen. The haivesling piocess fion iainfaII
up lo end usei is concepluaIIy shovn in Iiguie 6.1. A lypicaI delaiIing of lhe syslen eilhei alove-giound
sloiage oi leIov-giound sloiage is diagiannalicaIIy iIIuslialed ly Iiguie 6.2.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-2 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<
ResidenliaI
uiIding
Alove-Ciound
Tank
eIov-
Ciound
Tank
1
1
2
3
4
5
8
11
6
8
11
9
1O
1O
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1. Roof coIIeclion 7. Access foi cIeaning
2. Cullei vilh Ieaf scieen 8. AIleinale valei suppIy
3. Rain gulleis 9. TypicaI vaIve
4. Dovnpipe 1O. ackfIov pievenlion device
5. Deliis and sedinenl ienovaI, fiisl fIush device 11. OveifIov pipe
6. Sciev-off end cap foi cIeaning
Noles:

Iiguie 6.1: Rainvalei Haivesling Iiocess

Iiguie 6.2: TypicaI Conponenls of Rainvalei Haivesling Syslen foi a ResidenliaI uiIding
)0:0: *6B5H78B;F6 I;BJ 2.3
The iainvalei haivesling syslen can le inlegialed vilh OSD faciIilies (Chaplei 5) lhal conlioI a ninoi sloin
evenl. Il is appiopiiale foi Iaige scaIe Iandscapes such as paiks, schooI, conneiciaI siles, paiking Iols, and
apailnenl conpIexes and aIso snaII scaIe iesidenliaI Iandscapes. Rainvalei can le sloied on fIal ioofs piovided
lhal adequale pioleclion againsl Ieakage is caleied foi in lhe sliucluiaI design of lhe luiIding.
This lype of sloiage has Iiniled appIicalion in iesidenliaI aieas and is noie suiled lo conneiciaI and indusliiaI
luiIdings vheie Iaige fIal ioof aie avaiIalIe. OSD sloiage-cun-iainvalei haivesling syslen can le piovided as
leIov-giound sloiages, alove-giound sloiages oi a conlinalion of lolh.

Iipe Disliilulion Iipe Disliilulion
IolalIe Use (OplionaI)
Calchnenl Aiea
Iiisl-IIush
Sloiage
Runoff
OveifIov

Iuiificalion
Use
Iipe Disliilulion
Non-polalIe Use
Iipe Conveyance / Cullei
Iipe Conveyance / Cullei
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-3
)0:0? $KG=>
Theie aie seveiaI lypes of punps vilh diffeienl opeialing piincipIes suilalIe foi vaiious condilions of use such
as iecipiocaling punps, cenliifugaI punps, cenliipelaI punps, and cenliifugaI jel punps. Lach punp inpeIIei
has ils ovn opeialing chaiacleiislics, vhich define ils capaliIily and efficiency. These can eilhei le caIcuIaled
foi each individuaI punp and ils inpeIIei oi lhe punp chaiacleiislic iead fion giaphs and nonogiaphs
noinaIIy fuinished ly punp nanufacluieis foi lheii pioducls.
)0:0L D;7>B D9K>J 35M;<5
Rainvalei quaIily vaiies and is affecled ly enviionnenlaI faclois and conneiciaI indusliiaI aclivilies in lhe
aiea. The incIusion of lhe fiisl fIush device viII inpiove lhe quaIily of lhe valei. The device can le pail of lhe
iainvalei dovnpipe, le sepaialed fion a lank oi le allached lo a lank. Il can aIso le inslaIIed leIov giound.
CoIIeclion and disposaI of lhe fiisl fIush of valei fion a ioof, is of pailicuIai concein foi any iainvalei
haivesling syslen. This is due lo lhe facl lhal fiisl fIush picks up nosl of lhe diil, deliis, and conlaninanls,
such as liid dioppings lhal have leen coIIecled on lhe ioof and in lhe gulleis duiing diy peiiods. MuIlipIe fiisl
fIush devices nay le iequiied inslead of a singIe fiisl fIush depending on sIope of lhe calchnenls suiface and
line iequiied foi iainvalei lo ieach lhe fiisl fIush device(s). Iiguie 6.3 shovs lhe lypicaI fiisl fIush syslens.

OpeialionaI Walei
LeveI
Deliis CoIIecling in
ollon Chanlei
RenovalIe Covei
foi CIeaning
SnaII oie Iipe foi
Aulonalic Resel
Iiisl IIush
Walei
IIoaling aII
Walei fion
Roof
Sloiage Tank

Iiguie 6.3: TypicaI Iiisl IIush Syslens

)0? !2+D*/4'#%*2+ 2D %#+N
)0?01 .BF78H5 %O=5
Theie aie vaiious lypes foi iainvalei haivesling lank. In geneiaI, lhe iainvalei lank can le divided inlo eilhei
alove-giound lank oi leIov-giound lank as shovn in Iiguie 6.4.
)0?0: .J8=5 FA .BF78H5 %86P
The lank shapes can le ciicuIai, ieclanguIai and olheis, such as liapeziuns and pipes as piovided in TalIe 5.2
of Chaplei 5.O. Theie aie a nunlei of faclois lhal govein vhal lank oi lanks vouId le suilalIe in vaiying
silualion. These incIude:
- heighl of ioof,
- ioof calchnenl aiea idenlificalion,
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-4 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<
InIel Iipes
Access Iaddei
SuppIy
Roof/Lavn
Mainlenance
OulIel
SuppIy
Roof
Diain
Reuse
Access
Laddei
- gullei and dovnpipe aiiangenenls,
- space aiound lhe luiIding,
- aIignnenl of luiIding in ieIalion lo loundaiies, and
- IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily ieguIalions vilh iegaid lo valei lanks.

a) Alove-Ciound l) eIov-Ciound
Iiguie 6.4: Types of Sloiage Tank

Laigei lanks oflen have lo le casl in-silu. IiliegIass lanks, aIlhough noie expensive, aie noie duialIe lecause
lhey iesisl coiiosion and aie nol geneiaIIy affecled ly chenicaI oi noisluie. These lanks aie nanufacluied vilh
a good-giade coaling on lheii inleiioi suiface. The lanks shouId aIso le nanufacluied lo pievenl lhe enliy of
Iighl, vhich couId encouiage aIgae giovlh.
)0L .*Q*+/ .%2'#/& %#+N
)0L01 '8;6I8B57 35G86R
The iainvalei denand depends on seveiaI faclois. TalIe 6.1 shovs lhe anounl of valei uses foi diffeienl
appIiances and ouldooi appIicalion vhich vas adopled fion Rainvalei Haivesling Cuidelook: IIanning and
Design (DID, 2OO9). Rainvalei denand depends on:
- The nunlei of peopIe using lhe valei,
- Aveiage consunplion pei peison, and
- The iange of uses (diinking, lalhioon, Iaundiy, loiIel, gaiden valeiing, elc.)
The iainvalei denand can le ieduced in ceilain valei sliess aiea and duiing diy peiiod using valei
conseivalion devices.
)0L0: D8<BF7> #AA5<B;6H '8;6I8B57 #M8;98S;9;BO
Rainvalei avaiIaliIily depends diieclIy on seveiaI paianeleis such as iainfaII chaiacleiislics, calchnenl aiea
(ioof aiea), and lank size. The olhei ninoi faclois vhich affecl lhe yieId aie fiisl fIush anounl and Iosses on lhe
ioof, such as evapoialion and spIashing.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-5
TalIe 6.1: Rainvalei Denand foi Doneslic AppIicalion (DID, 2OO9)
Use (AppIiance) Type
Aveiage
Consunplion
Aveiage TolaI Rainvalei
Denand
A. Indooi
ToiIel

SingIe IIush

9 Iilies pei fIush

12O Iilies pei day
DuaI IIush 6 oi 3 Iilies pei fIush 4O Iilies pei day
Washing Machine Tvin Tul
(Seni- aulo)
4O Iilies pei vash
Iionl Loading 8O Iilies pei vash
Top Loading 17O Iilies pei vash
Dishvashei - 2O-5O Iilies pei Ioad
CeneiaI CIeaning - 1O-2O Iilies pei ninule 15O Iilies pei day
. Ouldooi
SpiinkIei oi HandheId Hose

1O-2O Iilies pei ninule

1OOO Iilies pei houi
Diip Syslen 4 Iilies pei houi
Hosing Ialhs/Diivevays 2O Iilies pei ninule 2OO Iilies pei vash
Washing Cai vilh a
Running Hose
1O-2O Iilies pei ninule 1OO-3OO Iilies pei vash

=2> 62)&?233 @A292B*89)5*)B5
Ioi a lypicaI RWHS vilh a defined ioof aiea, lank size and iainvalei use pallein, lhe iainvalei haiveslalIe
yieId viII depend nainIy on lhe iainfaII chaiacleiislics such as lhe sequence of iain-days and lhe daiIy iainfaII
anounl. CeneiaIIy, noie iain-days yieId highei iainvalei anounls. Since lhe iainfaII chaiacleiislics vaiy fion
pIace lo pIace in MaIaysia, lhe RWHS yieId viII lheiefoie vaiy. A lolaI of 17 najoi lovns vilhin MaIaysia have
leen seIecled foi lhe iainvalei yieId assessnenl. TalIe 6.2 shovs lhe aveiage annuaI iainfaII and lhe nunlei of
iain-days foi lhe seIecled lovns.
TalIe 6.2: Mean AnnuaI RainfaII and Nunlei of Rain-days foi SeIecled Tovns
No. Nane of Tovn
RainfaII
Slalion
Ieiiod of
Recoid
Mean AnnuaI
RainfaII (nn)
Nunlei of
AnnuaI Rain-day
Yeais of
Recoid
1 AIoi Slai 61O3O47 1948-2OO7 2,365 147 42
2 Ipoh 4511111 1972-2OO8 2,288 181 38
3 KIang 3O14O84 1953-2OO8 2,197 132 55
4 KuaIa Lunpui 3117O7O 1953-2OO8 2,527 177 56
5 Seienlan 2719O43 1959-2OO8 1,9O1 141 5O
6 MeIaka 2222O1O 1954-1998 1,989 179 45
7 KIuang 1833O92 1948-2OO6 2,295 163 58
8 }ohoi ahiu 1537113 1948-2OO7 2,787 158 59
9 Kola haiu 6121OO1 1981-2OO8 2,622 138 21
1O KuaIa Teiengganu 5331O48 1954-2OO8 2,659 161 53
11 Kuanlan 3833OO4 1948-2OO8 2,881 136 59
12 Kuching 14O3OO1 195O-2OO8 4,O43 242 59
13 Silu 2219OO1 1999-2OO7 3,282 229 9
14 inluIu MMS 96441 1999-2OO8 4,136 225 1O
15 Kola KinalaIu 5961OO2 1985-2OO9 2,629 177 25
16 Sandakan 5875OO1 1987-2OO8 3,O7O 19O 18
17 Tavau 4278OO4 1989-2OO6 1,626 155 14
Nole: When Iaige gaps occui in a pailicuIai yeai, lhe enliie dala seiies of lhal yeai veie discaided in anaIysis

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-6 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<
=C> 6++?*+D #982
The iooflop aiea coiiesponds lo lhe iainvalei calchnenl aiea. The iainvalei haiveslalIe yieId is highei vhen
iooflop aiea is Iaigei.
=B> 62)&72*89 "*+92<8 E2&F ")G8
Rainvalei lank is an inpoilanl conponenl in lhe RWHS fion peispeclive of cosl and space aIIocalion. The
iainvalei haiveslalIe yieId is highei vhen lhe lank size is liggei. When lank size is incieasing, lhe incienenlaI
inciease in yieId is decieasing lecause il is Iiniled ly ioof aiea. Hence il is essenliaI lo deleinine lhe oplinun
lank size.
='> H)95* H3I5A J+3IK8
The fiisl fIush is iequiied lo pievenl conlaninanls coIIecled al lhe ioof suiface fion enleiing lhe sloiage lank.
The fiisl fIush voIune adopled is equivaIenl lo O.5nn of iainfaII as shovn in TalIe 6.3 (DID, 2OO9).
TalIe 6.3: Iiisl IIush Requiienenl Accoiding To Roof Aiea (DID, 2OO9)
Roof Aiea (n
2
) Iiisl IIush VoIune (n
3
)
Less lhan 1OO O.O25 - O.O5
1OO - 4356 O.O5 - 2.5
Ciealei lhan 4356 2.5
Nole: Adopl fiisl fIush of 5 n
3
if suiface conlains excessive
soiI, dusl oi deliis.
=8> L+5585 ?9+K 6++?5
Ioi houses in liopicaI iegion such as MaIaysia, ioof sliucluies usuaIIy heal up due lo pioIonged exposuie lo
sunshine. Olhei lhan in lhe Noilheasl Monsoon season, iainfaII usuaIIy occuis in lhe Iale afleinoon. Hence, O.5
nn of iain faIIing on lhe ioof is consideied as evapoialion and spIashing Iosses.
)0L0? '8;6I8B57 #M8;98S;9;BO &>B;G8B;F6
Tvo nodeIs aie avaiIalIe in lhe iainvalei avaiIaliIily eslinalion pioceduies suggesled ly }enkins el aI. (1987)
vhich aie:
- YieId efoie SpiIIage (YS) nodeI, and
- YieId Aflei SpiIIage (YAS) nodeI.
The YS nodeI adopls an oplinislic appioach vheie lhe iainvalei haivesled viII le suppIied foi daiIy
consunplion and lhe laIance viII le sloied in lhe sloiage lank foi nexl day use. On lhe olhei hand, lhe YAS
nodeI assunes a conseivalive appioach vheie iainvalei haivesled viII le channeIIed lo lhe lank fiisl, and lhe
excess of iainvalei viII le oveifIoved. The daiIy consunplion viII le diavn fion lhe lank.
Wilh lhe RWHS desciiled alove and lhe adopled paianeleis, a daiIy valei laIance nodeI has leen configuied
lo conpule lhe daiIy iainvalei yieId lased on YS as shovn in Iiguie 6.5. A spieadsheel has leen deveIoped lo
faciIilale lhe daiIy valei laIance conpulalion.
)0L0L #M578H5 #66K89 '8;6I8B57 E;59R &>B;G8B;F6
Lslinalion of lhe Aveiage AnnuaI Rainvalei YieId (AARY) vas caiiied oul using daiIy valei laIance nodeI
foi lhe seIecled lovns in MaIaysia adopling YS nelhod. The eslinalion vas caiiied oul lo assess a lypicaI case
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-7
DaiIy RainfaII Dala (nn)
Lvapoialion
(nn)
Roof Sliucluie
(n
2
)
Iiisl IIush
(n
3
)
Rainvalei Haivesling
Tank (n
3
)
OveifIov
(n
3
)
When Tank is IuII
ToiIel
IIushing
CIeaning Caidening
of househoId/iesidenliaI house vilh 5 peisons. Roof aiea of lhe luiIding is 1OOn
2
. The adopled fiisl fIush and
Iosses fion ioof veie eslinaled lo le 1 nn as ieconnended in Seclion 6.4.2.
The anaIyses iesuIls shovn lhal, e.g.

in AIoi Slai, lhe AARY is 1O3n
3
if lank size of 1n
3
is used. When lhe lank
size is 3 lines liggei (3n
3
), lhe AARY is neieIy incieased ly 32 lo 136n
3
onIy. Theiefoie, lank size of 1n
3
is
lhe neai oplinun in lein of highesl AARY pei unil lank size foi AIoi Slai. SiniIaiIy foi olhei lovns, a lank
size of 1n
3
is lhe neai oplinun lank size. TalIe 6.4 leIov piesenls lhe AARY fion lhe YS nodeI foi aII lhe
seIecled lovns.

Iiguie 6.5: Schenalic Diagian foi lhe DaiIy Walei aIance lased on YS ModeI
)0L0T %86P .;U5 &>B;G8B;F6
Iion Seclion 6.4.4, lhe lank size foi MaIaysia iegaidIess of Iocalion is 1 n
3
foi ioof aiea of 1OOn
2
. Il is
equivaIenl lo sloie 1Onn of iainfaII vilh 1OOn
2
of ioof aiea. As such, lank size can le eslinaled vilh lhe
foIIoving equalion:
"
*
M -,-.#
9

(6.1)

vheie,
"
*
= Tank Size (n
3
), and
#
9
= Rooflop Calchnenl Aiea (n
2
).
Lqualion 6.1 is eslalIished ly assuning lhe denand is piopoilionaI lo lhe ioof aiea and lank size. The lank size
vilh vaiying daiIy denand and ioof aiea nay have vaiialion of 25 using lhe alove sinpIified appioach. A
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-8 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<
noie nelhodicaI appioach, i.e., a daiIy valei laIance nodeI using lhe specific ioof aiea and daiIy iainvalei
denand foi a pailicuIai piojecl can le caiiied oul if a noie accuiale iesuIl is iequiied.
TalIe 6.4: Aveiage AnnuaI Rainvalei YieId foi SeIecled Tovns
No. Nane of Tovn Aveiage AnnuaI Rainvalei YieId (n
3
)
1 AIoi Slai 1O3
2 Ipoh 99
3 KIang 1O7
4 KuaIa Lunpui 116
5 Seienlan 98
6 MeIaka 1OO
7 KIuang 115
8 }ohoi ahiu 128
9 Kola haiu 95
1O KuaIa Teiengganu 94
11 Kuanlan 111
12 Kuching 156
13 Silu 144
14 inluIu 148
15 Kola KinalaIu 1O9
16 Sandakan 12O
17 Tavau 89
Nole: AARY vas conpuled fion lank size of 1n
3
and ioof aiea of 1OOn
2
.

)0T .*Q*+/ !2+-&E#+!& #+3 3*.%'*@4%*2+ .E.%&C.
)0T01 '8;6I8B57 !F995<B;F6 86R !F6M5O86<5
This syslen conponenl is designed lased on lhe pioceduie piesenled in Chaplei 4, Seclion 4.3. Il conpiises
gulleis, iainheads, sunps and dovnpipes.
)0T0: 3;>B7;SKB;F6 $;=5
In designing foi valei suppIy inslaIIalion, an assessnenl nusl fiisl le nade of lhe piolalIe naxinun valei
fIov. In nosl luiIdings il seIdon happens lhal lhe lolaI nunleis of appIiances inslaIIed aie evei in use al lhe
sane line, and lheiefoie, foi econonic ieasons, il is usuaI foi a syslen lo le designed foi a peak usage vhich is
Iess lhan lhe possilIe naxinun usage. The piolalIe naxinun denand can le assessed lased on lhe lheoiy of
piolaliIily. This nelhod uses a Ioading unil ialing vhich is devised foi each lype of appIiance, lased on ils iale
of valei deIiveiy, lhe line lhe laps aie open duiing usage, and lhe sinuIlaneous denand foi lhe pailicuIai lype
of appIiance. TalIe 6.5 gives lhe Ioading unil ialing foi vaiious appIiances.
In luiIding vheie high peak denands occui, a Ioading unil ialing foi such appIiances is nol appIicalIe and
1OO of lhe fIov iale foi lhese appIiances is iequiied as shovn in TalIe 6.6. The sane appIies lo aulonalic
fIushing cisleins foi uiinaIs.
The pipe sizing can le deleinined using lhe Thonas-ox equalion (DID, 2OO9):
N
N
.- L %N
: '
O

=
(6.2)

vheie,
O = Dischaige lhiough lhe pipe (L/s),
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-9
' = Dianelei of pipe (nn),
: = Head of valei (n), and
L = TolaI Ienglh of pipe (n).
The dianelei of lhe pipe necessaiy lo give a iequiied fIov iale viII depend upon lhe head of valei avaiIalIe,
lhe snoolhness of lhe inleinaI loie of lhe pipe and lhe effeclive Ienglh of lhe pipe. An aIIovance foi lhe
fiiclionaI iesislance sel up ly fillings such as eIlovs, lees, laps and vaIves nusl le added lo lhe acluaI Ienglh of
lhe pipe. TalIe 6.7 gives lhe aIIovance foi fillings expiessed in equivaIenl pipe Ienglhs.
TalIe 6.5: Loading Unil Raling foi Vaiious AppIicalions
Type of AppIiance Loading Unil Raling
DveIIing and IIals
W.C. IIushing Cislein 2
Wash asin 1.5
alh 1O
Sink 3 - 5
Offices
Wash asin (Disliiluled Use) 1.5
Wash asin (Concenlialed Use) 3
SchooI and IndusliiaI uiIdings
Wash asin 3
Shovei (vilh NozzIe) 3
IulIic alh 22

TalIe 6.6: Reconnended Mininun IIov Rale al Vaiious AppIiances
Type of AppIiance Rale of IIov (3/s)
W.C. IIushing Cislein O.12
Wash asin O.15
Wash asin vilh Spiay Taps O.O4
alh (Iiivale) O.3O
alh (IulIic) O.6O
Shovei (vilh NozzIe) O.12
Sink vilh 13 nn Taps O.2O

TalIe 6.7: IiiclionaI Resislance of Iillings Lxpiessed in LquivaIenl Iipe Lenglh
NoninaI Oulside
Dianelei (nn)
LquivaIenl Iipe Lenglh (n)
LIlov end Tee
15 O.5 O.4 1.2
2O O.6 O.5 1.4
25 O.7 O.6 1.8
32 1.O O.7 2.3
4O 1.2 1.O 2.7
5O 1.4 1.2 3.4
65 1.7 1.3 4.2
8O 2.O 1.6 5.3
1OO 2.7 2.O 6.8

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-1O 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<
In caIcuIaling lhe dianelei of a pipe lo suppIy individuaI fillings, lhe head Ioss lhiough lhe diav-off lap shouId
aIso le laken inlo accounl. TalIe 6.8 gives lhe aIIovances foi diav-off laps expiessed in equivaIenl pipe
Ienglhs.
TalIe 6.8: IiiclionaI Resislance of Diav-off Taps Lxpiessed as LquivaIenl Iipe Lenglhs
Iilling (S 1O1O)
Dischaige Rale vilh
Tap IuIIy Open
(Iilie/s)
LquivaIenl Iipe Lenglh (n)
Coppei CaIvanized SleeI
15 nn Dianelei il-lap oi IiIIai Tap O.2O 2.7O 4.OO
2O nn Dianelei il-lap oi IiIIai Tap O.3O 8.5O 5.75
25 nn Dianelei il-lap oi IiIIai Tap O.6O 2O.OO 13.OO

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-11
'&D&'&+!&.
1. Chong S.I., Lin C.K., Lee C.S. (2O1O). 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< "45*8K5 )& !23245)2P :+7 !IBA @2& Q8 :29;85*R
ILM CoIIoquiun.
2. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage, MaIaysia, (2OO9), 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<P SI)'8C++F +& T32&&)&< 2&'
085)<&.
3. }enkins, D., Ieaison, I. Mooie, L. Sun, K. VaIenline, R. (1987). H825)C)3)*4 +? 62)&72*89 @+338B*)+& "45*8K5 )&
@23)?+9&)2U @+&*9)CI*)+& &+, .VW. Univeisily of CaIifoinia (UCLA).
4. Minisliy of Housing and LocaI Coveinnenl, MaIaysia, (1999). SI)'83)&85 ?+9 1&5*233)&< 2 62)&72*89 @+338B*)+&
2&' X*)3)G2*)+& "45*8K,

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-13
3O
2O
1O
8
6
4
2
1.5
1.O
.8
.6
.5
.4
.3
1O 2O 5O 1OO 2OO 5OO 1OOO 2OOO 5OOO 1OOOO
Loading Unils
I
I
o
v

R
a
l
e

(
I
i
l
i
e
/
s
)
1O
8
1
O
O
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
4
3
2
1.O
O.8
O.6
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O5
O.OO1 O.OO2 O.OO5 O.O1 O.O2 O.O5 O.1O O.2O O.3 O.6 1.O
7
5
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
6
2
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
5
O
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
3
8
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
3
2
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
2
5
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
2
O
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
1
3
n
n

(
I
i
p
e

d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
Coppei Lead
and IIaslic
CaIvanised
SleeI
HeadIoss pei n iun
6
I
I
o
v

R
a
l
e

(
I
i
l
i
e
/
s
)

#$$&+3*V )0# .*Q*+/ !"#'%.

Iiguie 6.A1: Design IIov Rale foi Vaiious Loading Unils

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-14 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<
1O
6
4
2
1.O
.8
.6
.4
.2
.O8
.1O
.O6
.O4
.O2
.O5 .1O .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .8 1.O 2 3 4 5 6
5
O
n
n
(
I
i
p
e
d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
4
O
n
n
(
I
i
p
e
d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
3
2
n
n
(
I
i
p
e
d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
2
5
n
n
(
I
i
p
e
d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
2
O
n
n
(
I
i
p
e
d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
1
5
n
n
(
I
i
p
e
d
i
a
n
e
l
e
i
)
I
I
o
v

R
a
l
e

(
I
i
l
i
e
/
s
)
Head Loss (n)
Iiguie 6.A2: HeadIoss foi Vaiious Iipe Size and IIov Rale

Iiguie 6.A3: HeadIoss lhiough Slop VaIve

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-15
#$$&+3*V )0@ &V#C$W& X .*Q*+/ %#+N #+3 $*$&
)0@1 %86P .;U;6H AF7 '5>;R56B;89 35M59F=G56B
IiolIen:
A lungaIov deveIopnenl is pioposed in KuaIa Lunpui vilh lhe incIusion of a iainvalei haivesling syslen in
lhe design. The ioof aiea of each lungaIov is 2OOn
2
vilh a cai poich and gaiden. The lungaIov is designed
vilh five ioons vilh a lvin shaiing concepl. Lach ioon is equipped vilh one duaI fIush loiIel. Civen lhal
doneslic valei denand is 25O Iilie/capila/day, conpule:
- AnnuaI iain valei denand,
- Rainvalei lank size,
- Ieicenlage of iainvalei yieId ovei iainvalei denand, and
- Ieicenlage of iainvalei yieId ovei doneslic valei denand.
SoIulion:

Conpule annuaI iain valei denand (n
3
)
TalIe 6.1 Use (AppIiance) Unil
Aveiage Walei
Use
TolaI Walei
Use (Iilie/day)
DuaI IIush ToiIel 5 nos 4O Iilies/day 2OO
Washing Machine (Iionl Loading) 1 vash 8O Iilies/vash 8O
Dishvashei/
CeneiaI CIeaning
3 Ioads 5O Iilies pei Ioad 15O
15O
Caidening 2Oninules 2O Iilies/ninule 4OO
Washing 5 Cais vilh Running Hose
foi 2O Minules/Cai Once a Week
2Oninules/
cai
2O Iilies/ninule
285.7
(5 x 2O x 2O /7)
TolaI 1266

The annuaI iainvalei denand = 365 days x 1266 I/day
= 462n
3

Lqualion 6.1
Tank size eslinalion (n
3
)
Wilh iooflop calchnenl, A
i
= 2OOn
2
, Tank Size , S
l
= O.O1n x 2OOn
2

=

2n
3

TalIe 6.4
Conpule Aveiage AnnuaI Rainvalei YieId (n
3
)

Ioi KuaIa Lunpui, lhe AARY foi 2n
3
lank size = 2 x 116

=

232n
3

Conpule peicenlage of valei yieId ovei iainvalei denand

Ieicenlage of iainvalei yieId ovei iainvalei denand = 232/462 x 1OO

=

5O.2
Conpule annuaI doneslic valei denand (n
3
)
AnnuaI doneslic valei denand = 365 days x 1O capila x 25O Iilies/capila/day

=

912n
3

Conpule peicenlage of valei yieId ovei doneslic valei denand
Ieicenlage of valei yieId ovei doneslic valei denand = 232/912 x 1OO

=

25.4

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-16 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<
)0@: %86P .;U;6H AF7 *6RK>B7OYD8<BF7O
IiolIen:
A deveIopnenl piojecl is pioposed invoIving luiIding a facloiy vilh ioof aiea of 5OOOn
2
in Iasii Mas,
KeIanlan. The facloiy is designed lo house 5OO voikeis. The facloiy loiIels aie equipped vilh singIe fIush
syslen. This facloiy has a snaII Iandscaping aiea al lhe enliance of lhe facloiy. Conpule:
- annuaI iain valei denand,
- iainvalei lank size, and
- peicenlage of iainvalei yieId ovei iainvalei denand.
SoIulion:

Conpule annuaI iain valei denand (n
3
)

TalIe 6.1 Use (AppIiance) Unil
Aveiage Walei
Use
TolaI
Walei Use
(3/day)

SingIe fIush loiIel vilh
9 3/fIush
5OO voikeis 5 fIushes/day 225OO
Caidening 4O ninules 2O 3/ninule 8OO
TolaI 233OO

The annuaI iainvalei denand = 365 days x 233OO Iilies/day

= 85O4n
3

Lqualion 6.1
Tank size eslinalion (n
3
)

Wilh iooflop calchnenl, A
i
= 5OOOn
2
, Tank Size , S
l
= O.O1n x 5OOOn
2

=

5On
3

TalIe 6.4

Conpule Aveiage AnnuaI Rainvalei YieId foi lovn (n3)

Take lhe neaiesl Kola haiu, lhe AARY foi 5On
3
lank size = 5O X 95

=

475On
3

Conpule peicenlage of valei yieId ovei iainvalei denand

Ieicenlage of iainvalei yieId ovei iainvalei denand = 475O/85O4 X 1OO

=

55.9

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62)&72*89 :29;85*)&< 6-17
25nn Dianelei
Main Iipe
5n
Roof Top
ToiIel Shoveis
)0@? $;=5 .;U;6H
IiolIen:
This voiked exanpIe shovs hov lhe nain pipe can le sized up foi iainvalei lank seiving a lypicaI lalhioon
al lhe sane facloiy in Woiked LxanpIe 6.2. The appIiances in lhe lalhioon consisls of 5 W.C. fIushing
cisleins, 5 vash lasins and 5 shoveis vilh nozzIes. The acluaI Ienglh of lhe nain pipe is 15 nelies. The Iayoul
of lhe syslen is shovn in Iiguie 6.1. Assuning lhe syslen used 25nn (O.D) coppei pipe vilh an avaiIalIe
head of 5n:
- conpule lhe design fIov iale (I/s) of lhe Ioading unils, and
- deleinine vhelhei lhe pipe size used acceplalIe`

Iiguie 6.1: LxanpIe Iayoul of lhe IIunling Syslen
SoIulion:

TalIe 6.5
Conpule lhe Ioading ialing pei unil appIiance

Iiping Conponenl
Loading Raling pei Unil
AppIiance (unil)
Nunlei of
AppIiance
(nos)
TolaI
Loading
(unil)
W.C. fIushing syslen (WC) 2 5 1O
Wash lasin (W) 3 5 15
Shovei (SR) 3 5 15
TolaI Ioading 4O

Iiguie 6A1

Conpule lhe fIov iale

The fIov iale foi 4O unils Ioading

=

O.7O 3/s

TalIe 6.7
Conpule lhe fIov iale

Wilh 25 nn of OD coppei pipe,

Iiping Conponenl LquivaIenl Lenglh (n)
Nunlei of
Conponenl
(Nos.)
TolaI
HeadIoss
(n)
LIlov O.7 4 2.8
Tee 1.8 1 1.8
TolaI HeadIoss due lo
fiiclion iesislance in fillings

4.6
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6-18 62)&72*89 :29;85*)&<

Conpule Lffeclive Lenglh of Iipe

Lffeclive Ienglh =15 + 4.6

=

19.6n

Iiguie 6A2
Conpule headIoss in pipe due lo fiiclionaI iesis6-7lance

The head Ioss in 25nn coppei pipe due lo fiiclionaI iesislance

=

O.1On

Iiguie 6A3
Conpule headIoss due lo filling of slop vaIve

The head Ioss due lo filling of slop vaIve

=

O.6n

Conpule lolaI headIoss

The lolaI headIoss due lo pipe and fillings = (19.6 O.1) + O.6

=

2.56n
Conpule iesiduaI head (>O)

ResiduaI head = avaiIalIe head - lolaI headIoss= 5 - 2.56

=

2.44n
Since >O, OK

Lqualion 6.2
Conpule iequiied pipe size using Thonas-ox equalion

5
5 2
44 . 2
10 6 . 19 25 70 . 0
= d

=

25.O4nn
25nn is OK

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!
DETENTION POND
- - - - -
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-i
!"#$%&' ) *&%&+%,-+ $-+*
7.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 7-1
7.1.1 Syslen Conponenls and Configuialions ............................................................ 7-1
7.1.2 Walei QuaIily ConlioI Requiienenl .................................................................... 7-2
7.2 DLSICN CONSIDLRATION ............................................................................................ 7-3
7.2.1 CeneiaI ..................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.2.2 InIel ........................................................................................................................... 7-4
7.2.2.1 InIel Sliucluie ............................................................................................ 7-4
7.2.2.2 CITs and Sedinenl Ioielay ................................................................... 7-4
7.2.2.3 Walei QuaIily Iond oi WelIands ............................................................ 7-4
7.2.3 Iiinaiy OulIel ......................................................................................................... 7-4
7.2.3.1 CuIveils ...................................................................................................... 7-5
7.2.3.2 Tiash Racks ................................................................................................ 7-5
7.2.4 Secondaiy OulIels (Lneigency SpiIIvays) .......................................................... 7-6
7.2.5 Sloiage Zone ............................................................................................................ 7-6
7.2.5.1 Diy Tine ..................................................................................................... 7-6
7.2.5.2 Lov IIov ChanneI .................................................................................... 7-7
7.2.6 Lnlanknenl ............................................................................................................ 7-7
7.2.6.1 CIassificalion .............................................................................................. 7-7
7.2.6.2 Design Ciileiia ........................................................................................... 7-7
7.3 LROSION IROTLCTION ................................................................................................. 7-8
7.3.1 Iiinaiy OulIel and Dovnsliean ......................................................................... 7-8
7.3.2 Secondaiy OulIel and Dovnsliean ..................................................................... 7-8
7.4 SAILTY AND ALSTHLTICS ........................................................................................... 7-9
7.4.1 IulIic Safely............................................................................................................. 7-9
7.4.2 Landscaping ............................................................................................................. 7-9
7.5 SIZINC ILOOD DLTLNTION SITL ............................................................................... 7-9
7.5.1 Iond VoIune Lslinale ........................................................................................... 7-9
7.5.2 Slage - Sloiage Cuives DeveIopnenl .................................................................. 7-11
7.5.3 Slage - Dischaige Cuives ....................................................................................... 7-12
7.5.4 Sizing Sleps .............................................................................................................. 7-12
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 7-19
AIILNDIX 7.A LXAMILL - DLTLNTION IOND DLSICN ................................................... 7-21
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-1
Design IIood LeveI
SpiIIvay
Lnlanknenl
CuIveil
Tiealnenl
MIs
ConlioI
OulIel
)./ ,+%'-*0!%,-+
This Chaplei piovides guideIines and pioceduies foi designing delenlion pond, a faciIily piesenlIy iegaided as
lhe nosl inpoilanl neasuie in lhe sloinvalei nanagenenl piaclice. Delenlion ponds aie used foi conlioIIing
sloinvalei quanlily inpacls iesuIling fion Iaigei uilanising calchnenl. The faciIilies aie connonIy Iocaled in
pulIic aieas ly lhe consliuclion of enlanknenl acioss sliean, channeI oi ly lhe excavalion of a polenliaI
sloiage aiea. Ionds can le deveIoped as Diy oi Wel lype as shovn in Iiguie 7.1. Ioi vel pond, lhe
calchnenl aiea seived is giealei lhan 1Oha. Il is lo ensuie lhal lhe aiea geneiales enough lasefIov lo iepIenish
and nainlain lhe peinanenl pooI IeveI.
The pond ieduces fIood peak dischaige dovnsliean ly lenpoiaiy sloiage and giaduaI ieIease using conlioI
oulIel, usuaIIy ungaled sliucluie, iisei oi cuIveil, Iocaled al lhe lase of lhe enlanknenl. An oveifIov spiIIvay,
sel neai lhe lop of lhe enlanknenl is iequiied lo safeIy pass sloins lhal exceed lhe pond capacily. The
spiIIvay piolecls lhe enlanknenl fion possilIe faiIuie and sulsequenlIy dovnsliean Iife and iesouices.

Iiguie 7.1: TypicaI Delenlion Ionds
)././ 123456 !768795943 :9; !79<=>?@:4=793
A delenlion pond, piinaiiIy vel and nuIli-puiposes, ideaIIy iequiies lhe foIIoving conponenls (Iiguie 7.2) lo
le incIuded in lhe syslen:
- InIel zone - inIel sliucluie, CIT, sedinenl foielay, valei quaIily pond oi velIands, nainlenance ianp
and iock veii,
- Sloiage zone - Iov fIov channeI/diain, nainlenance ianp, pond lody and ieciealionaI faciIilies, and
- OulIel zone - piinaiy oulIel (usuaIIy a nuIli-IeveI iisei vilh cuIveil), secondaiy oulIel (usuaIIy a
spiIIvay), enlanknenl, oulfaII/eneigy dissipaloi.
The oulIel sliucluies aie usuaIIy fixed. Ioi Iaigei ieseivoiis lhe sliucluies aie galed, novalIe and geneiaIIy
opeialed lased on aulonalion. The inIel and oulIel zones nusl le piolecled againsl eiosion. The syslen
conponenls shouId le configuied, vilh shapes hainonised vilh lhe naluiaI suiioundings. CeoneliicaIIy
squaie oi ieclanguIai shapes aie nol ieconnended. The Ienglh lo vidlh ialio of lhe sloiage zone shouId le al
Ieasl 3:2.
Tiealnenl
MIs
Design IIood LeveI
Ieinanenl IooI LeveI
Lnlanknenl
SpiIIvay
CuIveil
Risei
ConlioI
OulIel
(a) Diy Type - Kenanan
(l) Wel Type - MaIacca
Concepl
Concepl
ConpIelion
ConpIelion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-2 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
CIT
Lnlanknenl
SpiIIvay
A
A
Iiinaiy OulIel
Lnlanknenl
Maxinun IIood
LeveI
Lnlanknenl
Delenlion
Iond
Walei QuaIily Iond
oi WelIands
ILAN
SpiIIvay
Sedinenl
Ioielay
Walei QuaIily Iond
oi WelIands
Maxinun IIood
LeveI
Delenlion Iond
Lnlanknenl
Iiinaiy
OulIel
Ieinanenl Walei
LeveI
Iiinaiy
OulIel
Iiinaiy
OulIel
CIT
Lnlanknenl
SLCTION A-A
Lnlanknenl
)./.A B:45@ C?:D=42 !794@7D '5E?=@56594
AII delenlion ponds iequiie pieliealnenl faciIilies (MIs) vhich aie lo le Iocaled al lhe inIel zone oi upsliean
of lhe ponds lo ensuie lhal lhe ponds aie nol poIIuled and lheii valei quaIily IeveIs aIvays neel ieguIaloiy
slandaids. The faciIilies shaII incIude lhe foIIovings:-
- CITs/liash iack and sedinenl foielay
- Walei quaIily pond oi velIands, and
- Olhei lypes of MIs as needed lo ieduce ponds conlaninalion.
Walei quaIily conlioI sliucluies (MIs) shaII le designed and consliucled lased on 4Onn iunoff deplh.
Depending on lhe IeveI of poIIulanl lhe liealnenl al each inIel zone couId le in singIe MIs and/oi in
seiies/liealnenl liain MIs. Design of lhe faciIilies shaII le caiiied oul lased on pioceduies piesenled in
Chaplei 1O and 11.

Iiguie 7.2: TypicaI Delenlion Iond Conponenls
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-3
).A *&1,F+ !-+1,*&'#%,-+
).A./ F595@:D
829 065):& 2&' #&2345)5
In designing a fIood delenlion faciIily lo neel lhe fIov conlioI oljeclives slaled in Chaplei 1, il is necessaiy lo
considei lhe lehavioui of lhe pond sloiage ly exanining:
- lhe degiee of ieduclion of fIovs fion lhe calchnenl,
- lhe deplhs and duialion of ponding, and
- lhe fiequency al vhich lhe oveifIov spiIIvay cones inlo opeialion
When consideiing lhe iequiied IeveIs of opeialion, il is necessaiy lo design undeidiains lenealh sloiages lo
lypass Iov fIovs. In addilion, il nay le necessaiy lo considei exliene evenls such as piolalIe naxinun
piecipilalion (IMI) and lo exanine lhe effecls of an enlanknenl faiIuie.
8;9 <636256 =)>)&:
A sloinvalei delenlion sliucluie incieases lolh lhe peak dischaige ieIease line and lolaI oulfIov hydiogiaph
duialion. Though lheie is ieduclion in lhe peak fIov, lhe line shifling nay iesuIl in adveise fIov effecls
fuilhei dovnsliean if lhe ieduced peak fion lhe conlioIIed sulcalchnenl coincides vilh lhe nain sliean peak.
This is liue in Iocalions vheie nuIlipIe delenlion faciIilies have leen inslaIIed vilhin deveIoping
sulcalchnenls, dovnsliean sloinvalei fIooding conlinue lo occui. Theiefoie, il is ciilicaI lhal an oplinun
ieIease lining le consideied in lhe anaIysis of nuIlipIe sloinvalei conlioI faciIilies lo ensuie lhal lhe desiied
iesuIl is ollained foi design use. The oulfIov hydiogiaph ieIease line oi enply line of a delenlion pond is
ieconnended lo le vilhin 24 houis.
8?9 !@3*)A36 065):& "*+B>5
A pailicuIai iainfaII pallein vhich piovides lhe voisl case foi a delenlion pond shaII le found ly liiaI and eiioi
of pond nodeIIing lehavioui appIying sloins of diffeienl duialions and nagniludes ARIs.
8'9 (C*B6>6 D3++'5
Theie is a iisk of faiIuie of lhe enlanknenl oi vaII of a delenlion sloiage duiing a veiy Iaige fIood, iesuIling in
valei vave, nud and deliis. Ioi eailh enlanknenls lhe nosl connon faiIuie nechanisn is eiosion of lhe
dovnsliean face due lo oveifIovs. If a iiII is foined and iapidIy gioving, valei piessuie nay cause sloied
valei lo luisl lhiough lhe veakened enlanknenl. Designeis shouId peifoin dan lieak anaIysis using IMI
dala and a piolalIe naxinun fIood (IMI) caIcuIaled al lhe pond sile. AnaIysis shouId le caiiied oul lo find
nininun dan heighl, pooI suiface aiea, sloiage voIune, oveilopping deplh, IikeIy fIov veIocilies, elc.
869 7@;3)? "2E6*4
The iisk of peisons diovning in delenlion ponds has usuaIIy leen lhe nosl inpoilanl safely consideialion.
Reconnended deplhs of diy pond aie Iiniled lo 1.2 n oi 1.5 n oi olheivise fence lhe ponds fion pulIic
excess.
Olhei iequiienenls aie sel as foIIovs:
- The side sIope of ponds shouId nol le sleepei lhan 1(V):4(H). Ionds vilh sleepei sIope nay iequiie a
fence oi iaiI. SpeciaI allenlion shouId le paid lo lhe oulIels, lo ensuie lhal peisons aie nol aIIoved inlo
lhe aiea. RaiIs, fences, ciil-vaIIs, anli-voilex devices and giales shouId le piovided vheie necessaiy.
Many safe designs aie desiialIe such as inlioduclion of liees and nounds vilhin ponds as iefuges.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-4 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
- SpeciaI allenlion nusl le given lo pond oveifIov spiIIvays in design and opeialion lo avoid calasliophic
faiIuies, vhich nay cause Ioss of piopeily and Iife al dovnsliean aieas. IMI sludies shouId le
conducled foi ponds vilh vuIneialIe dovnsliean aieas oi foi Iaige, nuIlipIe-pond syslens lo ensuie
adequale sizing of secondaiy oulIel (eneigency spiIIvay) lo seive foi exliene evenls.

).A.A ,9D54
).A.A./ ,9D54 14@?G4?@5
The size of lhe inIel shouId le such lhal lhe capacily is equaI lo oi highei lhan lhe design capacily of lhe
appioach channeI. The inveil IeveI of lhe pond shouId le sane oi Iess lhan lhe inveil of lhe inconing channeI.
Wings of lhe inIel sliucluies shouId le piolecled (ly conciele vaII, slone pilching, galion, elc.) againsl eiosion.
).A.A.A F$%3 :9; 15;=6594 H7@5I:2
CITs aie used nainIy foi ienovaI of Iillei, deliis and coaise sedinenl fion sloinvalei. Sone designs aIso
piovide foi oiI sepaialion. Ioi Iaige calchnenl and pond syslen lhe faciIilies shaII le designed accoiding lo sile
iequiienenl vhiIe foi snaII diainage syslen piopiielaiy devices can le adopled. Refei lo Chaplei 1O foi CIT
design pioceduie. Iuilhei a sedinenl foielay is ieconnended lo ienove finei soiI pailicuIales. Ils size is aloul
one-lhiid (1/3) of valei quaIily pond oi velIands voIune and vilh a nininun Ienglh lo vidlh ialio of 2:1.
).A.A.J B:45@ C?:D=42 $79; 7@ B54D:9;3
A sedinenl foielay logelhei vilh valei quaIily pond oi velIands aie connon piaclice lo liap pailicuIale and
dissoIved poIIulanls lefoie enleiing lhe delenlion pond. OccasionaIIy lhe syslen iequiies a voIune of aloul
3O of lhe delenlion pond voIune. The design of lhe valei quaIily pond oi velIand faciIilies shouId foIIov lhe
pioceduie piesenled in Chaplei 11.
).A.J $@=6:@2 -?4D54
Iiinaiy oulIels aie designed foi lhe pIanned conlioI and ieIease of valei fion a delenlion pond. They nay le
a singIe slage oulIel sliucluie oi seveiaI oulIel sliucluies conlined lo piovide nuIli-slage oulIel conlioI. Iiguie
7.3 shovs sone lypicaI piinaiy oulIels. The oulIel conduil nusl le designed lo caiiy aII fIovs consideied in lhe
design of lhe iisei sliucluie.
Ioi a singIe slage, lhe faciIily is lypicaIIy designed as a sinpIe cuIveil. Ioi nuIli-slage syslen, lhe oulIel conlioI
sliucluie is designed ly consideiing a iange of design fIovs. A slage-dischaige cuive is deveIoped foi lhe fuII
iange of fIovs lhal lhe sliucluie vouId expeiience. The design fIovs aie lypicaIIy oiifice fIov lhiough
vhalevei shape chosen, vhiIe lhe highei fIovs aie lypicaIIy veii fIov ovei lhe lop of lhe conlioI sliucluie. The
oulIels aie lypicaIIy housed in a iisei sliucluie connecled lo a singIe oulIel conduil lhal passes lhiough lhe
pond enlanknenl and dischaiges lo lhe dovnsliean conveyance syslen. Oiifices and veiis can le designed
using lhe equalions piovided in Chaplei 2.
Iiinaiy oulIels foi delenlion ponds shaII le designed lo ieduce posl-deveIopnenl peak fIovs lo pie-
deveIopnenl peak fIovs foi lhe ninoi and najoi syslen design sloin ARI (TalIe 1.1). Ioi lhis viII iequiie a
lvo-slaged oulIel configuialion, one lo conlioI lhe ninoi syslen design fIov and lhe olhei lo conlioI lhe najoi
syslen design fIov, in conlinalion. Hovevei, lo pievenl possilIe faiIuie of lhe enlanknenl due lo piping, lhe
pipe dovnsliean of lhe oulIel voiks has lo le sufficienlIy Iaige lo pass lhe najoi design fIov vilhoul
deveIoping hydiauIic suichaige piessuie vilhin il.
This iequiienenl can ieadiIy le achieved foi nev deveIopnenl aieas as sufficienl Iand can le sel aside lo
acconnodale lhe necessaiy sloiage iequiienenls. Hovevei, in exisling deveIoped aieas, ieducing lhe najoi
syslen design ARI fIov lo lhe pie-deveIopnenl iale nay nol le piaclicaI in sone cases due lo Iiniled
avaiIaliIily of suilalIe delenlion siles. In such cases, delenlion faciIilies shouId le sized lo allenuale lhe ninoi
syslen design ARI onIy vhiIe addilion of noie OSD faciIilies aie encouiaged lo Iovei peak fIov foi lhe najoi
syslen inslead.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-5

Iiguie 7.3: TypicaI Iond Iiinaiy OulIels

).A.J./ !?DK5@43
The design of lhese oulIels can le foi eilhei singIe oi nuIli-slage dischaiges. A singIe slage dischaige syslen
lypicaIIy consisls of a singIe cuIveil enliance syslen, vhich is nol designed lo caiiy eneigency fIovs. A nuIli-
slage inIel lypicaIIy invoIves lhe pIacenenl of a conlioI sliucluie al lhe inIel end of lhe cuIveil. The inIel
sliucluie is designed in such a vay lhal lhe design dischaige passes lhiough a veii oi oiifice in lhe Iovei IeveIs
of lhe sliucluie and lhe eneigency fIovs pass ovei lhe lop of lhe sliucluie.
The cuIveil needs lo le designed lo caiiy lhe fuII iange of design sloin fIovs fion lhe pond calchnenl aiea,
vilhoul deveIoping any inleinaI piessuie. Such suiface fIov condilion vilhin lhe cuIveil is necessaiy lo avoid
cuIveil faiIuie lhal nay Iead lo enlanknenl faiIuie. Rullei iing joinled pipes vilhoul Iifling hoIes aie
ieconnended foi pipe cuIveils. AII cuIveils shouId le piovided vilh suilalIe ledding and culoff vaIIs oi
seepage coIIais lo pievenl possilIe faiIuie due lo piping. DelaiI pioceduie foi cuIveil design is given in Chaplei
18.
).A.J.A %@:3L ':GM3
The suscepliliIily of inIels, such as snaII oiifices, lo cIogging ly deliis and liash needs lo le consideied vhen
eslinaling lheii hydiauIic capacilies. In nosl case lhiash iacks is iequiied lo conlioI lhe cIogging. Tiack iacks
nusl le Iaige enough such lhal pailiaI pIugging viII nol adveiseIy iesliicl fIovs ieaching lhe conlioI oulIel.
Theie aie no univeisaI guideIines foi lhe design of liash iacks lo piolecl delenlion pond oulIels. Ioi veiy snaII
oulIels, an even Iaigei opening ialio is usuaIIy necessaiy lo conlioI lhe oniush of deliis al lhe onsel of a sloin,
and a high degiee of nainlenance is iequiied. An exanpIe of a liash iack is shovn in Iiguie 7.4.
The foIIoving poinls shouId le foIIoved foi lhe liash iacks:
- The liash iack shouId have an aiea al Ieasl len (1O) lines Iaigei lhan lhe conlioI oulIel opening.
- The incIined lai iacks aie ieconnended.
- A naxinun angIe of 6O
o
lo lhe hoiizonlaI can le aIIoved foi lhe liash iacks.
- The liash iacks shouId le Iocaled al a suilalIe dislance fion lhe piolecled oulIel lo avoid inleifeience
vilh lhe hydiauIic capacily of lhe oulIel.
- The spacing of liash iack lais nusl le piopoilioned lo lhe size of lhe snaIIesl oulIel piolecled.
- Spacing of lhe iack lais shouId le vide enough lo avoid inleifeience, lul cIose enough lo piovide lhe
IeveI of cIogging pioleclion iequiied.
l) Risei Sliucluie
(singIe and nuIli-IeveI oulIel)
c) Diop InIel Iil
(suichaige pil oi cuIveil oulIel)
a) Iipe oi ox CuIveil
d) SIolled OulIel
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-6 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
Tiash CiiIIs
Maxinun Design Sloin Walei
A
Hing
Walei QuaIily Design Sloin
LeveI
OveifIov Ciale
OulfIov
Walei QuaIily
OulIel d
1
Second-slage
OulIel d
2
Thiid-slage
OulIel d
3
InfIov
A
Seclion A-A
- The iacks shouId have hinged conneclions.
- The inveil of lhe oulIel sliucluie foi a diy pond shouId le depiessed leIov lhe giound IeveI lo nininise
cIogging due lo sedinenlalion.
- Depiessing lhe oulIel inveil lo a deplh leIov lhe giound suiface al Ieasl equaI lo lhe dianelei of lhe
oulIel is ieconnended.

Iiguie 7.4: TypicaI MuIlislage Iiinaiy OulIel Tiash Racks (DID, 2OOO)
).A.N 15G79;:@2 -?4D54 O&65@>59G2 18=DDP:2Q
The puipose of a secondaiy oulIel (eneigency spiIIvay) is lo piovide a conlioIIed oveifIov foi fIovs in excess
of lhe naxinun design sloin ARI foi lhe sloiage faciIily. In nany cases, sloinvalei delenlion sliucluies do
nol vaiianl eIaloiale sludies lo deleinine spiIIvay capacily. WhiIe lhe iisk of danage due lo faiIuie is a ieaI
one, il noinaIIy does nol appioach lhe calasliophic iisk invoIved in lhe oveilopping oi lieaching of a najoi
ieseivoii. The calchnenl aieas of nany siles aie snaII lhal onIy veiy shoil, shaip lhundeisloins aie apl lo
lhiealen oveilopping oi enlanknenl faiIuie, and such sloins aie IocaIised. AIso, capacilies of lhe sliucluies
aie usuaIIy loo snaII lo cieale a fIood vave.
y conliasl, sizalIe on-Iine faciIilies vilh sellIenenl/vaIualIe assels dovnsliean nay pose a significanl hazaid
if faiIuie vas lo occui, in vhich case eneigency spiIIvay consideialions aie a najoi design facloi. The polenliaI
foi Ioss of Iife oi piopeily danage nusl le calegoiised eaiIy in lhe design effoil and a spiIIvay design ARI up
lo and incIuding lhe IiolalIe Maxinun IIood (IMI) nay le vaiianled. A hazaid ialing foi lhe pond shouId
le deleinined and a secondaiy oulIel (eneigency spiIIvay) design ARI seIecled in accoidance vilh lhe IedeiaI
Coveinnenl oi ieIevanl Slale Coveinnenl Dan Safely CuideIines. The secondaiy oulIels foi aII non-hazaid
snaII delenlion ponds shaII le designed lo safeIy pass a nininun design sloin of 1OO yeai ARI lhiough lhe
pond. Ioi hazaid ponds lhey nusl le designed as pei lhe appioved guideIines (ANCOLD, 1986, USBR, 1987;
USBR, 1992; FEMA, 1987 and Golz, 1977).
).A.R 147@:>5 S795
).A.R./ *@2 %=65
Diavdovn line of lhe pond viII depend on lhe lype and puipose of lhe pond. The diavdovn line is
conlioIIed ly appiopiiale sizing of lhe piinaiy and secondaiy oulIels. Diy pond is pioposed lo le enplied
vilhin 12 houis aflei iain slops vhiIe valei IeveI of a vel pond shouId le lack lo noinaI 24 houis aflei lhe iain
ceases.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-7
).A.R.A T7P HD7P !L:995D
Iiovision shouId le nade in a diy delenlion pond lo lypass Iov fIovs lhiough oi aiound lhe pond using Iov
fIov channeI oi pipe. This is necessaiy lo ensuie lhal lhe pond fIooi, pailicuIaiIy if il is giassed, is nol
inundaled ly snaII sloins oi conlinuaIIy velled ly diy vealhei lasefIov. The nininun iale of lypass fIov
shouId le conpuled lased on 1Onn iunoff deplh fion lhe conliiluling calchnenl.
).A.U &6I:9M6594
).A.U./ !D:33=<=G:4=79
Diy delenlion ponds aie inleinillenl valei-ielaining sliucluies and lheii enlanknenls do nol need lo le
designed iigoiousIy as dans unIess lhey aie high, oi speciaI soiI piolIens exisl. An enlanknenl lhal iaises lhe
valei IeveI a specified anounl as defined ly lhe appiopiiale dan safely gioup (geneiaIIy 1.5 n lo 3 n oi noie
alove lhe usuaI nean Iov valei heighl, vhen neasuied aIong lhe dovnsliean loe of lhe enlanknenl lo lhe
eneigency spiIIvay ciesl), is cIassified as a dan. Such enlanknenls nusl le designed, consliucled, and
nainlained in accoidance vilh lhe IedeiaI Coveinnenl oi ieIevanl Slale Coveinnenl dan safely slandaids.
).A.U.A *53=>9 !@=45@=:
AII olhei delenlion ponds vilh enlanknenls lhal aie &+* ?3255)E)6' 25 '2>5 5F+@3' ;6 '65):&6' )& 2??+B'2&?6 G)*F
*F6 E+33+G)&: ?B)*6B)2, vhich aie nol inlended as a sulslilule foi a lhoiough, sile-specific engineeiing evaIualion.
29 7+&' H2*6B 06A*F
The naxinun pond valei deplh shouId nol exceed 3.O n undei noinaI opeialing condilions foi lhe naxinun
design fIov foi vhich lhe piinaiy oulIels have leen designed, i.e. lhe naxinun design sloin ARI fIov lhal
does nol cause lhe eneigency spiIIvay lo opeiale undei noinaI design condilions.
;9 (>;2&I>6&* =+A H)'*F5
Mininun ieconnended enlanknenl lop vidlhs aie piovided in TalIe 7.
TalIe 7.1: Mininun Reconnended Top Widlh foi Lailhen Lnlanknenls (USDA, 1982)
Heighl of Lnlanknenl
(n)
Top Widlh (n)
Undei 3
3 lo 4.5
4.5 lo 6
6 lo 7.5
2.4
3.O
3.6
4.2

?9 ")'6 "3+A65
Ioi ease of nainlenance, lhe side sIopes of a giassed eailhen enlanknenl and pond sloiage aiea shouId nol le
sleepei lhan 1(V):4(H). Hovevei, lo inciease pulIic safely and faciIilale ease of noving, side sIopes of
1(V):6(H) oi fIallei aie ieconnended.
'9 J+**+> KB2'65
The fIooi of lhe pond shaII le designed vilh a nininun giade of 1 lo piovide posilive diainage and nininise
lhe IikeIihood of ponding. Adequale diainage of lhe pond fIooi lelveen sloins is essenliaI if lhe faciIily is lo
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-8 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
le used foi ieciealion. Wheie high gioundvalei occuis, sulsoiI diains nay le iequiied lo pievenl soggy
giound condilions.
69 DB66;+2B'
The eIevalion of lhe lop of lhe enlanknenl shaII le a nininun of O.3 n alove lhe valei suiface in lhe
delenlion pond vhen lhe eneigency spiIIvay is opeialing al naxinun design fIov.
).J &'-1,-+ $'-%&!%,-+
).J./ $@=6:@2 -?4D54 :9; *7P934@5:6
When lhe dinensions of lhe delenlion pond and oulIel sliucluies have leen finaIised, naxinun exil veIocilies
shouId le caIcuIaled and consideialion given lo lhe need lo piolecl lhe dovnsliean led and lanks fion
eiosion.
The oulIel veIocily fion a piinaiy oulIel of a snaII pond, opeialing al Iov head (i.e. lhe diffeience in upsliean
and dovnsliean valei IeveIs), is conpaialiveIy snaII. The onIy neasuies iequiied aie geneiaIIy lhe pioleclion
of lhe led and lanks foi a fev nelies dovnsliean ly slone pilching oi olhei neans. Wheie lhe head exceeds
1 n, a sliucluie foi dissipaling eneigy shouId le piovided in oidei lo pievenl eiosion vhich nighl olheivise
Iead lo lhe faiIuie of lhe pond enlanknenl.
eIov a pipe oulIel, a suilalIe device is lhe 'inpacl eneigy dissipaloi. An open sliIIing lasin is geneiaIIy noie
suilalIe dovnsliean of veiis, gales and sIuices, and olhei Iaige conlioI sliucluies. The sliIIing lasin nusl le of
sufficienl deplh leIov lhe dovnsliean laiIvalei IeveI so as lo diovn lhe fIov, lhus enalIing lhe hydiauIic
junp lo le ielained vilhin lhe sliIIing lasin al aII fIovs.
The channeI led and lanks innedialeIy dovnsliean of sliIIing lasins shouId le piolecled ly slone pilching oi
iipiap. Wheie lhe oulfaII fion lhe lasin is a cuIveil, lhis shouId le piovided foi a dislance of al Ieasl foui lines
lhe dianelei oi heighl of lhe cuIveil. Infoinalion foi slone pilching and iipiap is piovided in Chaplei 2O.
).J.A 15G79;:@2 -?4D54 :9; *7P934@5:6
The suifaces of enlanknenls and spiIIvay channeIs nusl le piolecled againsl danage ly scoui vhen lhey aie
suljecled lo high veIocilies. The degiee of pioleclion iequiied depends on lhe veIocily of fIov lo vhich lhe
lank viII le suljecled. WeII-eslalIished luif viII piovide pioleclion againsl veIocilies of up lo 3 n/s foi as
Iong as 9 houis. Wheie valei is unIikeIy lo fIov againsl a nevIy excavaled suiface foi sone nonlhs, lhe
piolecling luif coveiing can le giovn fion seed. The lank shouId le coveied vilh a O.15 n Iayei of lopsoiI,
incoipoialing a suilalIe giass feiliIisei and sovn vilh an appioved seed nixluie. Tuif foining nalive giasses
vhich iequiie IillIe nainlenance and piovide a dense veII-knil luif aie nosl suilalIe vhiIsl lunch giasses aie
acceplalIe.
In pIaces vheie innediale covei and pioleclion of lhe conpIeled eailhvoiks againsl eiosion is iequiied, luif
can le Iaid and heId dovn ly coaise-neshed viie nelling and viie pins unliI il is fiinIy iooled. Wilh aII
luifing nelhods, adequale sulsoiI cuIlivalion is essenliaI lo encouiage good iool penelialion. A Iaige nunlei
of geolexliIes aie avaiIalIe vhich can le used foi ieinfoicing luif enalIing il lo vilhsland veIocilies of up lo
7 n/s. The use of conciele ieinfoicenenl in conjunclion vilh giass shouId le consideied vheie luif aIone viII
nol piovide sufficienl pioleclion lo a lank oi spiIIvay suljecl lo high veIocilies foi Iong peiiods. DelaiIs on
eiosion conlioI piaclices can le iefeiied lo Chaplei 12.
Ioi ieducing eiosion an open sliIIing pond, as discussed in Chaplei 2O, nay le iequiied al lhe lollon of lhe
spiIIvay piioi lo dischaige inlo lhe dovnsliean valeivay. Il nay le possilIe, and noie cosl effeclive, lo
piovide a singIe sliIIing lasin foi lolh lhe eneigency spiIIvay and lhe piinaiy oulIel lo lhe lasin.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-9
).N 1#H&%V #+* #&1%"&%,!1
).N./ $?ID=G 1:<542
A delenlion pond nusl le designed vilh pulIic safely in nind vhen lhe faciIily is in opeialion and aIso duiing
peiiods lelveen sloins vhen lhe faciIily is enplied. Appiopiiale vays nusl le consideied lo pievenl and lo
discouiage lhe pulIic fion leing exposed lo high-hazaid aieas duiing lhese peiiods.
Ionds shouId le piovided vilh signs lhal cIeaiIy indicale lheii puipose and lheii polenliaI dangei duiing
sloins. Signs shouId le Iocaled such lhal lhey aie cIeaiIy visilIe al pulIic access poinls and al enliances and
exils lo oulIel sliucluies.
The inIel of a piinaiy oulIel sliucluie cieales a polenliaI hazaid vhen in opeialion due lo lhe possiliIily of a
peison leing caiiied inlo lhe opening. Cialings oi liash iacks nay le used lo heIp pievenl lhis fion
happening. These shouId le incIined al an angIe of 6O
o
lo lhe hoiizonlaI and pIaced a sufficienl dislance
upsliean of lhe inIel vheie lhe veIocily lhiough lhe iack is Iov. This shouId ensuie lhal a peison vouId nol
lecone heId undei lhe valei againsl lhe gialing oi liash iack.
The dovnsliean end of a piinaiy oulIel sliucluie can aIso le a polenliaIIy hazaidous aiea as an eneigy
dissipaloi device is oflen piovided foi scoui pioleclion. A pipe iaiI fence shouId le piovided on sleep oi
veilicaI diops such as headvaIIs and vingvaIIs al lhe inIel and oulIel lo a piinaiy oulIel sliucluie lo
discouiage pulIic access. Iipe iaiI fencing can aIso pievenl a peison inadveilenlIy vaIking inlo oi faIIing off
lhese sliucluies duiing peiiods vhen lhe pond is nol opeialing.
Duiing lhe peiiods of no opeialion, lheie is IillIe hazaid al nosl oulIel voiks, aIlhough lhey can le alliaclive lo
pIaying chiIdien oi cuiious aduIls. The visiliIily of an oulIel couId le nininised ly scieening vilh lunds oi
shiuls lo ieduce ils alliaclion polenliaI.
).N.A T:9;3G:8=9>
Aeslhelics of lhe finished faciIily is exlieneIy inpoilanl. Wheievei possilIe, designs shouId incoipoiale
naluiaIIy shaped ponds vilh Iandscaped lanks, foolpalhs, and seIeclive pIanling of vegelalion lo heIp eniich
lhe aiea and piovide a focaI poinl foi suiiounding deveIopnenl.
Synpalhelic Iandscaping and lhe iesuIling inpiovenenl in IocaI visuaI anenily viII aIso encouiage lhe pulIic
lo accepl delenlion ponds as an eIenenl of lhe uilan naluiaI enviionnenl and nol as a laigel foi vandaIisn.
Tiees and shiuls shouId nol le pIanled on pond enlanknenls as lhey nay inciease lhe dangei of lank faiIuie
ly 'piping effecl aIong lhe Iine of lhe iools.
).R 1,S,+F HT--* *&%&+%,-+ 1,%&
Ioi eaiIy pIanning puipose pond aiea can le appioxinaled using Iiguie 7.5 foi a calchnenl having diffeienl
Ianduses, as iepiesenled ly aveiage iunoff coefficienl C (iefei Chaplei 2) and foi vaiious pond deplhs. The
finaI design of a delenlion faciIily invoIves an infIov hydiogiaph, a slage vs. sloiage cuive, a slage vs.
dischaige and sloiage indicaloi nunlei cuive. Hovevei, lefoie a slage vs. sloiage and a slage vs. dischaige
cuive can le deveIoped, a pieIininaiy eslinale of lhe needed sloiage capacily and lhe shape of lhe sloiage
faciIily aie iequiied. TiiaI conpulalions viII le nade lo deleinine if lhe eslinaled sloiage voIune viII piovide
lhe desiied oulfIov hydiogiaph.
).R./ $79; W7D?65 &34=6:45
The design sloin foi eslinaling lhe iequiied sloiage voIune shaII le foi najoi syslen, up lo 1OO yi ARI. The
foIIoving seclions piesenl RalionaI Hydiogiaph Melhod (RHM) foi deleinining an iniliaI eslinale of lhe
sloiage iequiied lo piovide a specific ieduclion in peak dischaige. The nelhod piovides pieIininaiy eslinales
onIy and a degiee of judgenenl is needed lo deleinine lhe iniliaI sloiage eslinale.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-1O 06*6&*)+& 7+&'

Iiguie 7.5: Lslinale of Iond Aiea foi IIanning Iuipose

To voik vilh delenlion sloiage design lhe infIov hydiogiaph, deiived using RHM, is lo le piovided aIong
vilh lhe inlended ieIease iale. Wilh lhese vaIues, lhe faciIily dischaige cuives can le appioxinaled using lhe
pioceduies as shovn in Iiguie 7.6 and 7.7.

!" InfIov Hydiogiaph l) Sloiage VoIune Lslinale

Iiguie 7.6: Lslinaling Delenlion Iond Sloiage ly RHM foi Type 1 Hydiogiaph
O.O
O.5
1.O
1.5
2.O
2.5
3.O
3.5
4.O
4.5
5.O
5.5
6.O
6.5
O.O O.1 O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O
Aiea-veighled Calchnenl Runoff Coefficienl (C)
L
s
l
i
n
a
l
e
d

I
o
n
d

A
i
e
a

(

o
f

l
h
e

C
a
l
c
h
n
e
n
l

A
i
e
a
)
IIood Sloiage Deplh = 1 n
1. Design RainfaII ARI = 1OO yis
2. Calchnenl SIope 1.O
3. Calchnenl Aiea < 1OO ha
d
lc lc
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
Tine
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
Tine
IieIininaiy Lslinale
of Requiied Sloiage
VoIune (Vs)
TiapezoidaI InfIov
Hydiogiaph
TiianguIai OulfIov
Hydiogiaph
Q
i
Qo
Q
l
i
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-11

!" InfIov Hydiogiaph l) Sloiage VoIune Lslinale
Iiguie 7.7: Lslinaling Delenlion Iond Sloiage ly RHM foi Type 2 Hydiogiaph
The sloiage voIune (lhe shaded aiea), foi each lype of hydiogiaph (Type 1 and Type 2) can le ieadiIy
conpuled using Lqualion 7.1.

L
5
M 'N
)
O -,P*
)
N
+
foi Type 1 (7.1a)
L
5
M -,P*
)
8N
)
O N
+
9 foi Type 2 (7.1l)

Wheie,
L
5
= Sloiage voIune (n
3
),
N
)
= Ieak infIov (n
3
/s),
N
+
= Ieak oulfIov (n
3
/s), and
*
)
= TolaI duialion of infIov, ' Q *
?
(sec).
).R.A 14:>5 X 147@:>5 !?@K53 *5K5D786594
The sloiage voIune foi naluiaI ponds in iiieguIai leiiain is usuaIIy deveIoped foi delenlion pond using a
lopogiaphic nap and lhe doulIe-end aiea. The doulIe-end aiea foinuIa is expiessed as:

L
.R%
Mj
#
.
Q#
%
%
[ F (7.2)
vheie,

L
.R%
= Sloiage voIune lelveen eIevalions 1 and 2 (n
3
),
#
.
= Suiface aiea al eIevalion 1 (n
2
),
#
%
2
), and
F = Change in eIevalion lelveen poinls 1 and 2 (n).

The sloiage voIune foi excavaled ponds vilh ieguIai geoneliic shape (usuaIIy pyianid), lhe fiuslun indicales
sloiage lelveen lhe Iayeis, is shovn in Iiguie 7.7 and is expiessed as:

L
.R%
=
Fj#
.
Q8#
.
#
%
9
-,P
Q#
%
9[
S
(7.3)

IieIininaiy Lslinale
of Requiied Sloiage
VoIune (Vs)
TiianguIai OulfIov
Hydiogiaph
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
Q
i
Q
o
l
i
Tine
Tine
l
c
l
c
d
Q
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
TiianguIai InfIov
Hydiogiaph
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-12 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
h
A
2
A
1
1
2
vheie,

L = VoIune of fiuslun of a pyianid (n
3
),
#
.
= Suiface aiea al eIevalion 1(n
2
),
#
%
2
), and
F = Change in eIevalion lelveen poinls 1 and 2 (n).

Iiguie 7.7: Iiuslun of a Iyianid

).R.J 14:>5 X *=3GL:@>5 !?@K53
A slage-dischaige (peifoinance) cuive defines lhe ieIalionship lelveen lhe deplh of valei and lhe dischaige oi
oulfIov fion a sloiage faciIily. A lypicaI sloiage faciIily viII have lolh a piinaiy and an eneigency oulIel. The
piinaiy oulIel is usuaIIy designed vilh a capacily sufficienl lo convey lhe design fIood vilhoul aIIoving fIov
lo enlei lhe eneigency spiIIvay.
The sliucluie foi lhe piinaiy oulIel viII lypicaIIy consisl of a pipe cuIveil, veii, oiifice, oi olhei appiopiiale
hydiauIic conlioI device. MuIlipIe oulIel conlioI devices aie oflen used lo piovide dischaige conlioIs foi
nuIlipIe fiequency sloins.
DeveIopnenl of a conlined slage-dischaige cuive iequiies consideialion of lhe dischaige ialing ieIalionships
foi each conponenl of lhe oulIel sliucluie. The design ieIalionships foi lypicaI oulIel conlioIs aie piesenled in
Chaplei 2.
).R.N 1=Y=9> 14583
A geneiaI pioceduie foi sizing a delenlion pond, shovn diagiannalicaIIy in Iiguies 7.8 and 7.9, is desciiled as
foIIovs:
Slep 1: Deleinine design sloin ciileiia foi lhe pond
SeIecl lhe ninoi and najoi design sloin ARI foi lhe pond appiopiiale foi lhe lype of deveIopnenl in lhe
calchnenl in accoidance vilh TalIe 1.1, Chaplei 1. SeIecl lhe secondaiy oulIel design sloin ARI and lhe
anounl of lypass fIov lhal viII nol le iouled lhiough lhe pond.
Any physicaI consliainls al lhe pond sile shouId le idenlified incIuding naxinun peinissilIe deplhs of
ponding, acceplalIe deplhs of fIooding in dovnsliean conveyance syslens.
Slep 2: Deleinine lhe pond oulfIov Iinils
Ioi each design sloin ARI, lhe pond oulfIov Iinils aie sel as lhe naxinun pie-deveIopnenl fIov Iess any
non-iouled posl-deveIopnenl lypass fIov. Ieak fIovs foi lhe pie-deveIopnenl design sloins and non-iouled
posl-deveIopnenl lypass lo le deleinined ly lhe Tine-Aiea hydiogiaph eslinalion lechnique.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-13

Iiguie 7.8: Delenlion Iond Sizing Iioceduie foi VoIune and Iiinaiy OulIels (DID, 2OOO)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-14 06*6&*)+& 7+&'

Iiguie 7.9: Delenlion Iond Sizing Iioceduie foi Secondaiy OulIel (DID, 2OOO)

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NOT FOR SALE
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06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-15
Slep 3: Conpule lhe pond infIov hydiogiapF5
Ioi each design sloin ARI, infIov hydiogiaphs foi a iange of sloin duialions viII need lo le iouled lhiough
lhe pond lo deleinine lhe ciilicaI duialion lhal pioduces lhe giealesl sloiage and valei IeveI vilhin lhe pond
foi a pailicuIai pond giading and oulIel configuialion. The pond infIov hydiogiaphs aie ollained ly
sulliacling lhe non-iouled lypass fIov fion lhe lolaI infIov hydiogiaphs.
Slep 4: Make a pieIininaiy eslinale of lhe iequiied pond voIune
When iniliaIIy sizing a delenlion faciIily, lhe iequiied sloiage voIune lo acconpIish lhe necessaiy peak
ieduclion is unknovn and a pieIininaiy sloiage voIune nusl le eslinaled. Lslinaling lhe iequiied sloiage
voIune is an inpoilanl lask since an accuiale fiisl eslinale viII ieduce lhe nunlei of liiaIs invoIved in lhe
sizing pioceduie.
A pieIininaiy eslinale nay le ollained lased on lhe posl-deveIopnenl pond infIov hydiogiaphs foi lhe
najoi syslen design ARI and lhe iequiied oulfIov iale as shovn in Iiguie 7.8. The oulfIov hydiogiaph can le
appioxinaled ly diaving a sliaighl Iine fion lhe leginning of sulslanliaI iunoff on lhe infIov hydiogiaph lo
lhe poinl on lhe ieceding Iinl coiiesponding lo lhe naxinun aIIovalIe peak oulfIov iale. The anounl of
sloiage iequiied is equaI lo lhe iepiesenlalive voIune (shaded aiea) lelveen lhe infIov and oulfIov
hydiogiaphs. To deleinine lhe necessaiy sloiage, lhe shaded aiea can le pIanineleied oi conpuled
nalhenalicaIIy.
InfIov hydiogiaphs foi lhe najoi syslen design ARI ovei a iange of duialions shouId le exanined and lhe
Iaigesl eslinaled voIune seIecled.
Slep 5: DeveIop a pond giading pIan
A giading pIan lo acconnodale lhe sloiage voIune eslinaled in Slep 4 shouId le piepaied keeping in nind
any sile consliainls lhal nay have leen idenlified in Slep 1 and lhe sIope ciileiia foi enlanknenls and pond
fIoois.
Slep 6: Conpule lhe slage-sloiage ieIalionship
The slage-sloiage ieIalionship can le defined fion lhe pond geoneliy using lhe doulIe-end aiea nelhod. The
naxinun slage seIecled shouId exlend alove lhe lop of lhe pond enlanknenl lo ensuie lhal il is nol exceeded
in lhe iouling caIcuIalions.
Slep 7: Size lhe ninoi design sloin piinaiy oulIel
Since lhe fIov peifoinance ciileiia iequiies conlioI ovei lolh lhe ninoi and najoi syslen ARI, nuIlipIe oulIel
conlioI consisling of an aiiangenenl of devices pIaced al appiopiiale slages (IeveIs) vilhin lhe pond viII need
lo le piovided. Malching lhis fIov peifoinance ciileiion viII iequiie caiefuI seIeclion of lhe lype and
aiiangenenl of oulIels lo le used. Aiiiving al lhe lesl nuIlipIe oulIel aiiangenenl lo achieve lhe IeveI of
conlioI iequiied viII noinaIIy invoIve a liiaI and eiioi piocess and giaduaI iefinenenl unliI a salisfacloiy
design is found.
(i) SeIecl liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl
SeIecl a liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl vilh an inveil al oi leIov lhe Iovesl IeveI in lhe fIooi of a diy pond, oi al
valei IeveI in a delenlion pond, lo ensuie lhe sloiage conpIeleIy enplies aflei each sloin evenl.
(ii) Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship
Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship ly sunning lhe individuaI dischaige ialings foi each oulIel adopled.
The naxinun slage seIecled nusl le giealei lhan lhe expecled naxinun valei IeveI in lhe pond so lhal il viII
nol le exceeded in lhe iouling caIcuIalions in lhe foIIoving slep. Slep 3: Conpule lhe pond infIov
hydiogiapF5
Ioi each design sloin ARI, infIov hydiogiaphs foi a iange of sloin duialions viII need lo le iouled lhiough
lhe pond lo deleinine lhe ciilicaI duialion lhal pioduces lhe giealesl sloiage and valei IeveI vilhin lhe pond
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-16 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
foi a pailicuIai pond giading and oulIel configuialion. The pond infIov hydiogiaphs aie ollained ly
sulliacling lhe non-iouled lypass fIov fion lhe lolaI infIov hydiogiaphs.
Slep 4: Make a pieIininaiy eslinale of lhe iequiied pond voIune
When iniliaIIy sizing a delenlion faciIily, lhe iequiied sloiage voIune lo acconpIish lhe necessaiy peak
ieduclion is unknovn and a pieIininaiy sloiage voIune nusl le eslinaled. Lslinaling lhe iequiied sloiage
voIune is an inpoilanl lask since an accuiale fiisl eslinale viII ieduce lhe nunlei of liiaIs invoIved in lhe
sizing pioceduie.
A pieIininaiy eslinale nay le ollained lased on lhe posl-deveIopnenl pond infIov hydiogiaphs foi lhe
najoi syslen design ARI and lhe iequiied oulfIov iale as shovn in Iiguie 7.8. The oulfIov hydiogiaph can le
appioxinaled ly diaving a sliaighl Iine fion lhe leginning of sulslanliaI iunoff on lhe infIov hydiogiaph lo
lhe poinl on lhe ieceding Iinl coiiesponding lo lhe naxinun aIIovalIe peak oulfIov iale. The anounl of
sloiage iequiied is equaI lo lhe iepiesenlalive voIune (shaded aiea) lelveen lhe infIov and oulfIov
hydiogiaphs. To deleinine lhe necessaiy sloiage, lhe shaded aiea can le pIanineleied oi conpuled
nalhenalicaIIy.
InfIov hydiogiaphs foi lhe najoi syslen design ARI ovei a iange of duialions shouId le exanined and lhe
Iaigesl eslinaled voIune seIecled.
A giading pIan lo acconnodale lhe sloiage voIune eslinaled in Slep 4 shouId le piepaied keeping in nind
any sile consliainls lhal nay have leen idenlified in Slep 1 and lhe sIope ciileiia foi enlanknenls and pond
fIoois.
Slep 6: Conpule lhe slage-sloiage ieIalionship
The slage-sloiage ieIalionship can le defined fion lhe pond geoneliy using lhe doulIe-end aiea nelhod. The
naxinun slage seIecled shouId exlend alove lhe lop of lhe pond enlanknenl lo ensuie lhal il is nol exceeded
in lhe iouling caIcuIalions.
Since lhe fIov peifoinance ciileiia iequiies conlioI ovei lolh lhe ninoi and najoi syslen ARI, nuIlipIe oulIel
conlioI consisling of an aiiangenenl of devices pIaced al appiopiiale slages (IeveIs) vilhin lhe pond viII need
lo le piovided. Malching lhis fIov peifoinance ciileiion viII iequiie caiefuI seIeclion of lhe lype and
aiiangenenl of oulIels lo le used. Aiiiving al lhe lesl nuIlipIe oulIel aiiangenenl lo achieve lhe IeveI of
conlioI iequiied viII noinaIIy invoIve a liiaI and eiioi piocess and giaduaI iefinenenl unliI a salisfacloiy
design is found.
SeIecl a liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl vilh an inveil al oi leIov lhe Iovesl IeveI in lhe fIooi of a diy pond, oi al
valei IeveI in a delenlion pond, lo ensuie lhe sloiage conpIeleIy enplies aflei each sloin evenl.
Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship ly sunning lhe individuaI dischaige ialings foi each oulIel adopled.
The naxinun slage seIecled nusl le giealei lhan lhe expecled naxinun valei IeveI in lhe pond so lhal il viII
nol le exceeded in lhe iouling caIcuIalions in lhe foIIoving slep.

(iii) Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond, using a suilalIe conpulei nodeI oi lhe pioceduies piesenled
in Chaplei 2, lo deleinine lhe naxinun pond oulfIov and valei IeveI. The iouling line slep adopled shouId
le a unifoin inlegei vaIue and shouId le snaII enough so lhal lhe change in infIov and oulfIov lelveen line
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-17
sleps is ieIaliveIy Iineai. A vaIue of 2*
)
/

3OO nay le used as a iough guide. Hovevei, foi nanuaI caIcuIalions,
a nininun vaIue of five (5) ninule is ieconnended.
(iv) Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
in Chaplei 2, lo deleinine lhe naxinun pond oulfIov and valei IeveI. The iouling line slep adopled shouId
le a unifoin inlegei vaIue and shouId le snaII enough so lhal lhe change in infIov and oulfIov lelveen line
sleps is ieIaliveIy Iineai. A vaIue of 2*
)
/

3OO nay le used as a iough guide. Hovevei, foi nanuaI caIcuIalions,
a nininun vaIue of five (5) ninule is ieconnended.
(iv) Check if iesuIls aie acceplalIe
If lhe naxinun pond oulfIov is giealei lhan oi excessiveIy snaIIei lhan lhe Iinil deleinined in Slep 2, oi lhe
pond valei deplh exceeds lhal peinissilIe, ieluin lo Slep 5 oi 7 and nodify lhe geoneliy of lhe pond and/oi
lhe oulIel aiiangenenl oi configuialion as necessaiy.
Slep 8 Size lhe najoi design sloin piinaiy oulIel
(vi) SeIecl liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl
SeIecl a liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl and sel lhe Iovesl IeveI foi lhe najoi syslen oulIel(s) al oi sIighlIy alove lhe
naxinun pond valei IeveI eslinaled foi lhe ninoi design sloin.
(vii) Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship
Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship ly sunning lhe individuaI dischaige ialings foi each oulIel adopled
incIuding lhe ninoi design sloin oulIels.
(viii) Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
in Chaplei 2, lo deleinine lhe naxinun pond oulfIov and valei IeveI.
(ix) Check if iesuIls aie acceplalIe
If lhe naxinun pond oulfIov is giealei lhan oi excessiveIy snaIIei lhan lhe Iinil deleinined in Slep 2, oi lhe
pond valei deplh exceeds lhal peinissilIe, ieluin lo slep 5 oi 8 and nodify lhe geoneliy of lhe pond and/oi
lhe oulIel aiiangenenl oi configuialion as necessaiy.
Nole: if lhe pond geoneliy is aIleied, lhe ninoi design sloin iouling in Slep 7 viII need lo le iedone lo check
if lhe ninoi syslen oulIel peifoinance is sliII salisfacloiy and lo eslalIish lhe ievised naxinun pond valei
IeveI foi selling lhe najoi oulIel inveil IeveI.
Slep 9 Size lhe secondaiy oulIel aiiangenenl
Once a pond configuialion neels lhe seIecled fIov conlioI peifoinance ciileiion, lhe eneigency oulIel viII
need lo le sized lo conlain lhe seIecled secondaiy oulIel design ARI.
SeIecl a liiaI secondaiy oulIel aiiangenenl. Sel lhe nininun oulIel IeveI al lhe naxinun pond valei IeveI
eslinaled foi lhe najoi design sloin pIus a fieeloaid of al Ieasl 2OO nn.
Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship ly sunning lhe individuaI dischaige ialings foi aII lhe pond oulIels
(i.e. lhe secondaiy oulIel pIus lhe ninoi and najoi syslen oulIels)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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7-18 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
(iii) Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
in Chaplei 2, lo deleinine lhe naxinun pond oulfIov and valei IeveI.
(iv) Check if iesuIls aie acceplalIe
A fIov conlioI ciileiion foi lhe 1OO yeai ARI design sloin has nol leen specified. Hovevei, lhe valei deplh in
lhe pond viII deleinine lhe naxinun heighl of lhe enlanknenl. The oulIel aiiangenenl nay need lo le
iefined unliI a salisfacloiy laIance in leins of cosl oi pulIic safely is found lelveen lhe heighl of lhe
enlanknenl and lhe size of lhe secondaiy oulIel.
Slep 1O Check lehavioui undei exliene condilions
The ponds lehavioui undei exliene condilions nay aIso need lo le checked. These condilions nay le Iaigei
fIoods lhan lhe design fIood, possilIy up lo lhe IMI, and/oi condilions undei vhich pailiaI oi lolaI lIockage of
lhe pond piinaiy oulIel(s) occuis.
Slep 11 Iiepaie design diavings and specificalions
When lhe pond peifoinance is deened acceplalIe foi aII opeialing condilions, incIuding ils lehavioui undei
exliene fIood evenls, delaiIed design diavings and specificalions shouId le piepaied. These shouId incIude
giading pIans, enlanknenl design delaiIs, Iandscape pIans, sliucluiaI delaiIs of aII piinaiy and secondaiy
oulIels, and viillen delaiIs of nainlenance pioceduies and scheduIes.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-19
'&H&'&+!&1

1. AusliaIian NalionaI Connillee on Laige Dans - ANCOLD (1986). K@)'63)&65 E+B TA6B2*)+& !2)&*6&2&?6 2&'
"@BU6)332&?6 +E 02>5. AusliaIia.
2. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage - DID (2OOO). VB;2& "*+B>G2*6B !2&2:6>6&* !2&@23 E+B !23245)2.
INM, Coveinnenl of MaIaysia.
3. IedeiaI Lneigency Managenenl Agency - ILMA (1987). 02> "2E6*4W #& TG&6BX5 K@)'2&?6 !2&@23. ILMA,
USA.
4. CoIze, A.R. (1977). Y2&';++I +E 02> (&:)&66B)&:. Nev Yoik: Van Nosliand ReinhoId.
5. Knox Counly (2OO8). Z&+C [+@&*4 =6&&65566 "*+B>G2*6B !2&2:6>6&* !2&@23. VoIune 2 (TechnicaI Cuidance),
Tennessee, USA.
6. Uniled Slales uieau of RecIanalion - USR (1987). 065):& +E ">233 02>5, 3id Ldilion, Washinglon DC,
USA.
7. Uniled Slales uieau of RecIanalion - USR (1992). "2E6*4 (U23@2*)+& +E (C)5*)&: 02>5 8"((0 !2&@239,
Washinglon DC, USA.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-21
#$$&+*,Z ).# &Z#[$T& X *&%&+%,-+ $-+* *&1,F+
IiolIen:
A calchnenl Iocaled in upsliean of Sungai uIoh, SeIangoi, vilh aiea of 38.761 ha, is pioposed lo le deveIoped
foi iesidenliaIs consisling ungaIov dveIIings. A vel delenlion pond is lo le incoipoialed lo conlioI lhe
incieased iunoff iesuIling fion lhe deveIopnenl. IIovs viII le diiecled lo lhe pond via giassed channeIs luiIl
on exisling slieans. The exisling and pioposed liianguIai channeI vilh sIope = 1:1. Iion lhe sile visil lhe deplh
of lhe channeI is O.3 n and vidlh = O.6 n, vhiIe lhe deplh of lhe pioposed channeI is O.42 n and vidlh = O.84
n. Design lhe pond and ils oulIel faciIilies vilh iniliaI valei IeveI sel al 31.OO n LSD and iniliaI valei deplh of
al Ieasl 1.O n. The calchnenl is as shovn in Iiguie 7.A1. The pond is iequiied lo le designed foi 5O yeai ARI
vilh piinaiy oulIels in lhe iisei lo conlioI 5 and 5O yeai ARIs. The secondaiy oulIel, a lioad ciesled veii
spiIIvay, is lo le piovided lo calei foi lhe 1OO yeai ARI evenl. The foIIovings aie dala foi lhe calchnenl and lhe
slieans/channeIs:

Iie-deveIopnenl calchnenl and sliean piopeilies

Reach
OveiIand NaluiaI Sliean
\
+
(n) &] "
+
() \
'
(n) & "
'
(n/n) < (n)
A 82.O O.O45 3.66 914.O O.O5 O.O11 O.11
AC 9O.O O.O45 3.33 92O.O O.O5 O.O49 O.11
AD 72.O O.O45 4.17 761.O O.O5 O.O53 O.11

Iosl-deveIopnenl calchnenl and channeI piopeilies

Reach
OveiIand Ciass ChanneI
\
+
(n) &] "
+
() \
'
(n) & "
'
(n/n) <, (n)
A 82.O O.O35 3.66 914.O O.O35 O.OO9 O.15
AC 9O.O O.O35 16.67 92O.O O.O35 O.O24 O.15
AD 72.O O.O35 13.89 761.O O.O35 O.O26 O.15

Iiguie 7.A1: Calchnenl Aiea
D
65.O
55.O
5O.O
45.O
45.O
5O.O
L
O
=9On
Ld
=
9
2
O
n
L
O
=72n
L
d
=761n
L
O
=82n
L
d
=914n
6O.O
LL=35n
LL=83n
LL=78n
LL=48n
Calchnenl oundaiy
Sliean
85.O
8O.O
75.O
7O.O
65.O
6O.O
55.O
5O.O
45.O
4O.O
45.O
5O.O
55.O
6O.O
65.O
75.O
65.O
6O.O
4O.O
45.O
55.O
5O.O
7O.OO
A
C
Calchnenl Aiea = 38.761 ha
LL=45n
LL=8On
LL=69n
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-22 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
SoIulion:

TalIe 2.1

TalIe 2.2

TalIe 2.1

TalIe 2.3

Slep 1 : Selling lhe design sloin ciileiia foi lhe pond

As specified in Seclion 1.2.1, lhe iunoff quanlily conlioI ciileiion foi nev
deveIopnenl is lo ieduce posl-deveIopnenl peak fIovs lo Iess lhan oi equaI lo
lhe pie-deveIopnenl vaIues. The najoiily of lhe pioposed deveIopnenl
upsliean of lhe pond viII le nediun densily housing Iols. The ninoi and najoi
design sloins foi piinaiy oulIel aie 5 and 5O yeai ARI, vhiIe lhe secondaiy
oulIel is 1OO yeai ARI (in accoidance vilh TalIe 1.1, Seclion 7.2.3 and 7.2.4).

Slep 2 : Conpule lhe pond infIov hydiogiaph

Conpule lhe Iie-deveIopnenl Tine of Concenlialion, l
c

Reach A:

P ^ .
+
S ^ .
+
]
+
"
\ , & , .-_
* =
\
+
= 82.O nR "
+
= 3.66 R &] = O.O45, *
+

% ^ .
'
S ^ %
'
'
" < `-
\ , &
* =

\
'
= 914 nR "
'
= O.O11 R & = O.O5O, < M -,.. *
'

*
?
M *
+
Q *
'

SiniIaiIy foi Reach AC:

\
+
= 9O n, "
+
= 3.33 R &] = O.O45, *
+

\
'
= 92O n, "
'
= O.O49 R & = O.O5O, < M -, .. *
'

l
c
= l
o
+ l
d

SiniIaiIy foi Reach AD:

\
+
= 72.O n, "
+
= 4.17 R &] = O.O45, *
+

\
'
= 761 n, "
'
= O.O53 R & = O.O5O, < M -,.. *
'

*
?
M *
+
Q *
'

Thus, lhe pie-deveIopnenl *
?
is 48.6 nin (lhe Iongesl).

Conpule lhe Iosl-deveIopnenl Tine of Concenlialion, l
c

Reach A:

\
+
= 82 n, "
+
= 3.66 R &] = O.O35, *
+

\
'
= 914 n, "
'
= O.OO9 R & = O.O35, < M -,.P *
'

=

=

=

=

=
=

=
=

=

=

=

=

=

=

16.1 nin

32.5 nin

48.6 nin

17 nin

15.5 nin
32.4 nin

15.1 nin
12.3 nin

27.4 nin

12.6 nin
2O.2 nin
32.7 nin

13.2 nin

12.2 nin
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-23

TalIe 2.1.4

Lqualion 2.2

TalIe 2.5

l
c
= l
o
+ l
d

SiniIaiIy foi Reach AC:

\
+
= 9O n, "
+
= 3.33 R &] = O.O35, *
+

\
'
= 92O n, "
'
= O.O24 R & = O.O35, < M -,.P *
'

l
c
= l
o
+ l
d

SiniIaiIy foi Reach AD:

\
+
= 72 n, "
+
= 4.17 R &] = O.O35, *
+

\
'
= 761 n, "
'
= O.O26 R & = O.O35 < M -,.P *
'

l
c
= l
o
+ l
d

Thus, lhe posl-deveIopnenl *
?
is 32.7 nin, vhich is 15.9 ninule shoilei lhan lhe
lhe pie-deveIopnenl *
?
.

Conpule lhe iainfaII inlensily, )

The neaiesl iainfaII slalion is Slalion ID 3216OO4, SK }enis Kel. Kepong. Refeiiing
lo TalIe 2.1, lhe filling conslanls foi lhe IDI LnpiiicaI Lqualion of lhis slalion
aie:

\ i O q
73.6O2 O.164 O.33O O.874

The iainfaII inlensily foi vaiious duialions and ARIs aie given in TalIe 7.A2 and
TalIe 7.A3 using Lqualion 2.2.

Slep 3: Deleinine lhe pond oulfIov Iinils

TalIe 7.A1: Runoff Coefficienl

Condilion C
posl
C
pie

ARI < 1O yi O.65 O.3O
ARI > 1O yi
O.7O O.4O

Conpule lhe pie and posl-deveIopnenl dischaige

TalIe 7.A2: CaIcuIaled Iie-deveIopnenl Dischaige

ARI
(yeai)
Sloin
duialion, d
' (nin) ) (nn/hi) [
pie
# (ha)
N
AB6
(n
3
/s)
5 *
?
48.6 85.5 O.3O 38.761 2.8
5O *
?
48.6 124.7 O.4O 38.761 5.4
1OO *
?
48.6 139.7 O.4O 38.761 6.O

TalIe 7.A3: CaIcuIaled Iosl-deveIopnenl Dischaige
=

=

=

=

25.3 nin

11.7 nin

9.7 nin
21.4 nin

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-24 06*6&*)+& 7+&'

Lquaion 2.2
Lquaion 2.3

Lquaion 2.2
Lquaion 2.3

Lqualion
7.1a

Lqualion
7.1l

ARI
(yeai)
Sloin
duialion, d
(in leins of *
?
)
' (nin) ) (nn/hi) [
A+5*
# (ha)
N
A+5*
(n
3
/s)
5
*
?
32.7 1O7.7 O.65 38.761 7.5
1.5 *
?
49.1 85.O O.65 38.761 5.9
2.O *
?
65.4 7O.5 O.65 38.761 4.9
2.5 *
?
81.8 6O.5 O.65 38.761 4.2
5O
*
?
32.7 157.1 O.7O 38.761 11.8
1.5 *
?
49.1 124.O O.7O 38.761 9.3
2.O *
?
65.4 1O2.9 O.7O 38.761 7.8
2.5 *
?
81.8 88.3 O.7O 38.761 6.7
1OO
*
?
32.7 176.O O.7O 38.761 13.3
1.5 *
?
49.1 138.9 O.7O 38.761 1O.5
2.O *
?
65.4 115.3 O.7O 38.761 8.7
2.5 *
?
81.8 98.9 O.7O 38.761 7.5

The pie-deveIopnenl fIovs foi lhis duialion viII lecone lhe posl-deveIopnenl
fIov Iinils in lhe channeI innedialeIy dovnsliean of lhe pond. The pond
oulfIov Iinils foi 5, 5O and 1OO yeai ARI aie A.\ 6
J
]3^ R.N 6
J
]3 and U._ 6
J
]3
iespecliveIy.

Slep 4: Make a pieIininaiy eslinale of lhe iequiied pond voIune, Vs sloin
duialion (lased on 5O yi ARI design sloin) using RalionaI Hydiogiaph Melhod
(RHM)

Ioi Type 1 hydiogiaph (sloin duialion ' is giealei lhan *
?
9,

L5 M 'N
)
O -,P*
)
N
+

Ioi Type 2 hydiogiaph (sloin duialion ' is equaI lo *
?
9,

L5 M -,P*
)
8N
)
O N
+
9

Ioi 5O yeai ARI, lhe eslinaled pond voIunes foi vaiious sloin duialions aie:

Ioi sloin duialion d=l
c
= 32.7 nin, *
)
= 65.4 nin, V
s

Ioi sloin duialion d=1.5 l
c
= 49.1 nin, *
)
= 81.8 nin, V
s

Ioi sloin duialion d=2.O l
c
= 65.4 nin, *
)
= 98.1 nin, V
s

Ioi sloin duialion d=2.5 l
c
= 81.8 nin, *
)
= 114.5 nin, V
s

=
=
=
=

12695 n
3
14325 n
3
14627 n
3

1419O n
3

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-25

Iiguie 7.A2: Sloin Duialion vs Lslinaled Iond VoIune Cuive
Iion Iiguie 7.A2, lhe eslinaled pond voIune iequiied is 1463O n
3
.


The Iocalion and giading of lhe pond enlanknenl and sloiage aiea is seIecled ly
liiaI and eiioi so lhal al Ieasl lhe pieIininaiy eslinaled voIune of 1463O n
3
is
avaiIalIe in lhe pond lo calei foi lhe ciilicaI 5O yeai ARI design sloin evenl.

Slep 6: Conpule slage-sloiage ieIalionship

TalIe 7.A4: Slage-Sloiage ReIalionship

Slage (n) LIevalion (n) Aiea (n
2
) Sloiage VoIune (n
3
)
O.OO 31.OO 625O O
O.5O 31.5O 6435 3171
1.OO 32.OO 7275 6599
1.5O 32.5O 736O 1O258
2.OO 33.OO 8245 14159
2.5O 33.5O 8365 18311
3.OO 34.OO 9278 22722
Sloin Duialion (ninules)
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO
L
s
l
i
n
a
l
e
d

I
o
n
d

V
o
I
u
n
e

(
n
)
1OOOO
1O5OO
11OOO
115OO
12OOO
125OO
13OOO
135OO
14OOO
145OO
15OOO
35.O n
34.5 n
34.O n
33.5 n
33.O n
32.5 n
32.O n
31.5 n
31.O n
4O.O
5O.O
45.O
45.O
5O.O
4O.O
4O.O
45.O
Iioposed
Iond
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-26 06*6&*)+& 7+&'

Iiguie 7.A4: Slage - Sloiage Cuive
The oplinun size of lhe ninoi design sloin piinaiy oulIel needs lo le
deleinined ly liiaI and eiioi lo pioduce a naxinun pond oulfIov lhal is as
cIose as piaclicalIe lo lhe iequiied fIov Iinil of A.\6
J
]3. This invoIves seIecling
an iniliaI oulIel aiiangenenl and size, deleinining lhe slage-dischaige
ieIalionship, and iouling lhe pond infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond lo
deleinine lhe naxinun oulfIov and valei IeveI pioduced. The oulIel
aiiangenenl and/oi size is lhen iefined, if necessaiy, and lhe piocess iepealed
unliI an acceplalIe naxinun oulfIov and valei deplh is ieached.
(1) SeIecl liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl
To piovide fIov ieduclion foi lhe 5 yeai ARI posl-deveIopnenl design sloin, a
ieclanguIai oiifice neasuiing 2.On (vidlh) x 1.On (deplh) vas iniliaIIy seIecled.
The inveil IeveI of lhe upsliean end of lhe cuIveil vas sel al slage 31.OO n LSD in
lhe pond.
(2) Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship and sloiage indicaloi nunlei
CaIcuIale lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship and sloiage indicaloi nunlei fion 5yi
ARI oiifice oulIel lhen, pIol slage-dischaige cuive and sloiage indicaloi cuive.
TalIe 7.A5: Slage-Dischaige ReIalion and Sloiage Indicaloi Nunleis
(5yi ARI 1
sl
TiiaI)
H (n) O (n
3
/s) S (n
3
) (S^ A*)+O/2 (n
3
/s)
O.OO O.OO O O.OO
O.5O 1.2O 3171 53.44
1.OO 3.76 6599 111.85
1.5O 5.32 1O258 173.62
2.OO 6.51 14159 239.23
2.5O 7.52 18311 3O8.93
3.OO 8.4O 22722 349.57
C
o
=1.7 (Weii IIov) and O.6 (Oiifice IIov), A= 2.On
2
, (Dinension=2.On x 1.On)
Sloiage (n)
1OOOO O 2OOOO 3OOOO 4OOOO
S
l
a
g
e

(
n
)
O.O
O.5
1.O
1.5
2.O
2.5
3.O
3.5
4.O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-27
(3) Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
Using a iouling line slep of 1.O ninules, lhe 5yi ARI oiifice pioduced a
naxinun dischaige of N._) 6
J
]3 vhich is NOT acceplalIe (TalIe 7.A6) as il is
noie lhan lhe 5 yeai ARI pond oulfIov Iinil of A.\ 6
J
]3. The naxinun valei
eIevalion in lhe lasin is JA./ 6, LSD. Il is ok since il is Iess lhan lhe naxinun
aIIovalIe eIevalion (34.7n). Hovevei, lhe oulIel needs lo le iesized since il
exceeds lhe peinissilIe dischaige.
TalIe 7.A6: Rouling TalIe - 5 yi ARI (1
sl
TiiaI)
Tine I (I
1
+ I
2
)/2 S
1
/Al + O
1
/2 O
1
S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 O
2

(nin) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s
O O.OO O.OO O O O
1 O.15 O.O7 O.OO O.OO O.O7 O.OO
2 O.3O O.22 O.O7 O.OO O.3O O.OO
3 O.45 O.37 O.3O O.OO O.67 O.OO
4 O.6O O.52 O.67 O.OO 1.2O O.OO
5 O.75 O.67 1.2O O.OO 1.87 O.OO
6 O.9O O.82 1.87 O.OO 2.69 O.O6
7 1.O5 O.97 2.69 O.O6 3.61 O.O6
8 1.2O 1.12 3.61 O.O6 4.67 O.O6
9 1.35 1.27 4.67 O.O6 5.88 O.12
1O 1.5O 1.42 5.88 O.12 7.18 O.12
Conlinued
. . . . . . .
6O 4.94 4.94 116.96 3.84 118.O6 3.91
61 4.94 4.94 118.O6 3.91 119.O9 3.91
62 4.94 4.94 119.O9 3.91 12O.12 3.91
63 4.94 4.94 12O.12 3.91 121.14 3.99
64 4.94 4.94 121.14 3.99 122.O9 3.99
65 4.94 4.94 122.O9 3.99 123.O4 3.99
66 4.79 4.87 123.O4 3.99 123.91 3.99
67 4.64 4.72 123.91 3.99 124.63 4.O7
68 4.49 4.57 124.63 4.O7 125.13 4.O7
69 4.34 4.42 125.13 4.O7 125.48 4.O7
7O 4.19 4.27 125.48 4.O7 125.67 4.O7
71 4.O4 4.12 125.67 4.O7 125.72 4.O7
72 3.89 3.97 125.72 4.O7 125.62 4.O7
73 3.74 3.82 125.62 4.O7 125.36 4.O7
74 3.59 3.67 125.36 4.O7 124.96 4.O7
75 3.44 3.52 124.96 4.O7 124.41 4.O7
76 3.29 3.37 124.41 4.O7 123.71 3.99
77 3.14 3.22 123.71 3.99 122.93 3.99
78 2.99 3.O7 122.93 3.99 122.O1 3.99
79 2.84 2.92 122.O1 3.99 12O.94 3.91
8O 2.69 2.77 12O.94 3.91 119.79 3.91
Conlinued
. . . . . . .

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-28 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
Iiguie 7.A5: InfIov and OulfIov Hydiogiaph of 5yi ARI Sloin Lvenl (1
sl
TiiaI)

(4) Re-SeIecl liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl
To piovide fIov ieduclion foi lhe 5 yeai ARI posl-deveIopnenl design sloin lo a
pie-deveIopnenl IeveI, a snaIIei size oulIel is seIecled. A O.5 x O.5 n ieclanguIai
oiifice vas seIecled. The inveil IeveI of lhe upsliean end of lhe cuIveil vas sel al
slage 31.OO n LSD in lhe pond.
(5) Re-conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship and sloiage indicaloi nunlei
CaIcuIale lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship and sloiage indicaloi nunlei fion 5yi
ARI oiifice oulIel lhen, pIol slage-dischaige cuive and sloiage indicaloi cuive.
TalIe 7.A7: Slage-Dischaige ReIalion and Sloiage Indicaloi Nunleis
(5yi ARI 2
nd
TiiaI)
H (n) O (n
3
/s) S (n
3
) (S^ A*)+O/2 (n
3
/s)
O.OO O.OO O O.OO
O.5O O.87 3171 53.28
1.OO 1.51 6599 11O.73
1.5O 1.94 1O258 171.94
2.OO 2.3O 14159 237.12
2.5O 2.61 18311 3O6.48
3.OO 2.88 22722 38O.14
C
o
=1.7 (Weii IIov) and O.6 (Oiifice IIov), A= O.25n
2
, (Dinension=O.5n x O.5n)
(6) Re-ioule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
Using a iouling line slep of 1.O ninules, lhe 5yi ARI oiifice pioduced a
naxinun

O
1
2
3
4
5
6
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O
Q

(
n
3
/
s
)
Tine (ninules)
1sl TiiaI 5 yeai
Qj+1
I
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-29

dischaige of A.JN 6
J
]3 vhich is acceplalIe (TalIe 7.A8) as il is Iess lhan lhe
5 yeai ARI pond oulfIov Iinil of A.\ 6
J
]3. The naxinun valei eIevalion in lhe
pond is JA.UJ 6, LSD. Il is ok since il is Iess lhan lhe naxinun aIIovalIe
eIevalion (34.7n).

TalIe 7.A8: Re-iouling TalIe - 5 yi ARI (2
nd
TiiaI)
Tine I (I
1
+ I
2
)/2 S
1
/Al + O
1
/2 O
1
S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 O
2

(nin) (n
3
/ (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s
O
O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO
1
O.15 O.O7 O.OO O.OO O.O7 O.OO
2
O.3O O.22 O.O7 O.OO O.3O O.OO
3
O.45 O.37 O.3O O.OO O.67 O.OO
4
O.6O O.52 O.67 O.OO 1.2O O.OO
5
O.75 O.67 1.2O O.OO 1.87 O.OO
6
O.9O O.82 1.87 O.OO 2.69 O.O4
7
1.O5 O.97 2.69 O.O4 3.62 O.O4
8
1.2O 1.12 3.62 O.O4 4.7O O.O4
9
1.35 1.27 4.7O O.O4 5.93 O.O9
1O
1.5O 1.42 5.93 O.O9 7.27 O.O9
Conlinued
. . . . . . .
8O 2.69 5.54 322.51 2.7O 325.35 2.73
81 2.54 5.24 325.35 2.73 327.85 2.75
82 2.4O 4.94 327.85 2.75 33O.O5 2.76
83 2.25 4.64 33O.O5 2.76 331.93 2.77
84 2.1O 4.34 331.93 2.77 333.5O 2.79
85 1.95 4.O4 333.5O 2.79 334.75 2.8O
86 1.8O 3.74 334.75 2.8O 335.69 2.8O
87 1.65 3.44 335.69 2.8O 336.34 2.8O
88 1.5O 3.14 336.34 2.8O 336.68 2.8O
89 1.35 2.84 336.68 2.8O 336.72 2.8O
9O 1.2O 2.54 336.72 2.8O 336.47 2.8O
91 1.O5 2.25 336.47 2.8O 335.91 2.8O
92 O.9O 1.95 335.91 2.8O 335.O6 2.8O
93 O.75 1.65 335.O6 2.8O 333.9O 2.79
94 O.6O 1.35 333.9O 2.79 332.47 2.77
95 O.45 1.O5 332.47 2.77 33O.74 2.77
96 O.3O O.75 33O.74 2.77 328.72 2.76
97 O.15 O.45 328.72 2.76 326.41 2.73
98 O.OO O.15 326.41 2.73 323.82 2.72
99 O.OO O.OO 323.82 2.72 321.11 2.7O
1OO O.OO O.OO 321.11 2.7O 318.4O 2.68
Conlinued
. . . . . . .

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-3O 06*6&*)+& 7+&'

Iiguie 7.A6: InfIov and OulfIov Hydiogiaph of 5yi ARI Sloin Lvenl (2
nd
TiiaI)
Slep 8: Size lhe najoi design sloin piinaiy oulIel
The pioceduie foi sizing lhe najoi design sloin piinaiy oulIel is lhe sane as lhe
ninoi design sloin oulIel.
(iii) SeIecl liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl
To piovide fIov ieduclion foi lhe 5O yeai ARI posl-deveIopnenl design sloin, an
addilionaI 2.O n x 2.O n oiifice vas iniliaIIy seIecled vilh an inveil IeveI of 33 n,
LSD lhal coiiesponds lo a slage of 2.O n.
(iv) Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship
The slage-dischaige ieIalionship is lhe sunnalion of lhe 5 yeai ARI and lhe
5O yeai ARI oiifice capacilies (TalIe 7.A9).
TalIe 7.A9: Conlined Slage-Dischaige - 5 yi and 5O yi ARI Oiifice
H
5 yi ARI
Oiifice 5O yi ARI veii
TolaI
Dischaige
(n) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s)
O O.OO O O
O.5 O.87 O O.87
1 1.51 O 1.51
1.5 1.94 O 1.94
2 2.3O O 2.3O
2.5 2.61 4.7O 7.31
3 2.88 6.64 9.53
C
o
=1.7 (Weii IIov) and O.6 (Oiifice IIov), A= 4 n
2
(Dinension=2.On x 2.On)

O
1
2
3
4
5
6
O 5O 1OO 15O 2OO 25O
Q

(
n
3
/
s
)
Tine (ninules)
2nd TiiaI 5 yeai
Qj+1
I
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-31

TalIe 7.A1O: Conlined Sloiage Indicaloi Nunleis - 5 yi and 5Oyi ARI
H (m) Q (m3/s) S (m3) (S/dt)+Q/2
O O O O.OO
1 1 3171 53.28
1 2 6599 11O.73
2 2 1O258 171.94
2 2 14159 237.12
3 7 18311 3O8.83
3 1O 22722 383.46

(v) Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
Using a iouling line slep of 2.5 ninules, lhe 5 yeai and 5O yeai ARI oiifices
pioduced a naxinun dischaige of R.\_ 6
J
]3. This is NOT acceplalIe (TalIe
7.A11) as il is noie lhan lhe 5O yeai ARI pond oulfIov Iinil of R.N 6
J
]3. The
naxinun valei eIevalion in lhe pond is JJ.JR6, LSD lhal coiiesponds lo a
naxinun valei deplh of 2.35n.
TalIe 7.A11: Rouling TalIe - 5O yi ARI (1
sl
TiiaI)
Tine I (I
1
+ I
2
)/2 S
1
/Al + O
1
/2 O
1
S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 O
2

(nin) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s
O O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO
1 O.24 O.12 O.OO O.OO O.12 O.OO
2 O.47 O.35 O.12 O.OO O.47 O.OO
3 O.71 O.59 O.47 O.OO 1.O6 O.OO
4 O.94 O.82 1.O6 O.OO 1.88 O.OO
5 1.18 1.O6 1.88 O.OO 2.94 O.O4
6 1.41 1.29 2.94 O.O4 4.19 O.O4
Conlinued
. . . . . . .
65 7.76 7.76 276.O9 4.86 278.99 5.1
66 7.52 7.64 278.99 5.11 281.52 5.4
67 7.29 7.41 281.52 5.37 283.55 5.4
68 7.O5 7.17 283.55 5.37 285.36 5.6
69 6.82 6.94 285.36 5.63 286.67 5.6
7O 6.58 6.7O 286.67 5.63 287.74 5.8
71 6.35 6.47 287.74 5.88 288.33 5.8
72 6.11 6.23 288.33 5.88 288.68 5.8
73 5.88 6.OO 288.68 5.88 288.8O 5.8
74 5.64 5.76 288.8O 5.88 288.68 5.8
75 5.41 5.53 288.68 5.88 288.32 5.8
76 5.17 5.29 288.32 5.88 287.73 5.8
77 4.94 5.O6 287.73 5.88 286.9O 5.6
78 4.7O 4.82 286.9O 5.63 286.1O 5.6
79 4.47 4.59 286.1O 5.63 285.O6 5.6
8O 4.23 4.35 285.O6 5.63 283.78 5.6
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-32 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
Conlinued
. . . . . . .
Iiguie 7.A7: ResuIling OulfIov Hydiogiaph -5O yi ARI (1
sl
TiiaI)
(viv) Re-seIecl liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl
To piovide fIov ieduclion foi lhe 5O yeai ARI posl-deveIopnenl design sloin, a
1.2n x 1.2n squaie oiifice vas ie-seIecled. The pievious seIeclion vas a 2.On x
2.On squaie, vhich exceeded lhe 5Oyi ARI aIIovalIe dischaige Iinil of 5.4 n
3
/s.
The inveil IeveI of lhe upsliean end of lhe cuIveil vas sel al slage 31.OO n LSD in
lhe pond.
(v) Re-conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship
Re-caIcuIale lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship and sloiage indicaloi nunlei fion
5Oyi ARI oiifice oulIel lhen, pIol slage-dischaige cuive and sloiage indicaloi
cuive.
TalIe 7.A12: Slage-Dischaige - 5 yi and 5O yi ARI Oiifice
H
5 yi ARI
Oiifice
5O yi ARI veii TolaI Dischaige
(n) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s)
O O.OO O O
O.5 O.87 O O.87
1 1.51 O 1.51
1.5 1.94 O 1.94
2 2.3O O.OO 2.3O
2.5 2.61 2.26 4.86
3 2.88 3.19 6.O7

C
o
=1.7 (Weii IIov) and O.6 (Oiifice IIov), A= 1.44 n
2
(Dinension =1.2n x
1.2n)
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O 14O
Q

(
n
3
/
s
)
Tine (ninules)
1sl TiiaI 5O Yeai
Qj+1
I
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-33

TalIe 7.A13: Conlined Sloiage Indicaloi Nunleis - 5 yi and 5Oyi ARI
H (n) Q (n
3
/s) S (n3) (S/dl)+Q/2
O.OO O O O.OO
O.5O O.87 3171 53.28
1.OO 1.51 6599 11O.73
1.5O 1.94 1O258 171.94
2.OO 2.3O 14159 237.12
2.5O 4.86 18311 3O7.61
3.OO 6.O7 22722 381.74

(vi) Re-ioule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
Using a iouling line slep of 1.O ninules, lhe 5yi and 5Oyi ARI oiifices pioduced a
naxinun dischaige of N.` 6
J
]3, vhich is acceplalIe as il is Iess lhan lhe
5 yeai ARI pond oulfIov Iinil of R.N 6
J
]3. The naxinun valei eIevalion in lhe
pond is JJ.N\ 6, LSD. Il is ok since il is Iess lhan lhe naxinun aIIovalIe
eIevalion (33.7n).
TalIe 7.A14: Rouling TalIe - 5Oyi ARI (2
nd
TiiaI)
Tine I (I
1
+ I
2
)/2 S
1
/Al + O
1
/2 O
1
S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 O
2

(nin) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s)
O O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO
1 O.24 O.12 O.OO O.OO O.12 O.OO
2 O.47 O.35 O.12 O.OO O.47 O.OO
3 O.71 O.59 O.47 O.OO 1.O6 O.OO
4 O.94 O.82 1.O6 O.OO 1.88 O.OO
5 1.18 1.O6 1.88 O.OO 2.94 O.O4
6 1.41 1.29 2.94 O.O4 4.19 O.O4
Conlinued
. . . . . . .
65 7.76 7.76 28O.13 4.22 283.67 4.38
66 7.52 7.64 283.67 4.38 286.94 4.53
67 7.29 7.41 286.94 4.53 289.81 4.53
68 7.O5 7.17 289.81 4.53 292.45 4.69
69 6.82 6.94 292.45 4.69 294.69 4.61
7O 6.58 6.7O 294.69 4.85 296.54 4.61
71 6.35 6.47 296.54 4.85 298.15 4.73
72 6.11 6.23 298.15 5.O1 299.37 4.73
73 5.88 6.OO 299.37 5.O1 3OO.35 4.73
74 5.64 5.76 3OO.35 5.O1 3O1.1O 4.86
75 5.41 5.53 3O1.1O 5.17 3O1.45 4.86
76 5.17 5.29 3O1.45 5.17 3O1.57 4.86
77 4.94 5.O6 3O1.57 5.17 3O1.45 4.86
78 4.7O 4.82 3O1.45 5.17 3O1.1O 4.86
79 4.47 4.59 3O1.1O 5.17 3OO.51 4.73
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-34 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
8O 4.23 4.35 3OO.51 5.O1 299.85 4.73
Conlinued
. . . . . . .

Iiguie 7.A8: ResuIling OulfIov Hydiogiaph -5O yi ARI (2
nd
TiiaI)

Slep 9: Size lhe secondaiy oulIel aiiangenenl
As lheie is no iequiied Iinil foi lhe 1OO yeai ARI, lhe nain ciileiion foi seIecling
lhe secondaiy oulIel size is lo nininise lhe oveiaII heighl of lhe enlanknenl
vilhoul having an excessiveIy Iaige secondaiy oulIel.
(vii) SeIecl liiaI oulIel aiiangenenl
A 1O n vide lioad-ciesled veii spiIIvay vilh O(H):1(V) side sIopes vas iniliaIIy
seIecled as lhe pond secondaiy oulIel. The spiIIvay vas sel al lhe side of lhe
enlanknenl al an eIevalion of 33.5 n, LSD (5O yeai ARI naxinun valei IeveI).
(viii) Conpule lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship
The slage-dischaige ieIalionship is lhe sunnalion of lhe 5 yi and 5O yi ARI
oiifice and 1OOyi ARI spiIIvay capacilies.
TalIe 7.A15: Conlined Slage-Dischaige - 5 and 5O yi Oiifice and 1OO yi ARI
SpiIIvay
H
5 yi ARI
Oiifice
5O yi ARI
Oiifice
spiIIvay TolaI Dischaige
(n) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s)
O O.OO O.OO O O
O.5 O.87 O.OO O O.87
1 1.51 O.OO O 1.51
1.5 1.94 O.OO O 1.94
2 2.3O O.OO O 2.3O
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O 14O
Q

(
n
3
/
s
)
Tine (ninules)
2nd TiiaI 5O yeai
Qj+1
I
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-35
2.5 2.61 2.26 O 4.86
3 2.88 3.19 6 12.O8
C
o
=1.7 (Weii IIov) and O.6 (Oiifice IIov), 5yi Oiifice=O.5n x O.5n, 5Oyi Oiifice
=1.2n x 1.2n and 1OOyi SpiIIvay=1On x O.5n

TalIe 7.A16: Conlined Sloiage Indicaloi Nunleis - 5yi, 5Oyi and 1OOyi ARI
H (n) Q (n
3
/s) S (n
3
) (S/dl)+Q/2
O.OO O O O.OO
O.5O O.87 317O.5 53.28
1.OO 1.51 6598.5 11O.73
1.5O 1.94 1O258 171.94
2.OO 2.3O 14158.5 237.12
2.5O 4.86 1831O.5 3O7.61
3.OO 12.O8 2O722 351.41

(ix) Roule lhe infIov hydiogiaphs lhiough lhe pond
Using a iouling line slep of 1.O ninules, lhe naxinun valei IeveI in lhe pond is
JJ.UR 6, LSD lhal coiiesponds lo a valei deplh of 2.6O n. AIIoving a fieeloaid
of 3OO nn foi vave aclion, lhe enlanknenl ciesl eIevalion is sel al JN._ 6, LSD.
(iv) Check if lhe iesuIls aie acceplalIe
The lasin viII piovide a ieduclion in lhe 1OO yeai ARI fIov, leing ieduced fion
\.U` 6
J
]3 47 )._J 6
J
]3 (noie lhan lhe 1OOyi ARI pie-deveIopnenl dischaige of U._
6
J
]3). ShouId le ok since lhe pond is lo calei foi 5O yeai ARI onIy. Since lhe
naxinun valei IeveI (33.6O n LSD) is vilhin lhe aIIovalIe IeveI, lhe pond sizing
and iouling is ok.
TalIe 7.A17: Rouling TalIe - 5 yi, 5O yi and 1OO yi ARI
Tine I (I
1
+ I
2
)/2 S
1
/Al + O
1
/2 O
1
S
2
/Al + O
2
/2 O
2

(nin) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s (n
3
/s) (n
3
/s
O O O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO
1 O.26 O.13 O.OO O.OO O.13 O.OO
2 O.53 O.4O O.13 O.OO O.53 O.OO
3 O.79 O.66 O.53 O.OO 1.19 O.OO
4 1.O5 O.92 1.19 O.OO 2.11 O.OO
5 1.32 1.19 2.11 O.OO 3.29 O.O4
Conlinued
. . . . . . .
67 8.16 8.3O 312.43 6.O7 314.65 6.65
68 7.9O 8.O3 314.65 6.65 316.O3 7.O3
69 7.64 7.77 316.O3 7.23 316.57 7.O3
7O 7.37 7.51 316.57 7.23 316.85 7.O3
71 7.11 7.24 316.85 7.23 316.87 7.O3
72 6.85 6.98 316.87 7.23 316.62 7.O3
73 6.58 6.72 316.62 7.23 316.11 7.O3
74 6.32 6.45 316.11 7.23 315.33 7.O3
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-36 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
75 6.O6 6.19 315.33 7.23 314.29 6.65
76 5.79 5.93 314.29 6.65 313.57 6.65
8O 4.74 4.87 31O.4O 6.O7 3O9.2O 5.49
Conlinued
. . . . . . .

Iiguie 7.A9: ResuIling OulfIov Hydiogiaph - 1OOyi ARI

Slep 1O: Check lehavioui undei exliene condilions

As lhe pond is snaII in voIune and lund heighl il is nol a hazaidous sliucluie.
Theiefoie, no checking vas iequiied foi lhe lund faiIuie due lo IMI.

Slep 11: Iiepaie design diavings and specificalions

Refei Iiguie 7.A11 and 7.A12.

O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O 14O
Q

(
n
3
/
s
)
Tine (ninules)
1sl TiiaI 1OO yeai
Qj+1
I
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

06*6&*)+& 7+&' 7-37
36.O
35.O
34.O
33.O
32.O
Ciound Suiface
Access Road
Access iidge
O
Main Dan Lenglh = 16O.O n
2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O 14O 16O 18O 2OO 22O 24O 26O
Dislance in Meleis
L
I
e
v
a
l
i
o
n

(
n

L
S
D
)
1OO yi ARI IIood LeveI
(LL: 33.65 n)
38.O
37.O
31.O
3O.O
SpiIIvay
ed LeveI : 29.O n
Dan Ciesl
LIevalion : 34.OO n
Ieinanenl Walei
LeveI : 31.O n
5O yi ARI IIood LeveI
(LL : 33.48 n)
5 yi ARI IIood LeveI
(LL : 32.63 n)
IL : 33.5O n
29.O
28.O

Iiguie 7.A1O: Layoul IIan of lhe Designed Delenlion Iond

Iiguie 7.A11: Cioss Seclion of lhe Designed Delenlion Iond

4O.O
45.O
5O.O
55.O
OulIel
Risei
Dan
Lnlanknenl
SpiIIvay
Iioposed Access
Road
Dan Ciesl
LL : 34.O n
Access
iidge
31.O n 34.O n
31.O n
InIel Zone
45.O
5O.O
4O.O
45.O
4O.O
Maxinun IIood LeveI
CITs
MIs
CITs
MIs
OulfaII
InIel Zone
OulfaII
29.O n
Ieinanenl Walei
LeveI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

7-38 06*6&*)+& 7+&'
Maxinun IIood LeveI
LL: 33.65 n
3
Upsliean
ShouIdei
Dovnsliean
ShouIdei CuIveil
1
Ieinanenl Walei LeveI
LL: 31.O n
7O.O n
C
L
Dan Ciesl
LL: 34.OO n
LL : 33.5O n SpiIIvay
5 yi ARI IIood LeveI
LL: 32.63 n
5O yi ARI IIood LeveI
LL: 33.48 n
5O yi Oiifice
(1.2 n x 1.2 n)
* see delaiIs leIov
Risei
5 yi Oiifice
(O.5 n x O.5 n)
1.2 n
1.2 n
OulIel Risei
LL: 33.OO n

Iiguie 7.A12: Dan Cioss-Seclion

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!
INFILTRATION FACILITIES
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

|nfi||ra|icn |aci|i|ics 8-i
!"#$%&' ) *+,*-%'#%*.+ ,#!*-*%*&/
8.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2 ILANNINC AND ILASIILITY ANALYSIS ................................................................ 8-2
8.2.1 Diainage Aiea ...................................................................................................... 8-2
8.2.2 IoIIulanl RenovaI CapaliIilies ......................................................................... 8-2
8.2.3 Sile SuilaliIily Linilalions ................................................................................. 8-3
8.2.4 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 8-4
8.2.4.1 IiincipIes ................................................................................................. 8-4
8.2.4.2 Check Lisl................................................................................................ 8-4
8.3.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 8-5
8.3.2 Design of On-sile IaciIilies ................................................................................. 8-5
8.3.2.1 CeneiaI Consideialions ......................................................................... 8-5
8.3.2.2 Design sleps ............................................................................................ 8-8
8.3.3 Design of Connunily IaciIilies ........................................................................ 8-8
8.3.3.1 CeneiaI Consideialions ......................................................................... 8-8
8.3.3.2 Design sleps ............................................................................................ 8-11
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 8-12
AIILNDIX 8.A LXAMILL - INIILTRATION TRLNCH ......................................................... 8-13
AIILNDIX 8. LXAMILL - INIILTRATION ASIN ............................................................. 8-16

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

|nfi||ra|icn |aci|i|ics 8-1
ILAN SLCTION
Sand IiIlei
CIean Washed Slone
Sides Lined vilh IeinealIe
IiIlei Ialiic
Ciass IiIlei Sliip
Ciass
IiIlei
Tiench
Scieened OveifIov Iipe
OulfIov
InfIov
CWL
ILAN
OulIel
InfIov (Iieliealed)
Ripiap
(WQV)
InfIov (Iieliealed)
SLCTION
Tiealnenl Aiea
InIel
CWL
CIean Slone
Dense Ciass Tuif
Ciass Tuif
CIean Slone
Lxcess Runoff
Nalive SoiI
OulIel
)01 *+%'.23!%*.+
This Chaplei piesenls syslen, funclion and design of infiIlialion faciIilies. They seive piinaiiIy foi ienoving
lhe associaled poIIulanls conlained in lhe capluied sloinvalei voIune ly fiIlialion piocess lhiough soiI nedia
alove lhe gioundvalei lalIe (CWT). The syslen can offei ieduced poIIulanl Ioadings lo dovnsliean najoi
iunoff liealnenl MIs, such as valei quaIily ponds oi velIands. The nain lypes of infiIlialion MIs aie
sunp, poious pavenenl, liench (Iiguie 8.1) and lasin (Iiguie 8.2). The faciIilies aie diy oi enply vhen nol in
opeialion and aie pail of gieen paik enviionnenl. The infiIlialion lasin can piovide addilionaI funclions of
sloinvalei quanlily conlioIs and design of vhich shaII le lased on delenlion pond.

Iiguie 8.1: TypicaI InfiIlialion Tiench Design

Iiguie 8.2: TypicaI InfiIlialion asin Design
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

8-2 |nfi||ra|icn |aci|i|ics
The faciIilies can le Iocaled on-sile oi aIong pulIic diainage, depending on iunoff conliiluling aieas, poIIulion
inlensily and Ianduse piaclices leing deaIl vilh (Iiguie 8.3).

Iiguie 8.3: TypicaI InfiIlialion AppIicalion
)04 $-#++*+5 #+2 ,&#/*6*-*%7 #+#-7/*/
The infiIlialion faciIilies nusl le caiefuIIy seIecled, Iocaled, designed, and nainlained lo achieve lheii design
lenefils as veII as lo piolecl aieas vheie gioundvalei quaIily is of concein. InfiIlialion can le successfuIIy
uliIised if adheience lo piopei consliuclion and nainlenance slandaids is foIIoved in accoidance vilh ils
design Iife.
)0401 289:;9<= #8=9
InfiIlialion MIs aie Iiniled in lheii aliIily lo accepl and lieal fIovs fion Iaigei diainage aieas. The lypes of
infiIlialion MIs and lheii diainage aiea Iinilalions aie given in TalIe 8.1.
TalIe 8.1: InfiIlialion MIs and Diainage Aiea Linil
InfiIlialion MIs Maxinun Diainage Aiea
Dispeision lienches/InfiIlialion sunps
InfiIlialion lienches/Ioious pavenenls
InfiIlialion lasins
5OO n
2

4 heclaies
15 heclaies

)0404 $>??@A9;A '=B>C9? !9D9E:?:A:=F
IoIIulanl ienovaI nechanisns in an infiIlialion syslen incIude alsoiplion, fiIlialion and nicioliaI
deconposilion. Iie-liealnenl MIs aie iequiied lo ienove coaise pailicuIale nallei and lo ieduce/pievenl
excessive poIIulanl Ioads enleiing lhe faciIilies. The lypicaI ienovaI capacily of infiIlialion faciIilies aie
sunnaiised in TalIe 8.2.
TalIe 8.2: TypicaI IoIIulanl RenovaI Lfficiencies foi InfiIlialion MIs (IIelchei el aI., 2OO3)
IoIIulanl
Lxpecled
RenovaI
Connenls
Lillei >9O Lxpecled lo liap aII gioss poIIulanls, excepl duiing high-fIov
lypasses
TolaI Suspended SoIids 65 - 99 Iie-liealnenl is iequiied lo ieduce cIogging iisk
TolaI Niliogen 5O - 7O Depend on niliogen specialion and slale (soIulIe oi pailicuIale)
TolaI Ihosphoius 4O- 8O Depend on niliogen specialion and slale (soIulIe oi pailicuIale)
Heavy MelaIs 5O - 95 Depends on slale (soIulIe oi pailicuIale)
l) InfiIlialion asin - ResidenliaI a) InfiIlialion Tiench - Iaiking Iol
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

)040G /:A= /@:A9E:?:AH -:B:A9A:>;F
SoiI lypes, suiface geoIogicaI condilions and gioundvalei IeveIs deleinine lhe suilaliIily of infiIlialion
syslens. Ioi a sile lo le suilalIe, il nusl neel oi exceed aII of lhe ciileiia Iisled in TalIe 8.3. ShouId a sile
invesligalion ieveaI lhal any one of lhe SuilaliIily Linilalions cannol le nel, lhe inpIenenlalion of lhe
infiIlialion piaclice shouId nol le puisued.

TalIe 8.3: Sile SuilaliIily Linilalions (DID, 2OOO).
Linilalion Connenls
SoiI The suilaliIily of soiI foi infiIlialion is lo le lased on evaIualing lhe foIIoving:
! Saluialed soiI infiIlialion iale shouId le a nininun iale of 13nn/hi
! SoiIs vilh 3O oi giealei cIay conlenl oi 4O giealei siIl/cIay conlenl shouId nol
le used (iefei lo lhe USDA TexluiaI TiiangIe in Iiguie 8.4)
! Aeiolic condilions aie lo le nainlained lo lhe fuIIesl exlenl possilIe foi iunoff
liealnenl MIs ly designing lhen lo diain lhe valei quaIily design sloin in 48
houis oi Iess.
! InfiIlialion syslens shouId nol uliIise fiII naleiiaI oi le pIaced ovei fiII soiIs. (Al
Iocalions vheie soiIs aie unsuilalIe foi infiIlialion oi vheie valei lalIes aie
high, il nay le piaclicaI lo piovide infiIlialion lhiough soiI Iayeis in fiII, possilIy
coIIecling peicoIaling valei in pipes. This shouId nol le iuIed oul, lul suilalIe
safeguaids shouId le appIied.)
Deplh lo Walei
TalIe, oi
InpeinealIe Layei
(ediock)
The lase of aII faciIilies shouId le Iocaled al Ieasl 1.5n alove lhe seasonaI high
giound valei IeveI and/oi any inpeinealIe Iayei (such as lediock, cIay Iens, elc.).
Iioxinily lo
Diinking Walei
WeIIs, uiIding
Ioundalions,
Sliucluies and
Iiopeily Lines
The pioxinily of infiIlialion faciIilies lo olhei sliucluies and faciIilies nusl le laken
inlo accounl vheie lhe polenliaI exisls lo conlaninale giound valei, danage
foundalions and olhei piopeily. The sile invesligalion is iequiied lo deleinine lhe
nosl appiopiiale Iocalions of infiIlialion faciIilies, lhis is lesl done on a case-ly-case
lasis lul lhe foIIoving lasic ciileiia aie piovided:
! The faciIilies shouId nol le aIIoved in veII-fieId aieas oi neai veIIs oi spiings
used foi diinking valei suppIy.
! InfiIlialion faciIilies shouId le silualed al Ieasl 7n dovn-sIope and 5On up-sIope
fion luiIding foundalions. InfiIlialion sunps oi lienches (on-sile faciIilies)
shouId le Iocaled al a nininun of 3n fion any sliucluie and 1On fion a non-
polalIe valei suppIy veII, seplic lank oi diain fieId.
! InfiIlialion faciIilies on conneiciaI and indusliiaI siles, even lhough aie nol
ieconnended, shouId le pIaced no cIosei lhan 35n fion a non-polalIe valei
suppIy veII, seplic lank oi diain fieId,
Land SIope InfiIlialion faciIilies can le Iocaled on sIopes up lo 15 as Iong as lhe sIope of lhe
lase of lhe faciIily is Iess lhan 3. AII lasins shouId le a nininun of 2On fion any
sIope giealei lhan 15.
ConlioI of SiIlalion Duiing consliuclion, il is ciilicaI nol lo excavale infiIlialion lienches oi lasins lo
finaI giade duiing lhis phase. Aflei consliuclion, il is vilaI lo pievenl as nuch
sedinenl as possilIe fion enleiing ly fiisl iouling lhe valei lhiough a pie-
liealnenl MI.
In lhe case of infiIlialion lienches, cIogging occuis nosl fiequenlIy on lhe suiface.
Ciass cIippings, Ieaves and accunuIaled sedinenl shouId le ienoved ioulineIy
fion lhe suiface. If cIogging appeais lo nol le onIy al lhe suiface, il nay le
necessaiy lo ienove and iepIace lhe fiisl Iayei of fiIlei nedia and lhe geolexliIe
fiIlei. In lhe case of infiIlialion lasins, sedinenl shouId le ienoved vhen il is
sufficienlIy diy so lhal lhe sedinenlalion Iayei can le ieadiIy sepaialed fion lhe
lasin fIooi
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

1OO CIay
9O
8O
7O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
9O 8O 7O 6O 5O 4O 3O 2O 1O
I
e
i
c
e
n
l

C
I
a
y
I
e
i
c
e
n
l

S
i
I
l
Ieicenl Sand
1OO Sand 1OO SiIl
Sandy
CIay
CIay
Loan
CIay
Loan
CIay
SiIly
SiIl
Loan
SiIl
Sandy
Loan
Loany
Sand
Sand
Loan
CIay
SiIly
Sandy
CIay
Loan
USDA TexluiaI TiiangIe
Shaded aiea is appIicalIe foi design of infiIlialion MIs

Iiguie 8.4: USDA TexluiaI TiiangIe (USDA, 1971)
)040I 2=F:<; !8:A=8:9
)040I01 $8:;J:D?=F
The geneiaI piincipIe in designing infiIlialion faciIilies is lo capluie lhe enliie iunoff valei quaIily voIune
(WQV) of 4Onn ovei lhe equivaIenl inpeivious conliiluling calchnenl aiea foi valei quaIily liealnenl
puiposes, vheieas foi valei quanlily ieguIalion, lhe design acceplance ciileiion iequiies lhal lhe peak le
ieduced lo lhe pie-deveIoped vaIue foi lhe ninoi syslen design sloin ARIs. Thus, lhe acceplance ciileiia foi
lhe design infiIlialion faciIilies iequiie salisfying lolh slandaids.
)040I04 !K=JL -:FA
The design ciileiia Iisled and discussed in lhis seclion aie inlended foi designing infiIlialion faciIilies.
(i) Sci| |ntcs|iga|icn
SoiI invesligalion is iequiied foi any lype of infiIlialion faciIilies foi each pioposed deveIopnenl Iocalion in
oidei lo deleinine lhe soiI lype and gioundvalei IeveI. Lach soiIs Iog shouId exlend a nininun of 3.On leIov
lhe lollon of lhe faciIily, desciile lhe seiies of lhe soiI, lhe lexluiaI cIass of lhe soiI hoiizon(s) lhiough lhe
deplh of lhe Iog and nole any evidence of high giound valei IeveI. In addilion, lhe Iocalion of inpeinealIe
soiI Iayeis oi dissiniIai soiI Iayeis shouId le deleinined.
(ii) Dcsign |nfi||ra|icn Ra|c
The design infiIlialion iale (f
d
) shouId le one-haIf lhe infiIlialion iale (f
c
) found fion lhe soiI lexluiaI anaIysis
(f
d
= 0.5f
c
).
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

(iii) Runcff Prc-Trca|ncn|
Suspended soIids and poIIulanls in iunoff shouId le pie-liealed piioi lo dischaige lo any infiIlialion faciIilies.
(it) |i|| Ma|cria|
Aggiegale naleiiaIs (foi lienches and uppei Iayeis of infiIlialion lasins) shouId consisl of a cIean aggiegale
vilh void space (i.e., poiosily) in lhe iange of 3O lo 4O. The aggiegale shouId le pooiIy giaded.

(t) 8ui|dings
Dispeision lienches, infiIlialion sunp, infiIlialion lienches oi poious pavenenl shouId le Iocaled 3n fion
luiIding foundalions. MeanvhiIe, infiIlialion lasins shouId le a nininun of 5On upsIope and 7n dovnsIope
fion any luiIding. Iuilhei, lhese faciIilies shouId le a nininun of 2On fion any sIopes giealei lhan 15. A
geolechnicaI iepoil shouId addiess lhe polenliaI inpacl of lhe lasin infiIlialion upon lhe sleep sIope.
(tii) Otcrf|cu Rcu|c
An oveifIov ioule nusl le idenlified in lhe evenl lhal lhe faciIilies capacily is exceeded (giealei lhan ninoi
syslen design ARI). The oveifIovs nusl le connecled lo a conveyance syslen.
(tii) Spi||uaqs
The spiIIvay iequiienenl is onIy appIied foi lhe infiIlialion lasin. AII aspecls of lhe piincipaI spiIIvay design
and lhe eneigency spiIIvay shouId foIIov lhe delaiIs piovided foi delenlion pond in Chaplei 7.
)0G 2&/*5+ $'.!&23'&
)0G01 5=;=89?
The design nelhodoIogies piesenled heie concenliale on lvo lypes of infiIlialion faciIilies: infiIlialion lienches
and infiIlialion lasins. The design nelhodoIogy of aII infiIlialion faciIilies shouId le appIied lo aII lype of
faciIilies lhal enphasise on lheii conliiluling diainage aieas. Theie aie lvo geneiaI lypes of silualions vheie
infiIlialion faciIilies nay le used.
! One nay le inleiesled in lhe dinensions of an infiIlialion device lhal is iequiied lo piovide sloiage of lhe
valei quaIily voIune (lQV), and/oi dovnsliean pioleclion voIune of iunoff.
! The sile condilions nay diclale lhe Iayoul and capacily of infiIlialion neasuies and one nighl le inleiesled
in deleinining lhe IeveI of conlioI piovided ly such a Iayoul. In lhis, conlioI nay nol le sufficienl lo neel
sloinvalei liealnenl iequiienenls, and addilionaI conlioI, possilIy using olhei acceplalIe conlioI
neasuies (such as conveyance syslens) nay le iequiied.
)0G04 2=F:<; >M .;NF:A= ,9J:?:A:=F
)0G0401 5=;=89? !>;F:O=89A:>;F
The design pioceduie oulIined in lhis seclion shouId le used in designing on-sile liench syslens lhal incIude
dispeision lienches, infiIlialion sunps and infiIlialion lienches lhal lheii diainage conliilulion aiea is Iess lhan
5OOn
2
.
The design of a liench syslen is lased on lhe lexluiaI cIass of lhe soiIs undeiIying. The design of a liench
syslen is aIso lased on lhe naxinun aIIovalIe deplh of lhe liench (d
nax
) vhich shouId neel lhe foIIoving
ciileiia:
n
T f
d
s c
nax
= (8.1)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

vheie,
f
c
= IinaI infiIlialion iale of lhe liench aiea (nn/hi),
T
s
= Maxinun aIIovalIe sloiage line (hi), and
n = Ioiosily of lhe slone ieseivoii.
Design ciileiia foi on-sile faciIilies aie piovided in TalIe 8.4. A liench syslen is sized lo accepl lhe design
voIune lhal enleis lhe liench (V
u
) pIus lhe voIune of iain lhal faIIs on lhe suiface of lhe liench (PA
|
) ninus lhe
exfiIlialion voIune (f
d
TA
|
) oul of lhe lollon of lhe liench (Iiguie 8.5). ased on lhe anaIysis, lhe effeclive
fiIIing line foi nosl lienches (T) viII geneiaIIy le Iess lhan lvo houis. The voIune of valei lhal nusl le
sloied in lhe liench (V) is defined as:

| d | u
TA f PA V V + = (8.2)
vheie,
P = Design iainfaII evenl (nn),
A
|
= Tiench suiface aiea (n
2
),
V
u
= Design iunoff voIune lhal enleis lhe liench (n
3
),
T = Lffeclive fiIIing line (hi), geneiaIIy < 2, and
f
d
= Design infiIlialion iale (nn/hi).

TalIe 8.4 Design Ciileiia of On-Sile InfiIlialion IaciIilies
Design Iaianeleis
Dispeision Tiench/ InfiIlialion
Sunp
InfiIlialion Tiench
Conliiluling diainage aiea Up lo 5OOn
2
Up lo 5OOn
2

SoiI invesligalion iequiienenl
1 soiI Iog lesl pei sile exlending
lo 1.5n leIov of lhe liench
lollon
1 soiI Iog lesl eveiy 15n of
liench exlending lo 1.5n leIov
of lhe liench lollon
Design infiIlialion iale (f
d
)
f
d
is equaI lo O.5f
c
vilh nininun
f
c
of 13nn/hi
f
d
is equaI lo O.5f
c
vilh
nininun f
c
of 13nn/h
Maxinun diavdovn line
24his - Design ARI foi Minoi
Syslen
24his - Design ARI foi Minoi
Syslen
Design Runoff
Design ARI foi Minoi Syslen
(Quanlily)
Capluie 4Onn of iainfaII ovei
lhe conliiluling calchnenl aiea
(QuaIily)
(Quanlily)
Capluie 4Onn of iainfaII ovei
lhe conliiluling calchnenl aiea
(QuaIily)
IiII naleiiaI
void space in lhe iange of 3O lo
4O
void space in lhe iange of 3O lo
4O
Maxinun deplh
1.5n alove lhe seasonaI
gioundvalei oi inpeinealIe
Iayei
1.5n alove lhe seasonaI
gioundvalei oi inpeinealIe
Iayei
Mininun cIeaiance lo speciaI
faciIilies
3n fion luiIding foundalion
1On fion non-polalIe valei
suppIy veII
3n fion luiIding foundalion
1On fion non-polalIe valei
suppIy veII
OveifIov ioule needs lo le idenlified needs lo le idenlified
Olseivalion veII 1 eveiy sile (ieconnended) 1 eveiy 15n of liench Ienglh
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Ioi nosl design sloin evenls, lhe voIune of valei due lo iainfaII on lhe suiface aiea of lhe liench (PA
|
) is snaII
vhen conpaied lo lhe design voIune (V
u
) of lhe liench and nay le ignoied vilh IillIe Ioss in accuiacy lo lhe
finaI design.
The voIune of iainfaII and iunoff enleiing lhe liench can le defined in leins of liench geoneliy. The gioss
voIune of lhe liench (V
|
) is equaI lo lhe ialio of lhe voIune of valei lhal nusl le sloied (V) lo lhe poiosily (n)
of lhe slone ieseivoii in lhe liench, V
|
is aIso equaI lo lhe pioducl of lhe deplh (d
|
) and lhe suiface aiea (A
|
):

| | |
A d
n
V
V = = n (8.3)

dnax V
Vv
IA
l
f
d
TAi

Iiguie 8.5: ModeI of Tiench HydioIogic aIance

Conlining Lqualions 8.2 and 8.3 yieIds lhe ieIalionship: d
|
A
|
n + f
d
TA
l
= V
u
. ecause lolh dinensions of lhe
liench aie unknovn, lhis equalion nay le ieaiianged lo deleinine lhe aiea of lhe liench (A
|
) if lhe vaIue of d
|

veie sel lased on eilhei lhe Iocalion of lhe valei lalIe oi lhe naxinun aIIovalIe deplh of lhe liench (d
nax
):

T f nd
V
A
d |
u
|
+
= (8.4)
In lhe evenl lhal lhe side vaIIs of lhe liench nusl le sIoped foi slaliIily duiing consliuclion, lhe suiface
dinensions of lhe liench shouId le lased on lhe foIIoving equalion:
( ) ( )
| | |
Zd l Zd | A = (8.5)
vheie,
| = The lop Ienglh (n),
l = The lop vidlh (n), and
Z = The liench side sIope ialio.
The design pioceduie vouId legin ly seIecling a lop vidlh (l) lhal is giealei lhan 2 x Zd
|
foi a specified sIope
(Z). The side sIope ialio vaIue viII depend on lhe soiI lype and lhe deplh of lhe liench. The lop Ienglh (|) is
lhen deleinined as:

|
|
Zd l
A
Zd |
+ = (8.6)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

L
W
W
d
l
1
Z
a) IIan l) Side

Iiguie 8.6: Schenalic of Tiench
)0G0404 2=F:<; FA=DF
This invoIves lhe foIIoving sleps:
- Deleinine lhe conliiluled valei quaIily voIune (4O nn ovei lhe equivaIenl inpeivious conliiluling
calchnenl aiea) fion lhe deveIopnenl foi sloiage lo neel lhe iunoff conlioI iequiienenl (acceplance
ciileiia).
- Conpule lhe naxinun aIIovalIe deplh (d
nax
) fion lhe feasiliIily equalion, d
nax
= f
c
T
s
/n.
- Conpule voIune of valei lhal nusl le sloied in lhe liench (V) as
| d | u
TA f PA V V + =
.

- Deleinine lhe suiface aiea (A
|
) dinensions of lhe liench as ( ) ( )
| | |
Zd l Zd | A = . This aiea shouId
le
giealei oi equaI lhan lhe aiea consideied in lhe pieIininaiy sizing.

)0G0G 2=F:<; >M !>BB@;:AH ,9J:?:A:=F
)0G0G01 5=;=89? !>;F:O=89A:>;F
The sane piincipIes as lhose appIied in lhe pievious seclion can le used as geneiaI design consideialion foi
infiIlialion liench and lasin, seiving foi Iaigei calchnenl aieas. The design of an infiIlialion lasin faciIily is
lased on sane soiI lexluiaI piopeilies and naxinun aIIovalIe deplhs as an infiIlialion liench. Hovevei,
lecause lhe infiIlialion lasin uses an open aiea oi shaIIov depiession foi sloiage, lhe naxinun aIIovalIe
deplh (d
nax
) shouId neel lhe foIIoving ciileiia:
p c nax
T f d = (8.7)
vheie,
f
c
= IinaI infiIlialion iale of lhe lasin aiea (nn/hi), and
T
p
= Maxinun aIIovalIe ponding line (hi).
Design ciileiia aie sel oul in TalIe 8.5.
An infiIlialion lasin is sized lo accepl lhe design voIune lhal enleis lhe lasin (V
u
) pIus lhe voIune of iain lhal
faIIs on lhe suiface of lhe lasin (PA
o
) ninus lhe exfiIlialion voIune (fTA
o
) oul of lhe lollon of lhe lasin. ased
on lhe anaIysis, lhe effeclive fiIIing line foi nosl infiIlialion lasins (T) viII geneiaIIy le Iess lhan lvo houis.
The voIune of valei lhal nusl le sloied in lhe lasin (V) is defined as:

o d o u
TA f PA V V + = (8.8)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

vheie,
P = Design iainfaII evenl (nn),
A
o
= asin suiface aiea (n
2
),
V
u
= Design voIune lhal enleis lhe lasin (n
3
),
T = Lffeclive fiIIing line (hi), geneiaIIy < 2 , and
f
d
= Design infiIlialion iale (nn/hi).
Ioi nosl design sloin evenls, lhe voIune of valei due lo iainfaII on lhe suiface aiea of lhe lasin (PA
o
) is snaII
vhen conpaied lo lhe design voIune (V
u
) of lhe lasin and nay le ignoied vilh IillIe Ioss in accuiacy lo lhe
finaI design.

TalIe 8.5: Design Ciileiia of Connunily InfiIlialion IaciIilies
Design Iaianeleis InfiIlialion Tiench InfiIlialion asin
Diainage aiea Up lo 4ha. Up lo 15ha
SoiI invesligalion
iequiienenl
1 soiI Iog lesl eveiy 15n of liench
1.5n leIov of lhe liench lollon
1 soiI Iog lesl eveiy 5OOn
2
of lasin
aiea
1.5n leIov of lhe lasin lollon
d
) f
d
is equaI lo O.5f
c
vilh a nininun f
c

of 13nn/hi
f
d
is equaI lo O.5f
c
vilh a nininun f
c

of 13nn/hi
Maxinun diavdovn line 24 houis - 1O yeai ARI

24 houis - 1O yeai ARI

Runoff liealnenl Design ARI foi Minoi Syslen
(Quanlily)
4Onn (QuaIily)
(Quanlily)
4Onn (QuaIily)
ackfiII naleiiaI void space in lhe iange of 3O lo 4O void space in lhe iange of 3O lo 4O
Maxinun deplh 3n vilh nininun 1.5n alove lhe
seasonaI gioundvalei
3n vilh nininun 1.5n alove lhe
seasonaI gioundvalei
Mininun pioxinily lo
speciaI faciIilies oi luiIding
foundalion
7n (dovnsIope)
5On (upsIope)
7n (dovnsIope)
5On (upsIope)
OveifIov ioule needs lo le idenlified needs lo le idenlified
Olseivalion veII 1 eveiy 15n of liench Ienglh 1 eveiy 5On
2
of lasin aiea
SpiIIvay and Lnlanknenl Requiie and shouId le slaliIised
and pIanled vilh vegelalion
The voIune of iainfaII and iunoff enleiing lhe lasin can le defined in leins of lasin geoneliy. The geoneliy
of a lasin viII geneiaIIy le in lhe shape of an excavaled liapezoid vilh specified side sIopes. The voIune of a
liapezoidaI shaped lasin nay le appioxinaled ly:

( )
2
d A A
V
o | o
+
= (8. 9)
vheie,
A
|
= Top suiface aiea of lhe lasin (n
2
),
A
o
= ollon suiface aiea of lhe lasin (n
2
), and
d
o
= asin deplh (n).
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

8-1O |nfi||ra|icn |aci|i|ics
The lollon Ienglh and vidlh of lhe lasin nay le defined in leins of lhe lop Ienglh and vidlh as shovn in
Iiguie 8.6:

o | o
d Z 2 | | = (8.1Oa)
o | o
d Z 2 l l = (8.1Ol)
vheie,
|
o
= asin lollon Ienglh (n),
l
o
= asin lollon vidlh (n),
|
|
= asin lop Ienglh (n),
l
|
= asin lop vidlh (n), and
Z = Specified side sIope ialio (H:V).

L
l
Zd
l
W
l
W
l
L
l
Zd
l
d
l
A
l
=L
l
W
l
A
l
=L
l
W
l
1
Z
l) Side
a) IIan

Iiguie 8.6: Schenalic of asin NonencIaluie (Wisconsin Depailnenl of NaluiaI Resouices, 2OO4)

y selling Lqualions 8.8 and 8.9 equaI and sulsliluling lhe alove ieIalionships foi |
o
and l
o
, lhe foIIoving
equalion is deiived foi lhe lasin lop Ienglh:
( )
2
o o |
o | o u
|
Zd d l
Zd 2 l Zd V
|
+
= (8.11)
The infiIlialion lasin usuaIIy adopls iiieguIai shape in accoidance vilh giading pIan. Sizing is lhus lased on
nelhod desciiled in Chaplei on delenlion lasin.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

)0G0G04 2=F:<; FA=DF
This invoIves lhe foIIoving sleps:
- Deleinine lhe conliiluled voIune of valei fion lhe deveIopnenl foi sloiage lo neel lhe iunoff
conlioI iequiienenl (acceplance ciileiia).
- Conpule lhe naxinun aIIovalIe lasin deplh (d
nax
) fion lhe feasiliIily equalion, d
nax
= f
c
T
p
. SeIecl lhe
lasin design deplh (d
o
) lased on lhe deplh lhal is lhe iequiied deplh alove lhe seasonaI gioundvalei
lalIe, oi a deplh Iess lhan oi equaI lo d
nax
, vhichevei iesuIls in lhe snaIIei deplh
- Conpule lhe lasin suiface aiea dinensions foi lhe pailicuIai soiI lype using Lqualion 8.11. The lasin
lop Ienglh (|
|
) and vidlh (l
|
) nusl le giealei lhan 2Zd
o
foi a feasilIe soIulion. If |
|
and l
|
aie nol
giealei lhan 2Zd
o
lhe lollon dinensions vouId Iess lhan oi equaI lo zeio. In lhis case, lhe lasin deplh
(d
o
) shouId le ieduced foi a feasilIe soIulion.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

'&,&'&+!&/

1. Cily of IoilIand. 1995. Sloinvalei QuaIily IaciIilies A Dcsign Guidancc Manua|. Ci|q cf Pcr||and 8urcau
cf |ntircnncn|a| Scrticcs and lccduard C|qdc Ccnsu||an|s.
2. DID 2OOO, Uilan Sloinvalei Managenenl ManuaI foi MaIaysia, 'Pus|a|a Na|icna|, KuaIa Lunpui 2OOO
3. Fletcher, T.D., Duncan, H.P., Poelsma, P. and Lloyd, S.D. 2003, Stormwater Flow, Quality and
Treatment:literature review, gap analysis and recommendations report, NSW Environmental Protection
Authority and Institute for Sustainable Water Resources, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University.

4. Ceoigia Sloinvalei Managenenl ManuaI VoI.2, 2OO1, TechnicaI Handlook, 'Cnap|cr 3. S|ru|ura|
S|crnua|cr Ccn|rc|s, Chalhan Counly-Savannah MeliopoIilan IIanning Connission. Melbourne,
Victoria.
5. SchueIei, T.R. 1987. 'Ccn|rc||ing Uroan Runcff. A Prac|ica| Manua| fcr P|anning and Dcsigning Uroan
8MPs.MeliopoIilan Washinglon CounciI of Coveinnenls, Washinglon, DC.
6. SchueIei, T.R., I.A. KunlIe, and M.A. Heialy. 1992. A Cuiienl Assessnenl of Uilan esl Managenenl
Iiaclices - Tccnniqucs fcr Rcducing Ncn-Pcin| Scurcc Pc||u|icn in |nc Ccas|a| Zcnc. Mc|rcpc|i|an lasning|cn
Ccunci| cf Gctcrnncn|s, Depailnenl of LnviionnenlaI Iiogians, Anacoslia Resloialion Tean,
7. U.S. Depailnenl of AgiicuIluiaI, USDA (1971). SCS Na|icna| |nginccring Handocc| , Seclion 4,
HydioIogy, SoiI Conveisalion Seivice, U.S. Depl. of AgiicuIluie, U.S. Coveinnenl Iiinling Office,
Washinglon DC.
8. USLIA. 1993. Guidancc Spccifqing Managcncn| Mcasurcs |cr Scurccs cf Ncnpcin| Pc||u|icn |n Ccas|a|
la|crs. LIA-84O--92-OO2. U.S. LnviionnenlaI Iioleclion Agency (USLIA), Office of Walei,
Washinglon, D.C.
9. Wisconsin Depailnenl of NaluiaI Resouices, 2OO4. lisccnsin S|crn la|cr Manua| . |nfi||ra|icn 8asins
and Trcncncs, Wisconsin Depailnenl of NaluiaI Resouices Iiinling Office, Winconsin.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

37n
152n
122n
72n
73.4n
36n 1O4n
Ieiinelei Diain
Roof
Roof
Ieivious Aiea (Ciass) Roof
Inpeivious Aiea (Roof)
Ciass
Iaiking Lol
Iioposed InIel Diain Iioposed InIel Diain
Iioposed InfiIlialion
Tiench
#$$&+2*P )0# &P#Q$-& R *+,*-%'#%*.+ %'&+!"
IiolIen:
Lslinale lhe pieIininaiy size of an infiIlialion liench pioposed foi lhe USM SchooI of CiviI Lngineeiing
luiIding in Nilong TelaI, IuIau Iinang vilh 1.59ha of inslilulionaI aiea. The inpeivious aiea is 65 of lhe
calchnenl aiea. Civen lhe vaIue of infiIlialion iale, f = 35 nn/hi, naxinun sloiage line, T
s
= 24 hi, effeclive
fiIIing line, T
f
= 2 hi and poiosily of fiII naleiiaIs, n = O.35.

a) Sile IIan

l) uiIding and Diainage Layoul
Iiguie 8.A1: Iioposed Tiench Sile and Design

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

SoIulion:

TalIe 2.5

Lqualion 11.1

Deleinine lhe conliiluled valei quaIily voIune WQV

Runoff coefficienl foi conneiciaI and lusiness cenlies = O.95
Runoff coefficienl foi spoil fieIds, paik and agiicuIluie = O.4O
Inpeivious aiea = O.65
Ieivious aiea = O.35

Requiied sloiage foi lQV = C
atc
(P
d
) A
= (O.65*O.95 + O.35*O.4)*O.O4 x 159OO
vheie:
lQV = Walei quaIily voIune
C
atc
= Aveiage ialionaI iunoff coefficienl (Refei TalIe 2.5)
P
d
= RainfaII deplh foi valei quaIily design sloin (= 4O nn)
A = Conliiluling diainage aiea (ha)

=

481.8n
3

Lqualion 8.1
Deleinine of Tiench Size

Ioiosily of fiII naleiiaIs, n

Maxinun sloiage line, T
s
(houis)

Lffeclive fiIIing line, T
f
(houis)

InfiIlialion iale, f

Maxinun aIIovalIe deplh,

n
T f
d
s c
nax
=

35 . 0
24 035 . 0
=

Thus, lhe pioposed deplh (d
l
) of lhe liench

d
) = O.5 f
c

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

O.35

24hi

2hi

35nn/hi

2.4n

1.On

O.O175n/hi

f d |
u
|
T f nd
V
A
+
=

0 . 2 0175 . 0 1.0 0.35
481.8
A
|
+
=

The dinension of lhe pioposed infiIlialion liench is shouId le lased on
capluie of lhe iequiied valei quaIily voIune as 1252n
2

=

=

1252n
2

5On x 25n x
1n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Iieliealnenl
CiaveI IiI IiIlei Layei
OveifIov ein
Tiench IiIIed
Wilh CIean Slone
Runoff LxfiIliales Thiough
Undisluiled SulsoiIs
Sand IiIlei oi
Ialiic LquivaIenl
Iioleclive Layei of
IiIlei Ialiic
2
5
n
5On
OulfIov lo Main
Diainage Syslen
Conciele LeveI
Spieadei
Iieliealnenl
MIs
ILAN
25n
OveifIov ein
1
n
A
A
SLCTION A-A
LeveI
Spieadei

Iiguie 8.A2: InfiIlialion Tiench Design
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

InIel
InIel
OulfaII
4OOn
3OOn
#$$&+2*P )06 &P#Q$-& R *+,*-%'#%*.+ 6#/*+
IiolIen:
Lslinale lhe pieIininaiy size of an infiIlialion lasin pioposed foi lhe eilan Ieidana, IuIau Iinang. The
calchnenl aiea is 12.7Oha vilh 52 of inpeivious aiea. The sile condilion of pie-deveIopnenl is paIn oiI
pIanlalions. Iion iniliaI sile invesligalion, lhe chaiacleiislic of lhe calchnenl is as foIIovs:
SoiI lype : Sandy Ioan
InfiIlialion capacily (f
c
) : 35nn/hi
Ciound valei IeveI : 3n (leIov giound suiface)
The foIIoving assunplions aie nade : Tine of concenlialion pie-deveIopnenl, l
cs
= 45 ninules
Tine of concenlialions, l
c
= 3O ninules
Ioiosily of sandy Ioan, n = O.35
s
= 24 hi
f
= 2 hi


TalIe 2.5

Lqualion
11.1

Deleinine lhe conliiluled valei quaIily voIune WQV

Runoff coefficienl foi conneiciaI and lusiness cenlies = O.95
Runoff coefficienl foi spoil fieIds, paik and agiicuIluie = O.4O
Inpeivious aiea = O.52
Ieivious aiea = O.48

Requiied sloiage foi lQV = C
atc
(P
d
) A
= (O.52*O.95 + O.48*O.4)xO.O4 x 127OOO
vheie:
lQV = Walei quaIily voIune
C
atc
= Aveiage ialionaI iunoff coefficienl (Refei TalIe 2.5)
P
d
= RainfaII deplh foi valei quaIily design sloin (= 4O nn)
A = Conliiluling diainage aiea (n
3
)

=

3484.9n
2

Iiguie 8.1: Sile IIan
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


Lqualion
8.7
Deleinine of asin Size

Ioiosily of soiI naleiiaIs, n

s
(houis)

f
(houis)

InfiIlialion iale, f

Maxinun aIIovalIe deplh, (d
nax
) = f
c
T
p
= (35/1OOO) x 24

Thus, lhe pioposed deplh (d
l
) of lhe lasin

The pioposed side sIope 1:4 (V:H)

d
) = O.5 f
c
= O.5 x (35/1OOO)

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

O.35

24hi

2hi

35nn/hi

O.84n

O.5n

O.OO875n/hi
Lqualion
8.1Oa
Lqualion
8.1Ol
Lqualion
8.11

|
o
= |
|
- 2Zd
o

l
o
= l
|
-2Zd
o

|
|
= j V
u
+ Zd
o
(l
|
-2Zd
o
)] / j l
|
d
o
- Zd
o
2
]

V
u
is equaI lo WQV and Say W
l
is 1OOn

|
|
= | 3484.9+(4xO.5)(1OO - 2x4xO.5)j / | (1OO x O.5)-(4xO.5
2
)j

The lop dinension of lhe pioposed infiIlialion lasin is 1OO.On x 72.On x
O.5n

l
o
= 75.O4-(2x4xO.5)

|
o
= 1OO-(2x4xO.5)

The lollon/fIooi dinension of lhe pioposed infiIlialion lasin

=

=

=

=

75.O4n

71.O4n

96n

96n x 71n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

75.On
A
A
InIel
Ripiap OulfaII
Iioleclion
1OO.On 96.On
1OO.On
96.On
SLCTION A-A
1
4
InIel
71.On
(WQv)
CIean Slone
Ciass Tuif
InfIov
Iieliealnenl
Lxcess Runoff
ILAN
O.5n
1OOnn Top SoiI and CIean
Wash Slone
OulIel
O.2n

Iiguie 8.3: InfiIlialion asin Design
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
BIORETENTION SYSTEMS
!
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-i
!"#$%&' ) *+,'&%&-%+,- ./.%&0.
9.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 9-1
9.1.1 Syslen Conponenls ........................................................................................... 9-1
9.1.2 AppIicalion ........................................................................................................... 9-3
9.2 DLSICN CONSIDLRATIONS .......................................................................................... 9-4
9.2.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 9-4
9.2.1.1 Siling ....................................................................................................... 9-4
9.2.1.2 Diainage Aiea ....................................................................................... 9-4
9.2.1.3 SIope ....................................................................................................... 9-5
9.2.1.4 In-Silu SoiIs ............................................................................................ 9-5
9.2.1.5 Cioundvalei ......................................................................................... 9-5
9.2.2 Syslen Design ...................................................................................................... 9-5
9.2.2.1 Iie-liealnenl Aiea ............................................................................... 9-5
9.2.2.2 InIel ConlioIs ......................................................................................... 9-5
9.2.2.3 asin/Ionding Aiea ............................................................................ 9-6
9.2.2.4 MuIch Layei .......................................................................................... 9-6
9.2.2.5 IIanling SoiI ed ................................................................................... 9-6
9.2.2.6 Sand ed in IeinealIe Syslen ........................................................... 9-7
9.2.2.7 Diainage Layei in a InpeinealIe Syslen ........................................ 9-7
9.2.2.8 Tiansilion Layei in a InpeinealIe Syslen ...................................... 9-7
9.2.2.9 IIanls ...................................................................................................... 9-7
9.2.2.1O OulIel ConlioIs ..................................................................................... 9-7
9.2.2.11 Design foi Mainlenance ....................................................................... 9-8
9.2.2.12 Landscaping .......................................................................................... 9-8
9.3 SIZINC IROCLDURL ....................................................................................................... 9-8
9.3.1 IiIlei ed Aiea ..................................................................................................... 9-8
9.3.2 Maxinun InfiIlialion Rale ................................................................................ 9-1O
9.3.3 SulsoiI/Undeidiain Iipes ................................................................................. 9-1O
9.3.4 OulIel Sliucluie ................................................................................................... 9-12
9.3.5 Scoui VeIocily of InfIovs ................................................................................... 9-13
9.3.6 InIel Sliucluie ...................................................................................................... 9-13
9.4 DLSICN STLIS .................................................................................................................. 9-14
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 9-17
AIILNDIX 9.A LXAMILL - IMILRMLALL IORLTLNTION SYSTLM ............................ 9-19
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-1
SoiI Media
A
ILAN
MuIch
OulIel A
InfIov Iieliealed
ly SvaIe
Ripiap
(WQV)
OveifIov Iil
InfIov Iieliealed
ly SvaIe
Sand ed
Dischaige lo
Dovnsliean
Conveyance
SLCTION A-A
Tiealnenl Aiea
InIel
CWL
)12 +-%',34!%+,-
This Chaplei piovides lioielenlion syslens in lein of funclions, conponenls and design nelhods lo lesl seive
sloinvalei quaIily liealnenl oljeclives vhiIe pionoling a pIeasanl and gieen Iiving enviionnenl in lhe uilan
selling. ioielenlion syslens aie a foin of sloinvalei lesl nanagenenl piaclices (MIs) lhal use lioIogicaI
uplake and poious nedia fiIlialion piocesses, conlined, lo lieal sloinvalei iunoff. The syslens inlegiale
vegelalion, such as liees, shiuls and giasses, and Iayeied nedia using soiI, sand and nuIches. These sliucluiaI
conlioIs capluie, lenpoiaiiIy delain and lieal iunoff fion snaII iainsloins lefoie ieIease il lack lo lhe
ieceiving valeis. Runoff shaII le pieliealed and diveiled inlo lhe syslens lhal can le consliucled fion a
shaIIov excavaled sile aIong a pioposed diainage channeI oi svaIe.

)1212 .56789 !:9;:<8<76
ioielenlion syslens can le designed as peinealIe oi inpeinealIe syslens (DOW, 2OO7). The peinealIe
syslen (Iiguie 9.1) diains lhe valei lhiough lhe fiIlialion nedia and sand led Iayei lefoie spieading lo lhe
suiiounding nalive soiI and finaIIy iechaiging gioundvalei. The inpeinealIe syslen (Iiguie 9.2) siniIaiIy
diains lhe valei fion lhe fiIlialion nedia lhiough liansilion Iayeis, hovevei, inleicepled ly a sulsoiI
pipe/undeidiain Iocaled in lhe diainage Iayei. In an aiea vheie nalive soiIs have ieIaliveIy Iov infiIlialion
capacily oi highei iainfaII inlensily is fiequenlIy expeiienced, such undeidiain is iequiied lo caiiy excess valei
avay fion lhe sile so lhal ils sloiage capacily is avaiIalIe foi lhe nexl sloin. The conponenls of a lioielenlion
syslen consisl of pie-liealnenl, inIel, an excavaled lasin aiea vilh pIanl and undeiIying nuIch Iayei, soiI led,
sand led and diainage and oulIel sliucluie.

Iiguie 9.1: IeinealIe ioielenlion asin

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-2 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
Dischaige lo
Dovnsliean
Conveyance
SoiI Media
Ieifoialed
IVC Iipe
A
MuIch
SulsoiI Iipe
CoIIeclion Syslen
(Ieifoialed IVC)
OulIel
InfIov Iieliealed
ly SvaIe
Ripiap
(WQV)
OveifIov Sunp
Tiansilion Layei Diainage Layei
ILAN
SLCTION A-A
Tiealnenl Aiea
InfIov Iieliealed
ly SvaIe
A

Iiguie 9.2: InpeinealIe ioielenlion asin
The seIeclion of pIanl species can piovide foi a vide vaiiely of Iandscape designs. The pIanls, soiIs, and oiganic
nallei such as conposl and a nuIch Iayei aII pIay an inpoilanl ioIe in liealing iunoff ly naluiaIIy lieaking
dovn poIIulanls. The undeiIying giaveI leds (diainage Iayei) seive lo lenpoiaiiIy sloie and infiIliale liealed
sloinvalei aflei peicoIaling lhiough lhe oiganic soiI Iayei (fiIlei nedia) oi finaIIy dischaige liealed valei
lhiough undei diains. They piovide valei quaIily liealnenl ly ienoving fine sedinenl, liace nelaIs, nuliienls,
lacleiia and oiganics lhiough a vaiiely of poIIulanl ienovaI nechanisns, incIuding:

- IiIlialion, exlended delenlion liealnenl,
- Adsoiplion lo soiI pailicIes, deniliificalion, and
- ioIogicaI uplake ly pIanls.
The syslens piovide a high degiee of liealnenl as lhe inciease in lhe oiganic conlenl of soiIs used in
lioielenlion ceII pionoles ienovaI of poIIulanls in lhe valei and aIso alsoiplion of iunoff. The oiganic soiIs
acl as a sponge lo ielain valei, pioviding noie sloiage capacily in lhe ceII. The ienovaI efficiency of a
lioielenlion syslen foi seIecled sloinvalei poIIulanls is given in TalIe 9.1 (ARC, 2OO1 & DOW, 2OO7).
TalIe 9.1: RenovaI Lfficiency of ioielenlion Syslen

IoIIulanl RenovaI Lfficiency ()
TolaI Suspended SoIids (TSS)
TolaI Ihosphoious (TI)
TolaI Niliogen (TN)
MelaIs
8O (High)
6O (Mediun)
5O (Mediun)
8O (High)

The liealed sloinvalei, fiIleied lhiough lhe vegelalion and soiI nedia, is coIIecled eilhei in an undeidiain
syslen oi aIIoved lo infiIliale inlo lhe giound. Sloinvalei iunoff highei lhan lhe design sloin ARIs ly passes
lhe lioielenlion syslen.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-3
)121= #;;>?@A7?:<
ioielenlion syslens aie geneiaIIy appIied lo snaII siles and ideaIIy suiled lo nany uIlia uilan aieas, such as
paiking Iols. They can fil inlo exisling luiIl up aieas and piovide visuaI enhancenenls lo lhe uilan Iandscape.
The syslens aie lypicaIIy pIaced cIose lo iunoff souices. They incIude use as off-Iine MIs faciIilies Iocaled
adjacenl lo paiking Iols, aIong highvay and ioad diainage svaIes, aiound luiIdings and vilhin Iandscaped
isIands in inpeivious oi high-densily enviionnenls. CeneiaI foin of lioielenlion syslens can le veiy fIexilIe,
incIuding as Iineai syslens, lasins and pIanlei loxes (Iiguie 9.3).
Olhei appIicalion is al sloinvalei holspol aieas vheie Ianduse aclivilies geneiale highIy conlaninaled iunoff,
vilh concenlialions of poIIulanls in excess of lhose lypicaIIy found in sloinvalei. A lypicaI exanpIe is a gas
slalion oi facloiy Iol. ioielenlion syslen can le used lo lieal sloinvalei holspols as Iong as an inpeinealIe
Iinei is used al lhe lollon of lhe fiIlei led. The poIIulanl Ioading need lo le consideied foi successfuI use in
holspol aieas, as il is IikeIy lhal lhe pIanls viII nol suivive in sone of lhe holspols if lhe poIIulanl Ioads aie
high.

Iiguie 9.3: TypicaI ioielenlion AppIicalion Siles
ioielenlion can le used as a sloinvalei ieliofil, ly nodifying exisling Iandscaped aieas, oi if a paiking Iol is
leing iesuifaced. In highIy uilanised aieas, lhey aie one of lhe fev ieliofil oplions lhal can le enpIoyed.
ioielenlion syslens have sone Iinilalions lhal lhey aie used lo lieal iunoff fion snaII diainage aieas.
AIlhough lhe syslens ilseIf do nol consune a Iaige anounl of space, incoipoialing nuIlipIe lioielenlion
syslens inlo a high densily oi congesled uilan aiea nay ieduce lhe avaiIalIe space uses. AddilionaIIy, lhe
consliuclion and cunuIalive nainlenance cosls of lioielenlion syslens aie ieIaliveIy high conpaied vilh olhei
sloinvalei liealnenl MIs.
a) ResidenliaI - asin
d) Iacloiy (Hol Spol) - asin c) Iaiking Lol - Lineai
l) Road Side - IIanlei ox
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-4 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
)1= 3&.+B- !,-.+3&'#%+,-.
)1=12 B8<8CA>
Consideialions foi seIecling lhe MIs aie lhe diainage aiea, Ianduse piaclices, sIope, soiI and sulsuiface
condilions incIuding lhe deplh of lhe seasonaIIy high gioundvalei lalIe and lhe neaiesl inpeinealIe Iayei
leIov il.
Designeis need lo delaiI condilions and suilaliIily al lhe sile IeveI and nusl incoipoiale design fealuies lo
inpiove lhe Iongevily and peifoinance of lhe device, vhiIe nininizing lhe nainlenance cosl.
)1=1212 .?7?<D
CeneiaIIy, lhe siling of a lioielenlion syslen shouId considei lhe foIIovings:
- CIoseness of pIacenenl of lhe faciIilies lo lhe souice of iunoff geneialion, such as aieas upsliean fion
oulfaIIs lhal ieceive sheel fIov fion giaded aieas.
- Sile vilh Iand suiface lhal peinils lhe dispeision of fIovs ieIaliveIy unifoin.
- Space avaiIaliIily foi easy inslaIIalion consideiing sellack iequiienenls on iesidenliaI suldivision Iols
and conneiciaI Iols.
- The syslens shouId nol le Iocaled neai luiIding aieas (unIess lhe design incoipoiales adequale
valeipioofing neasuies and aie appioved ly a geolechnicaI engineei), veII heads, and seplic syslens.
Mininun sellack dislances fion sliucluies and piopeily loundaiies aie shovn in TalIe 9.2 foi
diffeienl soiI lype.
- Needs of sloinvalei nanagenenl ieliofil and iedeveIopnenl oppoilunilies especiaIIy in aieas vheie
lolaI sloinvalei nanagenenl conlioI is nol feasilIe.
- The siles lo le excavaled oi cul is suilalIe foi lhe lioielenlion syslen consliuclion.
- Lxisling vooded aieas oi olhei significanl naluiaI fealuies shouId le avoided if possilIe.

TalIe 9.2: Mininun Sellack Dislances (Inslilule of Lngineeis AusliaIia, 2OO6)

SoiI Type
Saluialed HydiauIic
Conduclivily (nn/hi)
Mininun Sellack (n)
Sands >18O 3.O
Sandy Loan 36 lo 18O 3.O
Sandy CIay 3.6 lo 36 4.O
Mediun lo Heavy CIay O.O lo 3.6 5.O

)1=121= 3CA?<AD8 #C8A
An individuaI lioielenlion syslen shouId usuaIIy le used lo capluie and lieal iunoff fion snaII calchnenls,
Iiniled lo Iess lhan 1.O ha of inpeivious aiea. When used lo lieal Iaigei aieas, lhe syslens lend lo cIog in
shoilei line. In addilion, il is difficuIl lo convey fIov fion a Iaige aiea lo a lioielenlion syslen. CeneiaIIy,
conneiciaI oi iesidenliaI diainage aieas, exceeding O.5-1.O ha in size, viII dischaige fIovs giealei lhan lhe 5-
yeai ARI sloin evenl. When fIovs exceed lhis IeveI, lhe designei shouId evaIuale lhe polenliaI foi eiosion lo
slaliIized aieas. TypicaIIy, fIovs giealei lhan lhe 5-yeai ARI sloin evenl viII iequiie channeI/pipe encIosuie
acioss deveIoped Iols. Hovevei, ly enpIoying diainage iunoff dispeision lechniques and ielaining exisling
conlouis, concenlialed quanlilies of fIov can le ieduced leIov lhese lhieshoIds, eIininaling oi ieducing lhe
need foi a channeI/pipe conveyance syslen. This nay le acconpIished ly iunoff dispeising Iaigei diainage
aieas lased on Iand giading design lo nuIlipIe lioielenlion syslens. This iunoff dispeision of fIov lechnique
can ieduce lhe cosl of engineeiing design and sile consliuclion. In addilion lo ieducing lhe need foi diainage
channeI/pipe conveyance syslens, iunoff dispeision lechniques can aIso eIininale lhe need foi suiface
diainage easenenls oi ieseives.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-5
)1=121E .>:;8
ioielenlion syslens aie lesl Iocaled on ieIaliveIy snaII sIopes (usuaIIy Iess lhan 5). Sufficienl giade is
needed al lhe sile lo ensuie lhal lhe iunoff lhal enleis a lioielenlion syslen can le connecled lo lhe sloin diain
syslen. Il is inpoilanl lo nole, hovevei, lhal lioielenlion syslens aie nosl oflen Iocaled adjacenl lo paiking
Iols oi iesidenliaI Iandscaped aieas, vhich geneiaIIy have genlIe sIopes.
)1=121F +<G.?7H .:?>6
In an aiea vheie in silu soiI is sandy and veII diained il shouId le used foi Iocaling lhe peinealIe lioielenlion
syslens. Ioi cIayey and pooiIy diained soiIs inpeinealIe syslen shaII le used. Saluialed hydiauIic
conduclivily foi lypicaI soiI lypes is shovn in TalIe 9.3.

TalIe 9.3: TypicaI SoiI Types and Associaled HydiauIic Conduclivily (Inslilule of Lngineeis AusliaIia, 2OO6)

TypicaI SoiI Types
Saluialed HydiauIic Conduclivily
(n/s) (nn/hi)
Coaise Sand >11O
-4
>36O
Sand 51O
-5
- 11O
-4
18O - 36O
Sandy Loan 11O
-5
- 51O
-5
36 - 18O
Sandy CIay 11O
-6
- 11O
-5
3.6 - 36
Mediun CIay 11O
-7
- 11O
-6
O.36 - 3.6
Heavy CIay < 11O
-7
< O.36

The peinealIe lioielenlion syslens aie ieconnended lo le siled on in silu soiIs vilh saluialed hydiauIic
conduclivilies of highei lhan 13nn/hi. The used of peinealIe lioielenlion syslen vilh Iovei saluialed
hydiauIic conduclivily of Iess lhan 13nn/hi iesuIls inlo piohililiveIy Iaige lioielenlion aiea. In addilion, soiIs
vilh Iovei hydiauIic conduclivilies viII le noie susceplilIe lo cIogging and viII lheiefoie iequiie enhanced
pieliealnenl.
)1=121I BC:H<JKA78C
ioielenlion syslens shouId le Iocaled alove lhe gioundvalei lalIe lo ensuie lhal gioundvalei nevei
inleisecls vilh lhe lollon of lhe lioielenlion syslen, vhich pievenls possilIe gioundvalei conlaninalion and
syslen faiIuie. The nininun veilicaI dislance lelveen seasonaI high valei lalIe and lollon of lioielenlion
syslen shouId le O.6n. Siles vilh shaIIov gioundvalei aie nol ieconnended as infiIlialion viII nol voik
effecliveIy. SiniIaiIy, lhe oiganic alsoiplion infiIlialion Iayei of a lioielenlion syslen is leneficiaI in poIIulanl
ienovaI vheie lediock oi inpeinealIe Iayei is shaIIov.
)1=1= .56789 386?D<
)1=1=12 $C8G7C8A798<7 #C8A
Ciass luffei sliips oi vegelaled svaIes aie connonIy used as pieliealnenl devices. They aie iequiied vheie a
significanl anounl of deliis oi suspended naleiiaI is anlicipaled, such as fion paiking Iols and conneiciaI
aieas. Runoff enleis lhe lioielenlion aiea as sheel fIov aflei passing lhiough giass luffei sliips vilh ieduced
veIocily and Iess pailicuIale.

)1=1=1= +<>87 !:<7C:>6
The fIovs nay enlei lhe syslen eilhei lhiough sulsuiface pipe, open channeI/svaIe oi as suiface sheel fIov
conliiluled fion an upsliean calchnenl aiea. Scoui pioleclion such as Iighl iipiap vilh 6 lo 12nn D5O is
ieconnended lo le used al lhe inIel inlo lhe syslen, lo ieduce IocaIised fIov veIocilies and lo avoid eiosion.
The fIov aiound lhe inIel shouId le non-eiosive fIov vilh veIocily leIov O.5n/s. LeveI spieadei nay le
Iocaled lo evenIy disliilule lhe inconing iunoff onlo lhe lasin suiface/ceIIs foi effeclive peicoIalion.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-6 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
)1=1=1E *A6?<L$:<J?<D #C8A
The ponding aiea piovides suiface sloiage of sloinvalei iunoff lefoie il fiIleis lhiough lhe soiI led. The
ponding aiea aIso aIIovs foi evapoialion and sellIing sedinenl. The ponding is lypicaIIy Iiniled lo a deplh of
15O-3OOnn. A naxinun 15Onn addilionaI fieeloaid deplh shouId le piovided foi onIine syslens lo aIIov
suichaige alove lhe oveifIov oulIel duiing Iaigei sloin evenls (> 3 nonlh ARI). The ponding aiea is iequiied
lo diain vilhin 24 houis (MICA, 2OO8 and CIWI & MDL, 2OOO). This is vilhin lhe geneiaI piaclice of 72 houis
naxinun diain line of ponding lo nininise nosquilo lieeding and olhei disease veclois. The 24 houis diain
line is chosen lased on lhe foIIoving consideialion:

- The need lo oplinise lhe cosl of lhe lioielenlion syslen as a shoilei diain line of ponding aiea
viII Iead lo a liggei syslen.
- The poIIulanl ienovaI lased on 4Onn of design sloin is consideied adequale foi valei quaIily
conlioI oljeclive.

)1=1=1F 0H>@M NA58C
The oiganic nuIch Iayei has seveiaI funclions. Il piolecls lhe soiI led fion eiosion, ielains noisluie in lhe
pIanl iool zone, piovides a nediun foi lioIogicaI giovlh and deconposilion of oiganic nallei, and piovides
sone fiIlialion of poIIulanls nainIy Iaigei sedinenl pailicIes. The nuIch Iayei shouId consisl of 5O-1OOnn
deplh of conneiciaIIy-avaiIalIe fine shiedded haidvood nuIch oi shiedded haidvood chips.

)1=1=1I $>A<7?<D .:?> *8J
The pIanling soiI led piovides valei and nuliienls lo suppoil pIanl Iife in lhe lioielenlion syslen. Sloinvalei
fiIleis lhiough lhe pIanling soiI led vheie poIIulanls aie ienoved. The lolaI deplh of lhe pIanling soiI led
shouId le lelveen 45O lo 1OOOnn.
IIanling soiIs shouId le sandy Ioan, Ioany sand, oi Ioan lexluie vilh cIay conlenl ianging fion 1O lo 25.
The naluiaI soiI piofiIe of siIl Ioan vilh design hydiauIic conduclivily of 13nn/hi can le used foi a pIanling
led. A nuch highei design hydiauIic conduclivily can le ollained vilh engineeied soiI nixluie of sandy Ioan.
The in-silu lase soiI is eilhei nixed vilh Ioose non-anguIai sand (lo inciease saluialed hydiauIic conduclivily)
oi conveiseIy vilh Ioose non-dispeisive sofl cIay (lo ieduce saluialed hydiauIic conduclivily), lo achieve lhe
desiied design saluialed hydiauIic conduclivily of iequiied engineeied soiI nedia. The engineeied soiI nedia
shouId piovide an oiganic nallei conlenls lhal faciIilales good pIanl iool syslens, and peinealIe sulsliala of
aiound 25 poiosily. Designei shouId sliive foi conposilion of oiganic nallei conlenl 15 and cIay conlenl of
lhe nixluie <25. The ieconnended conposilion of engineeied soiI nedia foi pIanling led is given in TalIe
9.4 (CIWI & MDL, 2OOO). The pH of lhe pIanling soiI led shouId le 5.5 lo 6.5.
TalIe 9.4: Lngineeied SoiI Media Conposilion
SoiI Mixluie
Conlenls ly
VoIune ()
Top SoiI (Sandy/SiIl Ioan) 2O-25
Mediun Sand 5O-6O
Oiganic Leaf Conposl 12-2O

The naxinun saluialed hydiauIic conduclivily foi engineeied soiI nedia shouId nol le highei lhan 2OO
nn/hi. This is lo ensuie lhal lhe engineeied soiI nedia can ielain sufficienl soiI noisluie foi suslaining
vegelalion giovlh. An appiopiiale saluialed hydiauIic conduclivily is iequiied lo oplinise lhe liealnenl
peifoinance of lhe lioielenlion syslen given sile consliainls and avaiIalIe engineeied soiI nedia suiface aiea.
The design infiIlialion iale (:
'
) nusl le one-haIf lhe infiIlialion iale (:
;
) found fion soiI lexluiaI anaIysis (:
'
=
O.5:
;
).
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-7
)1=1=1O .A<J *8J ?< $8C98AP>8 .56789
In peinealIe syslens vheie lhe undeiIying nalive soiI has sufficienl infiIlialion capacily lo diain lhe valei
fion lhe pIanling soiI led, lhe sand led undeiIies lhe pIanling soiI led and aIIovs valei lo diain inlo lhe
undeiIying soiI. The sand led aIso piovides addilionaI fiIlialion and aIIovs foi aeialion of lhe pIanling soiI led.
The sand led shouId le 2OO-3OOnn lhick. The sand shouId le cIean and have Iess lhan 15 siIl oi cIay conlenl.
)1=1=1Q 3CA?<AD8 NA58C ?< A +9;8C98AP>8 .56789
In inpeinealIe syslens, a diainage Iayei is used lo convey liealed fIovs inlo lhe sulsoiI/undeidiain pipes.
This Iayei is geneiaIIy consliucled using coaise sand oi fine giaveI (2nn lo 5nn pailicIe size). The Iayei
shouId suiiound lhe sulsoiI pipe and is lypicaIIy 2OO-4OOnn lhick.

)1=1=1R %CA<6?7?:< NA58C ?< A +9;8C98AP>8 .56789
A gianuIai liansilion Iayei lhal is lypicaIIy 1OO-15Onn lhick oi a suilalIe geolexliIe faliic shouId le incIuded
lelveen lhe pIanling soiI led and lhe diainage Iayei lo pievenl lhe fiIlialion nedia fion vashing inlo lhe
diainage Iayei and lhe sulsoiI pipes. This is desiialIe if lhe diainage Iayei is consliucled using fine giaveI. The
naleiiaI size diffeienliaI shouId le appioxinaleIy 1O lelveen Iayeis lo avoid fine naleiiaI leing vashed
lhiough lhe voids of a Iovei Iayei. The addilion of a liansilion Iayei incieases lhe oveiaII deplh of lhe
lioielenlion aiea. This nay le an inpoilanl consideialion foi sone siles and hence pipes vilh snaIIei
peifoialions nay le piefeialIe. The naleiiaI foi liansilion Iayeis nusl le sand/coaise sand naleiiaI vilh
lypicaI specificalion given in TalIe 9.5.

TalIe 9.5: TypicaI IailicIe Size Disliilulion foi Tiansilion Layei
(Moielon ay Waleivays & Calchnenls Iailneiship, 2OO6)
IailicIe Size (nn) Iassing
1.4 1OO
1.O 8O
O.7 44
O.5 8.4

)1=1=1) $>A<76
IIanls aie an inpoilanl conponenl of a lioielenlion syslen. They ienove poIIulanls and nuliienl lhiough
uplake. The pIanl species seIecled aie designed lo iepIicale a foiesled ecosyslen and lo suivive sliesses such as
fiequenl peiiods of inundalion duiing iunoff evenls and diying duiing inlei-evenl peiiods. The use of nalive
pIanl species oi pIanls hainonised lo lhe aiea is ieconnended (Annex 1).
In addilion lo pioviding foi liealnenl of sloinvalei, lioielenlion faciIilies, vhen piopeiIy nainlained, can le
aeslhelicaIIy pIeasing. Moie oflen IocaI ieguIalions fiequenlIy iequiie sile pIans lo incoipoiale a ceilain
peicenlage of ieseived open Iandscaped aiea, foi incoipoialion of lioielenlion faciIilies. The Iayoul of
lioielenlion faciIilies can le veiy fIexilIe, and lhe seIeclion of pIanl species can piovide foi a vide vaiiely of
Iandscape designs. Hovevei, il is inpoilanl lhal a Iandscape aichilecl vilh adequale expeiience in designing
lioielenlion aieas le consuIled piioi lo consliuclion lo ensuie lhal lhe pIanls seIecled can loIeiale lhe naluiing
condilions piesenl in lioielenlion aiea.
)1=1=12S ,H7>87 !:<7C:>6
The design fIov of 3 nonlh ARI fion lhe calchnenl aiea viII le ielained in lhe ponding aiea of lioielenlion
syslen. The ponding valei viII lhen infiIliale lhiough lhe fiIlialion nedia and foi peinealIe syslen deep
infiIliale viII lake pIace vilhin lhe suiiounding soiI lefoie il ieached lhe giound valei. In lhe case of
inpeinealIe syslen, lhe valei viII le dischaiged lhiough lhe piinaiy oulIel consisls of peifoialed pipe
piovided in lhe diainage Iayei and viII le conveyed lo lhe ioad ieseive and/oi ly conneclion lo an
undeigiound diainage syslen.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-8 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
A secondaiy oulIel shouId le incoipoialed inlo lhe design of a lioielenlion syslen lo safeIy convey excess
sloinvalei highei lhan 3 nonlh ARI. This incIudes lhe fIov diveision sliucluie oi oveifIov veii lo lypass
najoi sloin dischaige vheie appIicalIe.
)1=1=122 386?D< T:C 0A?<78<A<@8
The syslen design shouId incoipoiale fealuies lo ieduce lhe Iong lein nainlenance. This incIude such as easy
accessiliIily foi nainlenance. Like any olhei MIs, lioielenlion syslens viII need ieguIai nainlenance and
evenluaI iehaliIilalion as il degiades ovei a nunlei of yeais (Annex 2).
)1=1=12= NA<J6@A;?<D
Landscaping is ciilicaI lo lhe funclion and appeaiance of lioielenlion syslen. Il is piefeiied lhal nalive
vegelalion is used foi Iandscaping, vheie possilIe. IIanls shouId le seIecled lhal can vilhsland lhe hydioIogic
iegine lhey viII expeiience (i.e., pIanls nusl loIeiale lolh vel and diy condilions). Al lhe edges, vhich viII
ienain piinaiiIy diy, upIand species viII le lhe nosl iesiIienl. In geneiaI, il is lesl lo seIecl a conlinalion of
liees, shiuls, and heilaceous naleiiaIs (Annex 1).

)1E .+U+-B $',!&34'&
The sizing of a lioielenlion faciIily iequiies a consideialion of vaiious faclois incIuding:

- Iuiposes and funclion of lhe lioielenlion syslen,
- Sile iequiienenls foi valei quaIily conlioIs,
- Design sloin lhal is iequiied lo neel lhe sloinvalei nanagenenl ciileiia,
- CapaliIilies of lhe lioielenlion syslen lo le used foi valei quaIily conlioIs, and
- Use of lioielenlion syslen independenlIy of olhei MI's, oi lo le inslaIIed aIong vilh olhei devices
vilhin a liealnenl liain.

)1E12 V?>78C *8J #C8A
The fiIleiing liealnenl ciileiia shouId le as foIIovs:

- The enliie liealnenl syslen (incIuding pieliealnenl) shouId lenpoiaiiIy hoId lhe Walei QuaIily
VoIune (<=
>
) deiived as iunoff fion 4Onn (i.e., 3 nonlh ARI) design iainfaII, piioi lo infiIlialion.
- The lioielenlion syslen nusl confoin lo lhe accepled specificalion shovn in Iiguie 9.4 and Iiguie 9.5.
TalIe 9.6 piesenls lhe physicaI specificalion and geoneliy of a lioielenlion syslen vhiIe TalIe 9.7
gives lhe coefficienl of peinealiIily ?@) foi vaiious lypes of fiIlei nedia.

TalIe 9.6: IhysicaI Specificalion and Ceoneliy

Iaianelei Specificalion
Mininun Size
3n vide ly 6n Iong
Lenglh and Widlh ialio (oplionaI)
2:1
Maxinun Lnplying Tine
<24 houis
IeinealiIily of IIanling ed
>13nn/hi
Ionding Deplh
15Onn - 3OOnn
Deplh lo Cioundvalei TalIe (leIov
diainage Iayei)
O.6On (nin)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-9
5O-1OO nn MuIch Layei
45O-1OOO nn IIanling SoiI
Lngineeied SoiI Media
15O-3OO nn Ionding
2OO-3OO nn Sand ed
WQV
SulsoiI Ieifoialed Iipe
CoIIeclion Syslen
15O-3OO nn Ionding
5O-1OO nn MuIch Layei
45O-1OOO nn IIanling SoiI
1OO-15O nn Tiansilion Layei
CIean Sand
2OO-4OO nn Diainage Layei
Iine CiaveI
WQV
TalIe 9.7: Coefficienl of IeinealiIily (@) foi Vaiious Types of IiIlei Media

Media Type @ (n/day)
Sand 1.OO
Ieal O.6O
Leaf Conposl 2.65
ioielenlion SoiI >O.312

Iiguie 9.4: Specificalion foi IeinealIe ioielenlion Syslen

Iiguie 9.5: Specificalion foi InpeinealIe ioielenlion Syslen

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-1O 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
The iequiied fiIlei led aiea (#
:
) is conpuled lased on lhe Daicys Lav. Ioi lhose piaclices lhal aie designed
vilh an undei diain (inpeinealIe syslen), lhe foIIoving equalion is used:

#
:
A
(<=
>
)['
:
j(@)[B
:
C'
:
[*
:
[
(9.1)
vheie,
#
:
= Suiface aiea of fiIlei led (n
2
),
<=
>
= Walei quaIily voIune (n
3
),
'
:
= IiIlei led deplh (n) (Iiguie 9.6),
@ = Coefficienl of peinealiIily of fiIlei nedia (n/day),
B
:
= Aveiage heighl of valei alove fiIlei led (n), and
*
:
= Design fiIlei led diain line (day) - (1 day naxinun).

Ioi lhose syslens lhal aie designed vilhoul an undei diain (peinealIe syslen), lhe aiea is eslinaled ly:

#
:
A
(<=
>
)['
:
j())[B
:
C'
:
[*
:
[
(9.2)

vheie,
#
:
= Suiface aiea of fiIlei led (n
2
),
<=
>
= Walei quaIily voIune (n
3
),
'
:
= IiIlei led deplh (n),
) = InfiIlialion iale of undeiIying soiIs (n/day),
B
:
= Aveiage heighl of valei alove fiIlei led (n), and
*
:
= Design fiIlei led diain line (day) - (1 day naxinun).

)1E1= 0AW?9H9 +<T?>7CA7?:< 'A78
In lhe case of inpeinealIe lioielenlion syslen, lhe naxinun infiIlialion iale lhiough lhe fiIlialion nedia
nusl le consideied lo aIIov foi lhe sulsoiI diain lo le sized. The capacily of lhe sulsoiI diain, vhen inslaIIed,
nusl exceed lhe naxinun infiIlialion iale lo ensuie fiee diaining condilions foi lhe fiIlei nedia (Iiguie 9.6).
The naxinun infiIlialion iale ieaching lhe peifoialed pipe al lhe lase of lhe soiI nedia is eslinaled appIying
lhe equalion:

=
92D
A@I
E
<
E
B
:
C'
:
'
:
(9.3)
vheie,
=
92D
= Maxinun infiIlialion iale (n
3
/s),
@ = HydiauIic conduclivily of lhe fiIlei led (n/s),
<
E
= ase vidlh of lhe ponded cioss seclion alove lhe fiIlei led (n),
F
E
= ase Ienglh of lhe lioielenlion zone (n),
B
:
= Heighl of valei alove lhe fiIlei led (n), and
'
:
= Deplh of fiIlei nedia (n).

The suilaliIily of lhe alove foinuIa foi design puiposes viII need lo le assessed foi each individuaI sile,
consideiing lhe infIuence of lolh lhe annuaI naxinun gioundvalei IeveI and infiIlialion capacily of
suiiounding naluiaI soiIs on lioielenlion syslen infiIlialion, pailicuIaiIy foi peinealIe lioielenlion syslens.

)1E1E .HP6:?>L4<J8CJCA?< $?;86
SulsoiI pipes aie peifoialed pipes pIaced al lhe lase of inpeinealIe lioielenlion syslens lo coIIecl liealed
valei foi conveyance dovnsliean. These coIIeclion pipes aie sized lo aIIov fiee diaining of lhe fiIlialion Iayei
and pievenl 'choking of lhe syslen. TypicaIIy, sulsoiI pipes shouId le Iiniled lo appioxinaleIy 15Onn in
dianelei so lhal lhe lhickness of lhe diainage Iayei does nol lecone excessive. Wheie lhe naxinun infiIlialion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-11
Ieifoialed
IVC Iipe
(IIanling SoiI)
Oiganic MuIch
Iine CiaveI
(Diainage Layei)
Ionding Deplh
Sand Layei
(Tiansilion Layei)
WQV
A
SulsoiI Iipe
CoIIeclion Syslen
OulIel
InfIov Iieliealed
ly SvaIe
ILAN
W
l
L
l
Iieeloaid
h
f
d
f
A
W
l
Suiface Aiea of IiIlei
ed A
f
vilh h
f
Maxinun of
Ionding Deplh
SLCTION A-A
iale is giealei lhan lhe capacily of lhe pipe consideialion shouId le given lo using nuIlipIe pipes. To ensuie lhe
sulsoiI pipes aie of adequale size:

- Ieifoialions nusl le adequale lo pass lhe naxinun infiIlialion iale inlo lhe pipe,
- The pipe ilseIf nusl have adequale hydiauIic capacily lo convey lhe iequiied design fIov, and
- The naleiiaI in lhe diainage Iayei nusl nol le vashed inlo lhe peifoialed pipes.

Iiguie 9.6 HydiauIic VaiialIes foi SulsoiI Diainage

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-12 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
These iequiienenls can le assessed using lhe Lqualion 9.4 and 9.5, oi aIleinaliveIy using nanufacluieis
design chails. To eslinale lhe capacily of fIovs lhiough lhe peifoialions, oiifice fIov condilions aie assuned
and a shaip edged oiifice equalion can le used. The nunlei and size of peifoialions need lo le deleinined
(lypicaIIy fion nanufacluieis specificalions) and used lo eslinale lhe lolaI fIov iale inlo lhe pipe. Il is
conseivalive lul ieasonalIe lo use a lIockage facloi lo accounl foi pailiaI lIockage of lhe peifoialions ly lhe
diainage Iayei nedia. IIov pei peifoialion is lheiefoie eslinaled ly:

=
G87:
A
H ,#%IB
+
(9.4)

vheie,
=
G87:
= IIov pei peifoialion (n
3
/s),
# = TolaI aiea of oiifice (n
2
),
B = Maxinun head of valei alove lhe pipe (n) (fiIlialion nedia deplh pIus
ponding deplh),
H = Oiifice coefficienl,
+ = Iockage facloi (+ = 2 is ieconnended), and
I = Ciavily conslanl (9.81 n
2
/s).

Ioi ciicuIai peifoialed pipes fIoving fuII, using Manning Lqualion lhe fIov in pipe (=
G)G8
) is given ly:

=
G)G8
A[
-,J.%
&
0
%,KL
"
+
-,M
(9.5)

vheie,
& = Manning Coefficienl,
0 = Iipe dianelei (n), and
"
+
= SIope of hydiauIic giade Iine (n/n).

The conposilion of lhe diainage Iayei shouId le consideied vhen seIecling lhe peifoialed pipe syslen, as lhe
sIol sizes in lhe pipes nay deleinine a nininun size of diainage Iayei pailicIe size. Coaisei naleiiaI (e.g. fine
giaveI) shouId le used if lhe sIol sizes aie Iaige enough lhal sand viII le vashed inlo lhe sIols.

)1E1F ,H7>87 .7CH@7HC8
The excess fIov of lhe ponding aiea of lioielenlion syslen, vhich is giealei lhan design fIov, viII le conveyed
lo dovnsliean diainage syslen via oveifIov pil and sulsequenlIy ly lhe ioad ieseive and/oi ly conneclion lo
an undeigiound diainage syslen. To size a gialed oveifIov pil, lvo checks shouId le nade foi eilhei diovned
oi fiee fIoving condilions:

- The lioad ciesled veii equalion lo deleinine lhe Ienglh of veii iequiied (assuning fiee condilions), and
- The oiifice equalion lo eslinale lhe aiea of opening iequiied (assuning diovned oulIel condilions).

The Iaigei of lhe lvo pil configuialions shouId lhen le adopled foi design puiposes. The veii fIov equalion
foi fiee oveifaII condilions is:
=
+:3+N
A H ,F,O
J
%
,
(9.6)
vheie,
=
+:3+N
= OveifIov (veii) dischaige (n
3
/s),
H = 1.7,
O = Head alove veii ciesl (n), and
F = Lenglh of veii ciesl (n).

Once lhe Ienglh of veii is caIcuIaled, a slandaid sized pil can le seIecled vilh a peiinelei al Ieasl lhe sane
Ienglh of lhe iequiied veii Ienglh. Il is consideied IikeIy lhal slandaid pil sizes viII acconnodale fIovs foi
nosl silualions. The oiifice fIov equalion foi diovned oulIel condilions is:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-13

=
+:3+N
A H ,#%IB (9.7)
vheie,
=
+:3+N
= OveifIov (oiifice) dischaige (n
3
/s),
H = O.6,
B = AvaiIalIe head alove veii ciesl (n),
# = Oiifice aiea (n
2
), and
I = Ciavily conslanl (9.81n
2
/s).

)1E1I .@:HC X8>:@?75 :T +<T>:K6
Il is ieconnended vheie possilIe, lhe oveifIov pil oi lypass channeI shouId le Iocaled neai lhe infIov zone lo
pievenl high fIovs fion passing ovei lhe suiface of lhe fiIlei nedia. If lhis is nol possilIe, lhen veIocilies
duiing lhe ninoi sloins (2-1O yeai ARI) and najoi sloins (5O-1OO yeai ARI) shouId le nainlained sufficienlIy
Iov (piefeialIy leIov vaIues of O.5n/s and nol noie lhan 1.5n/s foi najoi sloin) lo avoid scouiing of lhe
fiIlei nedia and vegelalion.

Scoui veIocilies ovei lhe vegelalion in lhe lioielenlion lasin aie deleinined ly assuning lhe syslen fIovs al a
deplh equaI lo lhe naxinun ponding deplh acioss lhe fuII vidlh of lhe syslen. y dividing lhe ninoi and
najoi sloin design fIov iales ly lhis cioss seclionaI fIov aiea, an eslinale of fIov veIocily can le nade. Il is a
conseivalive appioach lo assune lhal aII fIovs pass lhiough lhe lioielenlion lasin (pailicuIaiIy foi a najoi
sloin), hovevei, lhis viII ensuie lhe inlegiily of lhe vegelalion.

If lhe inIel lo lhe lioielenlion lasin conlioIs lhe naxinun infIov lo lhe lasin lhen il is appiopiiale lo use lhis
naxinun infIov lo check veIocilies. In lhis case, veIocilies shouId le nainlained leIov O.5n/s.

)1E1O +<>87 .7CH@7HC8
Liosion pioleclion shouId le piovided foi concenlialed infIovs lo a lioielenlion syslen. IIovs viII enlei lhe
syslen fion eilhei suiface fIov syslen oi a piped diainage syslen. Rock leaching is a sinpIe nelhod foi
dissipaling lhe eneigy of concenlialed infIov. The use of inpacl lype eneigy dissipalion nay le iequiied lo
pievenl scoui of lhe fiIlei nedia.
This can le achieved vilh iock pioleclion and ly pIacing seveiaI Iaige iocks in lhe in lhe fIov palh lo ieduce
veIocilies and spiead fIov as shovn in Iiguie 9.7 (Moielon ay Waleivays & Calchnenl Iailneiship, 2OO6).
The delaiIing of lhe inIel sliucluie is lased on lhe hydiauIic dianelei, 0O vhich is given as foIIovs:
0OA
P#
Q
(9.8)
vheie,
# = Cioss-seclion aiea, and
Q = Welled Ieiinelei.

Ioi TiapezoidaI channeI lhe hydiauIic dianelei is

0O A
PO?9OC6<R
6<C%O
.C9
%
(9.9)
vheie,
1:9 (V:H) = Side sIope,
6< = ollon vidlh (n) , and
O = Deplh (n).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-14 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
15Onn Rock SpaIIs RoIIed inlo
Aggiegale Sul-lase UndeiIain
ly Ceofaliic
Voids lo le IIanled vilh
Rush/Reed Species (Suljecl lo
Lanscape Design)
O.75DH
DH DH
4DH
DH
O.3DH
DH
1
4
A A
ILAN
SLCTION A-A

Iiguie 9.7: TypicaI InIel Scoui Iioleclion DelaiI

)1F 3&.+B- .%&$.
Slep 1: Sile LvaIualion

Make a pieIininaiy judgnenl as lo vhelhei sile condilions aie appiopiiale foi lhe use of a lioielenlion syslen,
and idenlify lhe funclion of lhe piaclice in lhe oveiaII MIs liealnenl syslen. Considei lhese lasic paianeleis
in lhe sile evaIualion:

- Diainage aiea,
- Topogiaphy and sIopes,
- SoiI infiIlialion capacily (Chaplei 8),
- Deplh lo giound valei and lediock,
- Localion/nininun sellacks.
Deleinine hov lhe lioielenlion syslen viII fil inlo lhe oveiaII sloinvalei liealnenl liain syslen and decide
vhelhei lioielenlion is lhe onIy MI lo le enpIoyed, oi if aie lheie olhei MIs addiessing sone of lhe
liealnenl iequiienenls. Decide on lhe sile vheie lhe lioielenlion syslen is nosl IikeIy lo le Iocaled.

Slep 2: IieId Veiificalion of Sile SuilaliIily

If lhe iniliaI evaIualion indicales lhal a lioielenlion syslen vouId le a good MI choice foi lhe sile, il is
ieconnended lhal soiI loiings oi pils le caiiied oul (in lhe sane Iocalion as lhe pioposed lioielenlion syslen)
lo veiify soiI lypes and infiIlialion capacily chaiacleiislics and lo deleinine lhe deplh lo gioundvalei and
lediock. The nunlei of soiI loiings shouId le seIecled as needed lo deleinine IocaI soiI condilions. Il is
ieconnended lhal lhe nininun deplh of lhe soiI loiings oi pils le 1.5n leIov lhe lollon eIevalion of lhe
pioposed lioielenlion syslen.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-15
Il is ieconnended lhal soiI piofiIe desciiplions le iecoided and incIude lhe foIIoving infoinalion foi each soiI
hoiizon oi Iayei:
- Thickness,
- Iealuie coIoui, alundance, size and conliasl,
- USDA soiI lexluiaI cIass (Chaplei 8),
- SoiI sliucluie, giade size and shape,
- SoiI consislency, iool alundance and size,
- SoiI loundaiy, and
- Occuiience of saluialed soiI, inpeinealIe Iayeis/Ienses, giound valei, lediock oi disluiled soiI.

Slep 3: Lslinaling Design IIov

CaIcuIale lhe design sloinvalei voIune lo le liealed lhiough lioielenlion syslen. If pail of lhe oveiaII design
sloinvalei voIune is lo le liealed ly olhei MIs, sulliacl lhal poilion fion lhe lolaI design voIune lo
deleinine lhe pail of lhe design voIune lo le liealed ly lhe lioielenlion syslen. The design lechniques
adopled aie neanl lo naxinize lhe voIune of sloinvalei leing infiIlialed. If lhe sile Iayoul and undeiIying
soiI condilions peinil, a design valei quaIily voIune deiived fion 4Onn of iainfaII deplh (i.e. 3 nonlh ARI)
nay le adopled.

Slep 4: InIel Sliucluie

The fIovs nay enlei lhe syslen eilhei lhiough sulsuiface pipe, open channeI/svaIe oi as suiface sheel fIov
conliiluled fion an upsliean calchnenl aiea. Scoui pioleclion such as Iighl iipiap vilh 6 lo 12nn D5O is
ieconnended lo le used al lhe inIel inlo lhe syslen, lo ieduce IocaIised infIov veIocilies. The fIov shouId le
non-eiosive lo lhe lasin vilh veIocily leIov O.5n/s.

ioielenlion syslen vhich ieceives fIovs fion Iaigei calchnenl nay iequiie an inpacl lype eneigy dissipaloi
lhal can le achieved vilh iock pioleclion and ly pIacing seveiaI Iaige iocks in lhe fIov palh lo ieduce lhe
veIocilies and spiead lhe fIovs.

Slep 5: SeIecl lhe ioielenlion Type

The seIeclion of design vaiianl shaII le lased on lhe Iocalion of naluiaIIy occuiiing peinealIe soiIs, lhe deplh
lo lhe valei lalIe, lediock oi olhei inpeinealIe Iayeis, and lhe conliiluling diainage aiea. The lollon of a
lioielenlion syslen nusl have a nininun O.6n heighl alove lhe IocaI valei lalIe. WhiIe lhe iniliaI slep in
sizing a lioielenlion syslen is seIecling lhe lype of design vaiianl foi lhe sile, lhe lasic design pioceduies foi
each lype of lioielenlion syslen aie siniIai.

Infoinalion coIIecled duiing lhe fieId veiificalion of sile suilaliIily (Slep 2) shouId le used lo expIoie lhe
polenliaI foi nuIlipIe lioielenlion syslens appIicalion oi in inlegialion vilh olhei sloinvalei MIs in a
liealnenl liain.

Slep 6: Deleinine Sile InfiIlialion Rales (Saluialed HydiauIic Conduclivily)

If lhe infiIlialion iale is nol neasuied, seIecl lhe design infiIlialion iale fion TalIe 9.3 lased on lhe Ieasl
peinealIe soiI hoiizon vilhin lhe fiisl 1.5n leIov lhe lollon eIevalion of lhe pioposed lioielenlion syslen.
The infiIlialion capacily of naluiaI lasins is inheiilalIy diffeienl fion consliucled syslens.

In lhe evenl lhal a naluiaI depiession is pioposed lo le used as a lioielenlion syslen, lhe designei nusl assess
lhe foIIovings: lhe infiIlialion capacily of lhe soiI undei exisling condilions (nn/hi), lhe exisling diavdovn
line foi valei al lhe naxinun lasin valei IeveI and lhe naluiaI oveifIov eIevalion. The designei shouId aIso
denonsliale lhal lhe opeialion of lhe naluiaI depiession undei posl-deveIopnenl condilions ninics lhe
hydioIogy of lhe syslen undei pie-deveIopnenl condilions.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-16 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
If lhe infiIlialion iales aie lo le neasuied, lhe lesls shaII le conducled al lhe pioposed lollon eIevalion of lhe
lioielenlion syslen. If lhe infiIlialion iale is neasuied vilh a doulIe-iing infiIlionelei lhe iequiienenls of
slandaid piaclice shouId le used foi lhe fieId lesl.

Slep 7: Deleinine lhe Size of ioielenlion Aiea

The size of lioielenlion aiea is deleinined using Daicys equalion (Lqualion 9.1 foi inpeinealIe syslen and
Lqualion 9.2 foi peinealIe syslen). The coiiesponding equalion is appIied depending on vhelhei lhe syslen
is inpeinealIe oi peinealIe. The conposilion of fiIlei nedia is designed lo achieve a nininun coefficienl of
peinealiIily of 13nn/hi.

Slep 8: Sizing of Ieifoialed CoIIeclion Iipes

The inIel capacily of lhe undeidiain syslen (peifoialed pipe) is eslinaled ly assuning lhal 5O of lhe hoIes aie
lIocked. To eslinale lhe fIov iale, an oiifice equalion is appIied using lhe idenlified paianeleis foi oplinun
peifoinance. The Manning equalion is appIied lo eslinale lhe fIov iale in lhe peifoialed pipe. The capacily of
lhis pipe needs lo exceed lhe naxinun infiIlialion iale.

Slep 9: Deleinine lhe Size of OulIel Sliucluie

Il is iequiied lhal a secondaiy oulIel oi spiIIvay le incoipoialed inlo lhe design of a lioielenlion syslen lo
safeIy convey excess sloinvalei. This incIudes lhe fIov diveision sliucluie lo lypass najoi sloin vheie
appIicalIe.

Slep 1O: Landscaping Design

The peifoinance of lhe lioielenlion syslen is dependenl on lhe seIeclion of pIanl species. Nalive pIanl species
shouId le consideied foi sloinvalei liealnenl and oplinun nainlenance (Annex 1).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-17
'&V&'&-!&.
1. ARC (2OO1). S8+7I)2 "*+79N2*87 !2&2I898&* !2&T23U V+3, %U TechnicaI Handlook, Iiisl Ldilion, Augusl
2OO1, AlIanla RegionaI Connission.

2. CIWI & MDL (2OOO). !27432&' "*+79N2*87 085)I& !2&T23U V+3, 1 W 11, Cenlie foi Waleished Iioleclion
(CIWI), LIIicol Cily, MaiyIand and MaiyIand Depailnenl of lhe Lnviionnenl (MDL), Walei
Managenenl Adninislialion, aIlinoie MaiyIand.

3. DOW (2OO7). "*+79N2*87 !2&2I898&* !2&T23 :+7 <85*87& #T5*723)2X "*7T;*T723 H+&*7+35U Depailnenl of
Walei, Coveinnenl of Weslein AusliaIia.

4. Inslilule of Lngineeis AusliaIia (2OO6). #T5*723)2 YT&+:: =T23)*4, Lngineeis AusliaIia, ACT.

5. MICA (2OO8). !)&&85+*2 "*+79N2*87 !2&T23, Minnesola IoIIulion ConlioI Agency, Veision 2 }anuaiy 2OO8.

6. Moielon ay Waleivays & Calchnenls Iailneiship (2OO6). <2*87 "8&5)*)>8 Z7E2& 085)I&, TechnicaI Design
CuideIines foi Soulheasl QueensIands, Moielon ay Waleivays and Calchnenls Iailneiship, Veision 1
}une 2OO6.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-19
S
v
a
I
e

D
i
a
i
n
Waiehouse
Cai Iaik & Access Road
Dischaige OulfaII
IulIic Diain
1OOn
1OOn
6On
2On
Lol oundaiy
Iioposed
MI Sile
6On
#$$&-3+Y )1# &Y#0$N& G +0$&'0&#*N& *+,'&%&-%+,- ./.%&0
IiolIen:
An indusliiaI aiea Iocaled in ukil Tengah, Seleiang Ieiai Tengah, IuIau Iinang, has leen adopled foi lhe
vaiehouse deveIopnenl vilh Iol aiea of 1 ha (1OOn x 1OOn), fIooi aiea 6On x 6On and paiking aiea 6On x
2On. The sloinvalei iunoff fion lhe inpeivious aieas viII le diiecled lo lhe vegelaled fiIlei sliip aiound lhe
peiinelei of lhe luiIding and paiking aieas. The disliiluled sloinvalei iunoff fion vegelaled fiIlei sliip viII
le coIIecled in lhe giassed svaIe lo le conveyed dovnsliean of lhe Iol aiea and liealed ly a lioielenlion
faciIily of inpeinealIe lype. Ioi such iunoff quaIily liealnenl an appiopiiale sizing of lhe faciIily is iequiied.

a) Sile IIan

Iiguie 9.A1: DeveIopnenl Sile
l) Waiehouse and Diainage Layoul
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-2O 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
SoIulion:

Iiguie 9.A1
Design RainfaII Duialion

DeveIopnenl Iiojecl Aiea

Calchnenl aiea, #

=

1.Oha

The line of fIov in lhe channeI (*
'
) is deiived lased on lhe veIocily (V)
and Ienglh (F) of fIov in lhe svaIe.
Civen lhal:
VeIocily, V
Lenglh, F
Then, *
'
= F/V = 175/O.25

Assune lhe oveiIand fIov line (*
+
) is 5 ninules
Then, lhe line of concenlialion, *
;
= *
+
+ *
'
=5 + 12

=
=
=
=

=

O.25n/s
175n
11.7nin
12nin

17nin

Lqualion 2.2

TalIe 2.2

Lqualion 2.2

i =
zI
k
(J +0)
q

Wheie,
) = RainfaII Inlensily (nn/hi)
[ = Aveiage Recuiience InleivaI (yeai)
' = Sloin Duialion (hi)

'U \U 0U p = Coefficienls

Civen lhal,
Aveiage Recuiience InleivaI, [
Sloin Duialion, 0

' = 52.771, x = O.2O3, O = O.O95 & p = O.717

Then,

)=
52.7715
O.2O3
(O.283+O.O95)
O.717

=
=

=

5 yi
17nin

146.88nn/hi

TalIe 2.6

TalIe 2.6

The valei quaIily voIune is eslinaled lased on 4O nn of 3 nonlh ARI
iainfaII.
IeinealIe aiea: Open spaces giass covei vilh iunoff coefficienl vaIue, H
InpeinealIe aiea: Inpeivious ioofs, conciele and ioads vilh iunoff
coefficienl vaIue, H

=

=

O.4O

O.95

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-21

Landuse H Q (nn) # (n
2
) WQ
v
(n
3
)
IeinealIe O.4O 4O 52OO 83.2
InpeinealIe O.95 4O 48OO 182.4

The valei quaIily voIune, WQv

=

265.6n
3

SoiI Mixluie of IIanling ed
Specificalion of IIanling ed:
Deplh
Ioiosily
Maxinun CIay Conlenl
Coefficienl of IeinealiIily, @

Reconnended conposilion of pIanling led is specified in TalIe 9.4.

=
=
=
=
=

75Onn
25
5
26nn/hi
O.624n/day

Suiface Aiea of IiIlei ed

Civen lhal:
Walei QuaIily VoIune, WQ
v

IIanling ed Deplh, '
:

Saluialed HydiauIic Conduclivily, @ = O.5O.624n/day
Aveiage heighl of Walei alove IiIlei ed, B
:

Design IiIlei ed Diain Tine, *

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

265.6n
3

O.75n
O.312n/day
O.3n
1.Oday

Lqualion 9.1

The suiface aiea of fiIlei led foi inpeinealIe syslen is given as:

#
:
=
(265.6)(O.75)
(O.312)(O.3+O.75)(1.O)

Z

6O8.1n
2

Maxinun InfiIlialion Rale

Civen lhal,
Saluialed HydiauIic Conduclivily, @
ase Widlh of lhe Ionded Cioss Seclion alove lhe IiIlei ed, <
E

ase Lenglh of lhe ioielenlion Zone, F
E
Aveiage heighl of valei alove lhe fiIlei led, B
:

Deplh of IIanling ed, '
:

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

7.2221O
-6
n/s
15.OOn
41.OOn
O.3On
O.75n
Lqualion 9.3

Theiefoie, lhe naxinun infiIlialion iale ieaching lhe peifoialed pipe al
lhe lase of lhe soiI nedia is given as:

mux
= (7.222 1u
-6
)41 1S_
u.Su +u.7S
u.7S
]

Z

6.22 1O
-3
n
3
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-22 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895

Sul-SoiI Iipe

The inpeinealIe lioielenlion syslen enpIoys a UIVC peifoialed sul-
soiI pipe lo convey lhe sloinvalei iunoff lo lhe dovnsliean
conveyance.

Civen lhal,

Dianelei of Ieifoialed Iipe
Dianelei of Ieifoialions
Spacing of Ieifoialions
Ciicunfeience of Ieifoialed Iipe
Nunlei of Rovs (of Ieifoialions) =314.2/25
Nunlei of CoIunn (of Ieifoialion/n) =1OOO/25
Nunlei of Ieifoialions = 12.57 4O.OO
Nunlei of Ieifoialions (assune 5O lIockage) = 5O2.72/2
Aiea of each Ieifoialion

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

1OOnn
5nn
25nn c/c
314.2nn
12.57
4O.OO
5O2.72
251.36
19.63nn
2

And so,
TolaI Aiea of lhe Oiifices, # = 19.63 251.36 1O
-6

Maxinun Head of Walei alove lhe Iipe (n) (fiIlialion nedia deplh
pIus ponding deplh), B
Oiifice Coefficienl, H
Iockage Iacloi (+ = 2 is ieconnended), +
Ciavily Conslanl, I

Nole lhal, lhe naxinun head of valei alove lhe pipe (B) is given as: 3OO
nn (ponding deplh) + 1OO nn (nuIch Iayei) + 75O nn (pIanling led) +
1OO nn (liansilion Iayei) + 1OO nn (pail of diainage Iayei alove lhe
pipe) + 5O nn (iadius of peifoialed pipe) = 14OO nn

Z

Z
Z
Z
Z

O.OO49n
2

1.4n
O.6O
2.OO
9.81n
2
/s

Lqualion 9.4

TalIe 2.3

Lqualion 9.5

The fIov pei peifoialion is given as:

Q
peif
=
O.6O 19.63251.361O
-6
V29.811.4
2.O

InIel capacily pei nelei lolaI Ienglh: O.OO78 41 = O.318 n
3
/s > O.OO62
n
3
/s (naxinun infiIlialion). Hence, a singIe pipe of 1OO nn dianelei is
sufficienl lo pass lhe fIov inlo lhe peifoialion.

The Manning equalion can lhen le appIied lo eslinale lhe fIov iale in
lhe peifoialed pipe.

Civen lhal,

Manning Roughness, &
Dianelei of lhe Ieifoialed Iipe, 0
SIope HCL, "
+

The fIov iale in lhe peifoialed pipe is given as:

=
G)G8
=_
O.312
O.O1
] O.1
2.67
O.O1
O.5

Z

Z
Z
Z

Z

O.OO78n
3
/s/n

O.O1
O.1n
O.O1n/n

O.OO67n
3
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-23

Lqualion 9.6

This is highei lhan lhe naxinun infiIlialion capacily, hence lhe singIe
1OO nn dianelei peifoialed pipe is adequale foi lhe lioielenlion
syslen.

Lslinalion of Ieak Dischaige
The conpulalion of peak fIov foi 5 yeai ARI is laluIaled leIov.
Landuse H 1 (nn/hi) # (n
2
) = (I/s)
IeinealIe O.4O 146.88 52OO 84.9
InpeinealIe O.95 146.88 48OO 186.1

The peak fIov foi 5 yeai ARI conliiluled fion lhe peinealIe and
inpeinealIe aieas is eslinaled lo le 271 I/s.
Size of OveifIov Sunp
Sizing an oveifIov sliucluie lo convey sloinvalei in lhe lasin in excess
of lhe 3OO nn ponding deplh fion lhe lioielenlion syslen lo lhe
dovnsliean conveyance.
The lioad ciesled veii equalion (Lqualion 9.6) is iniliaIIy used lo
deleinine lhe Ienglh of veii iequiied ly assuning fiee oveifaII
condilions.

Civen lhal,

OveifIov (veii) dischaige, =
M

IIov Coefficienl, H
Head alove veii ciesl, O

The Ienglh of veii ciesl is conpuled as,

I =
u.271
1.7 u.1S
1.5

The iequiied Ienglh of veii ciesl, F is equaI lo 2.74 n, vhich can le
piovided ly 785 nn 785 nn squaie oveifIov sunp.

O.271n
3
/s
1.7
O.15n

2.74n

Z
Z
Z

Z

SecondIy, checking foi diovned oulIel condilions using oiifice equalion
(Lqualion 9.7):

Civen lhal,

OveifIov (Oiifice) Dischaige, =
M

IIov Coefficienl, H
Head alove Weii Ciesl, B
Ciavily Conslanl, I

Z
Z
Z
Z

O.271n
3
/s
O.6
O.15n
9.81n
2
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

9-24 6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895
Lqualion 9.7

The aiea of oiifice is given as,
A =
u.271
u.6 V2 9.81 u.1S

The dischaige aiea iequiied is # = O.263 n
2
, vhich can le piovided ly
515 nn 515 nn oveifIov sunp. Hence, lhe fiee oveifaII condilions
doninale lhe oveifIov design. A pil size of 785 785 nn is adopled.
The size of lhe oveifIov sunp needs aIso lo considei an aIIovance foi
lhe giale lais, vhich viII ieduce lhe avaiIalIe peiinelei and aiea.

Z

O.263n
2

DelaiIs of lhe InIel Sliucluie

Used lhe lypicaI liapezoidaI svaIe foi design fIov 5 yeai ARI as foIIovs:

ollon Widlh, 6<
Deplh of lhe SvaIe, O
Side SIope of 1:3 (V:O), 9

Z
Z
Z

5OOnn
3OOnn
3

Lqualion 9.9
Then,

Cioss-seclion Aiea, #
Welled Ieiinelei, Q

Hence,

HydiauIic Dianelei, 0O

Z
Z

Z

O.42n
2
2.4On

7OOnn

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+78*8&*)+& "45*895 9-25
Dischaige lo Dovnsliean
Conveyance
SoiI Media
1OOnn Dia.Ieifoialed
IVC Iipe
Iioposed Ciade
A
Oiifice 5nn
SulsoiI Iipe
CoIIeclion Syslen (Ieifoialed IVC)
OulIel
A
InfIov via
SvaIe
Ripiap
WQV
OveifIov Iil
(785nn x 785nn)
InfIov via
SvaIe
Tiansilion Layei
Diainage Layei
ILAN
SLCTION A-A
41n
InfIov via
SvaIe
InfIov via
SvaIe
ioielenlion Syslen
41n

15n
MuIch
O.7n
1.25n
1OOnn
75Onn
1OOnn
3OOnn
SLCTION -
125Onn
1OOnn Dia. Ieifoialed
IVC Iipe
(IIanling SoiI)
Oiganic MuIch
Iine CiaveI
(Diainage Layei)
Ionding Deplh
Sand Layei
(Tiansilion Layei)
WQV
15n
15Onn Iieeloaid
3OOnn

Iiguie 9.A2: Design DelaiIs of lhe ioielenlion Syslen
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
GROSS POLLUTANT TRAPS
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-i
!"#$%&' )* +',-- $,../%#0% %'#$-
1O.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1O-1
1O.2 TYILS AND AIILICATION ........................................................................................... 1O-1
1O.2.1 IIoaling Deliis Tiaps .......................................................................................... 1O-2
1O.2.2 Tiash Racks and Lillei ConlioI Devices ........................................................... 1O-2
1O.2.3 Sedinenlalion asin and Tiash Rack ................................................................ 1O-2
1O.2.4 OiI and Ciease Inleiceploi ................................................................................. 1O-4
1O.3 CLNLRAL DLSICN CONSIDLRATIONS...................................................................... 1O-5
1O.3.1 HydioIogy and HydiauIics ................................................................................. 1O-6
1O.3.2 Lase of Mainlenance ............................................................................................ 1O-6
1O.3.4 HeaIlh and Safely .................................................................................................. 1O-6
1O.4 DLSICN OI SLDIMLNT ASIN AND TRASH RACK ................................................ 1O-6
1O.4.1 Design Slandaid ................................................................................................... 1O-6
1O.4.2 Design Iaianeleis ............................................................................................... 1O-7
1O.4.3 Sizing Sleps ........................................................................................................... 1O-7
1O.4.4 SpeciaI Design Consideialions ........................................................................... 1O-9
1O.5 DLSICN OI OIL AND CRLASL INTLRCLITOR ......................................................... 1O-1O
1O.5.1 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 1O-1O
1O.5.2 Sizing foi ConvenlionaI Ciavily Inleiceploi ................................................... 1O-11
1O.6 IROIRILTARY DLVICLS ................................................................................................ 1O-12
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 1O-13
AIILNDIX 1O.A DLSICN CHARTS IOR STR TRAIS .......................................................... 1O-15
AIILNDIX 1O. LXAMILL - SIZINC OI STR (MA}OR) ..................................................... 1O-17
AIILNDIX 1O.C LXAMILL - SIZINC OI CONVLNTIONAL CRAVITY OCI ................... 1O-21

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-1
)*1) 20%',3/!%2,0
This Chaplei piesenls design pioceduies foi gioss poIIulanl liaps (CITs) vhich aie inslaIIed lo ienove Iillei,
deliis, coaise sedinenl and hydiocailon fion sloinvalei. They nay le used as pie-liealnenl MIs foi fIov
inlo a pond oi velIands oi lo ienove coaise sedinenl lefoie lhe fIov enleis infiIlialion devices. Mosl CITs
viII piovide sone ieduclion in olhei associaled poIIulanls lhal aie allached lo lhe liapped sedinenls foi
sulsequenl ienovaI.
)*14 %5$&- #03 #$$.2!#%2,0
Theie aie a vide iange of devices used foi lhe liapping of gioss soIids. SeIeclion of suilalIe devices depends
on nany faclois incIuding calchnenl size, inconing poIIulanl Ioad, lype of diainage syslen and vhoIe Iife
cosl. TalIe 1O.1 piovides lhiee nain lypes of CITs foi piaclice, each vilh ils funclion, suilalIe calchnenl aieas
and inslaIIalion oplion. Iiguie 1O.1 piesenls lypicaI configuialion of luiIl CITs Type 1, 2 and 3 assels.
TalIe 1O.1: CITs Types and AppIicalion
CIass Iunclion Calchnenl Aiea InslaIIalion
Type 1

- IIoaling Deliis
Tiaps
Lillei capluie on
peinanenl valeilodies
> 2OO ha Iiopiielaiy and puiposeIy
luiIl
- Tiash Racks &
Lillei ConlioI
Devices
Lillei capluie on
diainage conveyance
2 - 4O ha IuiposeIy luiIl fion
noduIai conponenls
Type 2

- Sedinenl asin
and Tiash Rack
(STR) Tiaps
Sedinenl and Iillei
capluie on diainage
conveyance
5 - 2OO ha IuiposeIy luiIl
Type 3

- OiI and Ciease
Inleiceploi
OiI, giease and sedinenl
capluie on diainage
conveyance
< 4O ha IuiposeIy luiIl and
Iiopiielaiy

a) IIoaling Deliis Tiap - Type 1 l) Tiash Rack - Type 1

c) STR Tiaps - Type 2 d) OiI and Ciease Inleiceploi - Type 3
Iiguie 1O.1: TypicaI CITs Types
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-2 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
)*141) 6789:;<= 3>?@;A %@9BA
IIoaling deliis liaps oi loons shouId le a nain conponenl of CITs Type 1. They aie inslaIIed piinaiiIy on
slieans, sIov noving nain diainage and pond inIels vheie lheie is peinanenl valei lody. oons aie onIy
effeclive as a conlioI neasuie foi fIoalalIe poIIulanls undei ceilain condilions. The iequiienenls foi a suilalIe
sile incIude lhe foIIovings (WiIIing & Iailneis, 1989):
- IavouialIe cuiienls,
- Localion ieIalive lo najoi souices, such as liilulaiy sloinvalei diains,
- AvaiIaliIily of access foi nainlenance,
- AliIily lo handIe lhe effecls of valei IeveI changes, and
- SuilalIe Iocalions foi allachnenl and anchoiage.

oons aie geneiaIIy nol effeclive unIess lheie is a sleady cuiienl lo foice liapped naleiiaI inlo lhe loon. TidaI
fIov ieveisaIs oi sliong adveise vinds nay dispeise lhe liapped naleiiaI, iendeiing lhe loon ineffeclive.
They aie aIso nol effeclive vhen lhe cuiienl veIocilies aie high and luiluIenl.
InslaIIalion of lhe loon viII nainIy le goveined ly sile condilions. Sufficienl sIack nusl le piovided lo aIIov
lhe loon IeveI lo iise and faII vilh valei IeveI vaiialions, such in lidaI and fIooding condilions.
The poIIulanl naleiiaIs coIIecled in uilan aieas aie polenliaIIy offensive, hazaidous oi infeclious vasles
incIuding discaided syiinges vhich necessilale aiiangenenls foi nechanicaI cIeaning. Decision lo inslaII a
loon oi a liash iack is goveined ly a nunlei of faclois incIuding (NieIsen and CaiIelon, 1989):
- Tiash lypes - oons veie found lo le effeclive in ielaining fIoaling and pailiaIIy sulneiged oljecls, and
- HydiauIic - The liash ielaining peifoinance of loons decieases al highei fIovs lecause liash is foiced
undei and ovei lhen. The nininun fIov veIocily al vhich liash escapes ly leing foiced undeinealh a
loon depends IaigeIy on lhe shape and veighl of lhe loon and has leen olseived lo le as Iov as 1n/s.
)*1414 %@9AC '9DEA 9<F .;::>@ !8<:@87 3>G;D>A
Tiash iacks is anolhei conponenl of CITs Type 1. Tiash iacks iange fion ieIaliveIy snaII scieens inslaIIed al
lhe oulIels of sloinvalei pipes lo Iaige sleeI liash iacks on nain diains and open channeIs and noie iecenlIy
"sofl" liash iacks (Iillei conlioI devices) lhal aie inslaIIed in open channeIs and al lhe oulIels of piped diains.
The consideialion of inpIenenling eilhei a loon oi liash iack depends on lhe chaiacleiislic of lhe fIoaling
deliis and lhe sile suilaliIily.
The piefeiied liash iack aiiangenenl, suggesled ly a nunlei of ieseaicheis, is lhal a liash iack vilh
hoiizonlaI lais sel al an angIe lo lhe fIov shouId le seIf-cIeansing, since lhe fIov vouId push deliis lovaids
lhe sides of lhe iack. The effecliveness of such an appioach vouId appeai lo depend on lhe shape and suiface
finish of lhe lais and lheii angIe ieIalive lo lhe fIov.
The Iillei conlioI devices coIIecl Iillei, as do liash iacks. This "sofl" liash iack aie a seiies of nyIon nesh "socks"
vhich aie allached lo a ieclanguIai nelaI fiane lhal is nounled veilicaIIy and peipendicuIai lo lhe fIov. The
socks aie cIeaned ly ienoving each sock in luin, undoing lhe lie al lhe lase of lhe sock and dunping lhe
coIIecled naleiiaI inlo a liuck. The lase of lhe sock is lhen ie-lied and il is sIolled lack inlo pIace. Due lo lhe
effecliveness of lhe socks il has leen found lhal duiing peiiods of iainfaII lhe sofl liash iacks nay need lo le
cIeaned eveiy lvo lo lhiee days. These lypes of devices iequiie a high nainlenance and on-going cosl. If nol
nainlained, lhe upsliean sloin fIov capacily is giealIy conpionised.
)*141H ->F;I><:9:;8< J9A;< 9<F %@9AC '9DE
Sedinenlalion lasin funclions ly pioviding an enIaiged valeivay aiea and/oi ieduced hydiauIic giadienl lo
ieduce fIov veIocilies and aIIov ledIoad sedinenl lo le liapped and suspended sedinenls lo sellIe oul of
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-3
Conciele
Access Ranp
Conciele
Apion
Tiash
Rack
OulIel
Waleivay
Conciele
Access Ranp
Sedinenl Diying Aiea
Safely Ience
asefIov
Diveision Iipe
InIel
ILAN
Sedinenl asin
SLCTION A-A
Min 4.On Min 6.On
Tiash Rack
Sedinenl Tiap
Waleivay
WaII
IIov
A A
IIov
Slone Iilching
suspension. They do nol piovide Iillei ienovaI. In uilan aieas, lhe piesence of Iillei nakes il piefeialIe lo
luiId a Sedinenlalion asin and Tiash Rack (STR) lype CITs.
STR liaps, CITs Type 2, conline lhe funclions of a sedinenlalion lasin and a fixed liash iack. The liap is a
najoi lasin designed lo inleicepl Iillei, deliis and coaise sedinenl duiing sloin fIovs and lo acl as an efficienl
ielaiding lasin. This liap diavs on lhe expeiience of sedinenlalion lasins vilh incoipoialion of addilionaI
fealuies lo inleicepl liash and deliis.
Majoi STR liaps aie lypicaIIy Iocaled in liunk diainage channeIs and engineeied valeivays lo inleicepl
nediun lo high sloinvalei fIovs fion Iaige uilan calchnenls. They aie visuaIIy unalliaclive and geneiaIIy
shouId le pIaced avay fion iesidenliaI aieas. Indicalive aiiangenenl of najoi STR liaps is shovn in Iiguie
1O.2.
Minoi STR liaps, coveied in-giound, aie used al lhe dovnsliean end of pipe oi open diains. They aie Iess
visuaIIy inliusive and hence aie noie suilalIe foi iesidenliaI aieas. Due lo lhe cosl of lhe sliucluie lhey aie
usuaIIy snaIIei in size and aie onIy suilalIe foi liealing snaII calchnenl aieas. TypicaI aiiangenenl of ninoi
STR liaps is iIIuslialed in Iiguie 1O.3.

Iiguie 1O.2: A TypicaI Majoi STR Tiap Aiiangenenl

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-4 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
InIel Iipe
ILAN
Slone Iilching
Iaved Access Road
Conciele Lov IIov Inveil
M
i
n

6
.
O
n
RenovealIe Coveis
Tiash Rack (undei Coveis)
IIov
OulIel
SLCTION A-A
IIov
A
A

Iiguie 1O.3 : A TypicaI Minoi STR Tiap Aiiangenenl

)*141K ,;7 9<F +@>9A> 2<:>@D>B:8@
OiI and giease inleiceploi (OCI), CITs Type 3, is inlended lo sepaiale oul oiI and olhei hydiocailons, giil, and
coaise sedinenls fion iunoff. They aie oflen used lo pielieal iunoff fion paiking Iols and olhei inpeivious
suifaces lefoie il enleis sloinvalei syslen. ecause of lhe shoil iunoff ielenlion line, lhey aie effeclive onIy in
ieducing lhe anounls of coaise-giained sedinenls, deliis, oiI and giease piesenl in iunoff. They nusl le
cIeaned oul fiequenlIy, as needed, lo ienove coIIecled giil and poIIulanls foi disposaI.
Schenalic diagians of lypicaI lhiee-chanlei OCI aie shovn in Iiguie 1O.4. Runoff enleis lhe fiisl chanlei
lhiough a sloin diain pipe oi cuil inIel, passes lhiough scieened oiifice opening/laffIe lo lhe second chanlei,
lhen passes lhiough anolhei laffIe oi an inveiled pipe eIlov lo lhe lhiid chanlei. IIov exils lhe lhiid
chanlei lhiough a sloin diain oulIel pipe.
The fiisl chanlei is used lo liap fIoalalIe deliis and sellIe coaise pailicIes such as sedinenl. The second
chanlei is used lo sepaiale oul oiI, giease and olhei hydiocailons lhal fIoal lo lhe valei suiface vhiIe lhe
iunoff is vilhdiavn fion lhe opening of lhe laffIe oi eIlov. The fIoaling hydiocailons ienain in lhis chanlei
unliI ienoved al cIean-oul oi adsoiled ly sedinenl and sellIed oul. The lhiid chanlei viII have a peinanenl
pooI if lhe oulIel pipe is eIevaled alove lhe fIooi. AddilionaI sedinenl nay sellIe oul in lhis chanlei. An
oveifIov opening is incIuded in each chanlei foi Iaige sloinvalei fIovs lo lypass lhe oiifice openings
lelveen chanleis. CIean-oul access is avaiIalIe lhiough nanhoIe openings.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-5
CIeai WeII
OiI Relenlion affIe
OiI Skinnei
OiI Sepaialion
Conpailnenl
IIov Disliilulion affIe
InIel
Iipe
OulIel
Iipe
Inspeclion and
SanpIing Tee
Ciil/SIudge
RenovaI affIe
R
e
i
n
f
o
i
c
e
d

C
o
n
c
i
e
l
e

S
l
i
u
c
l
u
i
e
InIel Iipe
Access ManhoIe
Tiash Rack
Sedinenl
Tiapping
Chanlei
Inveiled
LIlov Iipe
OiI Sepaialion
Chanlei
OulIel Iipe

a) ConvenlionaI Ciavily Sepaialoi (CDM, 1993)

l) Walei QuaIily InIel (Devleiiy & Davis, 1966)

Iiguie 1O.4: TypicaI OiI and Ciease Inleiceplois Aiiangenenl

OCIs aie appIicalIe lo silualions vheie lhe concenlialion of oiI and giease ieIaled conpounds viII le
alnoinaIIy high and souice conlioI cannol piovide effeclive ienovaI. The geneiaI lypes of aclivily vheie lhis
silualion is IikeIy aie liuck, cai and equipnenl nainlenance and vashing lusiness, as veII as a lusiness lhal
peifoins nainlenance on ils ovn equipnenl and vehicIes. IulIic faciIilies vheie OCIs nay le iequiied
incIude naiine poils, aiifieIds, fIeel vehicIe nainlenance and vashing faciIilies and nass liansil paik-and iide
Iols. ConvenlionaI OCIs aie capalIe of ienoving oiI diopIels vilh dianeleis equaI lo oi giealei lhan 15O
nicions.
)*1H +&0&'#. 3&-2+0 !,0-23&'#%2,0-
Design of CITs iequiies infoinalion on lhe hydioIogy and hydiauIics of lhe diainage syslen. Ioi each CIT,
consideied as pail of a "liealnenl liain", a piinaiy liealnenl oljeclive oi peifoinance ciileiia ieIaled lo a
specific poIIulanl shaII le defined. This is lhe laigel poIIulanl lhal is lo le ieduced lo a ieconnended IeveI.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-6 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
)*1H1) "LF@878=L 9<F "LF@9M7;DA
Ieak infIovs shaII le conpuled using lhe RalionaI Melhod oi RalionaI Hydiogiaph Melhod. NoinaIIy lhese
caIcuIalions viII le done as pail of lhe hydiauIic design of lhe diainage syslen. Moie inpoilanl foi CIT
design is lhe nagnilude of sedinenl and olhei poIIulanl Ioads lhal viII deleinine lhe fiequency of cIeaning.
The poIIulanl ieduclion peifoinance nusl le nainlained up lo lhe design dischaige. If design fIovs aie
exceeded, lhe CIT shouId nol aIIov any significanl ie-noliIisalion of liapped naleiiaI. The CIT nusl le
designed so as lo pievenl any addilionaI suichaige in lhe sloinvalei syslen in lhe evenl of pailiaI oi conpIele
lIockage. TidaI infIuence and lackvalei effecls nusl le consideied.
)*1H14 &9A> 8N O9;<:><9<D>
IiolIens vilh nainlenance can le pailIy oveicone ly appiopiiale design. Consideialions shouId le
addiessed duiing lhe pieIininaiy design slage of a CIT. This incIudes adequale piovision of ioad access lo lhe
sile foi nainlenance vehicIes and equipnenls. SuilalIe vaIkvays, Iaddeis, nanhoIes and pIinlhs shaII le
piovided vilhin lhe sliucluie foi access.
)*1H1K ">97:C 9<F -9N>:L
Open CITs can piesenl a safely hazaid fion lhe foIIovings:
- Raised sliucluies lhal chiIdien can faII off and sudden diops inlo deep valei, and
- Sudden changes in fIov veIocilies oi valei IeveIs.
Theiefoie CITs shouId le fuIIy fenced off, if possilIe. Such fencing shouId le designed so lhal il does nol
inleifeie vilh lhe hydiauIics of lhe fIov sliucluie.
Iiovision shaII le nade lo nininise nosquilo hazaid as foIIovs:
- Keeping lhe sedinenl liap vel vilh a Iov oi liickIe fIov, and oi
- Using liodegiadalIe sIov ieIease Iaivicides (nole: fuII enviionnenlaI inpacl assessnenl of lhe Iaivicide
vouId le needed piioi lo lhe adoplion of lhis aIleinalive).
)*1K 3&-2+0 ,6 -&32O&0% J#-20 #03 %'#-" '#!P
The najoi STR liaps aie designed as open liaps on Iaige open diains oi engineeied valeivays vheie lhey
aie inslaIIed al oi leIov giound IeveI and seive lhe calchnenl aiea in lhe iange of 5 lo 2OO ha. Wheieas, lhe
ninoi STR liap is encIosed and inslaIIed leIov giound vilh conliiluling calchnenl aiea of Iess lhan 5 ha.
STR liaps peinil coaise sedinenl lo sellIe lo lhe lollon ly decieasing lhe sloinvalei fIov veIocily lhiough
incieased vidlh and/oi deplh of lhe diain.
The liash iack is inlended lo coIIecl fIoaling and sulneiged deliis. Lxpeiience has shovn lhal il shouId le
Iocaled al lhe dovnsliean end of lhe sedinenl lasin conpailnenl.
)*1K1) 3>A;=< -:9<F9@F
The STR lype CITs shouId le designed lo ielain aII sedinenls, Iillei and deliis lased on lhe valei quaIily
design sloin of 3 nonlh ARI lhal has leen desciiled in Chaplei 3 and lo conpIy vilh lhe size iequiienenls of
Design Chail 1O.A1 in Appendix 1O.A.
Tiaps designed accoiding lo lhese ciileiia aie expecled lo ienove, on an annuaI aveiage lasis, 7O of lhe
sedinenl vilh a giain size > O.O4nn. This sizing ciileiion nay nol le allainalIe in lhe case of veiy fine-giained
soiIs (siIls and cIays).
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-7
)*1K14 3>A;=< $9@9I>:>@A
The STR liap ieIies on ieducing lhe fIov veIocily sufficienlIy lo aIIov sellIing ly giavily. These piincipIes
appIy lo lolh najoi STR and ninoi STR liaps. The design paianeleis aie given leIov:
- The ialio of Ienglh: vidlh of lhe sedinenl lasin shouId le lelveen 2 and 3,
- VeIocily lhiough lhe sedinenl lasin shouId nol exceed 1.On/s, lo nininise ie-suspension,
- Ioi a sedinenl liap voIune giealei lhan 5n
3
, a sedinenl diying aiea vilh a nininun aiea equaI lo 1.5n
2
foi each n
3
of liap voIune shaII le piovided, vheie sedinenl nay le diied piioi lo lianspoilalion. The
diying aiea shaII le suifaced vilh 3OOnn of conpacled giaveI oi olhei appioved suifacing,
- Tiash iack shaII have naxinun lai spacing 5Onn lo ielain a snaII pIaslic lollIe oi an aIuniniun diink
can,
- Tiash iacks shaII le sized lo opeiale effecliveIy vhiIsl passing lhe design fIov vilhoul oveilopping and
vilh 5O lIockage,
- Tiash iacks shaII le sliucluiaIIy slalIe vhen oveilopped ly fIood evenls up lo lhe najoi design sloin
vhen fuIIy lIocked. Tiash iacks and lheii suppoiling sliucluies shaII le designed lo vilhsland inpacl of a
Iaige fIoaling oljecl logelhei vilh ils diag Ioads oi deliis Ioads (1OO lIocked),
- The design nusl aIIov valei lo fIov pasl oi ovei lhe liash iack vhen lhe liash iack is lIocked, and
- VehicuIai access nusl le piovided foi nainlenance.
)*1K1H -;Q;<= -:>BA
The efficiency of lhe liap viII vaiy vilh soiI lype and adjuslnenl faclois foi diffeienl soiIs aie given in Design
Chail 1O.A2 in Appendix 1O.A The chail shovs lypicaI soiI giadalions and lhe ieIevanl adjuslnenl faclois <
.

and <
%
.

Sizing foi STR liap invoIves lhe sleps sel oul leIov:
Slep 1: Deleinine lhe iequiied ienovaI efficiency of coaise sedinenl > O.O4nn dianelei, 8
-,-=>
.
Slep 2: Deleinine lhe calchnenl aiea #
?
(n
2
) seived ly lhe sedinenl liap and lhe appIicalIe degiee of
uilanisalion |@j vilhin lhal calchnenl. AIIov foi fuluie calchnenl deveIopnenl, if appiopiiale.
Slep 3: SeIecl an iniliaI liiaI liap aiea ialio A:

?
*
#
#
A= (1O.1)
vheie,
A
l
= Aiea of liap (n
2
), and
A
c
= Aiea of calchnenl (n
2
).
Slep 4: Iind 8
-,-=
foi lhe iefeience soiI and degiee of uilanisalion |@j fion lhe appiopiiale Design Chail 1O.A1
and Iacloi <
.
fion Design Chail 1O.A2. CaIcuIale lhe acluaI liap ienovaI efficiency foi lhe sile soiI:

. -= , - > -= , -
< 8 8 = (1O.2)
vheie,
<
.
= Iacloi fion Design Chail 1O.A2.
Adjusl A if necessaiy ly liiaI and eiioi lo ollain lhe iequiied peifoinance.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-8 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
Slep 5: SeIecl lhe Ienglh B
*
(n) and vidlh C
*
(n) of lhe sedinenl liap lo give lhe iequiied aiea #
*
such lhal lhe
Ienglh lo vidlh ialio is lelveen 2 and 3, and lhe vidlh is nol Iess lhan 2n.
Slep 6: Deleinine lhe aveiage annuaI TSS Ioad B (lonnes) using Lqualion 3.2 lhen eslinale sedinenl Ioad, !
(lonnes) vilh giain size > O.O1nn.
Slep 7: Deleinine lhe aveiage annuaI peicenlage ielenlion 8
-,-.
of sedinenl > O.O1nn foi lhe iefeience soiI
fion lhe appIicalIe Cuive in Design Chail 1O.A1 foi lhe seIecled liap aiea ialio D#
*
E#
?
F. Then
deleinine lhe adjusled aveiage annuaI peicenlage ielenlion 8
-,-.>
of sedinenl > O.O1nn fion lhe
equalion:

% -,-. > -,-.
< 8 8 = (1O.3)
vheie,
<
%
= Iacloi fion Design Chail 1O.A2.
Slep 8: The iequiied sedinenl liap voIune is a funclion of lhe aveiage fiequency of cIeaning. Assuning lhal
lhe liap is cIeaned lvo lines pei yeai and lhal il is haIf fuII vhen cIeaned, lhe iequiied deplh 0
G
is
given ly:

* > -. , - G
# E ! 8 --HI , - 0 =
(1O.4)

vheie,
0
G
= Deplh of lhe sedinenl liap leIov liash iack (n), and
! = AnnuaI sedinenl Ioad (lonnes).
This ieIalionship is lased on a sedinenl densily of 2.65 lonnes/n
3
and a sedinenl poiosily of O.42.
Slep 9: Deleinine lhe design fIov in lhe valei quaIily design sloin of 3 nonlhs ARI, J
-,%I
.
Slep 1O: Deleinine lhe liash iack heighl, lased on lhe iack nol leing oveilopped in lhe valei quaIily design
sloin vhen lhe iack is 5O lIocked.
The piesence of a dovnsliean hydiauIic conlioI can Iead lo lhe dovnsliean sulneigence of lhe liash
iack and an inciease in lhe pooI IeveI upsliean of lhe liash iack. Undei lhese condilions lhe liash iack
heighl shouId le sized ly a hydiauIic anaIysis of lhe sile and lhe liash iack. The sizing nelhod foi a
slandaid veilicaI-lai liash iack is piesenled heiein (WiIIing & Iailneis, 1992).
Undei unsulneiged condilions, lhe iequiied heighl of lhe liash iack |K
7
j is lvice lhe deplh al ciilicaI
fIov |4
?
j lhiough lhe unlIocked liash iack.

? 7
4 % K =

L E .
%
M
%
%I , -
B N
J
%
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(1O.5)
vheie,
K
7
= Requiied heighl of liash iack (n),
J
-,%I
= The design fIov (n
3
/s), of 3 nonlh ARI,
N = CiavilalionaI acceIeialion, 9.8n/s
2
, and
B
M
= The effeclive Ienglh of fIov lhiough an unlIocked liash iack (n).

Using a slandaid design of veilicaI 1Onn gaIvanised fIal sleeI lais al 6O nn cenlies and a coefficienl
|O
?
j of O.8 lo accounl foi conliaclion of fIov lhiough lhe liash iack, gives:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-9

L %
7
%I , -
7
B
J
%% , . K
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(1O.6)
vheie,
B
7
= AcluaI Ienglh of lhe liash iack (n)
Adjusl lhe sedinenl liap dinensions lo ensuie lhal lhe veIocily lhiough lhe sedinenl liap vhen il is
fuII does nol exceed 1.On/s in lhe valei quaIily design sloin, lo nininise lhe ie-enliainnenl of
deposiled sedinenl.
Deleinine lhe noninaI design fIov veIocily V
O.25
in lhe valei quaIily design sloin using,

( )
* 7 G
-,%I
%I , -
C K P 0
J
Q = (1O.7)
in vhich C
*
is lhe vidlh of lhe sedinenl liap, noinaI lo lhe diieclion of fIov. Inciease lhe dinensions
of lhe sedinenl liap pooI oi inciease lhe liack iack heighl if lhe iesuIling veIocily is giealei lhan
1.On/s.
Slep 11: An addilionaI slep is necessaiy foi coveied (ninoi STR liaps) lo nininise lhe polenliaI foi upsliean
suichaige. Iiovide a nininun oveifIov cIeaiance alove lhe liash iack lhal is sufficienl lo dischaige
lhe fIov of lhe inIel pipe even if lhe liash iack is fuIIy lIocked. The iequiied cIeaiance, , is given ly
Lqualion 1O.8 nusl le a nininun of O.35n.

L %
7
;
B .,R
J
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(1O.8)
vheie,
B
7
= Lenglh of liash iack (n), and
J
;
= InIel pipe capacily (n
3
/s).
Wheie possilIe a slep shaII le incoipoialed al lhe oulIel of lhe STR liap lo nininise sulneigence
effecls al any liash iack piovided. The slep shouId le deleinined using hydiauIic piincipIes lul
shouId desiialIy le 8O nn oi giealei.
An eneigy dissipalion device shaII le piovided al lhe inIel lo lhe STR liap vheie lhe veIocily of lhe
infIov sliean undei design fIov condilions exceeds 2n/s. Lxcessive inIel veIocilies and luiluIence
viII inhilil sedinenlalion aclion in lhe liap.
)*1K1K -B>D;97 3>A;=< !8<A;F>@9:;8<A
D2F !2T+7 "S:A :72;5
The IongiludinaI axis of lhe liap shouId le as cIose as possilIe lo lhe cenlieIine of lhe inconing diain oi
engineeied valeivay. LIininale unnecessaiy angIes in lhe fIov, lhus, il is pioposed lo have a Iong, sliaighl
lasin.
Ioi najoi STR liaps as in Iiguie 1O.2, a lase fIov lypass shaII le piovided aiound lhe sedinenl liap lo diveil
Iov fIovs duiing cIeaning. The lypass shaII opeiale undei giavily and shaII have a nininun dianelei of
3OO nn lo pievenl lIockage. The design paianeleis aie given leIov:
- The fIooi of lhe sedinenl liap shaII le giaded lo a devaleiing sunp Iocaled al lhe side of lhe sedinenl liap
lul cIeai of vehicIe oi equipnenl palhs,
- Side vaIIs shaII le piovided lo ieduce scoui of lhe suiiounding lanks vhen lhe liash iack is oveilopped.
The nininun IeveI of lhe lop of lhe side vaIIs shaII le lhe giealei of: (i) lhe IeveI of lhe 3 nonlh ARI fIov
vhen lhe liash iack is fuIIy lIocked, oi (ii) 3OOnn highei lhan lhe lop of lhe liash iack,
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-1O 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
- Iiovision shaII le nade foi a pIinlh oi access vaIkvay 8OOnn vide innedialeIy upsliean of lhe liash
iack lo aIIov access foi cIeaning oi iaking of coIIecled naleiiaI fion lhe liash iack,
- Reduce lhe effecl of vind-induced luiluIence. Laige open valei suifaces aie affecled ly vind, vhich
pioduces cioss-and counlei cuiienls lhal hindei sellIing and nay iesuspend lollon deposils, and
- SuilalIe Iandscaped scieening shouId le consideied.

DUF !)&+7 "S:A :72;5
Ioi ninoi STR liaps in Iiguie 1O.3, lhe design paianeleis aie given leIov:
- Iipe enliies shaII, vheie possilIe, le eilhei paiaIIeI (piefeiied) oi peipendicuIai lo lhe najoi axis of lhe
sedinenl liap,
- Lov-fIov lypasses aie nol noinaIIy iequiied,
- The naxinun aIIovalIe deplh fion lhe lop of lhe suiiound lo lhe Iovesl IeveI of lhe sedinenl liap is
Iiniled ly lhe ieach of lhe equipnenl lhal viII le used foi cIeaning. Ioi an exlended-ain lackhoe, lhis
is appioxinaleIy 4.5n,
- The lop of lhe sliucluie shouId le al Ieasl 15Onn alove lhe suiiounding giound IeveI and/oi piolecled
ly laiiieis lo pievenl vehicIes fion leing diiven ovei lhe liap,
- LockalIe, ienovalIe coveis shaII le piovided foi access and nainlenance, and
- Slep iions shaII le piovided foi access, in a posilion, vhich viII nol inleifeie vilh lhe opeialion of lhe
cIeaning equipnenl.
)*1R 3&-2+0 ,6 ,2. #03 +'&#-& 20%&'!&$%,'
)*1R1) 3>A;=< !@;:>@;9
OCI is lypicaIIy an engineeied piecasl lank designed lo sepaiale oiI and giease fion valei lhiough lhe use of
laffIed conpailnenls and coiiugaled pIales. Sizing deleininalions nusl le lased on ieIevanl infoinalion
iegaiding lhe faciIily sile, chaiacleiislics of lhe oiI and giease Ioading in lhe sloinvalei fIov, and
upsliean/dovnsliean diainage nelvoik. Sizing nusl aIIov foi adequale ielenlion line and voikalIe
nainlenance scheduIe.
OCI shaII le consliucled of inpeivious naleiiaIs capalIe of vilhslanding aliupl and exliene changes in
lenpeialuie. They shaII le of sulslanliaI consliuclion, valeilighl and equipped vilh easiIy ienovalIe coveis
vhich, vhen loIled in pIace, shaII le gaslighl and valeilighl.
Il nusl le Iocaled vheie nainlenance can le easiIy peifoined. The inslaIIalion shouId aIIov lhe covei lo le
visilIe and easiIy ienovalIe foi cIeaning, and cIeaiances shouId le such lhal lhe inleinaI laffIing can le
seiviced. Wilh lhe covei ienoved, aII velled suifaces shouId le visilIe. This is necessaiy nol onIy foi access lo
cIean lhe inleiceploi, lul aIso lo have lhe capaliIily lo easiIy inspecl lhe inleiioi foi polenliaI piolIens such as
danaged laffIes and lIocked aii ieIief lypasses.
Sizing is ieIaled lo anlicipaled infIuenl oiI concenlialion, valei lenpeialuie and veIocily, and lhe effIuenl goaI.
To nainlain ieasonalIe inleiceploi size, il shouId le designed lo lypass fIovs in excess of 3 nonlh ARI sloin.
The sizing of OCIs is lased upon lhe iise iale veIocily of oiI diopIel and iale of iunoff. Hovevei, vilh lhe
exceplion of sloinvalei fion oiI iefineiies lheie aie no dala desciiling lhe chaiacleiislics of pelioIeun
pioducls in uilan sloinvalei lhal aie ieIevanl lo design, eilhei oiI densily and diopIel size lo caIcuIale iise
iale oi diiecl neasuienenl of iise iales. Iuilhei, il is knovn lhal a significanl peicenlages of lhe pelioIeun
pioducls aie allached lo lhe fine suspended soIids and lheiefoie aie ienoved ly sellIing.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-11
)*1R14 -;Q;<= N8@ !8<G><:;8<97 +@9G;:L 2<:>@D>B:8@
Wilh snaII inslaIIalions, a convenlionaI giavily OCI has lhe geneiaI appeaiance of a seplic lank, lul is nuch
Iongei in ieIalionship lo ils vidlh. Laigei faciIilies have lhe appeaiance of a nunicipaI vaslevalei piinaiy
sedinenlalion lank.
The sizing of a convenlionaI giavily inleiceploi is lased upon lhe caIcuIalion of lhe iise iale of lhe oiI diopIels
using lhe foIIoving equalion (AII, 199O):
Q
7
V DN '
+
%
D
+
W
G
FFE.X (1O.9)
vheie,
Q
7
V OiI diopIel iise iale (cn/s),
= AlsoIule viscosily of lhe valei (poise),
+
V Densily of lhe oiI (g/cn
3
),
G
V Densily of lhe valei (g/cn
3
),
'
+
V Dianelei of lhe diopIel lo le ienoved (cn), and
N V CiavilalionaI conslanl, 98O cn/s
2
.
A valei lenpeialuie nusl le assuned lo seIecl lhe appiopiiale vaIues foi valei densily and viscosily fion
TalIe 1O.3. Theie aie no dala on lhe densily of pelioIeun pioducls in uilan sloinvalei lul il can le expecled
lo Iie lelveen O.85 and O.95. To seIecl lhe diopIel dianelei lhe designei nusl idenlify an efficiency goaI lased
on an undeislanding of lhe disliilulion of diopIel sizes in sloinvalei. Hovevei, lheie is no infoinalion on lhe
size disliilulion of oiI diopIels in uilan sloinvalei. The designei nusl aIso seIecl a design infIuenl
concenlialion, vhich caiiies consideialIe unceilainly lecause il viII vaiy videIy vilhin and lelveen sloins.
TalIe 1O.2: Walei Viscosilies and Densilies (Daugheily & Iianzini, 1977)

Tenpeialuie
C
Densily
g/cn
3

Viscosily
Ioises
25 O.997 O.OOO8972
26 O.997 O.OOO8756
27 O.997 O.OOO854O
28 O.997 O.OOO8324
29 O.996 O.OOO81O7
3O O.996 O.OOO7891
31 O.996 O.OOO7675
32 O.996 O.OOO7458
33 O.996 O.OOO7242
34 O.996 O.OOO7O26
35 O.995 O.OOO681O

Sizing convenlionaI giavily OCI (AII, 199O), is lased on foIIoving equalion:

Q
J
%
.
0= (1O.1O)
vheie,
0 = Deplh (n), vhich shouId le lelveen 1.O - 2.5,
J = Design fIov iale (n
3
/s), and
Q = AIIovalIe hoiizonlaI veIocily (n/s) vhich is equaI lo 15 lines lhe design oiI iise iale (Q
7
)
lul nol giealei lhan O.O15n/s.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-12 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
If lhe deplh exceeds 2.5n, design paiaIIeI unils dividing lhe design fIov iale ly lhe nunlei of unils needed lo
ieach lhe naxinun ieconnended deplh of 2.5n. Lqualion 1O.1O is sinpIified fion equalions in AII (199O)
lased on a ieconnended vidlh lo deplh ialio of 2. The conslanl in Lqualion 1O.1O can le changed accoidingIy
if a diffeienl ialio is assuned. Sone engineeis nay vish lo inciease lhe faciIily size lo accounl foi fIov
luiluIence.
Then, eslinale Ienglh (L) and vidlh (W) using lhe foIIoving equalions:
B V Q0EQ
7
(1O.11)

C V JEDQ0F (1O.12)

Nole lhal lhe vidlh shouId le 2 lo 3 lines lhe deplh, lul nol lo exceed 6n and laffIe heighl lo deplh ialio of
O.85 foi lop laffIes and O.15 foi lollon laffIes. Locale lhe disliilulion laffIe al O.1OL fion lhe enliance, add
3OOnn foi fieeloaid and inslaII a lypass foi fIovs in excess of lhe design fIov.

Deleinining lhe design fIov, Q, iequiies idenlificalion of lhe design sloin. The OCI is expecled lo opeiale
effecliveIy al aII fIov iales equaI lo oi Iess lhan lhe peak iunoff iale of lhe design sloin. If sized lo handIe a
sloin fiequency lelveen lhe 3-nonlh lo 1-yeai ARI, lhe faciIily viII effecliveIy lieal lhe vasl najoiily of
sloinvalei lhal occuis oveiline. Ioi lhe design sloin seIecled, caIcuIale lhe peak iunoff iale using lhe
RalionaI Melhod.

)*1S $',$'2&%#'5 3&T2!&-
A nunlei of piopiielaiy designs foi gioss poIIulanl liaps have leen deveIoped. Mosl of lhe piopiielaiy
devices deveIoped lo dale aie inlended foi use on piped diainage syslens, ialhei lhan open channeIs.
This ManuaI seeks lo encouiage lhe deveIopnenl and appIicalion of suilalIe piopiielaiy devices in MaIaysia.
Manufacluieis seeking lo naikel CITs in MaIaysia shouId piovide fuII delaiIs, logelhei vilh design guideIines
and lesling lo DID oi lhe IocaI aulhoiily.
This nay iequiie lhe suppIiei lo piovide infoinalion on lhe calchnenl aiea, conduil size and ils deplh,
eslinaled ARI fIov capacily of lhe syslen, poIIulanl Ioading, and lhe iequiied peifoinance ( ienovaI). Mosl
of lhe devices incIude an inleinaI lypass aiiangenenl designed ly lhe nanufacluiei.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-13
'&6&'&0!&-
1. ACT Cily Seivices (1994). @7U2& "*+7YG2*M7 "*2&'27' (&N)&MM7)&N 872?*)?M5, Ldilion 1, ACIS, Sloinvalei
Seclion, Canleiia, AusliaIia.
2. Aneiican IelioIeun Inslilule, AII, (199O). 0M5)N& 2&' Z;M72*)+& +[ Z)3WC2*M7 "M;272*+75, IulIicalion 421.
3. eechan S.C. and SalIalnig S.}. (1994). K4'7293)? !+'M33)&N +[ :725\ A2?]5, Iioceedings, 1994 InleinalionaI
Confeience on HydiauIics in CiviI Lngineeiing, ILAusl. Nal. Conf. Iul. No. 94/1, 15
lh
-17
lh
Ieliuaiy,
iislane.
4. Canp Diessei & Mckee (1993). O23)[+7&)2 "*+7YG2*M7 SM5* !2&2NMYM&* 872?*)?M K2&'U++]5. Iiepaied foi
Sloinvalei QuaIily Task Ioice, CaIifoinia Slale Walei Resouices ConlioI oaid and Aneiican IulIic
Woiks Associalion, USA.
5. Daugheily, RL. & Iianzini, }. (1977). <39)' !M?\2&)?5 G)*\ (&N)&MM7)&N #;;3)?2*)+&5, McCiav-HiII ook
Conpany.
6. Depailnenl of Lnviionnenl, Land and IIanning (1992). 67+55 8+339*2&* :72; 69)'M3)&M5, IinaI Repoil,
Iiepaied ly WiIIing & Iailneis Ily Lld. foi lhe ACT IIanning Aulhoiily, Canleiia.
7. Devleiiy & Davis (1996). B2&' 0M^M3+;YM&* K2&'U++], McCiav-HiII, USA.
8. DID 2OOO, @7U2& "*+7YG2*M7 !2&2NMYM&* !2&923 [+7 !23245)2, Ieicelakan NalionaI eihad, KuaIa Lunpui.
9. NeviIIe }ones & Associales (1994). 0M5)N& 69)'M3)&M5 [+7 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 _ S2?]N7+9&' AM;+7*, Iiepaied
foi iislane Cily CounciI, AusliaIia.
1O. NieIsen }.S. and CaiIelon M.C. (1989). # "*9'4 +[ :725\ 2&' :725\ 1&*M7?M;*)+& 0M^)?M5 +& *\M O++]5 A)^M7
O2*?\YM&*` "4'&M4, Iioceedings, 13
lh
IedeiaI Convenlion, AWWA, 6
lh
-1O
lh
Maich, Canleiia.
11. IhiIIips .C., Lavience A.I. and SzIapinski I.M. (1989). AM?M&* 0M^M3+;YM&*5 )& 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5,
Iioceedings` 13
lh
IedeiaI Convenlion, AWWA, 6
lh
-1O
lh
Maich, Canleiia, pp. 143-147.
12. WiIIing & Iailneis (1992). 0M5)N& 69)'M3)&M5 [+7 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5, Iiepaied foi ACT IIanning
Aulhoiily, Canleiia, AusliaIia.
13. WiIIing & Iailneis (1989). 67+55 8+339*2&* :72; 0M5)N& 69)'M3)&M5. Iiepaied foi Lake Macquaiie Cily
CounciI, Canleiia, AusliaIia.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-15
4O
6O
8O
1OO
4O
6O
8O
1OO
I
O.O1
= 33
I
O.O4
= 5O
1.2L-O4
@=8O
9O
8O
7O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
O
1.OL-O5 1.OL-O4 1.OL-O3
Aiea Ralio, R = A
l
/Ac
A
n
n
u
a
I

S
e
d
i
n
e
n
l

R
e
l
e
n
l
i
o
n

I
(
)
I
o
i

R
e
f
e
i
e
n
c
e

S
o
i
I
Cuive A,
I
O.O4
foi >O.O4nn
Ciain Size
Cuive ,
I
O.O1
foi >O.O1nn
Ciain Size
U ()
U ()
#$$&032U )*1# 3&-2+0 !"#'%- 6,' -J%' %'#$-
)*1#) #G>@9=> ->F;I><: '>:><:;8< 9=9;<A: #@>9 '9:;8 '
Design Chail 1O.A1 shovs lhe aveiage annuaI sedinenl ielenlion peicenlage as a funclion of lhe liap aiea ialio
A, and lhe degiee of uilanisalion (@) in lhe calchnenl. Cuive gioup (A), foi pailicIes > O.O4nn is used lo
seIecl lhe liap aiea #
*
in oidei lo achieve lhe specified design ciileiia. Cuive gioup (), foi pailicIes > O.O1nn
is used in caIcuIaling lhe liap voIune foi lhe sedinenl sloiage. In each case use lhe cuive appiopiiale lo lhe
calchnenl uilanisalion facloi, @.

Design Chail 1O.A1: Aveiage AnnuaI Sedinenl Relenlion againsl Aiea
Ralio foi Refeience SoiI (DID, 2OOO)

Hov lo Use lhe Chail
An exanpIe is shovn vheie @ = 8O and lhe liap aiea ialio A = 1.2 L-O4, lhe piedicled ienovaI of sedinenl foi
pailicIe size > O.O1nn is 8
-,-.
= 33 and > O.O4nn is 8
-,-=
= 5O.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-16 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
4.5
I
2
4.O
3.5
3.O
2.5
2.O
1.5
1.O
O.5
O
1.OL-O5 1.OL-O4 1.OL-O3
I
1
I
1
=I
2
=1.O foi Refieience SoiI
SiIly
Sand
SiIly CIay
Aiea Ralio R=A
l
/Ac
I
a
c
l
o
i
s

I
1

a
n
d

I
2
I
1
I
2
I
1
=1.55
I
2
=2.1
R=1.2L-O4
)*1#4 -8;7 %LB> #FVMA:I><: 69D:8@A 6
)
9<F 6
4

Design Chail 1O.A2 gives ieconnended vaIues foi lhe soiI lype adjuslnenl faclois <
.
and <
%
25 a funclion of lhe
soiI lype in lhe calchnenl.
These faclois have leen deiived ly iepealing lhe caIcuIalions foi Design Chail 1O.A1, foi olhei lypicaI soiI
giadings.

Design Chail 1O.A2: SoiI Type Adjuslnenl Iaclois foi Tiap Aiea
and Sedinenl VoIune (DID, 2OOO)

Hov lo Use lhe Chail
Read faclois I
1
=1.55 and I
2
=2.1 fion lhe cuives foi lhe chosen liap aiea ialio R=1.2L-O4.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-17
S
g
.

I
i
n
j
i
Iioposed CIT
S
g
. R
o
k
a
n
#$$&032U )*1J &U#O$.& W -2X20+ ,6 -J%' YO#Z,'[
IiolIen:
Deleinine lhe size iequiied foi a najoi STR CIT lo le consliucled in lhe Sg. Rokan, Ipoh, Ieiak vilh
calchnenl aiea 113.8ha, 8O uilanisalion and siIly sand soiI. Il is an exanpIe of a connunily-IeveI sloinvalei
syslen as shovn in Iiguie 1O.1.

Iiguie 1O.1: Sile IIan
SoIulion:

TalIe 1O.2

Slep 1 : Deleinine lhe iequiied ienovaI efficiency.

Slep 2 : Delenine lhe calchnenl aiea, uilan aiea and soiI lype in lhe
calchnenl.

Calchnenl Aiea, A
c

Uilan Aiea, U

SoiI Type
!

!

!

!
7O

113.8ha

8O

SiIly Sand

Design Chail
1O.A1
Design Chail
1O.A2

Lqualion
1O.2

Slep 3 : SeIecl liiaI liap aiea ialio A. Iiisl use liiaI aiea ialio A = 2.O L-4

Slep 4 : CaIcuIale lhe iequiied liap aiea ly liiaI and eiioi :

Iion Design Chail 1O.A1, Cuive A, 8
-,-=
vaIue ollained
Iion Design Chail 1O.A2,I1 vaIue ollained

8
-,-=>
= 61 x 1.4O =
(This is noie lhan iequiied so lhe liap size can le ieduced)

=
=

=

61
1.4O

85.4

-=1 $;<V;\ 2B8C
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-18 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5

Lqualion 3.2
TalIe 3.2

Design Chail
1O.A1 &
Design Chail
1O.A2

Lqualion
1O.4

Tiy A = 1.5 L-4. Ioi lhis vaIue of A, Design Chail 1O.A1, Cuive A gives
8
-,-=
V 54 foi lhe iefeience soiI and Design Chail 1O.A2 gives I1 = 1.5O,
so lhe caIcuIaled ienovaI efficiency 8
-,-=>
foi lhe sile soiI is :

8
-,-=>
= 54 x 1.5O

Tiy A = 1.O L-4. Ioi lhis vaIue of A, Design Chail 1O.A1, Cuive A gives
8
-,-=
V 47 foi lhe iefeience soiI and Design Chail 1O.A2 gives I1 = 1.65,
-,-=>

8
-,-=>
= 47 x 1.65

Tiy A = O.7 L-4. Ioi lhis vaIue of A, Design Chail 1O.A1, Cuive A gives
8
-,-=
V 44 foi lhe iefeience soiI and Design Chail 1O.A2 gives I1 = 1.6O,
-,-=>

8
-,-=>
= 44 x 1.6O

Theiefoie lhe iequiied nininun liap size is:
#
*
= A x #
?
=O.7 x 1O
-4
x 113.8 x 1O
4
n
2

Slep 5 : Deleinine lhe liap Ienglh and vidlh lo give a ialio L
l
/W
l
of
lelveen 2 and 3

The foIIoving liiaI dinensions aie seIecled: B
*
= 13.On, C
*
= 6.5n.
Then lhe liap Ienglh and vidlh ialio is equaI lo 2.O, and acluaI liap aiea
#
*
= 84.5n
2
.

Slep 6 : Deleinine lhe aveiage annuaI sedinenl expoil vilh giain size >
O.O1nn:
(assuned 75 of TSS)

The TSS Ioad eslinaled ly LMC nelhod is
B V A,(!O,#,O
^
E .--
V 3OOO x 128 x 113.8 x O.8O / 1OO

Sedinenl expoil ! V O.75 x 35Olonne

Slep 7 : Deleinine 8
O.O1
, lhe aveiage annuaI poIIulanl ielenlion > O.O1nn
dianelei foi lhe iefeience soiI fion lhe ieIevanl Cuive in lhe
Iovei pail of Design Chail 1OA.1, and VoIune Iacloi <
%
fion
Design Chail 1OA.2:

IoIIulanl ielenlion foi iefeience soiI 8
-,-.
= 29, and <
%
= 2.2.

IoIIulanl ielenlion foi sile soiI 8
-,-.>
= 29 x 2.2

Slep 8 : Deleinine lhe iequiied nininun sedinenl liap deplh

* > -. , - G
# E ! 8 --HI , - 0 =
= O.OO65 x 63.8 x 262.5/84.5

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

81.O

77.6

7O.4
(acceplalIe)

79.7n
2

84.5n
2

349594 kg
35O lonne

262.5lonne

63.8

1.3On
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-19

Lqualion 2.2

Lqualion 2.3

Lqualion
1O.6

Lqualion
1O.7

Slep 9 : Deleinine lhe iainfaII in lhe G2*M7 a923)*4 'M5)N& 5*+7Y (usuaIIy 3
nonlh ARI, lhen find J
-,%I

using lhe dala of IoIileknik Ungku Onai, Ipoh in TalIe 2.2, iainfaII
inlensily can le caIcuIaled :

q
k
u
F ' D
:
)
+
=

= 62.9315 x O.25
O.3439

(1 + O.17O3)
O.8229

LH-
# , ) , O
J=
= O.8 x 34.33 x 113.8
36O

Slep 1O : Deleinine lhe liash iack heighl fion Lqualion 1O.6. Tiy a liash
iack Ienglh B
7
= 7.5n lo nalch lhe heighl of lhe sedinenl liap:

L E %
7
%I , -
7
B
J
%% , . K
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

= .,%% b
L E %
I , H
HX , X
|
.
|
\
|

Tiash iack Ienglh B
7
of 6.5n gives K
7
= 1.48n vhich is ieasonalIe

Deleinine lhe noninaI fIov veIocily Q
-,%I
in lhe valei quaIily design
sloin. Inciease lhe dinensions of lhe sedinenl liap pooI oi inciease lhe
liack iack heighl if lhe fIov veIocily Q is giealei lhan 1.On/s, lo
nininise lhe ie-enliainnenl of deposiled sedinenl

( )
* 7 G
-,%I
%I , -
C K P 0
J
Q =
= 8.68
(1.3O + 1.48) 6.5

Ioi a najoi STR, deleinine iequiied cIeaiance alove lhe liash liack
fion Lqualion 1O.8.

The open liash iack viII le oveilopped in fIoods giealei lhan lhe 3
nonlh ARI fIood (if 5O lIocked) and lhe open channeI nusl le
designed accoidingIy.

The iesuIling 'lheoielicaI' concepl design foi lhe STR liap is as shovn
leIov. In ieaIily, lhe concepl and dinensions nay have lo le adjusled if
iequiied lo suil sile condilions.

=

=

=

=

34.33nn/hi

8.68n
3
/s

148Onn

O.48n/s
(vhich is
acceplalIe)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-2O 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
Conciele
Access Ranp
Conciele
Apion
Tiash
Rack
OulIel
Waleivay
Conciele
Access Ranp
InIel
ILAN
Sedinenl asin
SLCTION A-A
4OOOnn 6OOOnn
Tiash Rack
Sedinenl Tiap
Waleivay
IIov
A A
IIov
6
5
O
O
n
n
13OOOnn
1
4
8
O
n
n
13OOnn Deep Sedinenl
Sloiage

Iiguie 1O.2: Layoul of Iioposed Majoi STR
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5 1O-21
Iaiking Aiea
OCI
Iiopeily
Diain
IulIic
Diain
6On
#$$&032U )*1! &U#O$.& W -2X20+ ,6 !,0T&0%2,0#. +'#T2%5 ,+2
IiolIen :
A convenlionaI giavily OCI is lo le used lo liap oiI and giease in iunoff fion a O.2 ha paiking Iol of a facloiy in
andai aiu angi, SeIangoi. Assune il is lo le sized lo lieal iunoff vilh fIov iale of O.O7O2 n
3
/s pei heclaie
vhen lhe aiea is 1OO inpeivious. Civen:
+
=

O.898 g/cn
3
, '
+
= 9O x 1O
-4
cn and lenpeialuie = 3O C.

a) Sile IIan

Iiguie 1O.C1: Iioposed OCI Sile and Layoul

SoIulion :
TalIe 1O.3

Lq. 1O.9

Lq. 1O.1O

Lq. 1O.1O

Lq. 1O.11

Lq. 1O.12

Wilh lhe lenpeialuie = 3O C, lhe valei densily = O.996g/cn
3
and =
O.OOO7891 poises
Q
7
V DN '
+
%
D
+
W
G
FFE.X
= (98O x (9O x 1O
-4
)
2
(O.898-O.996))/18(O.OOO7891)
lhe negalive synloI of Q
7
onIy iepiesenl lhe diieclion of lhe pailicIe.
Thus lhe vaIue of Q
7
=

AIIovalIe hoiizonlaI veIocily is equaI lo 15 lines lhe design oiI iise iale,
Q
7

V = 15 x 5.59 x 1O
-3

D = (Q/2V)
O.5
=(O.2 x O.O7O2/(2 x O.O838 ))
O.5

L = VD/V
7
= O.O838 x O.3/5.59 x 1O
-3

W = Q/(VD) = (O.2 x O.O7O2)/( O.O838 x O.3) = O.6n
W = O.6n, since W is equaI lo 2 x D, so W

Thus, a convenlionaI OCI sized lo capluie iunoff fion lhe paiking Iol
D = O.3n
W = O.6n
L = 4.5n

-O.559cn/s

5.59 x 1O
-3
n/s

O.O838n/s

O.3n

4.5n

O.6n

The Sile
l) Layoul
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

1O-22 67+55 8+339*2&* :72;5
Walei
InIel
Iioposed OCI
Walei
OulIel
SpIillei
> 3 Monlh
ARI
IIov
M
a
i
n

D
i
a
i
n
Walei
OulIel
Walei
InIel
OiI Skinnei
OiI Relenlion affIe
ILAN
SLCTION
IIov Disliilulion
affIe
O.6n
4.5n
O.3n

Iiguie 1O.C2: Iioposed Size of ConvenlionaI Ciavily OCI

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!!
WATER QUALITY POND AND WETLANDS
............................................................................................................................................................................................. ......
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!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

11-i
!"#$%&' )) *#%&' +,#-.%/ $012 #12 *&%-#123
11.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 11-1
11.2 WATLR QUALITY IOND ................................................................................................ 11-1
11.2.1 Desciiplion and Types ........................................................................................ 11-1
11.2.1.1 Diy Type ............................................................................................... 11-2
11.2.1.2 Wel Type ............................................................................................... 11-3
11.2.2 Design Consideialions and Requiienenls ....................................................... 11-3
11.2.2.1 Diainage Aiea ...................................................................................... 11-3
11.2.2.2 Localion and Sile SuilaliIily .............................................................. 11-3
11.2.3 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 11-4
11.2.3.1 Ceoneliy .............................................................................................. 11-5
11.2.3.2 Walei QuaIily VoIune ........................................................................ 11-5
11.2.3.3 OulIel Woiks ........................................................................................ 11-5
11.2.3.4 Safely ..................................................................................................... 11-5
11.2.3.5 Walei QuaIily VoIune foi Delenlion Ionds ................................... 11-5
11.2.4 Design Iioceduie foi Walei QuaIily pond ...................................................... 11-6
11.3 CONSTRUCTLD WLTLANDS ........................................................................................ 11-6
11.3.1 Desciiplion and Conponenls ............................................................................ 11-6
11.3.1.1 InIel Zone .............................................................................................. 11-7
11.3.1.2 Maciophyle Zone ................................................................................. 11-8
11.3.1.3 Open Walei Zone ................................................................................ 11-9
11.3.2 Design Consideialions and Requiienenls ....................................................... 11-9
11.3.2.1 Diainage Aiea ...................................................................................... 11-9
11.3.2.2 Space Requiienenl .............................................................................. 11-9
11.3.2.3 Localion and Sile SuilaliIily .............................................................. 11-9
11.3.2.4 Sile SIope and SlaliIily ........................................................................ 11-9
11.3.2.5 Sulsuiface SoiI and Cioundvalei .................................................... 11-9
11.3.3 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 11-1O
11.3.3.1 Design Sloin ........................................................................................ 11-1O
11.3.3.2 AIIocalion of Suiface Aiea .................................................................. 11-1O
11.3.3.3 Ceoneliy .............................................................................................. 11-11
11.3.3.4 Walei QuaIily Tiealnenl .................................................................... 11-12
11.3.3.5 InIel and OulIel Configuialion .......................................................... 11-13
11.3.3.6 SpiIIvay ................................................................................................ 11-14
11.3.3.7 Lnlanknenl and Mainlenance Access ............................................ 11-15
11.3.3.8 Safely ..................................................................................................... 11-15
11.3.4 Design Iioceduie foi Consliucled WelIands .................................................. 11-16
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 11-19
AIILNDIX 11.A LXAMILL - WATLR QUALITY IOND ....................................................... 11-21
AIILNDIX 11. LXAMILL - WLTLANDS ............................................................................... 11-24
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!"!# %
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(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-1
))4) .1%'02,!%.01
This Chaplei conlains guidance foi lhe seIeclion and design of valei quaIily ponds and oi/velIands foi nev oi
exisling deveIopnenls aieas. Cuidances piovided incIude desciiplions, design ciileiia and sizing pioceduies.
If lheie is a need lo design a sloiage faciIily foi lolh valei quaIily and quanlily conlioI puiposes, lhe valei
quaIily pond shouId le consideied and used in conjunclion vilh delenlion pond design.
))45 *#%&' +,#-.%/ $012
))454) 26789:;<:=> ?>@ %A;67
Walei quaIily ponds, vilh exlended delenlion (LD), aie effeclive foi ienoving suspended consliluenls.
RenovaI iales of soIids and nany dissoIved consliluenls ly vel valei quaIily pond oulpeifoin diy lype (Iova
NaluiaI Resouices Conseivalion Seivice, 2OO8). Diy lype valei quaIily ponds piovide nodeiale poIIulanl
ienovaI, pailicuIaiIy soIulIe poIIulanls lecause of lhe alsence of a peinanenl pooI.
A piaclice has deveIoped in sone oveiseas counliies vilh lenpeiale cIinales, of designing a pond so lhal lhe
iunoff fion a sloin is ielained ovei an exlended peiiod of seveiaI days oi Iongei. This valei quaIily pond
aIIovs foi giealei ienovaI of ceilain poIIulanls, such as suspended consliluenls and nuliienls, ly lioIogicaI
aclion and sellIenenl. The valei quaIily pond uses a nuch snaIIei oulIel lhan a fIood conlioI delenlion lasin,
vhich exlends lhe enplying line foi lhe noie fiequenlIy occuiiing iunoff evenls lo faciIilale poIIulanl ienovaI
(UDICD, 2OO8). Runoff fion snaII sloins is allenualed.
When sized and designed appiopiialeIy vilh an appiopiiale diavdovn line, valei quaIily pond can piovide
lhe iequiied sedinenl capluie. In diy lype ponds lheie is IillIe lioIogicaI uplake due lo lhe Iack of vegelalion
and ieIaliveIy shoilei delenlion lines. Sedinenl ie-enliainnenl nay occui if lhe pond is nol designed piopeiIy
vhen suljecled lo high fIovs. Wel lype ponds lhal aie peinanenlIy fuII (vel exlended delenlion ponds) aie
piefeiied if veiy high quaIily effIuenl is desiied. olh diy and vel lype valei quaIily ponds can piovide
exlended delenlion, lhe Iallei ly having a suichaige valei quaIily capluie voIune lhal is ieIeased sIovIy lo
niligale sone of lhe eiosion effecls in dovnsliean valeivays.
Olhei issues lo le consideied aie:
- Walei quaIily ponds viII allenuale snaII sloins (such as lhe valei quaIily design sloin), lul due lo
lheii ieIaliveIy snaII size and Iovei ieIease iales, lhey viII nol piovide significanl peak fIov allenualion
foi Iaige sloins. Hovevei, lhe valei quaIily pond can le incoipoialed as lhe lollon slage of a Iaigei
fIood conlioI lasin lhal piovides fIov allenualion foi Iaige sloins.
- Due lo lhe Iov anounl of vegelalion and lhe alsence of peinanenl valei, lhe halilal vaIue nay nol le
high. Walei quaIily ponds nay have Iess visuaI appeaI lhan ponds lhal aie peinanenl pooI.
- The high piolaliIily of iepealed sloins vilhin lhe delenlion peiiod viII nake il difficuIl lo achieve fuII
enplying.
- IeiiodicaIIy inundaled aieas aie oflen vel and loggy, so lhey nay le difficuIl lo nov and vaIk on and
cieale favouialIe condilions foi nosquilo lieeding. Il nay le difficuIl lo nainlain velIands vegelalion
lecause lhe valei IeveI changes nay le Iaige and fiequenl.
- High sedinenl and deliis Ioadings in nany aieas of MaIaysia viII cieale a seiious iisk of lIockage of
lhe snaII oulIels lhal aie lypicaIIy used foi exlended delenlion.
These issues iequiie caiefuI consideialion ly lhe designei undei MaIaysian condilions. Theie nay le pailicuIai
silualions vheie valei quaIily ponds vouId le appiopiiale. Ioi exanpIe, lhey nay le used in aieas vheie
peivious soiIs, Iack of inpeinealIe Iinei, Iack of adequale infIov duiing diy vealhei peiiods, oi Iov
gioundvalei lalIe vouId piecIude lhe use of a peinanenl pooI pond. On lhe olhei hand, vhen lhese
condilions can le salisfied, vel delenlion lasins vouId do a veiy good jol in ieducing poIIulanls Ieaving lhe
sile.
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&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

11-2 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
Ioielay
InfIov
OulfIov
SpiIIvay
OulIel v/a Tiash Rack
Lnlanknenl
SlalIe Mainlainance Access
Ciading
Lov IIov ChanneI
InfIov
Suiface InfIov
Lneigency SpiIIvay
IIood LeveI
ein/WaII
Ioielay
OulfIov
OulfIov Iioleclion
Lnlanknenl/SpiIIvay
Iioleclion
Conciele ase
OulIel Woiks
Lnlanknenl
WQV
))454)4) 29A %A;6
A diy lype valei quaIily pond is a sedinenlalion lasin designed lo lolaIIy diain diy aflei iunoff fion a sloin
ends (Iiguie 11.1). Il is an adaplion of lhe delenlion ponds used foi fIood conlioI. The piinaiy diffeience is in
lhe oulIel design. The diy lype valei quaIily pond uses a nuch snaIIei oulIel lhal exlends lhe enplying line
of lhe noie fiequenlIy occuiiing iunoff evenls lo faciIilale poIIulanl ienovaI. A diain line (line lo fuIIy
evacuale lhe design voIune) of 24 houis lo 48 houis is ieconnended lo ienove a significanl poilion of lhe fine
pailicuIale poIIulanls found in uilan sloinvalei iunoff (UDICD, 2OO8).

(a) IIan

(l) IiofiIe

(c) LxanpIes (UDICD, 2OO8)

Iiguie 11.1: Diy Type Walei QuaIily Iond (Modified fion UDICD, 2OO8)
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NOT FOR SALE
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62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-3
Diy lype valei quaIily pond can le used lo enhance sloinvalei iunoff quaIily and ieduce peak sloinvalei
iunoff iales. If lhese lasins aie consliucled eaiIy in lhe deveIopnenl cycIe, lhey can aIso le used lo liap
sedinenl fion consliuclion aclivilies vilhin lhe liilulaiy diainage aiea. The accunuIaled sedinenl, hovevei,
viII need lo le ienoved aflei upsliean Iand disluilances cease and lefoie lhe pond is pIaced inlo peinanenl
use. AIso, a diy lype valei quaIily pond can sonelines le ieliofilled inlo exisling fIood conlioI delenlion
ponds. Diy lype valei quaIily pond can le used lo inpiove lhe quaIily of uilan iunoff coning fion ioads,
paiking Iols, iesidenliaI neighlouihoods, conneiciaI aieas, and indusliiaI siles and aie geneiaIIy used foi
iegionaI oi deveIopnenl-vide liealnenl (UDICD, 2OO8).
Since lhe diy lype valei quaIily pond is designed lo diain veiy sIovIy, ils lollon and Iovei poilions viII le
inundaled fiequenlIy foi exlended peiiods of line. Ciasses in lhis fiequenlIy inundaled zone viII lend lo le
sliessed, vilh onIy lhe species lhal can suivive lhe specific enviionnenl al each sile evenluaIIy pievaiIing. In
addilion, lhe lollon viII le lhe deposiloiy of aII lhe sedinenl lhal sellIes oul in lhe pond. As a iesuIl, unIess
lhe infIov, conciele liickIe channeI and piopeiIy designed oulIel aie piovided, lhe lollon can le nuddy and
nay have an undesiialIe appeaiance lo sone. To ieduce lhis piolIen and lo inpiove lhe pond's avaiIaliIily
foi olhei uses (such as open space halilal and passive ieciealion), il is suggesled lhal vel lype valei quaIily
pond lo le piovided, in vhich lhe sellIing occuis piinaiiIy vilhin lhe peinanenl pooI.
))454)45 *6< %A;6
Wel lype valei quaIily ponds (Iiguie 11.2) aie veiy siniIai lo vel delenlion ponds vilh lhe diffeience lhal
lheii design is noie focussed on allenualing valei quaIily and peak iunoff fIovs fion snaIIei iunoff evenl.
SoIulIe poIIulanl ienovaIs aie piovided ly a peinanenl ponding aiea in lhe lollon of lhe pond lo pionole
lioIogicaI uplake.
Since a valei quaIily pond is designed lo diain veiy sIovIy, ils lollon and Iovei poilions viII le inundaled
fiequenlIy foi exlended peiiods of line. Ciasses in lhis fiequenlIy inundaled zone viII lend lo le sliessed, vilh
onIy lhe species lhal can suivive lhe specific enviionnenl al each sile evenluaIIy pievaiI. In addilion, lhe
lollon viII le lhe deposiloiy of aII lhe sedinenl lhal sellIes oul in lhe pond. As a iesuIl, unIess an infIov,
conciele liickIe channeI and piopeiIy designed oulIel aie piovided, lhe lollon can le nuddy and nay have an
undesiialIe appeaiance lo sone. To ieduce lhis piolIen and lo inpiove lhe pond's avaiIaliIily foi olhei uses
(such as open space halilal and passive ieciealion), il is suggesled lhal a vel lype valei quaIily pond le
piovided, in vhich lhe sellIing occuis piinaiiIy vilhin lhe peinanenl pooI. The oulfaII sliucluie foi vel lype
valei quaIily ponds shouId le sized lo aIIov foi conpIele diavdovn of lhe suichaige valei quaIily voIune
sloied alove lhe peinanenl pooI in no Iess lhan 12 houis (UDICD, 2OO8).
))4545 267:B> !=>7:@69?<:=>7 ?>@ '6CD:96E6><7
Specific designs nay vaiy consideialIy, depending on sile consliainls oi piefeiences of lhe designei oi
connunily.
))45454) 29?:>?B6 #96?
The nininun ieconnended calchnenl aiea is 2.5ha foi conneiciaI oi indusliiaI Ianduse and 3.5ha foi
iesidenliaI Ianduse. A singIe valei quaIily pond shaII nol have a conliiluling diainage aiea Iess lhan nininun
ieconnended calchnenl aiea unIess specificaIIy appioved ly lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily lecause il nay
iequiie a veiy snaII oiifice lhal vouId le pione lo cIogging vhen sized lo aIIov foi conpIele diavdovn of lhe
valei quaIily voIune foi a specific peiiod.
))454545 -=8?<:=> ?>@ 3:<6 3D:<?F:G:<A
Il is ieconnended lhal valei quaIily ponds le Iocaled vheie lhe lopogiaphy aIIovs foi naxinun iunoff
sloiage al nininun excavalion oi enlanknenl consliuclion cosls (Iova NaluiaI Resouices Conseivalion
Seivice, 2OO8). When Iocaling a valei quaIily pond, pIanneis and designeis shouId aIso considei lhe Iocalion
and use of olhei Iand use fealuies, such as pIanned open spaces and ieciealionaI aieas, and shouId allenpl lo
achieve nuIli-use oljeclives vheie lhese can le safeIy achieved. Walei quaIily ponds shaII nol le Iocaled on
unslalIe sIopes oi sIopes giealei lhan 15 (Iova NaluiaI Resouices Conseivalion Seivice, 2OO8).
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11-4 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
Ieinanenl IooI
Ioielay
InfIov
OulfIov
SpiIIvay
OulIel v / a Tiash Rack
Lnlanknenl
SlalIe Mainlainance Access
LilloiaI Suiface Aiea
Undeidiain
WQV
LilloiaI ein & Zone
Conciele Iaved Suiface
InfIov
Suiface InfIov
Ieinanenl IooI
Undeidiain
OulIel Woiks
Seepage Culoff CoIIai
OulfIov
Lneigency SpiIIvay Ciesl
Lnlanknenl
Iiolecl SpiIIvay and/oi
Lnlanknenl Wilh Vegelaled
uiied SoiI Ripiap oi Tuif
Reinfoicenenl Mals (TRM)
OulfIov Iioleclion
OveifIov Ioi Laigei Sloins

(a) IIan

(l) IiofiIe

(c) LxanpIe (Iova NRCS, 2OO8) (d) LxanpIe (UDICD, 2OO8)

Iiguie 11.2: Wel Type Walei QuaIily Iond (Modified fion UDICD, 2OO8)

))454H 267:B> !9:<69:?
connunily. Theie aie sone fealuies, hovevei, lhal shouId le incoipoialed inlo nosl valei quaIily pond
designs.
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!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-5
))454H4) I6=E6<9A
Design fIov palhs shaII le designed lo nininise polenliaI shoil-ciicuiling ly Iocaling lhe oulIel as fai avay
fion lhe inIel sliucluies as possilIe. The ieconnended Ienglh-lo-vidlh ialio of a lasin shouId le al Ieasl 2:1
(and piefeialIy 3:1).
))454H45 *?<69 +D?G:<A J=GDE6
The valei quaIily voIune (WQV) shaII le deleinined foi a valei quaIily design sloin (iunoff fion a 4Onn
iainfaII deplh ovei lhe conliiluling calchnenl). An effeclive sloinvalei enhancenenl faciIily has lo laIance
lhe pond liin-fuII voIune and ils diavdovn line.
In piaclice, lhe diain line is deleinined ly lhe iequiied poIIulanl sellIing line. If sedinenl chaiacleiislics aie
nol knovn, a 12-houi diavdovn line foi a vel lype valei quaIily pond and a 48-houi diavdovn line foi diy
lype valei quaIily pond aie ieconnended foi sloinvalei quaIily conlioI designs. Il vas iepoiled lhal aloul
8O lo 9O sedinenl ienovaI can le achieved using lhe alove diain lines (LIA, 1983). Theiefoie, il is expecled
lhal a Iaige delenlion voIune diaining in a shoil line viII nol sufficienlIy ienove sedinenl and lhe valei
quaIily voIune shaII le deleinined vilh lhe valei quaIily pond design.
The iequiied sloiage voIune foi WQV can le ollained using lhe Lqualion 11.1 as foIIovs:
WQV = <,=;
'
>,# (11.1)
vheie,
3
),
< = VoIuneliic RalionaI Melhod iunoff coefficienl (Refei TalIe 2.5),
;
'
= RainfaII deplh foi valei quaIily design sloin (n), and
2
).
))454H4H 0D<G6< *=9K7
The oulIel voiks aie lo le designed lo ieIease lhe valei quaIily voIune ovei a pioposed diain line peiiod
(Refei lo Chapleis 2 and 2O peilaining lo oulIel lype: oiifice pIale oi peifoialed iisei pipe, hydiauIic sliucluies
geoneliies, giales, liash iacks, and scieens, and aII olhei necessaiy conponenls). The nunlei of coIunns of
peifoialions used shouId le nininised and lhe dianelei of lhe peifoialion hoIe(s) shouId le naxinised vhen
designing oulIels lo ieduce chances of cIogging ly accepling lhe oiifice size lhal viII enply lhe valei quaIily
voIune in a specified line (UDICD, 2OO8).
The oulIel voiks aie designed lo piovide a diavdovn of lhe valei quaIily pond ovei a specific line. The
laigel aveiage dischaige fion lhe oulIel voiks is conpuled as lhe ialio of lhe iequiied sloiage voIune foi lhe
WQV lo lhe diavdovn line as foIIovs:
9
2?7
@
A7B:)87' "*+82C7 D+8 69E =F
G
>
082H'+H& I)F7 =5>
(11.2)
))454H4L 3?M6<A
IulIic safely shouId le consideied, pailicuIaiIy in iesidenliaI aieas. Designeis shouId avoid sleep sIopes and
diop-offs and deplhs ovei 1.On vhenevei possilIe. If il is nol possilIe, safely fealuies such as fences shaII le
piovided unIess luffeied ly shaIIov naishIands (IilloiaI zone) on aII sides accessilIe ly lhe pulIic.
))454H4N *?<69 +D?G:<A J=GDE6 M=9 26<6><:=> $=>@7
Wheievei possilIe, il is ieconnended lhal valei quaIily pond le incoipoialed inlo sloinvalei quanlily
delenlion faciIilies. This is ieIaliveIy sliaighl foivaid foi valei quaIily pond, consliucled velIands, velpond
and delenlion pond. When conlined, lhe 2, 5, 1O, and/oi 1OO-yeai ARI delenlion IeveIs aie piovided alove lhe
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11-6 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
valei quaIily voIune and lhe oulIel sliucluie is designed lo conlioI lvo oi lhiee diffeienl ieIeases. When a
IocaI poIicy is Iacking, lhe foIIoving appioach is suggesled as a nininun:
- Walei quaIily: The fuII valei quaIily voIune is lo le piovided accoiding lo lhe design pioceduies,
- Minoi sloin: The fuII valei quaIily voIune pIus lhe fuII ninoi sloin quanlily delenlion voIune is lo
le piovided, and
- Majoi sloin (1OO-yeai sloin oi olhei evenl): One-haIf lhe valei quaIily voIune pIus lhe fuII 1OO-yeai
(oi olhei najoi sloin evenl) delenlion voIune is lo le piovided.
The designei shouId le avaie lhal lhe lvo funclions (sloinvalei quanlily and quaIily conlioIs) can le
piovided ly a sane pond, and lhal incoipoialing lhe lvo funclions in one pond viII le noie cosl-effeclive lhan
ciealing lvo sepaiale ponds.
))454L 267:B> $9=86@D96 M=9 *?<69 +D?G:<A ;=>@
The foIIoving design sleps aie ieconnended vhen designing valei quaIily pond:
Slep 1: Confiin Tiealnenl Ieifoinance of Concepl Design.
efoie connencing delaiIed design, lhe designei shouId fiisl undeilake a pieIininaiy check lo
confiin lhe iequiied aiea fion lhe concepl design is adequale lo deIivei lhe iequiied IeveI of
sloinvalei quaIily inpiovenenl. This design piocess assunes a concepluaI design has leen
undeilaken. The poIIulanl ieduclion cuive foi valei quaIily pond as a funclion of calchnenl
inpeivious aiea shovn in Iiguie 3.1 can le used lo undeilake lhis veiificalion check. The cuive is
inlended lo piovide an indicalion onIy of appiopiiale sizing and do nol sulslilule lhe need foi a
lhoiough design piocess.
Slep 2: Deleinine Walei QuaIily VoIune.
Designei shouId deleinine lhe iunoff coefficienl foi lhe calchnenl aiea lo caIcuIale lhe WQV and
sel lhe peinanenl pooI eIevalion and valei IeveI lased on lhe WQV caIcuIaled.
Slep 3: OulIel Woiks.
The oulIel voiks aie lo le designed lo ieIease lhe WQV (alove lhe peinanenl pooI eIevalion) ovei a
pioposed diain line peiiod (Refei lo Chapleis 2 and 2O peilaining lo oulIel lype) lased on lhe lypes
of valei quaIily pond.
Slep 4: Design Lnlanknenl(s) and SpiIIvay.
Designeis nusl caIcuIale lhe peak of sloin valei suiface eIevalion and size an eneigency spiIIvay
lo piovide a conlioIIed oveifIov foi fIovs in excess of lhe design valei quaIily sloin. They nusl
lhen sel lhe lop of lhe enlanknenl eIevalion.

))4H !013%',!%&2 *&%-#123
Consliucled velIands, Iike ponds, aie used lo inpiove valei quaIily. The velIands consliucled al Iuliajaya
and Lngineeiing Canpus, Univeisili Sains MaIaysia (Iiguie 11.3) veie designed foi lhis puipose. Ionds and
velIands aie conpIenenlaiy. The poIIulanl ienovaI efficiency of a pond can le incieased ly incIuding an aiea
of velIands.

))4H4) 26789:;<:=> ?>@ !=E;=>6><7
WelIands is an aiea of Iand vheie soiI is saluialed vilh valei eilhei peinanenlIy oi seasonaIIy. Such aieas aIso
need lo le coveied, al Ieasl pailiaIIy, ly shaIIov pooIs of valei. WelIands incIude svanps, naishes and logs,
anong olheis. The valei found in velIands can le saIlvalei, fieshvalei oi liackish.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-7

(a) Iuliajaya (l) Lngineeiing Canpus,
Univeisili Sains MaIaysia

Iiguie 11.3: LxanpIes of Consliucled WelIands in MaIaysia
WelIands aie consideied lhe nosl lioIogicaIIy diveise of aII ecosyslens. IIanl Iife found in velIands incIudes
nangiove, valei IiIies, callaiIs, sedges, lanaiack, lIack spiuce, cypiess, and nany olheis. AninaI Iife incIudes
nany diffeienl anphilians, iepliIes, liids and fuileaieis.
WelIand syslens can le expIicilIy designed lo aid in poIIulanl ienovaI fion sloinvalei. WelIands aIso
piovide foi quanlily conlioI of sloinvalei ly pioviding a significanl voIune of lenpoiaiy valei sloiage alove
lhe peinanenl pooI eIevalion. Walei IeveIs iise duiing iainfaII evenls and oulIels aie configuied lo sIovIy
ieIease fIovs, lypicaIIy lased on lhe design WQV, lack lo diy vealhei valei IeveIs. As sloinvalei iunoff
fIovs lhiough lhe velIands, poIIulanl ienovaI is achieved via sellIenenl and lioIogicaI uplake vilhin lhe
MIs. WelIands aie anong lhe nosl effeclive sloinvalei MIs in leins of poIIulanl ienovaI, and aIso offei
aeslhelic vaIue.
Consliucled suiface fIov velIands syslens ienove poIIulanls in sloinvalei lhiough sedinenlalion, fiIlialion
of fines and lioIogicaI uplake. The nain conponenls of a velIands aie lhe inIel zone, naciophyle zone and
lhen open valei zone (Iiguie 11.4).
))4H4)4) .>G6< O=>6
The funclion of lhe inIel zone (sedinenl lasin oi foielay) is lo encouiage sellIing of coaise lo nediun
sedinenls fion lhe valei coIunn, ieduce fIov veIocilies and disliilule fIov acioss lhe velIands. The
inslaIIalion of sedinenl liaps and liash skinneis heIps in lhe funclion of lhis zone.
The inIel zone of a velIands is designed as a sedinenl lasin and seives lvo funclions:

- Iie-liealnenl of infIov lo ienove coaise lo nediun sized sedinenl, and
- The hydioIogic conlioI of infIovs inlo lhe naciophyle zone and lypass of fIoods duiing 'alove design
opeialing condilions.
The inIel zone consisls of lhe foIIoving eIenenls:

- Sedinenlalion lasin 'pooI (oi sedinenl foielay) lo capluie coaise lo nediun sedinenl,
- InIel zone conneclion lo lhe naciophyle zone (oi conlioI sliucluie) noinaIIy consisling of an oveifIov
pil vilhin lhe inIel zone connecled lo one oi noie pipes lhiough lhe enlanknenl sepaialing lhe inIel
and naciophyle zones, and
- High fIov lypass veii (oi 'spiIIvay oulIel sliucluie) lo deIivei 'alove design fIood fIovs lo lhe high
fIov lypass channeI.
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11-8 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
Lneigency
SpiIIvay
Safely
ench
Maxinun IIood Linil
Maxinun WQV Linil
Risei/aiieI
Risei in
Lnlanknenl
High Maish
Lov Maish
Maish
Ioielay
InfIov
M
i
c
i
o
p
o
o
I
InIel Zone
Maciophyle Zone Open Walei Zone
InfIov
Ioielay
Lov Maish
Lneigency
SpiIIvay
High Maish
Iond Diain
Reveise Iipe aiieI
Anli Seep CoIIai
oi IiIlei Diapghian
SlalIe
OulIel
Lnlanknenl
Risei
Ieinanenl
IooI
1OO-Yeai ARI LeveI
1O-Yeai ARI LeveI
WQV
))4H4)45 P?89=;QA<6 O=>6
Maciophyles aie Iaige, eneigenl aqualic pIanls. Ioi naciophyle zones lo funclion efficienlIy, fIovs lhal pass
lhiough lhe vegelalion nusl le evenIy disliiluled. eds of naciophyles fiIlei oul fine pailicIes and diieclIy
lake up conlaninanls. They enhance sedinenlalion and lhe alsoiplion of poIIulanls onlo sedinenls.
Maciophyle species shouId le seIecled fion pIanls piovided in Annex 1 and lhey shaII neel lhe foIIoving
iequiienenls:
- Nalive lo lhe aiea,
- Knovn lo le IikeIy lo eslalIish and giov undei condilions appIying al lhe sile,
- UnIikeIy lo coIonise oulside lhe designaled aiea,
- Wilh a naxinun heighl of lhe pIanls nusl le consislenl vilh nainlaining desiialIe visuaI
chaiacleiislics of lhe pond, and
- Nol gioving lo a densily lhal vouId piovide suilalIe halilals foi nosquilo lieeding.

(a) IIan

(l) IiofiIe

Iiguie 11.4: WelIands Conponenl (Modified fion MDL, 2OOO)
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62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-9
))4H4)4H 0;6> *?<69 O=>6
An open valei zone is a deepei aiea lhal aIIovs line foi fine pailicIes lo fIoccuIale lo lhe led and aIIovs
sunIighl lo kiII lacleiia. Deconposilion and giazing of oiganic nallei viII occui in lhis zone. Ieiiodic aIgaI
giovlh nay occui heie and lhis viII aIso liap dissoIved nuliienls and aIIov lhen lo enlei lhe food chain oi lo
sellIe lo lhe led of lhe pond.
))4H45 267:B> !=>7:@69?<:=>7 ?>@ '6CD:96E6><7
connunily. Theie aie sone fealuies, hovevei, lhal shouId le incoipoialed inlo nosl velIands designs.
))4H454) 29?:>?B6 #96?
WelIands iequiie a posilive valei laIance, lhiough conlinuous lase fIov oi gioundvalei seepage, so lhal
peinanenlIy vel condilions can le suslained. They aie lheiefoie Iiniled lo aieas vheie spiings oi Iand
diainage piovides lase fIov duiing diy vealhei (CIRIA, 2OO7).
))4H4545 3;?86 '6CD:96E6><
Al a nininun, lhe suiface aiea of a velIands shouId le no Iess lhan 1 of lhe conliiluling diainage aiea. The
suiface aiea can le deleinined fion lhe annuaI poIIulanl cuive as a funclion of pond aiea ialio in Chaplei 3.
))4H454H -=8?<:=> ?>@ 3:<6 3D:<?F:G:<A
WelIands aie noinaIIy Iocaled al a posilion lhal can ieceive aII lhe sile iunoff (i.e. al lhe Iovesl poinl in lhe
sile), geneiaIIy al nininun excavalion (oi consliuclion) cosl. Wheie lhe uilan design of an aiea peinils, lhe
Iocalion of a velIands shouId lake accounl of naluiaI sile fealuies lhal nighl le used as addilionaI lenpoiaiy
sloiage aieas vhen lhe velIands capacily is exceeded duiing exliene evenls. If lhe velIands design ciileiia
incIude pioleclion of lhe valeicouise duiing fIoods, lhen lhe syslen shouId nol le Iocaled in lhe fIoodpIain,
vheie lheie is a iisk lhal lhe delenlion sloiage viII le Iosl lhiough inundalion al lhe ciilicaI line. Rivei fIood
valeis aIso lend lo caiiy high sedinenl and deliis Ioads, vhich viII necessilale addilionaI velIands
nainlenance. Wheievei possilIe, velIands shouId le Iocaled in, oi adjacenl lo, non-inlensiveIy nanaged
Iandscapes vheie naluiaI souices of nalive species aie IikeIy lo le pIenlifuI (CIRIA, 2OO7).
))4H454L 3:<6 3G=;6 ?>@ 3<?F:G:<A
WelIands lasin iequiie a neai-zeio (aInosl hoiizonlaI) IongiludinaI sIope, vhich can le piovided using
enlanknenls, if iequiied. WelIands shouId nol le siled on unslalIe giound and giound slaliIily shouId le
veiified ly assessing sile soiI and gioundvalei condilions. WelIands shouId nol le consideied vilhin oi ovei
vasle fiII naleiiaIs, unconlioIIed oi non-engineeied fiII (CIRIA, 2OO7).
))4H454N 3DF7D9M?86 3=:G ?>@ I9=D>@R?<69
The soiI leIov a velIands nusl le sufficienlIy inpeinealIe lo nainlain vel condilions, unIess lhe velIands
inleisecls lhe valei lalIe. In peinealIe sliala, a Iinei (oi olhei inpeinealIe naleiiaI) viII le iequiied lo
pievenl diying oul. As lhe velIands evoIves, Ioss of valei shouId lecone negIigilIe as lhe soiIs on lhe fIooi of
lhe lasin lecone noie oiganic, ieducing lhe polenliaI foi exfiIlialion. Loans soiIs aie needed in a velIands
lollon lo peinil pIanls lo lake iool. Assessnenl of soiIs shouId le lased upon an acluaI sulsuiface anaIysis
and peinealiIily lesls (CIRIA, 2OO7).
In aieas vilh conlaninaled soiIs oi conlaninaled gioundvalei, velIands can le used pioviding lhal lhe
syslen is fuIIy seaIed, pievenling exchange of valei lelveen lhe faciIily and gioundvalei. Any excavalion oi
eailhnoving piocesses iequiied nusl le nanaged lo ensuie lhal noliIisalion of conlaninalion does nol occui.
Any peinealiIily of lhe sulsuiface soiIs viII iequiie lhe use of a Iinei (oi equivaIenl). Wheie lhe gioundvalei
lalIe is cIose lo lhe lase of lhe velIands, lhe opeialion of lhe oulfaII shouId le confiined foi lhe annuaI
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11-1O 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
naxinun valei lalIe IeveI. The naxinun expecled gioundvalei IeveI shouId le lenealh lhe sloiage zone
(CIRIA, 2OO7).
))4H4H 267:B> !9:<69:?
The piinaiy oljeclives of lhe design aie lo neel lhe slaluloiy iequiienenls vilh iegaid lo valei quaIily and
aIso lo le seen as sensilive lo lhe enviionnenl and pioaclive in neeling connunily expeclalions. The
consliucled velIands is designed foi sloinvalei poIIulion conlioI in lhe piojecl aiea lefoie dischaiging inlo
lhe neaiesl ieceiving valeivay.
))4H4H4) 267:B> 3<=9E
The valei quaIily design sloin vilh 4Onn iainfaII deplh ovei lhe conliiluling calchnenl shouId le
deleinined al lhe pie-liealnenl inIel. If lhe velIands is lo le consliucled offIine, lhen an upsliean lypass
sliucluie can le used lo diveil lhe valei quaIily sloin voIune inlo lhe velIands.
The piincipaI funclion of lhe sloiage in a velIands is lo piovide a vaiialIe velling-diying cycIe, vhich
encouiages giovlh and diveisily of naciophyles. A deplh iange of O.3n lo 1.2n and a hydiauIic iesidence
line of al Ieasl 12 houis foi a design sloin nay le suilalIe. Hovevei, peak fIov conlioI and exlended
delenlion aie achieved ly lenpoiaiiIy ponding alove lhe velIands peinanenl valei IeveI duiing iainfaII
evenls, and lhen ieIeasing il in no Iess lhan 12 houis lo 24 houis is ieconnended foi ils lioIogicaI liealnenl
funclion.
))4H4H45 #GG=8?<:=> =M 3D9M?86 #96?
In geneiaI, velIands designs aie unique foi each sile and appIicalion. Hovevei, lhe aIIocalion of suiface aiea
and Iiniling deplhs foi lhe design of consliucled velIands shaII le consideied foi adequale poIIulanl ienovaI,
ease of nainlenance and inpiove safely. Nole lhal if lhe suiface aiea ciileiia is in confIicl vilh lhe voIune
aIIocalions, lhe suiface aiea aIIocalions aie noie ciilicaI foi an effeclive design.
2> 1&37* J+&7
A sedinenl foielay is designed al lhe inIel zone lo ienove inconing sedinenl fion lhe sloinvalei fIov lefoie
iunoff enleis lhe velIands naish. This ensuies lhe vegelalion in lhe naciophyle zone is nol snolheied ly
coaise sedinenl and aIIovs lhe naciophyle zone lo laigel finei pailicuIales, nuliienls and olhei poIIulanls. The
foielay shaII consisl of a sepaiale ceII, foined ly an acceplalIe laiiiei and piovided al each inIel, unIess lhe
inIel piovides Iess lhan 1O of lhe lolaI design sloin infIov lo lhe velIands faciIily.
TypicaIIy lhe foielay shouId le aloul 15 lo 3O of lhe lolaI velIands aiea and aiound 1.5 lo 2.On deep. A fixed
veilicaI sedinenl deplh naikei shaII le inslaIIed in lhe foielay lo neasuie sedinenl deposilion ovei line. The
lollon of lhe foielay nay le haidened (e.g., using conciele, pavei lIocks, elc.) lo nake sedinenl ienovaI
easiei.
K> !2L8+MN4*7 J+&7
The velIands aiiangenenl in a ieciealion ieseive shouId le chosen lo naxinise ils effecliveness vhiIe
nininising lhe inpacl on open space. The velIands iepIicales a naluiaI iivei syslen vilh a Iong, naiiov pIan
foin vilh deepei ponds. Maciophyles vouId le pIanled in lhe shaIIov seclions lo assisl vilh valei liealnenl.
This and ieIaliveIy dense pIanlings of naciophyles aIso foin a laiiiei aiound lhe edges of lhe velIands lo
discouiage peopIe fion enleiing lhe valei.
The naciophyle zone shouId le piovided aiound lhe velIands edges dovnsliean of lhe nain inIels lo fiIlei
oul sedinenl, nuliienls and loxicanls, lo dispeise lhe infIoving valeis and lo ieduce lheii veIocily. IIanlings
shouId le on lhe peiinelei, aiianged such lhal lheie is oppoilunily foi valei in lhe open pond zone lo ciicuIale
lhiough lhe naciophyle zone. An aIIocalion of 5O lo 8O of lhe lolaI velIands aiea and a deplh of O.3 lo 1.2n is
ieconnended foi lhe naciophyle zone.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-11
L> OM7& 62*78 J+&7
The open valei zone alliacls pIanl and viIdIife diveisily and has lhe polenliaI lo le used foi aeslhelic and
passive ieciealionaI aclivily. TypicaIIy, al Ieasl 5 of lhe lolaI velIands aiea, a nininun deplh of 1.On and a
naxinun deplh of 2.On aie ieconnended foi lhe open valei zone.
))4H4H4H I6=E6<9A
2> P7&C*N *+ 6)'*N A2*)+
The Ienglh of line lhal valei is ielained in a pond is lhe nain vaiialIe in deleinining hov effeclive lhe
velIands viII le in liapping poIIulanls. Incieasing lhe voIune and hence, ielenlion line aIIovs foi noie
sedinenlalion of pailicIes, and noie assiniIalion of poIIulanls. WelIands shouId le Iong ieIalive lo lheii vidlh
in oidei lo piovide oplinun fIov ciicuIalion, vilh nininun Ienglh lo vidlh ialio (L:W) in lhe iange of 2:1 lo
5:1.
K> !2L8+MN4*7 J+&7 Q2*N4F7*84
Il is a good design piaclice lo piovide a iange of halilal aieas vilhin lhe naciophyle zone lo suppoil a vaiiely
of pIanl species, ecoIogicaI niches and peifoin a iange of liealnenl piocesses. The naciophyle zone lheiefoie
lypicaIIy conpiises of foui naish zones (defined ly valei deplh). The foui naish zones aie:
- LpheneiaI zone (fion O.2On alove lhe pooI oi valei suiface eIevalion): These aieas aie Iocaled alove
lhe peinanenl pooI lhal aie inundaled duiing Iaigei sloin evenls. This zone suppoils a nunlei of
species lhal can suivive fIooding.
- High naish zone (fion O.3On leIov lhe pooI lo lhe noinaI pooI eIevalion): This zone viII suppoil a
giealei densily and diveisily of velIands species lhan lhe Iov naish zone. The high naish zone
shouId have a highei suiface aiea lo voIune ialio lhan lhe Iov naish zone.
- Lov naish zone (fion O.3O lo O.6On leIov lhe noinaI peinanenl pooI oi valei suiface eIevalion):
This zone is suilalIe foi lhe giovlh of seveiaI eneigenl velIands pIanl species.
- Deep nash zone (fion O.6O lo 1.2n deep, incIudes lhe oulIel niciopooI and deepvalei channeIs
lhiough lhe velIands faciIily): This zone suppoils IillIe eneigenl velIands vegelalion, lul nay
suppoil sulneiged oi fIoaling vegelalion.
The ieconnended vegelalion pIanling densily foi lhe naciophyle zone is sunnaiised in TalIe 11.1.
TalIe 11.1: Vegelalion IIanling Densily
Zone Deplh Range
(n)
IIanling Densily
(pIanl/n
2
)
LpheneiaI zone O lo O.2On alove peinanenl pooI 8
High naish zone O lo O.3On leIov peinanenl pooI 1O
Lov naish zone O.3O lo O.6On leIov peinanenl pooI 6
Deep naish zone O.6O lo 1.2On leIov peinanenl pooI 4

L> 62*78 07M*N
WelIands shouId conlain a nixluie of valei deplhs. Walei IeveIs in excess of 1n shouId nol occui ovei noie
lhan 2O of lhe velIands pond suiface aiea (piefeialIy Iiniled lo lhe inIel zone and oulIel open valei zones)
as deep valei suppoils ieIaliveIy Iess of pIanl species conpaied lo shaIIov zones.
Wheie velIands aie designed foi fIov allenualion, lhe deplh of lenpoiaiy sloiage alove lhe peinanenl valei
IeveI shouId nol exceed 1.5n lo aIIov foi coIonisalion foi sulneiged naciophyles. The valei deplh in lhe
velIands shaII iange lelveen O.1n and 1.2n vilh an aveiage of O.6n. Changes in valei IeveI shaII le Iiniled lo
NOT FOR SALE
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11-12 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
aloul O.6n. WelIands lhal aie associaled vilh ponds used foi fIood conlioI shaII le designed lo acconnodale
sulneigence lo deplhs lelveen 1n and 2n vilh lhe naxinun veIocily nol exceeding O.1n/s.
'> "3+M75
Ioi safely, slaliIily and lo pionoling lhe giovlh of naciophyles, sIopes vilhin lhe velIands shoieIine aiea
shouId le in lhe iange of 6(H): 1(V) lo 8(H): 1(V). Aflei ieaching a deplh of 1n, lhe sIope can le incieased. The
naxinun sIope is sel ly lhe angIe of iepose of lhe saluialed soiI.
Side sIopes alove valei IeveI shouId aIso le genlIe, lolh foi safely ieasons and lo Iinil lhe polenliaI foi
eiosion. Hovevei, lhe sIope shouId nol le so fIal lhal il cieales ponding aieas. A nininun side sIope of 1O(H):
1(V) lo 2O(H): 1(V) is ieconnended foi a dislance of 5n fion lhe velIands edge, lo aIIov nainlenance access.
WelIands lhal aie aIso inlended foi fIood conlioI viII le suljecl lo vaiialIe valei IeveIs. This cieales piolIens
aiound lhe valei edge due lo aIleinale velling and diying of soiI, naking il difficuIl lo eslalIish oi nainlain
giass. In lhis silualion giass is nol suilalIe and a haid edge, Iined vilh iock galions oi a Iov conciele vaII, is
piefeialIe vheie visiliIily and pulIic access aie piovided. Ioi lhose pails of lhe pond lhal aie inaccessilIe,
eneigenl pIanls such as ieeds, vhich viII loIeiale valei IeveI changes, can le used.
7> 62*78 Q232&L7
The designei shouId check lhal lhe peinanenl pooI viII nol diy oul duiing exlended diy peiiods. This can le
done ly neans of a conlinuous valei laIance caIcuIalion, aIIoving foi iunoff inpuls, evapoialion and
infiIlialion ovei a peiiod of Ieasl 12 nonlhs. If excessive exfiIlialion is IikeIy il nay le necessaiy lo specify an
inpeinealIe Iining, eilhei vilh cIay oi a synlhelic Iinei.
In lhe hunid liopicaI cIinale of MaIaysia, lhe iisk of a peinanenl pooI diying oul is Iess IikeIy lhan in diiei
cIinales.
))4H4H4L *?<69 +D?G:<A %96?<E6><
2> ;+33:*2&* A7F+?23 <2M2K)3)*)75
WelIands design vaiianls aie piesuned lo le alIe lo ienove 8O of lhe lolaI suspended soIids Ioad in lypicaI
uilan posl-deveIopnenl iunoff vhen sized, designed, consliucled and nainlained in accoidance vilh lhe
ieconnended specificalions. Undeisized oi pooiIy designed velIands faciIilies can ieduce poIIulanl ienovaI
peifoinance. The poIIulanl ieduclion cuive in Iiguie 3.1(c) can le used lo check lhe expecled peifoinance of
lhe velIands syslen.
K> 62*78 9:23)*4 E+3:F7
IoIIulanls aie ienoved fion sloinvalei iunoff in a velIands lhiough uplake ly velIands vegelalion and
aIgae, vegelalive fiIleiing, and lhiough giavilalionaI sellIing in lhe sIov noving naish fIov. Olhei poIIulanl
ienovaI nechanisns aie aIso lake pIace in a sloinvalei velIands, incIuding chenicaI and lioIogicaI
deconposilion, and voIaliIizalion. The iequiied sloiage foi WQV of a velIand can le deleinined fion
Lqualion 11.1.
L> R4'82:3)L A75)'7&L7 I)F7
The hydiauIic iesidence line is lhe peinanenl pooI voIune, divided ly lhe aveiage oulfIov dischaige iale. The
Iongei lhe iesidence line, lhe highei lhe poIIulanl ienovaI.
Using 2 x valei quaIily voIune lo size lhe peinanenl pooI neans lhal snaIIei sloins (1 x valei quaIily
voIune) viII dispIace onIy haIf of lhe pooI voIune of lhe velIands, lhus pioviding foi exlended iesidence
lines. Laigei liealnenl voIunes vilh iespecl lo lhe valeished size (3 x valei quaIily voIune) viII piovide
Iongei iesidence lines and, lheiefoie, giealei efficiencies. In ceilain silualions, using lhese Iaigei voIunes and
efficiencies nay le desiialIe, especiaIIy vheie dovnsliean valeis nay le sensilive lo poIIulanls fion uilan
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62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-13
iunoff. Hovevei, lhe chaIIenge is lo piovide lhe ieconnended nininun suiface aiea aIIocalions foi lhe
diffeienl deplh zones as pieviousIy discussed.
))4H4H4N .>G6< ?>@ 0D<G6< !=>M:BD9?<:=>
2> 1&37* 075)C&
When appIying lhe design pioceduie, lhe foIIoving shouId le used as a guide (iislane Cily CounciI, 2OO5):
- The inIel zone lypicaIIy nusl conpiise of a deep open valei lody (1.5n lo 2.On) lhal opeiales essenliaIIy
as a sedinenlalion lasin designed lo capluie coaise lo nediun sized sedinenl
- Il nay le necessaiy foi a CIT lo le inslaIIed al lhe end of inconing valeivay (oi pipe), so lhal Iillei and
Iaige deliis can le capluied lefoie enleiing lhe open valei of lhe inIel zone. A fIoaling skinnei inslaIIed
al lhe dovnsliean end of lhe foielay can le used inslead lo capluie lhe fIoalalIe deliis.
- The ciesl of lhe oveifIov pil nusl le sel al lhe peinanenl pooI IeveI of lhe inIel zone (vhich is lypicaIIy sel
O.3n alove lhe peinanenl valei IeveI of lhe naciophyle zone).
- The oveifIov pil and pipe lhal liansfei fIovs fion an inIel zone, oi pond lo lhe naciophyle zone conlioIs
lhe valei IeveI in lhe inIel pond and lhe naxinun IeveI fIov iale lhal can ieach lhe naciophyle zone. This
sliucluie needs lo have sufficienl capacily lo convey a 1-yeai ARI fIov, assuning lhe naciophyle zone is al
lhe peinanenl pooI IeveI and vilhoul iesuIling in any fIov ovei lhe high fIov lypass veii.
- An eneigy dissipalei is usuaIIy iequiied al lhe end of lhe pipes lo ieduce veIocily and disliilule fIov inlo
lhe naciophyle zone.
- The inIel zone is lo have a sliucluiaI lase (e.g. coaise iock oi collIe) lo define lhe lase duiing ienovaI of
siIl deposils in ils lollon and piovide suppoil foi nainlenance pIanl/ nachineiy vhen enleiing lhe lasin
foi nainlenance.
- The high fIov lypass veii (spiIIvay oulIel) is lo le sel al lhe sane IeveI as lhe lop of exlended delenlion in
lhe naciophyle zone lo enalIe sloinvalei lo safeIy dischaige fion lhe inIel zone aiound lhe naciophyle
zone in peiiods of high fIov.
- The high fIov lypass channeI nay le used lo piolecl lhe velIands fion lhe Iaige, infiequenl fIovs,
lypassing excess fIovs aiound lhe velIands, as veII as ieducing lhe iisk of danage fion eiosion, scoui
and ie-noliIisalion of poIIulanls. The design of lhe high fIov lypass channeI needs lo le caiefuIIy
consideied lo piovide ieciealionaI and Iandscape oppoilunilies duiing lines oulside of lhe alove design
fIov evenls.
K> O:*37* 075)C&
The use of a nuIlipIe slage iisei-lype oulIel is geneiaIIy noie suilalIe foi conlioIIing lhe valei IeveI iegine in a
velIands lhan a veii lecause il gives noie conlioI ovei lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship. Hovevei lheie is
scope foi lhe design of innovalive oulIel aiiangenenls such as piopoilionaI veiis lo suil MaIaysian condilions.
Hovevei, fIov conlioI fion a sloinvalei velIands is lypicaIIy acconpIished vilh lhe use of a conciele oi
coiiugaled nelaI iisei and laiieI.
The iisei is a veilicaI pipe oi inIel sliucluie lhal is allached lo lhe lase of lhe niciopooI vilh a valeilighl
conneclion. The oulIel laiieI is a hoiizonlaI pipe allached lo lhe iisei lhal conveys fIov undei lhe enlanknenl
(Iiguie 11.5). The iisei shouId le Iocaled vilhin lhe enlanknenl foi nainlenance access, safely and aeslhelics.
A nunlei of oulIels al vaiying deplhs in lhe iisei piovide inleinaI fIov conlioI foi iouling of lhe valei quaIily,
channeI pioleclion, and oveilank fIood pioleclion iunoff voIunes. The nunlei of oiifices can vaiy and is
usuaIIy a funclion of lhe pond design (Iova NaluiaI Resouices Conseivalion Seivice, 2OO8).
In lhe case of an exlended delenlion (LD) velIands, lheie is geneiaIIy a need foi an addilionaI oulIel (usuaIIy an
oiifice). This addilionaI oulIel lhal is sized lo pass lhe exlended delenlion valei quaIily voIune lhal is
suichaiged on lop of lhe peinanenl pooI. IIov viII fiisl pass lhiough lhis oiifice, vhich shaII le sized lo
ieIease lhe valei quaIily voIune no Iess lhan 12 houis lo 24 houis. The piefeiied design is a ieveise sIope pipe
allached lo lhe iisei, vilh ils inIel sulneiged O.3n leIov lhe eIevalion of lhe peinanenl pooI lo pievenl
fIoalalIes fion cIogging lhe pipe and lo avoid dischaiging vainei valei al lhe suiface of lhe pond. The nexl
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11-14 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
Lnlanknenl
Lneigency
SpiIIvay
Hood/Tiash Rack/
Skinnei
MuIli-Slage Risei
aiieI
Anli-Seep CoIIai
Reveise Iipe
v/VaIve
WelIand Diain v/VaIve
NoinaI IooI
LIevalion
Walei QuaIily Sloin LeveI
1O-Yeai ARI LeveI
1OO-Yeai ARI LeveI
oulIel is sized foi lhe ieIease of lhe channeI pioleclion sloiage voIune. The oulIel (oflen an oiifice) inveil is
Iocaled al lhe naxinun eIevalion associaled vilh lhe valei quaIily voIune and is sized lo ieIease lhe channeI
pioleclion sloiage voIune. Hovevei, in nosl inslances liash iacks viII le needed lo avoid lhe oiifice lo le
cIogged ly deliis. The liash iack design shouId confoin lo lhe design ciileiia as shovn in Chaplei 7.

Iiguie 11.5 TypicaI WelIands IaciIily OulIel Sliucluie (Modified fion MDL, 2OOO)
AIleinalive hydiauIic conlioI nelhods lo an oiifice can le used and incIude lhe use of a lioad-ciesled
ieclanguIai, V-nolch oi piopoilionaI veiis, oi an oulIel pipe piolecled ly a hood lhal exlends al Ieasl O.3n
leIov lhe noinaI pooI IeveI. Aflei enleiing lhe iisei, fIov is conveyed lhiough lhe laiieI and is dischaiged
dovnsliean. Anli-seep coIIais shaII le inslaIIed on lhe oulIel laiieI lo ieduce lhe polenliaI foi pipe faiIuie.
Ripiap, pIunge pooIs oi pads, oi olhei eneigy dissipaleis aie lo le pIaced al lhe oulIel of lhe laiieI lo pievenl
scouiing and eiosion (Iova NaluiaI Resouices Conseivalion Seivice, 2OO8).
If a velIands faciIily dischaiges lo a channeI vilh diy vealhei fIov, caie shouId le laken lo nininise liee
cIeaiing aIong lhe dovnsliean channeI, and lo ie-eslalIish a foiesled iipaiian zone in lhe shoilesl possilIe
dislance. If a Iov fIov dischaige pipe is used, il shouId le consliucled on a ieveise sIope and exlended inlo lhe
velIands leIov lhe pooI suiface eIevalion lul alove lhe lollon eIevalion. This heIps lo pievenl cIogging, since
a lypicaI velIands enviionnenl consisls of fIoaling pIanl deliis and possilIe sedinenl and oiganic
accunuIalion al lhe lollon. The velIands faciIily nusl have a lollon diain pipe Iocaled in lhe open valei
zone vilh an adjuslalIe vaIve lhal can conpIeleIy oi pailiaIIy devalei lhe velIands vilhin 12 lo 24 houis. The
velIands diain shouId le sized one pipe size giealei lhan lhe caIcuIaled design dianelei. The diain vaIve is
lypicaIIy a hand vheeI aclivaled knife oi gale vaIve. VaIve conlioIs shaII le Iocaled inside of lhe iisei al a poinl
vheie lhey viII nol noinaIIy le inundaled and can le opeialed in a safe nannei (Iova NaluiaI Resouices
Conseivalion Seivice, 2OO8).
L> S3+H 0)5*8)K:*)+&
WelIands nusl le designed lo piovide an even fIov disliilulion and avoid shoil-ciicuiling (diiecl fIov fion
inIel lo oulIel). A Iong, naiiov shape is ieconnended foi lhis ieason. Uilonas and Slahie (1993) pioposed lhal
lhe ideaI shape is an exlended ovaI, vilh inIel and oulIel al opposile ends. InIel sliucluies shouId le designed
lo spiead lhe fIov as nuch as possilIe. This nay invoIve pioviding fIov laffIes oi a veii.
))4H4H4S 3;:GGR?A
SpiIIvays aie iequiied lo acconnodale lhe design fIood, vhelhei oi nol lhe velIands is inlended lo piovide
fIood conlioI. SpiIIvays piovide a conlioIIed dischaige, piolecling lhe eailh enlanknenl fion leing
oveilopped and vashed avay ly lhe fIood.
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Ioi velIands vilh Iaige pooI aiea, spiIIvay safely is a najoi consideialion and designs need lo le checked foi
iaie fIoods. In MaIaysia, DID (1975) iequiies lhal aII enlanknenls le checked foi slaliIily duiing lhe infIov
fIood iesuIling fion lhe IiolalIe Maxinun Iiecipilalion (IMI) sloin evenls.
An eneigency spiIIvay is lo le incIuded in lhe sloinvalei velIands design lo safeIy pass fIovs lhal exceed lhe
Iaigesl design sloin fIovs foi lhal faciIily, vhelhei lhis le lhe valei quaIily design sloin oi lhe 1OO-yeai ARI if
lhe velIands lasin is a nuIli-puipose sloinvalei faciIily. The spiIIvay pievenls lhe fIood fIovs fion
oveilopping lhe enlanknenl and causing sliucluiaI danage oi calasliophic faiIuie. The eneigency spiIIvay
nusl le Iocaled so lhal dovnsliean sliucluies viII nol le inpacled ly spiIIvay dischaiges. AII velIands
shouId le piovided vilh a spiIIvay alIe lo safeIy dischaige al Ieasl lhe 1OO-yeai ARI fIood. Ioi on-Iine ponds,
lhis viII le lhe fIood in lhe iivei aflei laking inlo accounl sloiage iouling caused ly lhe fIood sloiage in lhe
pond. Ioi off-Iine ponds, lhe eneigency spiIIvay onIy need lo calei aII lhe diveiled fIovs, incIuding any lhal
nay le Iaigei lhan lhe design ARI due lo lhe capacily of lhe diveision syslen and acluaI diveisions enleiing
lhe diveision syslen, pIus any IocaI calchnenl infIovs. One of lhe advanlages of off-Iine faciIilies is lhal lhe
eneigency spiIIvay iequiienenls aie nuch snaIIei and sinpIei lhan foi in-Iine faciIilies.
If lhe velIands is aIso inlended lo have a fIood sloiage conponenl, lhe foin of lhe eneigency spiIIvay
lecones inpoilanl as il viII affecl lhe slage-dischaige ieIalionship. In lhis case lhe spiIIvay shouId le designed
as pail of lhe noinaI oulIel. A fixed veii sel al lhe peinanenl pond valei IeveI piovides a suilalIe oulIel. The
veii Ienglh shouId le conpuled so lhal il can dischaige lhe design fIood dischaige aIIoving foi sloiage
iouling, al lhe design fIood sloiage IeveI. ecause lhe veii chaiacleiislic affecls lhe sloiage iouling, lhe design
caIcuIalions nusl le checked using a sloiage-iouling conpulei nodeI.
In spiIIvay design, il is aIso necessaiy lo ensuie lhal ieceiving channeI dovnsliean of lhe sliucluie is
sufficienlIy piolecled againsl lhe eiosive fIov fion lhe spiIIvay. Ripiap Iining oi eneigy dissipaleis nay le
necessaiy.
))4H4H4T &EF?>KE6>< ?>@ P?:><6>?>86 #88677
The valei-ielaining enlanknenls foi lhe velIands lasin nay have lhe chaiacleiislics of snaII dans, and
shouId le designed as such. Theie aie nany diffeienl lypes of dans, incIuding conciele, iockfiII and eailhfiII.
LailhfiII dans aie ly fai lhe nosl connonIy used foi delenlion faciIilies in uilan deveIopnenl piojecls.
RegaidIess of lhe size oi Iocalion of a pioposed faciIily, oi lhe siniIaiily lo olhei piojecls neaily, lhe design of
lhe pond oi velIands, and especiaIIy lhe enlanknenl, shouId aIvays le lased on sile-specific infoinalion.
))4H4H4U 3?M6<A
Consliucled velIands need lo confoin lo pulIic safely iequiienenls foi nev deveIopnenls. CeneiaIIy, lhe
ovnei of lhe velIands is iesponsilIe foi ensuiing lhal il does nol pose iisk lo pulIic heaIlh oi safely. These
incIude ieasonalIe lallei piofiIes foi edges lo faciIilale pulIic egiess fion aieas vilh slanding valei and
fencing oi iaiIings vheie valei deplhs and edge piofiIe iequiies physicaI laiiieis lo deny pulIic access.
Mosquilo-loine diseases aie a seiious concein in liopicaI aieas. The velIands design shouId nininise lhe iisk
of nosquilo lieeding lheie. Mosquilo conlioI slialegies incIude:
- Inleiceplion of valei-loine iullish vhich cieales a nosquilo lieeding enviionnenl,
- SeIeclion of pIanls vhich piovide a lieeding giound foi piedaloi insecls, such as diagonfIies lhal feed
on nosquiloes,
- Vaiied deplhs as desciiled in lhis chaplei, lo encouiage lieeding of fish and olhei piedaloi species,
- Shaping of velIands lo avoid shaIIov slagnanl aieas vilh pooi ciicuIalion,
- Shaping of velIands edges lo avoid lhe liapping of valei in depiessions as lhe pond valei IeveI
changes,
- Iioviding a nechanisn lo ieguIale valei IeveIs in oidei lo disluil any lieeding Iaivae, and
- SeIeclion and conlioI of aqualic pIanls lo avoid lhe ciealion of halilals favouied foi nosquilo lieeding.
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The pond ilseIf can piesenl a hazaid lo snaII chiIdien. The designei shouId concenliale on avoiding seiious
safely hazaids such as:
- Sudden diops inlo deep valei,
- Sudden changes in fIov veIocilies oi valei IeveIs, and
- Raised sliucluies lhal chiIdien can faII off.
InIel and oulIel sliucluies can le pailicuIaiIy dangeious lecause of lhe high fIov veIocily. Il nay le desiialIe
lo fence off lhe inIel and oulIel sliucluies. Such fencing shouId le designed so lhal il does nol inleifeie vilh lhe
hydiauIics of lhe fIov sliucluie.
))4H4L 267:B> $9=86@D96 M=9 !=>7<9D8<6@ *6<G?>@7
The foIIoving design sleps aie ieconnended vhen designing velIands:
Slep 1: Confiin Tiealnenl Ieifoinance of Concepl Design.
efoie connencing delaiIed design, lhe designei shouId fiisl undeilake a pieIininaiy check lo
confiin lhe iequiied velIands aiea (i.e. lhe naciophyle zone suiface aiea) fion lhe concepl design
is adequale lo deIivei lhe iequiied IeveI of sloinvalei quaIily inpiovenenl. This design piocess
assunes a concepluaI design has leen undeilaken. The poIIulanl ieduclion cuive foi velIands as a
funclion of calchnenl inpeivious aiea shovn in Iiguie 3.1 can le used lo undeilake lhis
veiificalion check. These cuives aie inlended lo piovide an indicalion onIy of appiopiiale sizing and
do nol sulslilule lhe need foi a lhoiough design piocess.
Slep 2: Deleinine Design IIovs.
A design opeialion fIov (lased on valei quaIily sloin) is iequiied foi sizing lhe inIel zone (i.e.
sedinenlalion lasin) and lhe conlioI oulIel sliucluie (i.e. oveifIov pil and pipe conneclion)
dischaiging lo naciophyle zone.
Nexl, lhe designei shouId caIcuIale lhe WQV and sel lhe WQV peinanenl pooI eIevalion lased on
lhe voIune caIcuIaled and lhe WQV valei IeveI.
Slep 3: Designing lhe InIel Zone.
The design of inIel zone appIies lhe sane piocesses as lhe pioceduie foi design foielay oi sedinenl
lasins. InIel zone conneclion lo lhe naciophyle zone noinaIIy consisls of an oveifIov pil vilhin lhe
inIel zone connecled lo one oi noie pipes lhiough lhe enlanknenl sepaialing lhe inIel zone and
lhe naciophyle zone. The inIel zone shaII le piovided vilh a gioss poIIulanl liap (CIT) lo ienove
Iaigei pailicIes and deliis incIuding sedinenl.
Slep 4: Designing lhe Maciophyle Zone.
Lenglh lo Widlh Ralio and HydiauIic Lfficiency
To oplinise velIands peifoinance, il is inpoilanl lo avoid shoil ciicuiling of fIov palhs and pooiIy
nixed iegions vilhin lhe naciophyle zone. One vay lo nininise lhis is lo adopl a high Ienglh lo
vidlh ialio nol Iess lhan 2 lo 1 foi lhe naciophyle zone. Lenglh lo vidlh ialios Iess lhan lhis can
Iead lo pooi hydiodynanic condilions and ieduced valei quaIily liealnenl peifoinance.

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Designing lhe Maciophyle Zone alhyneliy
Il is good design piaclice lo piovide a iange of halilal aieas vilhin lhe naciophyle zone lo suppoil
a vaiiely of pIanl species (Refei Annex 1) and ecoIogicaI niches lo peifoin a iange of liealnenl
piocesses. The naciophyle zone lheiefoie lypicaIIy conpiises foui naish zones (defined ly valei
deplh) and an open valei zone. The lalhyneliy acioss lhe foui naish zones is lo vaiy giaduaIIy
ianging fion O.2n alove lhe peinanenl pooI IeveI (i.e. epheneiaI naish) lo a naxinun of 1.2n
leIov lhe peinanenl pooI IeveI (i.e. deep naish).
Maciophyle Zone Ldge Design foi Safely
The lallei sIopes on appioaches and innedialeIy undei lhe peinanenl valei IeveI have lo le
configuied vilh consideialion of pulIic safely. Il is ieconnended lhal a genlIe sIope lo lhe valei
edge and exlending leIov lhe valei Iine le adopled lefoie lhe lallei sIope sleepens inlo deepei
aieas.
Maciophyle Zone SoiI Tesling
Consliucled velIands aie peinanenl valei lodies and lheiefoie lhe soiIs in lhe lase nusl le
capalIe of ielaining valei. CeolechnicaI invesligalions of lhe suilaliIily of lhe in-silu soiIs aie
iequiied lo eslalIish lhe valei hoIding capacily of lhe soiIs. Wheie lhe infiIlialion iales aie loo high
foi peinanenl valei ielenlion, liIIing and conpaclion of in-silu soiIs nay le sufficienl lo cieale a
suilalIe lase foi lhe velIands. Wheie in-silu soiIs aie unsuilalIe foi valei ielenlion, a conpacled
cIay Iinei nay le iequiied (lypicaIIy 3OOnn lhick). SpeciaIisl geolechnicaI lesling and advice nusl
le soughl.
Slep 5: Design Open Walei Zone OulIel.
An open valei zone oulIel has lvo puiposes: (1) hydioIogic conlioI of lhe valei IeveI and fIovs in
lhe naciophyle zone lo achieve lhe design delenlion line, and (2) lo aIIov lhe velIands peinanenl
pooI lo le diained foi nainlenance.
OulIel Woiks - Size and Localion of Oiifices
The iisei oulIel is designed lo piovide a unifoin nolionaI delenlion line in lhe open valei zone
ovei lhe fuII iange of lhe exlended delenlion deplhs. In lhe case of an exlended delenlion velIands,
lheie is geneiaIIy a need foi an addilionaI oulIel lhal is sized lo pass lhe valei quaIily voIune lhal is
supeiinposed on lop of lhe peinanenl pooI no Iess lhan 12 houis lo 24 houis.
Mainlenance Diains
To aIIov access foi nainlenance, lhe velIands shouId have appiopiiale aIIovance foi diaining. A
nainlenance diainage pipe shouId le piovided lhal connecls lhe Iov poinls in lhe naciophyle zone
lalhyneliy lo lhe naciophyle zone oulIel. A vaIve is piovided on lhe nainlenance diainage pipe),
vhich can le opeialed nanuaIIy. The nainlenance diainage pipe shouId le sized lo diav dovn lhe
peinanenl pooI vilhin 12 houis. If a veii pIale is used as a iisei oulIel, piovision shouId le nade lo
ienove lhe veii pIale and aIIov diainage foi nainlenance.
Dischaige Iipe
The dischaige pipe of lhe velIands conveys lhe oulfIov of lhe naciophyle zone lo lhe ieceiving
valeis (oi exisling diainage infiasliucluie). The conveyance capacily of lhe dischaige pipe is lo le
sized lo nalch lhe highei of lhe lvo dischaiges (i.e. naxinun dischaige fion lhe iisei oi lhe
naxinun dischaige fion lhe nainlenance diain).

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11-18 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
Slep 6: Design Lnlanknenl(s), SpiIIvay and High IIov ypass ChanneI.
Designeis nusl nexl size an eneigency spiIIvay, and caIcuIale lhe peak najoi sloin valei suiface
eIevalion. They nusl lhen sel lhe lop of lhe enlanknenl eIevalion.
The lypass channeI accepls 'alove design fIov fion lhe inIel zone of lhe velIands via lhe lypass
veii and conveys lhese fIovs dovnsliean aiound lhe naciophyle zone of lhe velIands. The lypass
channeI shouId le designed using slandaid nelhods (i.e. Mannings Lqualion) lo convey lhe 'alove
design fIov and lo avoid led and lank eiosion.
Slep 7: Specify Vegelalion.
Refei lo Annex 1 foi advice on seIecling suilalIe pIanl species foi velIands.
Slep 8: Design CaIcuIalion Sunnaiy.
Iiepaie a design caIcuIalion sunnaiy sheel and checkIisl foi lhe key design eIenenls.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-19
'&V&'&1!&3
1. iislane Cily CounciI (2OO5). 62*78 "7&5)*)?7 T8K2& 075)C& (&C)&778)&C U:)'73)&75V "*+8FH2*78, Diafl,
iislane Cily CounciI, iislaneW AusliaIia.
2. Consliuclion Indusliy Reseaich and Infoinalion Associalion, CIRIA. (2OO7). IN7 "T0" !2&:23. CIRIA
Repoil C697. London, UK.
3. Diainage and Iiiigalion Division, DID (1975). T8K2& 082)&2C7 075)C& "*2&'28'5 2&' ;8+L7':875 D+8 ;7&)&5:328
!23245)2V ;32&&)&C 2&' 075)C& ;8+L7':87 X+, .. Minisliy of AgiicuIluie, MaIaysia.
4. LnviionnenlaI Iioleclion Agency, LIA (1983). A75:3*5 +D *N7 X2*)+&H)'7 T8K2& A:&+DD ;8+C82F. IinaI Repoil,
U.S. LnviionnenlaI Iioleclion Agency, NTIS No. I84-185545, Washinglon DC, USA.
5. Lavience, I. and ieen, I. (1998). 075)C& U:)'73)&75V "*+8FH2*78 M+33:*)+& L+&*8+3 M+&'5 2&' H7*32&'5. CRC foi
Iieshvalei LcoIogy, Canleiia, AusliaIia.
6. MaiyIand Depailnenl of lhe Lnviionnenl, MDL. (2OOO). !28432&' "*+8FH2*78 075)C& !2&:23. aIlinoie,
MD, USA.
7. Iova NaluiaI Resouices Conseivalion Seivice. (2OO8). 1+H2 "*+8FH2*78 !2&2C7F7&* !2&:23. Iova Slale
Univeisily, Cenlei foi Tianspoilalion Reseaich and Lducalion. Anes, USA.
8. Uilonas, .R. and Slahie, I. (1993). "*+8FH2*78 Y Q75* !2&2C7F7&* ;82L*)L75 1&L3:')&C 07*7&*)+&. Iienlice
HaII, LngIevood CIiffs, N.}., USA.
9. Uilan Diainage and IIood ConlioI Disliicl, UDICD (2OO8). T8K2& "*+8F 082)&2C7 <8)*78)2 !2&:23
=T"0<!>. Denvei, CoIoiado, USA.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-21
#$$&12.W ))4# &W#P$-& X *#%&' +,#-.%/ $012
IiolIen:
A valei quaIily pond is pioposed foi lhe nev deveIopnenl of 2.5 heclaie coIIege in Nilong TelaI, IuIau
Iinang lased on lhe foIIoving assunplions:
- aveiage iunoff coefficienl, C
ave
vas eslinaled lo le O.45 lased on lhe inpeiviousness of lhe nixed
deveIopnenl aiea
- fiaclion of inpeivious aiea, D
inp
is eslinaled lo le O.65
SoIulion:
ReIevanl Layoul
IIan

Calchnenl aiea, #

=

2.5ha

Seclion
11.3.3.4 (a)

TalIe 1.4

Iiguie 3.1(l)

Confiin liealnenl peifoinance of design concepl

Reduclion of lolaI suspended soIids, TSS

Reduclion of lolaI niliogen, TN

Reduclion of lolaI phosphoius, TI

Deleinine iequiied valei quaIily pond aiea ialio foi lhe laigeled
poIIulanl ienovaI efficiencies

TSS: 8O ienovaI coiiesponds lo an aiea ialio of 1.7O.
TN: 35 ienovaI coiiesponds lo an aiea ialio of 4.95.
TI: 4O ienovaI coiiesponds lo an aiea ialio of 2.OO.

The Iaigesl ialio nusl le seIecled lheiefoie adopl an aiea ialio

CaIcuIale iequiied valei quaIily pond size knoving lhe calchnenl aiea

The calchnenl aiea

Conliiluling inpeivious aiea = D
)FM
x # = O.65 x 2.5

=

=

=

=

=

=

8O

35

4O

4.95

2.5Oha

1.625ha
O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
1OO
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O 3.5 4.O 4.5 5.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
TSS TN TI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

11-22 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5

vheie:
D
)FM
= Iiaclion of inpeivious aiea
# = Calchnenl aiea
The iequiied valei quaIily pond aiea = 1.62S [
4.9S
1uu

=
=

O.O8O438ha
8O4.38n
2

Lqualion 11.1

Seclion
2.3.1.1
11.2.3.2
Deleinine WQV

Requiied sloiage foi WQV = <
2?7
=;
'
> #
= O.45 x O.O4O x 25OOO
vheie:
3
),
<
2?7
= Aveiage ialionaI iunoff coefficienl,
;
'
= RainfaII deplh foi valei quaIily design sloin (= 4O nn),
2
).

=

45On
3

Seclion
11.2.3.1

Designing Walei QuaIily Iond

Widlh, 6

Lenglh, P

Suiface aiea

Lenglh lo vidlh ialio

Lxlended Delenlion Deplh:

Deplh (Alove lhe peinanenl pooI valei IeveI)

Side sIope

Walei quaIily pond voIune = O.5 x (2O+22.4) x O.5 x (6O+62.4) x O.4

=

=

=

=

=

=

2On

6On

12OOn
2
(>8O4.38n
2
)

3:1

O.4n

1:3

518.98n
3

(>45On
3
)

Seclion
11.2.1.4(l)

Lqualion 11.2

Lqualion 2.6
Oplion 1: Wel Type Walei QuaIily Iond

Diavdovn line

9
2?7
@
A7B:)87' "*+82C7 D+8 69E (m
3
)
082H'+H& I)F7 =5>
=
450
126060

OulIel voiks

OulIel sized lo dischaige lhe WQV

9 @ <
+
#
+
%CR
+

vheie,
9 = The oiifice fIov iale (n
3
/s),
<
+
= Oiifice dischaige coefficienl (= O.6O),

=

=

=

12-Houi

O.O1O4n
3
/s

oiifice
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-23

#
+
= Aiea of oiifice (n
2
), t D
o
2
/4,
0
+
= Oiifice dianelei (n),
R
+
= Lffeclive head on lhe oiifice neasuied fion lhe cenlie of lhe
opening (n), and
C = AcceIeialion due lo giavily (9.81n/s
2
)

Say, Oiifice dianelei, 0
+

Lffeclive head on lhe oiifice neasuied fion lhe cenlie of lhe opening, H
o

9 @<
+
#
+
%CR
+
= u.6u
n(0.09)
2
4
2g(u.SSS)

=
=

=

=

O.O9n
9Onn

O.355n

O.O1On
3
/s
(<O.O1O4n
3
/s)

Seclion
11.2.1.4(a)

Lqualion 11.2

0;<:=> 5Y 29A %A;6 *?<69 +D?G:<A $=>@

Diavdovn line

9
2?7
@
A7B:)87' "*+82C7 D+8 69E (m
3
)
082H'+H& I)F7 =5>
=
450
246060

OulIel voiks

Say, Oiifice dianelei, 0
+

Lffeclive head on lhe oiifice neasuied fion lhe cenlie of lhe opening, H
o

9 @ <
+
#
+
2gH
o
= u.6u
n(0.06)
2
4
2g(O.37)

=

=

=
=

=

=

24-Houi

O.OO521n
3
/s

O.O6n
6Onn

O.37n

O.OO457n
3
/s
(<O.OO521
n
3
/s)
Seclion
7.4.3

Tiash Racks

Iiovide liash iacks of sufficienl size lhal do nol inleifeie vilh lhe
hydiauIic capacily of lhe oulIel. Refei Chaplei 7 foi nininun liash iack
sizes.

Design foi Safely

Lnlanknenl heighl

Side SIope

An eneigency spiIIvay is lo le incIuded in lhe valei quaIily pond
design lo safeIy pass lhe fIov Iaigei lhan valei quaIily design sloin.
The spiIIvay pievenls pond valei IeveIs fion oveilopping lhe
enlanknenl and causing sliucluiaI danage.

=

=

O.6n

1 : 4

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

11-24 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5
#$$&12.W ))4Z &W#P$-& X *&%-#123
IiolIen:
A consliucled velIands is pioposed vilh lhe io-LcoIogicaI Diainage Syslen (IOLCODS) foi lhe nev
deveIopnenl of engineeiing canpus, Univeisili Sains MaIaysia in Nilong TelaI, IuIau Iinang. The canpus
aiea is 32O acie. Hovevei, lhe lolaI conliiluling diainage aiea is 25O acie.
ReIevanl
Layoul IIan

TolaI conliiluling diainage aiea, A

=
=

25O acie
1,O11,714.11n
2

11.3.3.4 (a)

TalIe 1.4

Iiguie 3.1(e)

Confiin liealnenl peifoinance of design concepl

Reduclion of lolaI suspended soIids, TSS

Reduclion of lolaI niliogen, TN

Reduclion of lolaI phosphoius, TI

Deleinine iequiied velIand aiea ialio foi lhe laigeled poIIulanl ienovaI
efficiencies

TSS: 8O ienovaI coiiesponds lo an aiea ialio of 4.OO
TN: 4O ienovaI coiiesponds lo an aiea ialio of 3.OO
TI: 5O ienovaI coiiesponds lo an aiea ialio of 2.75

The Iaigesl ialio nusl le seIecled lheiefoie adopl an aiea ialio

CaIcuIale iequiied velIand size knoving lhe calchnenl aiea

TolaI conliiluling diainage calchnenl aiea, #

Conliiluling inpeivious aiea = D
)FM
Z # = O.3O x 1,O11,714.11

Wheie, D
)FM
= Iiaclion of inpeivious aiea
# = Calchnenl aiea

=

=

=

=

=

=

8O

4O

5O

4.OO

1,O11,714.11n
2

3O3,514.23n
2

O
1O
2O
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
O.O O.5 1.O 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.O 3.5 4.O 4.5 5.O
I
o
I
I
u
l
a
n
l

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

(
)
TSS TN TI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-25

Calchnenl Chaiacleiislic Aiea (n
2
) Aiea () D
)FM

uiIdings/Lols, Road/Ioolpalh 2O2,342.82 2O.OO O.7O
Cieen Aiea 8O9,371.29 8O.OO O.2O
TolaI 1,O11,714.11 1OO.OO -

Seclion
11.3.3.2

The iequiied velIand aiea = 3O3514.23[
4.00
100

AIIocalion of Suiface Aiea

InIel zone - Nol avaiIalIe since design as off-Iine velIand. Delenlion
pond can design as sedinenl foielay lo ieduce inconing sedinenl
sloinvalei fIov lefoie iunoff enlei velIand.

Maciophyle Zone = 8O x 12,14O.57n
2

Open Walei Zone (MiciopooI) = 2O x 12,444.O8n
2

Deleinine Design IIovs

Design infIov iale (valei quaIily sloin), Q
peak

(Rouling iesuIl fion delenlion pond)

=

=

=

=

12,14O.57n
2

9,712.46n
2

2,428.11n
2

O.275n
3
/s

Lqualion 11.1

Seclion
2.3.1.1
11.2.3.2
Deleinine WQV

Requiied sloiage foi 69E = <
2?7
=;
'
> #
= O.35 x O.O4O x 1,O11,714.11

vheie:
69E = Walei quaIily voIune (n
3
),
<
2?7
= Aveiage ialionaI iunoff coefficienl,
;
'
= RainfaII deplh foi valei quaIily design sloin (= 4Onn),
2
).

=

14,164.OOn
3

11.3.3.3

Designing velIand and lalhyneliy

Lenglh lo Widlh Ralio:

Widlh, W

Lenglh, L

Suiface aiea


Lxlended Delenlion Deplh:

Deplh (Alove lhe peinanenl pooI valei IeveI)

Side sIope

WelIand voIune = O.5 x (5O+57.2O) x O.5 x (25O+257.2O) x 1.2

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

5On

25On

12,5OOn
2
(>12,14O.57n
2
)

5:1

1.2n

1:3

16,311.55n
3

(>14,164.OOn
3
)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

11-26 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5

Designing naciophyle zone

Lenglh lo vidlh ialio and hydiauIic efficiency:

Widlh, W
Lenglh, L
Suiface aiea

=

=

=

5On

2OOn

1O,OOOn
2
(>9,712.46n
2
)


Designing lhe naciophyle zone lalhyneliy:

(i) Aiea:

Deep naish

Lov naish

High naish

(ii) Deplh:

Deep naish

Lov naish

High naish

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

4:1

1O, OOOn
2

9OOn
2

(9.O)
6,7OOn
2

(67.O)
2,4OOn
2

(24.O)

1.On

O.6n

O.3n

Maciophyle zone edge design foi safely iequiienenls:

Lnlanknenl heighl

Side sIope

Maciophyle zone soiI lesling:

Iiovide conpacled cIay Iinei (pea giaveI and soiI nixluie) as specified
ly engineei

=

=

O.6n

1 : 3

Annex 1

TalIe 11.2

Vegelalion specificalions:

Zone
Walei Deplh
(n)
IIanl Species IIanling Densily
(pIanl/n
2
)
High naish zone O.3 LIeochaiis Vaiiegala 1O
High naish zone O.3 LIeochaiis DuIchis 1O
High naish zone O.3 Hanguana MaIayana 1O
Lov naish zone O.6 Lepiionia AilicuIala 6
Lov naish zone O.6 Typha AuguslifoIia 6
Deep nash zone 1.O Ihiagniles Kaika 4

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5 11-27
IL + O.82
ICL + 1.68
Ciass SvaIe
ACCLSS ROAD
25OO
Aiea
26 24 23 22 25 21 2O
13 9 1O 11 12
5 6 7 8
Ciass SvaIe
Iaiking
18 19 17 16 15 14
1 2 3 4
IL + 1.O8
ICL + 1.48
1
O
. 6
3
O
1
6
2
3
3
' 3
O
"
1
6
2
3
3
' 3
O
"
4
7
.6
5
O
DI N
Iadang
1
2
8
3
2
'4
8
" 8
8
.O
3
O
R
L
Z
A

Welpond
317
58
318
877
32O
1
3
6
4
1
'O
O
" 8
4
.3
2
2
1
3
4
O
6
'O
O
"
1
3
.8
3
2
131O
322
1
2
9
4
9
'O
O
"
5
O
.O
9
1
1
3
4
O
6
'O
O
" 1
O
5
.3
8
4
57
1
4
O
3
1
'3
O
" 2
O
2
.2
3
4
878
88O
879
451
1
2
9
4
6
'3
O
" 6
4
.2
9
O
1
3
3
2
8
'O
O
"
4
4
.6
6
O
5
3
.2
6
O
1
3
7
O
7
'3
O
"
1
2
7
3
1
'O
O
" 6
O
.O
O
O
881
882
883
1
4
1
2
6
'3
O
"
3
3
.5
2
O
3
O
. 6
9
O
1
4
9
4
2
' O
O
" 6
O
.2
2
O
1
3
2
'
1
3
7
2
9
'3
O
"
Ciass SvaIe

Designing open valei zone

(i) Micio pooI aiea

(ii) Micio pooI deplh

OulIel voiks

Aflei consideiing design concepl and iequiienenls, seveiaI faclois and
consliainls of lhe appIicalion io-LcoIogicaI Diainage Syslen
(IOLCODS) in lhe Lnginneiing Canpus, USM, lo aIIov foi lidaI effecls,
one unil of check vaIve is incoipoialed inlo a conciele sliucluie
pioposed al lhe ieciealionaI pond Iocaled dovnsliean of lhe velIand.
The check vaIve is appioxinaleIy O.6 n in dianelei.

=

=

2,5OOn
2
(>2,428.11n
2
)

2.On

Layoul
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

11-28 62*78 9:23)*4 ;+&' 2&' 67*32&'5

3
1
W
e
l
I
a
n
d

A
i
e
a

(
L
o
v

M
a
i
s
h
)
I
L
6
O
O
4
1
I
L
4
1
S
e
c
l
i
o
n

L
L
u
n
d
u
n
d
2
4
O
O
2
4
O
O
2
5
O
O
W
L
I
L
2
5
O
O
4
1
1
4
2
4
O
O
6
O
O
2
4
O
O
I
L
O
W
3
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

2
.
O
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

1
.
O
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
6
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
6
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
6
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
3
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
6
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
3
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
3
n
W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

O
.
6
n
H
i
g
h

M
a
i
s
h
5
O
O
n
n

T
h
k
.

T
o
p

O
i
g
a
n
i
c

s
o
i
I
5
O
O
n
n

T
h
k
.

T
o
p

O
i
g
a
n
i
c

s
o
i
I
L
i
n
i
n
g
L
i
n
i
n
g
5
O
O
n
n

T
h
k
.

T
o
p

O
i
g
a
n
i
c

s
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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-i
!"#$%&' )* &'+,-+. #./ ,&/-0&.% !+.%'+1
12.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 12-1
12.2 LROSION AND SLDIMLNTATION IROCLSSLS ....................................................... 12-1
12.3 LROSION AND SLDIMLNT CONTROL IRINCIILLS ............................................... 12-2
12.3.1 Mininising SoiI Liosion ..................................................................................... 12-3
12.3.2 Iieseiving TopsoiI and Olhei Assels ............................................................... 12-3
12.3.3 Access Roules and Sile Managenenl ............................................................... 12-3
12.3.4 Diainage ConlioI and Runoff Managenenl .................................................... 12-4
12.3.5 Lailhvoiks and Liosion ConlioI....................................................................... 12-4
12.3.6 Sedinenl Iievenlion and ConlioI ..................................................................... 12-4
12.3.7 SIope SlaliIisalion ............................................................................................... 12-4
12.3.8 Sile Mainlenance .................................................................................................. 12-5
12.4 DLSICN CUIDLLINLS IOR LROSION AND SLDIMLNT CONTROL MIs ......... 12-5
12.4.1 SoiI Loss and Sedinenl YieId Lslinalion ......................................................... 12-5
12.4.1.1 SoiI Loss ................................................................................................ 12-5
12.4.1.2 Sedinenl YieId ..................................................................................... 12-11
12.4.2 Liosion ConlioI MIs ........................................................................................ 12-12
12.4.2.1 Seeding and IIanling .......................................................................... 12-12
12.4.2.2 MuIching ............................................................................................... 12-13
12.4.2.3 CeolexliIes and Mals ........................................................................... 12-13
12.4.3 Runoff Managenenl MIs ................................................................................ 12-14
12.4.3.1 Lailh ank ............................................................................................ 12-14
12.4.3.2 Diveision ChanneI ............................................................................... 12-15
12.4.3.3 Diainage OulIel Iioleclion ................................................................ 12-16
12.4.3.4 Tenpoiaiy Waleivay Ciossing ........................................................ 12-17
12.4.4 Sedinenl ConlioI MIs ..................................................................................... 12-18
12.4.4.1 SiIl Iences ............................................................................................. 12-18
12.4.4.2 Check Dans ......................................................................................... 12-19
12.4.4.3 Sedinenl Tiaps .................................................................................... 12-21
12.4.4.4 Sedinenl asins ................................................................................... 12-22
12.5 IRLIARATION OI LROSION AND SLDIMLNT CONTROL ILAN (LSCI) ......... 12-26
12.5.1 CeneiaI Requiienenls of LSCIs ....................................................................... 12-26
12.5.2 Conlenl of an LSCI ............................................................................................. 12-26
12.5.2.1 Repoil .................................................................................................... 12-26
12.5.2.2 Sile IIans & Lngineeiing Diavings .................................................. 12-28
12.5.2.3 Inspeclion and Mainlenance IIan ..................................................... 12-29
12.5.3 LSCI Iiepaialion Slages .................................................................................... 12-29
12.5.3.1 IIanning Ihase..................................................................................... 12-29
12.5.3.2 Design Ihase ........................................................................................ 12-3O
12.5.3.3 Consliuclion Ihase ............................................................................. 12-31
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-ii
12.5.4 Ieifoinance LvaIualion of LSCI ...................................................................... 12-31
12.5.4.1 Sile Inspeclion & Moniloiing ............................................................ 12-31
12.5.4.2 Recoid Keeping ................................................................................... 12-32
12.5.4.3 IIan Reviev and Modificalion .......................................................... 12-32
RLILRLNCLS .................................................................................................................................. 12-33
AIILNDIX 12.A MIs LLCLND AND ILAN SYMOLS ..................................................... 12-35
AIILNDIX 12. LXAMILL - MODLL LSCI IRLIARATION ............................................. 12-36
AIILNDIX 12.C LXAMILL - SOIL LOSS LSTIMATION WITH USLL ............................... 12-4O
AIILNDIX 12.D LXAMILL - SLDIMLNT YILLD LSTIMATION ........................................ 12-43
AIILNDIX 12.L LXAMILL - WLT SLDIMLNT ASIN ......................................................... 12-45
AIILNDIX 12.I LXAMILL - DRY SLDIMLNT ASIN ......................................................... 12-49

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-1
)*2) -.%'+/3!%-+.
UnconlioIIed Iand disluilance, defoieslalion and consliuclion aclivilies, exposed lo iainfaII and iunoff, cause
excessive eiosion and sedinenlalion pailicuIaiIy in liopicaI enviionnenl incIuding MaIaysia. The effecl has
leen in olvious valei quaIily deleiioialion of a nunlei of valeicouises and ieceiving valeis due lo seveie
siIlalion. Theiefoie, conpiehensive conlioI is iequiied lo ieguIale and nanage lhe piocesses and lo niligale lhe
inpacls of eiosion and sedinenlalion.
This Chaplei piovides ieIevanl guidance and pioceduies foi ieduclion and conlioI of eiosion and
sedinenlalion so lhal deveIopnenlaI/consliuclion aclivilies can le pIanned and execuled in a judicious
nannei vilh nininun Iand, valei quaIily and enviionnenlaI degiadalion. The conlenls incIude pievenlive
nelhods, nicio nodeI-lased eiosion eslinales, MIs design pioceduies and conlioI pIan piepaialion.
The anounl of soiI eioded fion Iand deveIopnenl and sedinenl deIiveied lo valeivays is veiy Iaige, najoiily
lianspoiled lo lhe sea, vhiIe lhe iesl deposiled in fIoodpIains, iiveis, Iakes and ieseivoiis. Sedinenl is aIvays
lhe nunlei one poIIulanl in valeivays, vheie siIlalion and nuliienls inpaii noie kiIonelies of iiveis and
slieans lhan any olhei poIIulanl. The econonic cosls of eiosion and sedinenlalion aie sulslanliaI, fion
iesouice danages on Iand and ieceiving valeis as veII as noney spenl foi ienovaI and/oi diedging voiks
(Ciay & Solii, 1996).
)*2* &'+,-+. #./ ,&/-0&.%#%-+. $'+!&,,&,
SoiI eiosion oi suificiaI eiosion is lhe delachnenl, enliainnenl, and lianspoil of soiI pailicIes fion ongoing
Iand deveIopnenl and consliuclion aieas ly lhe iainfaII and iunoff aclivilies. Liosion occuis slailing vilh
iaindiop spIash. Al lhe onsel of iunoff sheel, valei coIIecls inlo snaII iivuIels, vhich nay eiode veiy snaII
channeIs caIIed iiIIs. These iiIIs nay evenluaIIy coaIesce inlo Iaigei and deepei channeIs caIIed guIIies (Iiguie
12.1).

Iiguie 12.1: Types of Liosion Occuiiing al a Consliuclion Sile (CDM, 1993)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-2 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
IIoving
IIuid
Diag oi Tiaclive
Ioice al IIuid-ed
oundaiy
IneiliaI oi
Cohesive
Ioices elveen
IailicIes
The nechanics of lhe eiosion piocess is shovn Iiguie 12-2 (Ciay & Solii, 1996). Diag oi liaclive foices exeiled
ly lhe fIoving sloinvalei iunoff aie iesisled ly ineilia oi cohesive foices lelveen pailicIes. The foices aie
neasuied ly valei veIocily, dischaige and soiI pailicIe shape and ioughness. Liosion is inilialed ly diag,
inpacl, oi liaclive foices acling on soiI pailicIes.

Iiguie 12.2: Mechanic of Liosion
ased on veiy Iiniled dalalase, il shovs lhal lhe eiosion iales fion foiesl and agiicuIluiaI Iand in a lypicaI
MaIaysian liopic calchnenl aie ioughIy O.5 and 25 lons/ha/yi, vhiIe lhe eiosion iales fion consliuclion siles
have videi vaiialions, ianging fion appioxinaleIy 1,OOO lo 1O,OOO lons/ha/yi. Il is inleiesling lo nole lhal soiI
eiosion iales fion lhe liopicaI calchnenl in MaIaysia is in lhe oidei of 1O lo 2O lines giealei lhan lhose fion
calchnenls in lhe lenpeiale cIinale (neliopoIilan aieas of Washinglon D.C. and aIlinoie, MaiyIand) (Chen,
199O). y conpaiing lypicaI disliilulion palleins of iainfaII inlensilies foi liopicaI and lenpeiale iainfaII, il
shovs lhal lhe eiosive povei of lhe liopicaI iain is as nuch as 16 lines giealei lhan lhal of lhe lenpeiale iain
(Hudson, 1971).
Sedinenlalion is lhe luiId-up (aggiadalion) of sedinenl on lhe Iand suiface oi lhe led of ieceiving valeis. .
Sedinenlalion Ieads lo lhe iising of led IeveIs conliiluling lo incieased fIoods IeveIs and escaIales lhe
desliuclion of aqualic halilals and fisheiies (Iiguie 12.3). Il is a dynanic piocess and is dependenl upon lhe
geonoiphic and hydiauIic chaiacleiislics of lhe diainage syslen and lhe naluie of lhe ieceiving valei lody.
The deposiled sedinenl lends lo ienain in pIace sonelines foi shoil peiiods of line, vheie sulsequenl
iainsloins fIush lhe sedinenl dovnsliean and sonelines foi veiy Iong lines, lhe Ialei leing lhe case in
esluaiies and Iakes. Sedinenl lends lo le lianspoiled in puIses depending on lhe fIov chaiacleiislics of lhe
diainage syslens.

Iiguie 12.3: Inpacls of Sedinenlalion
)*24 &'+,-+. #./ ,&/-0&.% !+.%'+1 $'-.!-$1&,
Theie aie piinaiiIy eighl (8) piincipIes of eiosion and sedinenl conlioI ieconnended (Iiguie 12.4). The
foIIoving sul-seclions piovide delaiIed desciiplions of lhese piincipIes.
a) On IIood IIain
l) In Receiving Waleis
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-3
8. Sile Mainlenance
7. SIope SlaliIizalion
6. Sedinenl
Iievenlion ConlioI
5. Lailhvoik &
Liosion ConlioI
4. Runoff ConlioI &
Managenenl
3. Access Roule & Sile
Managenenl
2. Iieseiving Top SoiI
& Olhei Assels
1. Mininizing SoiI
Liosion
&,!
$567869:;<

Iiguie 12.4: IiincipIes of Liosion and Sedinenl ConlioI
)*242) 0676=6<67> ,?6: &5?<6?7
- efoie deveIopnenl legins, pievenlalive neasuies lo nininise eiosion shaII le pIanned lhiough lhe
piepaialion of an LSCI.
- The voiking aiea foi vaiious faciIilies vilhin a deveIopnenl sile shaII le ieduced lo Iess lhan lvice lhe
pIan aiea of aII luiIdings.
- The conliacloi shaII ieguIale phases of eailhvoik and consliuclion lhiough piopei deveIopnenl
scheduIing. AII cIeaiing, giading, and slaliIisalion opeialions shaII le conpIeled lefoie noving onlo
lhe nexl phase. Majoi eailhvoik shaII le scheduIed lo avoid vel seasons (nonsoon).
- Lxisling vegelalion shaII le nainlained lo lhe naxinun exlenl possilIe lo fiIlei iunoff and piovide
eiosion pioleclion.
- Sliean luffeis shaII le eslalIished, and naluiaI valeivay ieseives shouId le deIinealed as
ieconnended ly Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage (DID) MaIaysia.
)*242* $5;<;5@67> %?9<?6: A7B +CD;5 #<<;C<
- Sensilive ecoIogicaI aieas vilhin a deveIopnenl sile such as velIands, naluiaI spiings, elc. shaII le
denaicaled and pieseived.
- AII excavaled lopsoiI shaII le slockpiIed, piolecled fion eiosion, and Ialei used foi ievegelalion.
- Vegelalion of high ecoIogicaI oi sociaI vaIue shouId le idenlified, piolecled, and if iequiied,
lianspIanled.
)*2424 #88;<< '?EC;< A7B ,6C; 0A7A>;=;7C
- AII iighl-of-vays oi access ioules shaII le shovn on lhe LSCI and il shaII le lhe iesponsiliIily of lhe
deveIopei lo ensuie lhal aII vehicuIai liaffic slays vilhin lhe designaled iighls-of-vay.
- VehicIe novenenls on access ioads shouId le kepl lo a nininun vilh olhei aieas off-Iinils lo liaffic.
- AII novenenls of vehicIes ovei unpaved aieas shouId le kepl lo a nininun.
- Unpaved ioads shaII le spiayed vilh valei lo ieduce dusl poIIulion duiing diy peiiods.
- Access ioads lo lhe sile shaII le paved foi al Ieasl 1O n inlo lhe sile fion any exisling paved ioads.
- Washing lays shaII le piovided lo ienove excessive sedinenl fion oul lound vehicIes al aII sile access
poinls.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-4 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
)*242F /5A67A>; !?7C5?: A7B 'E7?GG 0A7A>;=;7C
Concenlialed iunoff oflen causes noie eiosion lhan sheel fIovs due lo highei sheai sliess. Liosion conlioI
neasuies in Iocalions of concenlialed fIov can have a najoi effecl in ieducing lhe iisk of dovnsliean
sedinenlalion. Hence, piopei iunoff nanagenenl duiing eailhvoiks and consliuclion can conliilule giealIy
lo eiosion and sedinenl conlioI. The foIIoving piaclices shaII le foIIoved:
- The nain piincipIe foi eslalIishing a good lenpoiaiy diainage syslen in deveIopnenl siles is lo diiecl
iunoff valei so lhal il does nol iun acioss disluiled and unslalIe aieas.
- Runoff fion undisluiled aieas and naluiaI valeicouises shaII le diveiled avay fion disluiled Iand
using iunoff nanagenenl lesl nanagenenl piaclices (MIs) such as eailh lanks and diveision diains.
- Runoff fion disluiled aiea shaII le coIIecled ly a lenpoiaiy (oi peinanenl) diainage syslen and
liealed (using avaiIalIe sedinenl conlioI MIs), lefoie leing ieIeased (conpIying vilh Depailnenl of
Lnviionnenl (DOL) MaIaysia enviionnenlaI ieguIalions) inlo naluiaI valeicouises.
- Tenpoiaiy diainage syslen shouId le designed such lhal lhe syslen does nol conliilule lo lhe
sedinenlalion piolIens (slalIe channeI design).
- No valeicouise oi ieseive aIong a valeicouise shaII le disluiled unliI fuII pIan delaiIs of lhe pioposed
voiks have leen sulnilled lo and appioved ly DID.
- Ineffeclive diainage conlioIs shaII le noled (especiaIIy duiing vel vealhei) and pionplIy coiiecled.
)*242H &A5CDI?5J< A7B &5?<6?7 !?7C5?:
- CeneiaIIy, sIopes shouId nol le sleepei lhan 2(H):1(V), oi as designed ly an expeiienced geolechnicaI
engineei lhiough sIope slaliIily anaIysis.
- AII eailhvoiks shaII le slaliIised as eaiIy as possilIe lo nininize lhe iales of soiI eiosion using
sliucluiaI slaliIisalion oi eiosion conlioI MIs.
- Inaclive voiking aieas (aieas nol anlicipaling any consliuclion aclivily in upconing 3O days) shaII le
slaliIised vilhin 7 days vilh piopei slaliIizalion lechniques.
)*242K ,;B6=;7C $5;@;7C6?7 A7B !?7C5?:
- Sedinenl conlioI MIs shaII le designed and piovided al aII consliuclion/eailhvoik siles. These MIs
funclion ly ciealing inpoundnenls, iesuIling in sedinenl sellIing oul fion iunoff.
- Ieinanenl valei quaIily conlioI neasuies such as ponds and gioss poIIulanl liaps can le consliucled
and lenpoiaiiIy used as sedinenl lasins, piovided lhey aie salisfacloiiIy nainlained and cIeaned oul
aflei deveIopnenl lo ensuie efficienl opeialion as designed.
- Sedinenl liaps and olhei lenpoiaiy conlioI neasuies shouId onIy le ienoved and disnanlIed vhen
lhe peinanenl vegelalive covei and conlioI neasuies aie salisfacloiiIy eslalIished.
)*242L ,:?9; ,CAM6:6<AC6?7
- AII ciilicaI aieas aIong slieans nusl le naiked on lhe LSCI and lhe ieconnended nelhods of
slaliIisalion indicaled.
- Theie shaII le no olsliuclion oi inleifeience vilh naluiaI valeivays. Wheie a ioad is lo le cul acioss a
iivei oi sliean, liidges and cuIveils as piesciiled ly lhe enfoicenenl aulhoiily shaII le consliucled
and nainlained accoiding lo specificalions.
- Ioi hiIIy Iand (giealei lhan 12 oi 2O) leiiacing shaII le luiIl and nainlained. Covei pIanls shaII le
eslalIished on lhe sIopes of lhe pIalfoins and vaIIs of lhe leiiace innedialeIy aflei connencenenl of
eailhvoiks.
- SIope sleepei lhan 35 oi 7O shaII nol le voiked and shouId inslead le idenlified, slaliIised and
nainlained.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-5
)*242N ,6C; 0A67C;7A78;
- A nainlenance piogianne shaII le piepaied lo incIude pIans foi lhe ienovaI and disposaI of unvanled
sedinenls, lhe iepaii of sliucluiaI danages, and inpiovenenl oi nodificalion of MIs (lased on
engineeis ieconnendalion).
- ReguIai inspeclions shouId aIso le pIanned foi on a fixed inleivaI as veII as lefoie and aflei each sloin
evenl.
- AII eiosion and sedinenl conlioI neasuies shaII le consliucled and nainlained ly lhe deveIopei.
- IinaI dischaige(s) fion lhe deveIopnenl sile shaII conpIy vilh anlienl slandaids foi TSS (15O ng/I
and leIov (DOL, 1996)) and luilidily foi lhe designaled leneficiaI use of lhe ieceiving valei.
)*2F /&,-O. O3-/&1-.&, P+' &'+,-+. #./ ,&/-0&.% !+.%'+1 Q0$<
This seclion desciiles specific eiosion and sedinenl lesl nanagenenl piaclices (MIs) foi connon
consliuclion aclivilies. These MIs can le fuilhei calegoiized inlo lhiee lypes, i.e. eiosion conlioI MIs, iunoff
nanagenenl MIs and sedinenl conlioI MIs, lased on lhe naluiaI funclions and design oljeclives of each
faciIily.
Liosion conlioI MIs enphasise lhe piovision of covei pioleclion lo soiI, vhiIe iunoff nanagenenl MIs aie
lenpoiaiy faciIilies piovided lo nininise channeI eiosion al consliuclion siles. Ovei line, excessive sedinenls
viII le pioduced dovnsliean of consliuclion siles and lhey viII have lo le liapped ly pioviding sedinenl
conlioI MIs. The design of lhese MIs as pail of a funclioning LSCI viII heIp lo ensuie lhal iunoff
dischaiges fion consliuclion siles have nininaI effecls on naluiaI valeicouises.
WhiIe eiosion conlioI MIs can le appIied vilhoul delaiIed design, iunoff nanagenenl MIs and sedinenl
conlioI MIs shaII le piopeiIy designed lo ensuie lhe faciIilies piovided aie alIe lo cope vilh lhe on-sile
denand. This seclion inlioduces lhe UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion (USLL) lo le used lo assess sile eiosion iisk
foi piepaialion of an LSCI, and lhe Modified UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion (MUSLL) lo le used lo eslinale
Ioad foi MIs design.
)*2F2) ,?6: 1?<< A7B ,;B6=;7C R6;:B &<C6=AC6?7
)*2F2)2) ,?6: 1?<<
The UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion (USLL) is a seni-enpiiicaI equalion used lo assess soiI Iosses (sheel & iiII
eiosion) undei diffeienl ciopping syslens and Iand nanagenenl piaclices (Wischneiei and Snilh, 1978). The
USLL is given as,
#:;,<,=",9,> (12.1)
vheie,
# = AnnuaI soiI Ioss, in lonnes/ha/yeai,
; = RainfaII eiosivily facloi, an eiosion index foi lhe given sloin peiiod in M}.nn/ha/h,
< = SoiI eiodiliIily facloi, lhe eiosion iale foi a specific soiI in conlinuous faIIov condilion on a 9
sIope having a Ienglh of 22.1 n in lonnes/ha/(M}.nn/ha/h),
=" = Topogiaphic facloi, vhich iepiesenls lhe sIope Ienglh and sIope sleepness. Il is lhe ialio of soiI
Ioss fion a specific sile lo lhal fion a unil sile having lhe 9 sIope vilh a sIope Ienglh of 22.1
n vhen olhei paianeleis aie heId conslanl,
9 = Covei Managenenl facloi, vhich iepiesenls lhe pioleclive coveiage of canopy and oiganic
naleiiaI in diiecl conlacl vilh lhe giound. Il is neasuied as lhe ialio of soiI Ioss fion Iand
ciopped undei specific condilions lo lhe coiiesponding Ioss fion liIIed Iand undei cIean-liIIed
conlinuous faIIov (laie soiI) condilions. This is lhe facloi lhal indicales lhe effecl of eiosion
conlioI faciIilies in an LSCI, and
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-6 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
> = Suppoil piaclice facloi, vhich iepiesenls lhe soiI conseivalion opeialions oi olhei neasuies lhal
conlioI eiosion, such as conloui faining, leiiaces, and sliip ciopping. Il is expiessed as lhe ialio of
soiI Ioss vilh a specific suppoil piaclice lo lhe coiiesponding Ioss vilh up and-dovn sIope cuIluie.
This is aIso lhe facloi lhal indicales lhe effecl of sedinenlalion conlioI faciIilies in an LSCI.
This equalion pioduces lhe annuaI soiI Ioss (eiosion iale) of a sile, and hence is veiy usefuI in assessing eiosion
iisk of a deveIopnenl sile. y assessing diffeienl sile condilions (pie-, duiing, and posl- consliuclion),
Lngineei can quanlify hov eiosion iisk changes lhioughoul lhe couise of deveIopnenl, and consequenlIy
design piopei MIs lo ieduce soiI Ioss. Using lhe sane equalion, an engineei is alIe lo piedicl lhe effecl of
MIs inpIenenlalion as veII. The assessnenl of soiI Ioss is iequiied and shouId le docunenled in a viillen
iepoil, sulnilled as pail of an LSCI foi appiovaI. An exanpIe of caIcuIalions using lhis equalion is given in
Appendix 12.C.

?2@ ;2)&A233 (6+5)B)*4 C2D*+6 ?;@
The iainfaII eiosivily facloi ieIales soiI Ioss lo iainfaII paianeleis. When olhei funclions aie heId conslanl, soiI
Iosses aie diieclIy piopoilionaI lo a iainsloin paianelei: The lolaI sloin eneigy (() lines lhe naxinun 3O-
ninule inlensily (1
E-
). The aveiage annuaI lolaI of lhe sloin ((1
E-
) in a pailicuIai IocaIily is iepiesenled ly lhe
iainfaII eiosivily facloi, ;, foi lhal IocaIily. The ieIalion is expiessed in Lqualion (12.2). DelaiIed caIcuIalions of
; faclois can le found in FG)'73)&7 A+6 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 )& !23245)2 (DID, 2O1O).

R =
1
n
_(E)(I
30
)
k
m
k=1
_
n
]=1

vheie,
( = TolaI sloin kinelic eneigy (M}/ha),
1
E-
= Maxinun 3O ninule iainfaII inlensily,
H = Index foi lhe nunlei of yeais used lo conpule lhe aveiage,
I = Index of lhe nunlei of sloins in each yeai,
& = Nunlei of yeais lo ollain aveiage R, and
8 = Nunlei of sloins in each yeai.

HouiIy iainfaII dala fion 241 iain gauge slalions foi lhe pasl 1O yeais veie used lo pioduce ; faclois foi najoi
Iocalions in IeninsuIai MaIaysia. The isoeiodenl nap is given in Iiguie 12.5. Ioi Lasl MaIaysia, lhe naxinun
; Iacloi, 2O,OOO M}.nn/ha/yi shaII le adopled. SoiI Ioss piediclion foi a fiaclion of a yeai can le eslinaled
using a MonlhIy Modificalion Iacloi (!) given in TalIe 12.1 leIov.

TalIe 12.1: Modificalion Iacloi (!) foi Regions in IeninsuIai MaIaysia

*Nole: Noilhein Region - IeiIis, Kedah, IuIau Iinang
CenliaI Region - Ieiak, SeIangoi, WiIayah Ieisekuluan KuaIa Lunpui, Negeii SenliIan, MeIaka
Laslein Region - Teiengganu, KeIanlan
Soulhein Region - }ohoi, Iahang

Region* }an Iel Mai Api May }un }uI Aug Sep Ocl Nov Dec
Noilhein O.O3O O.O33 O.O73 O.1OO O.O7O O.O77 O.O83 O.O87 O.123 O.163 O.O97 O.O63
CenliaI O.O64 O.O54 O.O88 O.1O2 O.O7O O.O66 O.O74 O.O64 O.O84 O.114 O.13O O.O9O
Laslein O.O85 O.O45 O.O55 O.O5O O.O7O O.O55 O.O55 O.O7O O.O85 O.1OO O.14O O.19O
Soulhein O.12O O.O45 O.O9O O.O75 O.O65 O.O6O O.O6O O.O6O O.O75 O.O95 O.11O O.145
(12.2)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-7

Iiguie 12.5: RainfaII Liosivily Map foi IeninsuIai MaIaysia

* Nole: The highesl vaIue found in IeninsuIai MaIaysia (2O,OOO) shaII le appIicalIe foi lhe enliie Lasl MaIaysia.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-8 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
?J@ "+)3 (6+')J)3)*4 C2D*+6 ?<@
SoiI eiodiliIily defines lhe iesislance of lhe soiI lo lolh delachnenl and lianspoil. Il is an inpoilanl index lo
neasuie soiI suscepliliIily lo valei eiosion, and an essenliaI paianelei foi soiI eiosion piediclion. The soiI-
eiodiliIily facloi (<) iepiesenls lhe effecl of soiI piopeilies and soiI piofiIe chaiacleiislics such as soiI lexluie,
aggiegale slaliIily, sheai slienglh, infiIlialion capacily, and oiganic and chenicaI conlenls on soiI Ioss.
Lqualion 12.3 (Tev, 1999) has leen found lo give lhe nosl salisfacloiiIy eslinalion of < faclois foi MaIaysian
soiI seiies, and is lheiefoie ieconnended foi lhe caIcuIalion of < faclois in MaIaysia. Ieicenlage of soiI pailicIe
cIass can le ollained lhiough slandaid Ialoialoiy anaIysis of sile sanpIes, vhiIe soiI sliucluie code and
peinealiIily cIass can le ollained fion TalIe 12.2.
.K=j1u1u
-4
(12-0N)N
1.14
+4.S(S-S)+8.u(P-2)[ 1uu (12.3)
vheie,
! = ( siIl + veiy fine sand) x (1OO - cIay),
K! = of oiganic nallei,
" = soiI sliucluie code, and
> = peinealiIily cIass.

TalIe 12.2: SoiI Sliucluie Code and IeinealiIily CIass foi Vaiious SoiI Texluies
SoiI Texluie
IeinealiIily
Code
1

HydioIogic SoiI
Cioup
2

SoiI Sliucluie
Code
3

Heavy CIay 6 D 4
CIay 6 D 4
SiIly CIay Loan 5 C 4
Sandy CIay 5 C 4
Sandy CIay Loan 4 C 4
CIay Loan 4 C 4
Loan 3 2
SiIly Loan 3 3
Loany Sand 2 A 1
Sandy Loan 2 A 2
Sand 1 A 1
Nole: 1 - NalionaI SoiI Suivey Handlook (NRCS, 2OO5)
2 - NalionaI Lngineeiing Handlook (NRCS, 2OO7)
3 - IieId ManuaI foi Desciiling SoiIs in Onlaiio (Onlaiio Cenlie foi SoiI Resouice LvaIualion, 1993)

?D@ "3+L7 =7&M*N 2&' "*77L&755 C2D*+6 ?="@
The iale of soiI eiosion ly valei is veiy nuch affecled ly lolh sIope Ienglh (=) and sIope sleepness (") in leins
of giadienl/ peicenl sIope. y definilion, lhe facloi = is a ialio of fieId soiI Ioss lo lhal fion a 72.6-fool sIope, lhe
vaIue of L nay le expiessed as (/)
n
, vheie ' is lhe fieId sIope Ienglh in feel (oi n), + is 72.6-fool (oi 22.13 n)
and lhe exponenl 8 in lhis expiession is nol lhe sane foi aII Iocalion. The sIope-sleepness facloi (") iefIecls lhe
infIuence of sIope giadienl on eiosion. Il is lhe ialio of soiI Ioss fion lhe fieId sIope giadienl lo lhal fion a 9
sIope undei olheivise idenlicaI condilions. =" facloi can le ollained diieclIy fion TalIe 12.3. Lineai
inleipoIalion is aIIoved foi vaIues ollained fion lhe lalIe.

?'@ 9+B76 !2&2M787&* ?9@ 2&' >62D*)D7 "GLL+6* ?>@ C2D*+65
Ciop Managenenl, 9 facloi and Iiaclice Suppoil, > facloi aie lvo nanagenenl faclois lhal can le used lo
conlioI soiI Ioss al a specific sile. The 9 faclois, vhich iepiesenl vaiious lypes of coveis inlioduced lo piolecl
laie giound fion iain spIash and sheel eiosion, aie inpoilanl lo ieduce soiI eiosion al a consliuclion sile oi
disluiled Iand. If eiosion has aIieady laken pIace lhen lhe > facloi is needed lo slop lhe siIl and sedinenl in
fIoving valei fion iunning off lhe sile. Conlining lolh lhe lechniques foi 9 and > faclois, il is possilIe lo
nininize eiosion al a consliuclion sile and ieduce sedinenl Ioading lo dovnsliean ieceiving valei lodies.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-9
Reconnended 9 and > vaIues of connonIy found eiosion (noinaIIy associaled vilh 9 facloi) and sedinenl
(noinaIIy associaled vilh > facloi) conlioI MIs aie given in TalIes 12.4 and 12.5, iespecliveIy.

TalIe 12.3: =" Iacloi foi Vaiious SIopes and SIope Lenglhs
SIope
Sleepness, "
()
SIope Lenglh, \ (n)
2 5 1O 15 25 5O 75 1OO 15O 2OO 25O 3OO
O.1 O.O43 O.O52 O.O59 O.O64 O.O71 O.O82 O.O89 O.O94 O.1O2 O.1O8 O.113 O.117
O.5 O.O55 O.O67 O.O76 O.O83 O.O92 O.1O6 O.114 O.121 O.131 O.139 O.146 O.151
1.O O.O57 O.O75 O.O93 O.1O5 O.122 O.15O O.17O O.185 O.2O9 O.228 O.243 O.257
2.O O.O89 O.117 O.144 O.163 O.19O O.234 O.264 O.288 O.325 O.354 O.379 O.4OO
3.O O.1OO O.144 O.19O O.224 O.275 O.362 O.426 O.478 O.563 O.631 O.69O O.742
4.O O.135 O.195 O.257 O.3O2 O.371 O.489 O.575 O.646 O.759 O.852 O.932 1.OO2
5.O O.138 O.218 O.3O8 O.377 O.487 O.688 O.843 O.973 1.192 1.376 1.539 1.686
6.O O.173 O.273 O.387 O.474 O.612 O.865 1.O59 1.223 1.498 1.73O 1.934 2.119
8.O O.255 O.4O4 O.571 O.699 O.9O3 1.277 1.564 1.8O6 2.212 2.554 2.855 3.128
1O.O O.353 O.559 O.79O O.968 1.25O 1.767 2.165 2.499 3.O61 3.535 3.952 4.329
15.O O.525 O.9O9 1.378 1.757 2.388 3.619 4.616 5.486 6.997 8.315 9.5O6 1O.6O5
2O.O O.848 1.47O 2.228 2.841 3.86O 5.851 7.463 8.869 11.311 13.442 15.368 17.145
25.O 1.249 2.164 3.279 4.183 5.683 8.613 1O.986 13.O55 16.651 19.788 22.623 25.239
3O.O 1.726 2.991 4.533 5.782 7.855 11.9O6 15.185 18.O46 23.O17 27.353 31.272 34.887
4O.O 2.911 5.O45 7.646 9.752 13.25O 2O.O83 25.614 3O.44O 38.824 46.139 52.749 58.846
5O.O 4.4O4 7.631 11.567 14.753 2O.O44 3O.382 38.749 46.O5O 58.733 69.798 79.798 89.O23
6O.O 6.2O4 1O.751 16.296 2O.784 28.239 42.8O2 54.59O 64.875 82.744 98.333 112.42O 125.416
7O.O 8.312 14.4O4 21.833 27.846 37.833 57.344 73.138 86.917 11O.856 131.741 15O.615 168.O26
8O.O 1O.728 18.59O 28.177 35.938 48.827 74.OO8 94.391 112.174 143.O7O 17O.O25 194.383 216.854
9O.O 13.451 23.3O9 35.329 45.O6O 61.221 92.793 118.35O 14O.648 179.386 213.182 243.723 271.898
1OO.O 16.482 28.56O 43.289 55.212 75.O14 113.7OO 145.O16 172.337 219.8O3 261.214 298637 333.159

TalIe 12.4a: Covei Managenenl, 9 Iacloi foi Ioiesled and Undisluiled Lands

Liosion ConlioI Tiealnenl C Iacloi
RangeIand O.23
Ioiesl/Tiee
25 covei
5O covei
75 covei
1OO covei

O.42
O.39
O.36
O.O3
ushes/ Sciul
25 covei
5O covei
75 covei
1OO covei

O.4O
O.35
O.3O
O.O3
CiassIand (1OO coveiage) O.O3
Svanps/ nangiove O.O1
Walei lody O.O1
Nole: The vaIues aie conpiIed fion LayfieId (2OO9), Tioeh el aI. (1999),
MilcheII and ulenzei (198O), LCTC (2OO6) and Ayad (2OO3).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-1O (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
TalIe 12.4l: Covei Managenenl, 9 Iacloi foi AgiicuIluiaI and Uilanized Aieas
Mining aieas 1.OO
AgiicuIluiaI aieas
AgiicuIluiaI ciop
HoilicuIluie
Cocoa
Coconul
OiI paIn
Rullei
Iaddy (vilh valei)

O.38
O.25
O.2O
O.2O
O.2O
O.2O
O.O1
Uilanized aieas
ResidenliaI
Lov densily (5O gieen aiea)
Mediun densily (25 gieen aiea)
High densily (5 gieen aiea)
ConneiciaI, LducalionaI and IndusliiaI
Lov densily (5O gieen aiea)
Mediun densily (25 gieen aiea)
High densily (5 gieen aiea)
Inpeivious (Iaiking Iol, ioad, elc.)

O.25
O.15
O.O5

O.25
O.15
O.O5
O.O1
Nole: The vaIues aie nodified fion LayfieId (2OO9) and Tioeh el aI. (1999).

TalIe 12.4c: Covei Managenenl, 9 Iacloi foi MIs al Consliuclion Siles
aie soiI / NevIy cIeaied Iand 1.OO
Cul and fiII al consliuclion sile
IiII Iacked, snoolh
IieshIy disked
Rough (offsel disk)
Cul eIov iool zone

1.OO
O.95
O.85
O.8O
MuIch
pIanl fileis, slockpiIed nalive naleiiaIs/chipped
5O covei
75 covei
1OO covei

O.25
O.13
O.O2
Ciass-seeding and sod
4O covei
6O covei
>9O covei

O.1O
O.O5
O.O2
Tuifing
4O covei
6O covei
>9O covei

O.1O
O.O5
O.O2
Conpacled giaveI Iayei O.O5
Ceo-ceII O.O5
RoIIed Liosion ConlioI Iioducl:
Liosion conlioI lIankels /
Tuif ieinfoicenenl nals
IIaslic sheeling
Tuif ieinfoicenenl nals

O.O2

O.O2
O.O2
Nole: The vaIues aie conpiIed fion LayfieId (2OO9), Tioeh el aI. (1999), MilcheII and ulenzei
(198O), LCTC (2OO6), IsiaeIsen el aI (198O), Weischneiei and Snilh (1978), and KuenslIei
(2OO9).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-11
TalIe 12.5: Suppoil Iiaclice, > Iacloi foi MIs al Consliuclion and DeveIopnenl Siles
Suppoil/ Sedinenl ConlioI Iiaclice I Iacloi
aie soiI 1.OO
Disked laie soiI (iough oi iiieguIai suiface) O.9O
Wiied Iog / Sand lag laiiieis O.85
Check Dan O.8O
Ciass luffei sliips (lo fiIlei sedinenl Iaden sheel fIov)
asin sIope ()
O lo 1O
11 lo 24

O.6O
O.8O
Conloui fuiioved suiface (naxinun Ienglh iefeis lo dovnsIope Ienglh)

O.6O
O.5O
O.5O
O.6O
O.7O
O.8O
O.8O
SIope () Maxinun Lenglh (n)
1 lo 2 12O
3 lo 5 9O
6 lo 8 6O
9 lo 12 4O
13 lo 16 25
17 lo 2O 2O
> 2O 15
SiIl fence O.55
Sedinenl conlainnenl syslens (Sedinenl lasin/Tiap) O.5O
ein diain and Cascade O.5O
Teiiacing
SIope ()
1 lo 2
3 lo 8
9 lo 12
13 lo 16
17 lo 2O
> 2O

O.12
O.1O
O.12
O.14
O.16
O.18
Nole: The vaIues aie conpiIed fion LayfieId (2OO9), Tioeh el aI. (1999), MilcheII and ulenzei (198O),
LCTC (2OO6), IsiaeIsen el aI (198O), Weischneiei and Snilh (1978) and KuenslIei (2OO9)

)*2F2)2* ,;B6=;7C R6;:B
The Modified UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion (MUSLL) is ieconnended foi sedinenl yieId eslinalion of a
calchnenl as a iesuIl of a specific sloin evenl (WiIIians, 1975). The eslinaled anounl of sedinenl sloiage
voIune is used in sedinenl lasin/ liap design. This enpiiicaI ieIalionship is expiessed ly lhe foIIoving
equalion foi individuaI sloin evenl:

.O = PQ,R(ST
>
)
-,UR
(<,=",9,>) (12.4)

vheie,
O = Sedinenl yieId pei sloin evenl (lonnes),
S = Runoff voIune (n
3
),
T
L
= Ieak dischaige (n
3
/s), and
<V ="V 9V > = USLL faclois.
Runoff voIune and peak dischaige can le eslinaled using pioceduies desciiled in Chaplei 2 of lhis nanuaI.
The nosl connon appIicalion vouId le lhe RalionaI Melhod. SoiI Loss faclois naneIy, <, =", 9 and >, can le
deleinined using equalions and ieconnendalions specified in Seclion 12.4.1.1.
Lqualion 12.4 is used lo pioduce an evenl-lased sedinenl yieId, i.e. lhe anounl of sedinenl expecled al lhe
end diainage poinl fion lhe designaled sile. Hence, il is usefuI lo piedicl (in nass) lhe anounl of sedinenl foi
sizing and nainlenance of sedinenl conlioI MIs. Many of lhese MIs have a designaled sedinenl sloiage
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-12 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
zone. Using lhe MUSLL, lhe anounl of sedinenl fion a design valei quaIily sloin can le eslinaled. An
exanpIe of caIcuIalions using lhis equalion can le found in Appendix 12.D. Ils appIicalion in MIs design is
shovn in Appendix 12.L and Appendix 12.I.

)*2F2* &5?<6?7 !?7C5?: Q0$<
)*2F2*2) ,;;B67> A7B $:A7C67>
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
Seeding of giasses and pIanling of liees, shiuls, and giound coveis piovide Iong-lein slaliIisalion of soiI
(Iiguie 12.6). Ioi exanpIe, vegelalion nay le eslalIished aIong Iandscape coiiidois and luffei zones vheie
lhey nay acl as fiIlei sliips. AddilionaIIy, vegelaled svaIes, niId sIopes and sliean lanks can aIso seive as
appiopiiale aieas foi seeding and pIanlings. In geneiaI, vegelalion is lhe nosl suilalIe and nosl cosl-effeclive
covei foi any disluiled oi laie soiI. Hovevei, il shouId le noled lhal lhis MI has Iinilalions. Seeding and
pIanling on sleep sIopes can le difficuIl and nay iequiie lhe heIp of geo-nals. Vegelalion viII iequiie piopei
iiiigalion duiing diiei days and is sIov lo slaliIise. Lxcessive use of feiliIiseis can aIso voisen sloinvalei
poIIulion issues.

Mainlenance vise, seeding and pIanling shouId nol iequiie coslIy oi loo nuch of ieguIai nainlenance, apail
fion ieguIai valeiing duiing diiei nonlhs lo heIp pIanl eslalIish. IeiliIizeis and peslicide nay le iequiied
depending on pIanl seIeclion, aIlhough lhe use of nalive species noinaIIy nininise such needs. Iiuning oi
noving nay le iequiied fion line lo line, as is veed ienovaI. Lioded aieas vouId iequiie ie-vegelalion oi
ieinfoicenenl vilh olhei MIs.

a) Tuifing in Iiogiess l) ConpIeled Hydioseeding
Iiguie 12.6: LxanpIes of Tuifing and SlaliIised Hydioseeding
?J@ 075)M& 2&' #LL3)D2*)+& 96)*76)2
SuppIieis nusl le consuIled lo confiin appiopiiale nelhod of seeding and seed species lo ensuie
successfuI geininalion and piovide an effeclive neasuie,
Seeding is effeclive on niId sIopes lypicaIIy (H) 2:(V) 1 oi fIallei,
Ioi inleiin eiosion conlioI neasuies, lhe conliacloi nusl ensuie no sedinenl is enliained off lhe aiea
and nusl piovide al nininun lenpoiaiy seeding of nalive oi non-invasive species,
A nininun 15O nn of lop soiI shouId le appIied lo aII aieas suljecled lo peinanenl Iandscaping,
- AII conlaineiized nuiseiy slock shouId le kepl aIive and heaIlhy piioi lo pIanling,
- olanisl advice shaII le acquiied foi specific sile and pIanl iequiienenls, and
- IeisonneI foi nainlenance shouId le adequaleIy liained in gaidening skiIIs.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-13
)*2F2*2* 0E:8D67>
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
MuIching is a lenpoiaiy giound covei lhal piolecls lhe soiI fion iainfaII inpacls, incieases infiIlialion,
conseives noisluie aiound vegelalion, pievenls conpaclion and ciacking of soiI, and aids lhe giovlh of
seedings and pIanlings ly hoIding lhe seeds, feiliIiseis, and lopsoiI in pIace unliI giovlh occuis. Iiguie 12.7
shovs lhe exanpIes of nuIching voiks.

MuIching can le used eilhei lo lenpoiaiiIy oi peinanenlIy slaliIise cIeaied oi fieshIy seeded aieas. Types of
nuIches incIude oiganic naleiiaIs, sliav, vood chips, laik oi olhei vood filies. A vaiiely of nals of oiganic
oi inoiganic naleiiaIs and chenicaI slaliIisalion nay le used vilh nuIches. MuIching iequiies peiiodicaI and
aflei sloin inspeclions. Lffoil shouId le nade lo iepIace oi ieinfoice eioded nuIch.

Iiguie 12.7: LxanpIes of MuIch AppIicalion
?J@ 075)M& 2&' #LL3)D2*)+& 96)*76)2
The choice of nuIch shouId le lased on lhe size of lhe aiea, sile sIopes, suiface condilions (such as haidness
and noisluie), veed giovlh, and avaiIaliIily of nuIch naleiiaIs.
- MuIch nay le used vilh nelling lo suppIenenl soiI slaliIisalion,
- indeis nay le iequiied foi sleep aieas, oi if vind oi iunoff is a piolIen,
- Types of nuIch, lindeis, and appIicalion iales shouId le ieconnended ly nanufacluiei, and
- MuIch shouId nol le appIied in aieas suljecled lo concenlialed fIovs, as il is highIy eiodilIe.

)*2F2*24 O;?C;SC6:;< A7B 0AC<
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
Mallings nade of naluiaI oi synlhelic naleiiaI, aie oflen used lo lenpoiaiiIy oi peinanenlIy slaliIise soiI
(Iiguie 12.8), ieduce eiosion fion iainfaII inpacl, hoId soiI in pIace, and alsoil and hoId noisluie neai lhe soiI
suiface. AddilionaIIy, nallings nay le used aIone oi vilh nuIch duiing lhe eslalIishnenl of pioleclive covei
on ciilicaI sIopes. This lechnique is suilalIe foi pioleclion of sleep sIopes oi sliean channeIs vilh high sheai
foice, as lhe nals piovide sliucluiaI suppoil lo hoId soiI (in nany cases conlaining seeds oi seedIings) logelhei.

CeolexliIes and nals iequiie inspeclion foi Ioose nalling, vhich shouId le ie-anchoied oi iejoined. Once
slaliIised, lhis MI viII iequiie nininaI nainlenance. Il shouId le noled lhal nalling is ieIaliveIy noie coslIy
lhan olhei eiosion conlioI MIs. Ils effecliveness heaviIy ieIies on lhe skiII of inslaIIalion voikeis. The use of
synlhelic nalling such as pIaslic sheel can inciease iunoff iales in dovnsIope aieas and shaII le avoided oi
onIy used as eneigency oi veiy lenpoiaiy pioleclion.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-14 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3

Iiguie 12.8: LxanpIe of CeolexliIe AppIicalions foi Liosion ConlioI
?J@ 075)M& 2&' 1&5*2332*)+& 96)*76)2
The appIicalion of geolexliIe does nol iequiie piofessionaI design foi nosl uses. If hydioslalic piessuie is a
concein foi slaliIily of a ielaining vaII, conliacloi shouId consuIl a piofessionaI expeiienced in lhe seIeclion of
geolexliIe faliic. Malling foi conveyance syslens such as svaIes oi channeI lanks shaII fuIfiI hydiauIic
iequiienenls of lhe conveyance syslen as desciiled in Chaplei 1.
CeolexliIes shouId le inslaIIed accoiding lo nanufacluieis specificalions. Anong sone aspecls of inslaIIalion
lo le enphasised aie: loes and anchois shouId le sufficienlIy secuie againsl upIifl, oveiIap span shouId le
sufficienl, joinling nelhods used aie lo le lhose ieconnended ly lhe nanufacluiei and peifoined lo
specificalion ly skiIIed voikeis, and lackfiIIing naleiiaIs aie chosen so as lo nol lo danage lhe nals.
Due lo diffeiences in nanufacluiing naleiiaIs, lechniques, pioducl piopeilies, sile consliainls, and voiking
enviionnenls, nelhods of inslaIIalion nay vaiy significanlIy.
)*2F24 'E7?GG 0A7A>;=;7C Q0$<
Runoff nanagenenl is a piocess lo conlioI lhe diieclion, voIune and veIocily of lhe lianspoil nediun and
safeIy convey sloinvalei so lhal ils polenliaI foi eiosion is ieduced. Runoff nanagenenl MIs heIp lo diiecl
sloinvalei avay fion exposed soiIs. Tianspoil conlioI shouId diiecl lhe fIov lo aieas vheie lhe sedinenl can
le liapped and ienoved. The piinaiy nechanisns used lo conlioI iunoff incIude: ieducing lhe anounl of
iunoff, delaining iunoff (ieducing veIocily), diveiling iunoff, and dissipaling lhe eneigy of iunoff. The iunoff
nanagenenl MIs inlioduced heie aie lenpoiaiy sliucluies specificaIIy designed lo suppoil iunoff
nanagenenl duiing consliuclion. Whenevei appiopiiale, peinanenl sliucluies such as open channeIs,
engineeied valeivays, and peinanenl cuIveils can le consliucled al eaiIy slages of consliuclion lo nanage
iunoff duiing consliuclion.
)*2F242) &A5CD QA7J
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
A lenpoiaiy eailh lank is a lenpoiaiy lein oi iidge of conpacled soiI used lo diveil iunoff oi channeI valei
lo a desiied Iocalion, lheiely ieducing lhe polenliaI foi eiosion and off-sile sedinenlalion. Lailh lanks nay
aIso le used lo diveil iunoff fion off-sile and fion undisluiled aieas avay fion disluiled aieas, sheel fIovs
avay fion unpiolecled oi unslalIe sIopes, and poIIuled iunoff inlo sedinenl conlioI oi peinanenl sloinvalei
MIs. Lailh lanks iequiie nininaI nainlenance, lul shouId le checked aflei najoi sloins lo iepaii faiIed,
oveilopped oi eioded aieas. Iiguie 12.9 piovides an engineeiing diaving foi an eailh lank.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-15
DelaiI lhiough ank
as Shovn
C
h
a
n
n
e
I C
i
a
d
e
<
1
fo
i
6
M
e
li
e
s
M
in
.
4
M
e
lie
s
S
iII a
l O
C
ia
d
e
(u
n
Ie
ss sp
e
cifie
d
o
lh
e
iv
ise
)
SlalIe DisposaI Aiea
A
A
ChanneI Aiea
LeveI Spieadei (oi SiII)
SLCTION -
SURIACL ILOW
IIov
Iosilive Diainage - Ciade Sufficienl lo Diain
SlaliIisalion as Requiied
on Sleep SIopes. Lxcavale
lo Iiovide Requiied IIov
Cul oi IiII SIope
Cul oi IiII
oi IIallei
2 (H):1(V) SIope
Ciade Line
2(H):1(V) SIope
oi IIallei
c
a d
l
M
in
in
u
n
L
e
n
g
lh
d
Lailh ank
Lailh ank
SlalIe DisposaI
SIope
Widlh al IIov Deplh
ILAN
SLCTION A-A

Iiguie 12.9: LxanpIe of an Lailh ank

?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2

TalIe 12.1O: Design Ciileiia foi Tenpoiaiy Lailh ank
Iaianelei Requiienenl
Design Sloin 2-yeai ARI
Calchnenl Aiea Nol noie lhan 4 ha
Dinension Side SIope: 2(H):1(V) oi fIallei
Heighl: Mininun of 45O nn
Top Widlh: Mininun of 6OO nn
IIood Iioleclion Lnsuie upsliean/ dovnsliean fIooding condilion nol aggiavaled
Scoui Iioleclion Iiopei scoui pioleclion lo le piovided on lhe face conlacled ly
fIoving valei
Lnlanknenl MaleiiaI 95 conpaclion ly eailh noving nachineiy

)*2F242* /6@;5<6?7 !DA77;:
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
Tenpoiaiy diveision channeIs (Iiguie 12.1O) nay le used lo diveil off-sile iunoff aiound lhe consliuclion sile,
diveil iunoff fion slaliIised aieas aiound disluiled aieas, and lo diiecl iunoff inlo sedinenl conlioI MIs.
Diveision channeIs shouId le inslaIIed vhen lhe sile is iniliaIIy giaded and ienain in pIace unliI peinanenl
MIs aie inslaIIed and/oi sIopes aie slaliIised. Diveision channeIs shouId le ieguIaiIy checked lo pievenl
cIogging, unexpecled sedinenl luiIl-up oi channeI eiosion, oveilopping, and covei faiIuie, piefeialIy aflei
eveiy sloin. Any defecls shaII le iepaiied innedialeIy.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-16 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
"D"
25O nin.
(a) UnIined
Lxisling Ciade
IIov
Conpacled
Lnlanknenl
MaleiiaI
1

>2
1
(l) RipiapIined
"D"
(25O nin.)
Ripiap lo Lngineei
Specificalion
Thickness=2 x D5O
"W" (15OO nin.)
(c) Lined - Liosion ConlioI Iankel (LC)
"W" (15OO Min.)
"D"
(25O Min.)
Liosion ConlioI Iankel (LC). Refei Lngineei/
Manufacluiei Specificalion & InslaIIalion Insliuclion
foi Anchoi, }oinls, Toe Iioleclion & OveiIap

>2

Iiguie 12.1O: Diveision ChanneIs

?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2

TalIe 12.11: Design Ciileiia foi Tenpoiaiy Lailh ank
Dinension Side SIope (if appIicalIe): 2(H):1(V) oi fIallei
IIood Iioleclion Lnsuie upsliean/ dovnsliean fIooding condilion nol aggiavaled.
HydiauIic Ciileiia ShaII le designed as desciiled in Chaplei 14 (Diains and SvaIes) of lhis
nanuaI.
Scoui Iioleclion - InIel and oulIel pioleclion shaII le piovided
- ChanneI led and lanks can le slaliIised using vaiious eiosion conlioI
nelhods such as luif, iipiap oi geo-nals.
- Ieifoin checking of naxinun sheai and veIocily
Lnlanknenl MaleiiaI 95 conpaclion ly eailh noving nachineiy

?D@ 1&5*2332*)+& 2&' #LL3)D2*)+& 96)*76)2
Diveision channeIs aie onIy effeclive if lhey aie piopeiIy inslaIIed. As diveision channeIs aie nainIy nade of
eailh and soiI, il is exlieneIy inpoilanl lhal lhis MI is piopeiIy slaliIised ly piopei eailh conpaclion and
suiface covei. The side sIope and lop vidlh ciileiia shouId le nel lo pievenl eiosion and sIope faiIuie.
)*2F2424 /5A67A>; +EC:;C $5?C;8C6?7
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
Diainage oulIel pioleclion (Iiguie 12.11) is a physicaI device consisling of iock, giouled iipiap, oi conciele
iullIe lhal is pIaced al lhe oulIel of a cuIveil, conduil, oi channeI lo pievenl scoui caused ly high fIov
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-17
d d/2
H
e
a
d
v
a
I
I
W/2
W/2
A
La
Dinensions lo le SuppIied on LSCI
Dischaige lo Unconfined Seclion
(IIaied oulIel)
(Mininun laiIvalei condilion)
d/2
Dischaige Iipe
ToevaII
NeedIe-punched CeolexliIe
15O nn
Min.
Lxisling SlaliIised
M
i
n
.
9
O
O

n
n
1
2 2
1
2
O
O
n
n
M
in
.
1
O
O
n
n
M
in
.
5
O
n
n M
in
.
NeedIe-punched CeolexliIe
75 nn Min. Aggiegale
ILAN
A
ChanneI
SLCTION A-A SLCTION -
veIocilies, and lo alsoil fIov eneigies lo pioduce non-eiosive veIocilies. Lneigy dissipaleis using iipiaps oi
galions aie connonIy used as lenpoiaiy oulIel pioleclion. This MI shouId le piovided vheievei dischaige
veIocilies and eneigies al lhe oulIels of cuIveils, conduils, oi channeIs aie sufficienl lo eiode lhe dovnsliean
ieach. In cases vheie Ioose iocks oi iip iap aie used, il is inpoilanl lo caiiy oul ieguIai inspeclions lo avoid
naleiiaI vash-off duiing Iaige sloin evenl. Losl naleiiaIs shouId le innedialeIy iepIaced. MaleiiaIs used
shouId le seIecled lased on channeI slaliIily design.

Iiguie 12.11 Diainage OulIel Iioleclion
?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2
The hydiauIic design of diainage oulIel pioleclion shaII conpIy vilh eiosion and scoui pioleclion
ieconnended in Chaplei 2O of lhis nanuaI. The designed sliucluie shaII aIso le checked foi seepage and
sliucluiaI slaliIily. Rock oulIel pioleclion is effeclive vhen lhe iock is sized and pIaced piopeiIy. Rock size
shouId le incieased foi high veIocily fIovs.

)*2F242F %;=9?5A5T UAC;5IAT !5?<<67>
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
A lenpoiaiy access valeivay ciossing is a cuIveil pIaced acioss a valeivay lo piovide access foi consliuclion
puiposes foi a peiiod of Iess lhan one yeai. The puipose of a lenpoiaiy ciossing is lo piovide a safe, eiosion-
fiee access poinl acioss a valeivay foi vehicIes. The concepl of lenpoiaiy ciossing is sIighlIy diffeienl fion a
peinanenl cuIveil, vheie il is supposed lo convey onIy ninoi evenls and diy vealhei fIovs. Duiing najoi
evenls, lhe ciossing viII acl as spiII ciesl vheie Iaigei fIovs oveilop and oveispiII fion lhe lop of ciossing
vhiIe sliII conlained in lhe conveyance syslen. Caulion shouId le exeicised vhen appIying lhis MI as il is a
in-sliean consliuclion.

The ciossing, lhough lenpoiaiy nighl have adveise effecl on upsliean fIooding if oveiIooked in design. Ovei
a Iaige valeicouise, lhis nay le an expensive undeilaking foi a lenpoiaiy sliucluie. WeekIy inspeclion and
nainlenance is iequiied lo check foi sliucluiaI faiIuie, deliis ienovaI, inIel and oulIel pioleclion nainlenance
elc.

?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2
The design of lenpoiaiy ciossings shouId geneiaIIy conpIy vilh specificalions oulIined foi cuIveils design in
Chaplei 18 of lhis nanuaI and fuilhei incoipoiale lhe foIIoving design ciileiia as shovn in TalIe 12.12.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-18 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
37.5nn x 37.5nn Wooden
Ience Iosl
35OOnn Max. Spacing
37.5nn
75nn Min.
4
5
O
n
n

M
i
n
.
1
O
O
n
n

M
i
n
.
Undisluiled Vegelalion
On Dovn Ciadienl Side
(Ioi SiIl Ience Shovn
in IniliaI CLSC IIan)
1
5
O
n
n
M
i
n
.
SiIl Ience
CeolexliIe
Conpacled
ackfiII
Al Leasl 275nn of SiIl
Ience CeolexliIe
ShaII le uiied

Iosl ShaII le }oined as Shovn,
Then Rolale 18On Diieclion
Shovn and Diiven inlo lhe Ciound
Iosl ShaII OveiIap
al }oinls so Thal no
Caps Lxisls in SiIl
Ience
Nole:
Thickness of geolexliIe
has een Lxanggeialed.
Lxisling Ciound
}OINTS-SLCTION -
TalIe 12.12: Design Ciileiia foi Tenpoiaiy Ciossings
Diy Wealhei IIov To le piepaied lo aIIov exisling naluiaI fIov iegine
OveispiII AII fIov giealei lhan 2 yeai ARI shaII safeIy lypass lhe ciossing
HydiauIic Refei CuIveil Design in Chaplei 18
Scoui Iioleclion InIel and oulIel pioleclion shaII le piovided

)*2F2F ,;B6=;7C !?7C5?: Q0$<
Sedinenlalion conlioI MIs liap sedinenl on lhe sile in seIecled Iocalions and nininize sedinenl liansfei off
lhe sile. Sedinenlalion conlioIs aie geneiaIIy passive syslens lhal ieIy on fiIleiing oi sellIing of soiI pailicIes
oul of lhe valei oi aii. Sedinenlalion conlioI MIs lieal soiI as vasle pioducls and voik lo ienove il fion lhe
diainage syslen. Sedinenl conlioI MIs aie lhe Iasl Iine of defence againsl eiosion and sedinenlalion lefoie
sedinenl ieaches naluiaI valeicouises.
)*2F2F2) ,6:C P;78;<
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
A siIl fence (Iiguie 12.12) is a lenpoiaiy sedinenl laiiiei consisling of fiIlei faliic slielched acioss and
allached lo suppoiling posls, enlienched, and, depending upon lhe slienglh of lhe faliic used, lacked ly a
viie fence foi suppoil. This neasuie does nol fiIlei iunoff, lul acls as a Iineai laiiiei ciealing upsliean
ponding lhal aIIovs soiI pailicIes lo sellIe oul, lheiely ieducing lhe anounl of soiI Ieaving a disluiled aiea.
This MI is ieIaliveIy effeclive al ielaining suspended soIids coaisei lhan O.O2 nn. SiIl fences aie sinpIe lo
consliucl, ieIaliveIy inexpensive and easiIy noved as deveIopnenl piogiesses.

SiIl fence can le consideied an on-sile conlioI as il caleis lo snaII oveiIand sheel fIov. Il is nosl effeclive in
secuiing sile peiinelei, piolecling lopsoiI slock piIe, and inleicepling sheel fIov aIong sIope conlouis. SiIl fence
iequiies ieguIai inspeclion and nainlenance as il is easiIy danaged. Sedinenl luiIl-up lehind fence shouId le
ieguIaiIy ienoved. The fence is aIso nol suilalIe foi aieas doninaled ly veiy fine (cIayey) soiI pailicIes. The
seIeclion of naleiiaI poie size is inpoilanl and suppIieis oi nanufacluieis shaII le consuIled on lhis nallei.

Iiguie 12.12: SiIl Ience AppIicalion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-19
?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2
TalIe 12.13: Design Ciileiia of SiIl Ience
Design Sloin (olh Quanlily
& QuaIily)
Iiisl 5O nn of iainfaII ovei lhe conliilulion (equivaIenl inpeivious)
calchnenl
Maxinun Conliiluling Aiea O.4 ha
HydiauIic Ioi any poinl aIong lhe fence,
- Concenlialed fIov shaII nol exceed 5O L/s
- Maxinun valei deplh shaII nol exceed 6OO nn
Silling of faciIily - Iences SHALL NOT le inslaIIed in aieas ieceiving concenlialed
fIov, i.e. slieans oi dilches
- Maxinun Ienglh of each fence segnenl shaII nol exceed 3O n
- The al Ieasl 1 n fion ends of each segnenl shaII le luined uphiII
lo pievenl iunoff fIoving aiound lhe fence
SIope - SIope diaining lo fence shaII le 1(H):1(V) oi fIallei
- Lenglh of palh diaining lo fence shaII nol exceed 6O n
Sloiage Aiea Sloiage aiea lo le piovided lehind fence
AppioxinaleIy 28O n
2
pei ha of conliiluling aiea is iequiied

?D@ 1&5*2332*)+& 2&' #LL3)D2*)+& 96)*76)2
- Designeis shouId Ieave an undisluiled oi slaliIised aiea innedialeIy dovnsIope of lhe fence,
- Designeis shouId seIecl fiIlei faliic vhich ielains 85 of lhe soiI, ly veighl, lased on sieve anaIysis, lul
is nol finei lhan an equivaIenl opening size of 7O (US Slandaid Sieve) oi aloul 21O n,
- Sedinenl fences shouId ienain in pIace unliI lhe disluiled aiea is peinanenlIy slaliIised,
- Iosls shouId le spaced a naxinun of 3.5 n apail and diiven secuieIy inlo lhe giound a nininun of
45O nn,
- A liench shouId le excavaled appioxinaleIy 2OO nn vide and 3OO nn deep aIong lhe Iine of posls and
upsIope fion lhe laiiiei,
- The use of joinls shouId le avoided. When joinls aie necessaiy, fiIlei cIolh shouId le spIiced logelhei
onIy al a suppoil posl, vilh a nininun 15O nn oveiIap and lolh ends secuieIy faslened lo lhe posl,
- The liench shouId le lackfiIIed vilh 2O nn nininun dianelei vashed giaveI oi conpacled nalive
naleiiaI,
- The ends of lhe fiIlei fence shouId le luined uphiII lo pievenl sloinvalei fion fIoving aiound lhe
fence, and
- Designeis shouId piovide an undisluiled oi slaliIized oulIel suilalIe foi sheel fIov.
)*2F2F2* !D;8J /A=<
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
A check dan (Iiguie 12.13) is a snaII lenpoiaiy dan consliucled acioss a diveision channeI oi svaIe. Check
dans ieduce lhe veIocily of concenlialed sloinvalei fIovs, lheiely ieducing eiosion of lhe diveision channeI
oi svaIe and pionoling sedinenlalion lehind lhe dan. SnaII laiiieis consisling of iocks oi eailh leins aie
suilalIe as foi check dans. Many conneiciaI pioducls such as galions and sand lags can aIso le used
effecliveIy as check dans.

Check dans aie piinaiiIy used in snaII channeIs in sleep leiiain vheie veIocilies exceed O.6 n/s. This MI
acls lo pievenl eiosion ly ieducing lhe veIocily of channeI fIov in snaII inleinillenl channeIs and lenpoiaiy
svaIes. In aieas vilh high veIocily, deep sunp nay le piovided innedialeIy upsliean of lhe check dan lo
capluie excessive sedinenl. Check dans aie nol lo le used as a sland-aIone sulslilule foi olhei sedinenl
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-2O (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
Lenglh, L
Ciesl Lenglh, CL
Seclion C
Cioss
Seclion
Tiansilions
lelveen
Seclion
and C Seclion
Cioss
Seclion
Tiansilions
lelveen
Seclion
and C Seclion C
"D"
(45Onn Min.)
(45Onn Min.)
Top of Check Dan
ChanneI Ciade
Upsliean and Dovnsliean
Conpacled ack IiII, Typ
>2
1
SLCTION
24OOnn
18OOnn 6OOnn
45Onn
Min.
45Onn
Min.
IIov
IIov
24OOnn
45Onn
Min
ChanneI Ciade
Lxcavalion lo Neal Line,
Avoid Oveiexcavalion (Typ.)
D5O=3OOnn Ripiap
D
5O
=3OOnn Ripiap
ChanneI Ciade
Lxcavalion lo Neal Line,
Avoid Oveiexcavalion (Typ.)
SLCTION -
SLCTION C-C
conlioI MIs sinpIy lecause liapping efficiency in check dans aie ieIaliveIy Iov, and high fIovs couId
polenliaIIy ie-suspend sellIed sedinenl. Mainlenance is lheiefoie iequiied lo ienove liapped sedinenl and lo
check foi sliucluiaI slaliIily on ieguIai lasis. Check dans shouId onIy le pIaced in snaII open channeIs, and
nevei on a fIoving iivei oi naluiaI sliean.

Iiguie 12.13: Check Dans
?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2

TalIe 12.14: Design Ciileiia of Check Dan
Design Sloin 2-yeai ARI, unIess specified olheivise ly Aulhoiilies
OveispiII AII fIov giealei lhan 2 yeai ARI shaII safeIy lypass lhe ciossing
Dinension - Heighl (cenlie) of dan shaII nol exceed 1 n
- Ioi iock check dan:
- Upsliean sIope: 2(H):1(V) oi fIallei
- Dovnsliean sIope: 4(H):1(V) oi fIallei
- Cenlies of lhe dan shaII le nolched lo cenlie lo pionole concenlialed
fIov (appiox. O.15 n)
- Oulei sides of dan shaII le al Ieasl O.5 n highei lhan cenlie lo avoid
undeinining
- SpiII ciesl shaII le of al Ieasl 1OO nn in vidlh paiaIIeI lo fIov
InleivaIs A seiies of check dans can le pIaced such lhal lhe heighl of each sulsequenl
check dan nusl le equaI oi Iovei lhan lhe lase of lhe check dan lefoie il
CeolexliIe Check dan vilh heighl noie lhan 45O nn shaII le Iaid vilh geolexliIe lo
avoid seepage and sliucluiaI faiIuie
Scoui Iioleclion - Sliucluie shaII vilhsland lhe sheai foice induced ly a 2-yeai ARI fIov.
MaleiiaIs (iocks, eailh, and galion) nusl le seIecled lo neel lhis
iequiienenl
- AddilionaI scoui pioleclion dovnsliean of check dan shaII le piovided
if deened necessaiy
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-21
IROIILL
SLCTION A-A
Widlh
I
I
o
v
Lailh
Lnlanknenl
SnaII Ripiap
Undisluiled Aiea
A
A
Iieeloaid LquaIs 1/2 x a
a
Top of Lnlanknenl
oi Lxisl. Ciound
Lxisl. Ciound
Weii Ciesl lo le 1/2 x a
leIov Lxisling Ciound
al C
L
of Lnlanknenl
IiIlei CIolh
ILAN
2(H):1(V) Max. SIope (Typ.)
Max. Deplh of IIov
Slone Thickness x 3OO nn
Slone Size lo le 1OO - 2OO nn
Weii Ciesl
Top of Conpacled Lnlanknenl
Min. 3OO nn alove Top of Slone Lining
Max. 1.5 n alove Lxisling Ciound LeveI
3
(
H
)
:1
(
V
)
M
a
x
.
2
(
H
)
:1
(
V
)
M
a
x
.
Lxisling Ciound
Apion Lenglh (1.5 n Min.)
Undisluiled
Ciound
Min. 1 IaII
3OO nn
Sloiage Linil
Lxcavale foi
Sloiage
IiIlei CIolh (Lnledded Min. 1OO nn al Upsliean Lnd)
1.3 n Top
Widlh
L
e
n
g
l
h
Lenglh of Weii (l)
)*2F2F24 ,;B6=;7C %5A9<
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
A sedinenl liap is a snaII lenpoiaiy ponding aiea, usuaIIy vilh a giaveI oulIel, foined ly excavalion and
consliuclion of an eailhen enlanknenl (Iiguie 12.14). The puipose of lhe liap is lo delain iunoff fion
disluiled aieas foi a Iong enough peiiod of line lo aIIov najoiily of lhe coaisei suspended soiI pailicIes in lhe
iunoff lo sellIe oul. Il is inlended foi use on snaII calchnenls (2 ha) aieas vilh no conpIex diainage fealuies,
vheie consliuclion viII le conpIeled in a ieasonalIy shoil peiiod of line.

This piaclice is one of lhe nosl efficienl and cosl effeclive nelhods of sedinenl conlioI. When possilIe,
sedinenl liaps shouId le consliucled as a fiisl slep in any Iand-disluiling aclivily. Sedinenl liap shouId nevei
le Iocalion on-sliean. In aieas neai lo pulIic, safely fence shouId le piovided. Il shouId le noled lhal since
sedinenl liaps aie onIy effeclive in liapping coaise sedinenl, a chenicaI lindei oi coaguIanl nay le iequiied
foi fine pailicIe liapping. The sedinenl liap iequiies noniloiing duiing each sloin evenl. Il shouId diain
vilhin 36 houis aflei a sloin evenl, faiIing vhich, nechanicaI devaleiing is iequiied. ReguIai nainlenance
shouId incIude sedinenl ienovaI (aflei sedinenl is 3OO nn lhick), as veII as sliucluiaI and oulIel pioleclion
inspeclion.

Iiguie 12.14: LxanpIe of a Sedinenl Tiap
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-22 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2
TalIe 12.15: Design Ciileiia of Sedinenl Tiaps foi Sedinenl ConlioI
Runoff Quanlily Design Up lo 1O-yeai ARI
Runoff QuaIily Design Iiisl 5O nn iainfaII ovei conliiluling (equivaIenl inpeivious)
calchnenl
OveispiII AII fIov up lo 1O-yeai ARI shaII safeIy lypass lhe liap
Runoff Relenlion AII fIov up lo iunoff quaIily design fIov shaII le ielained vilhin
lasin. Lxlended diavdovn can le peinilled ly aulhoiily vhen
deen necessaiy.
Maxinun Conliiluling Aiea 2 ha
Sloiage VoIune - TolaI Sloiage: 125 n
3
/ ha of conliiluling aiea
- Ieinanenl IooI: haIf of lolaI sloiage
asin Dinension - Mininun Ienglh lo vidlh ialio: 2:1
- Mininun deplh of 1 n
- Deplhs exceeding 2 n aie nol ieconnended. In unavoidalIe
ciicunslances, piovide peiinelei fencing foi safely
Lnlanknenl - Inside enlanknenl: 2(H):1(V) oi fIallei
- Oulside enlanknenl: (3(H):1(V) oi fIallei
- Maxinun enlanknenl heighl shouId nol exceed 1.5 n
Lining MaleiiaIs SuilalIe size iocks oi iip iap
Liosion Iioleclion OulIel pioleclion shaII le piovided foi lhe eneigency spiIIvay

?D@ 1&5*2332*)+& 2&' #LL3)D2*)+& 96)*76)2
- Tiaps shouId le Iocaled vheie sedinenl can le easiIy ienoved (Access ioads aie lo le piovided if
iequiied).
- The oulIel of lhe liap nusl le slaliIised vilh iock, vegelalion, oi anolhei suilalIe naleiiaI.
- The fiII naleiiaI foi lhe enlanknenl nusl le fiee of iools and olhei voody vegelalion as veII as
oveisized slones, iocks, oiganic naleiiaI, oi olhei oljeclionalIe nallei. The enlanknenl nay le
conpacled vilh suilalIe equipnenl duiing consliuclion.
- The spiIIvay inslaIIalion is ciilicaI lo pievenl faiIuie of lhe sliucluie duiing high fIovs and aII
specificalions piovided ly lhe designei nusl le inpIenenled.

)*2F2F2F ,;B6=;7C QA<67<
?2@ 075D6)L*)+&
A sedinenl lasin (Iiguie 12.15) lypicaIIy consisls of an inpoundnenl, a dan, a iisei pipe oulIel, and an
eneigency spiIIvay. Il funclions in lhe sane vay as a sedinenl liap lul caleis lo a Iaigei calchnenl. The lasin
is a lenpoiaiy neasuie (vilh a design Iife of 12 lo 18 nonlhs) and is lo le nainlained unliI lhe sile aiea is
peinanenlIy piolecled againsl eiosion oi a peinanenl delenlion lasin oi valei quaIily conlioI sliucluie is
consliucled.

Sedinenl lasins aie suilalIe foi neaiIy aII lypes of consliuclion piojecls. Wheievei possilIe, lhey shouId le
consliucled lefoie Iand cIeaiing and giading voik legins. The lype of lasin is lo le deleinined using TalIe
12.16 leIov. The lasin nusl nol le Iocaled in a sliean oi naluiaI valeivay lul shouId le Iocaled lo liap
sedinenl-Iaden iunoff lefoie il enleis any sliean. Il is a connon and encouiaged piaclice lo Iocale lhis
sliucluie al lhe Iocalion vheie peinanenl sloinvalei MIs (noslIy ponds) viII le Iocaled. Like a sedinenl
liap, sedinenl lasin nay pose a safely hazaid and shouId le piopeiIy fenced if iequiied ly lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy
aulhoiily. Laige sedinenl lasins (dans highei lhan 3 n) shaII le suljecl lo IedeiaI and/oi Slale dan safely
ciileiia.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-23
Widlh
Lenglh
InfIov
I
n
f
I
o
v
SLCTION
Sedinenl SellIing Zone
ILAN
Dovnsliean LIevalion
OulIel Iioleclion
Sedinenl Sloiage Zone
Cenlie SpiIIvay
Calion Lnlanknenl
Lenglh/Widlh
Ralio 2:1 Min.
Secuie CeolexliIe lo Calions
vilh 2O nn lo 3O nn Aggiegale
oi Olhei Means
NeedIe-punched
CeolexliIe
SpiIIvay
5OO nn Min.
NeedIe-punched
CeolexliIe
SpiIIvay Widlh and Deplh, WaII Ciesl Widlh and Dovnsliean
OulIel Iioleclion Measuies lo le Specified on LSCI
Ciesl of SpiIIvay
OulIel Iioleclion
Nole:
6OO nn Min.
5OO nn Min.
Mainlenance of sedinenl lasins is siniIai lo sedinenl liap nainlenance. RenovaI of accunuIaled sedinenl
shouId le caiiied oul once lhe sedinenl sloiage zone is fuII. The lasin nusl le alIe lo diain in 36 houis of a
iain evenl, faiIing vhich, nechanicaI devaleiing is iequiied. ReguIai inspeclions aie lo le caiiied oul lo ensuie
sliucluiaI slaliIily and funclionaIily of lhe inIel, oulIel and oulIel pioleclion voiks. If lhe lasin is Iocaled al lhe
finaI dischaige poinl fion sile, peiiodic valei quaIily sanpIes shaII le coIIecled and lesled foi lolaI suspended
soIids (TSS) and luilidily lo conpIy vilh DOL valei quaIily ieguIalions.

a) OulIel ConlioI-Calion SpiIIvay
Iiguie 12.15: Sedinenl asins

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-24 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
SLCTION
Widlh
Lenglh
InfIov
6OO nn Min.
I
n
f
I
o
v
3OO nn Min.
75O nn Min.
3
1
2
1
Iipe 25O
nn Min.
IIov
IIov
15O nn Min.
15O nn Min.
35O nn Min.
Lneigency SpiIIvay
OulIel Iioleclion
Lailh Lnlanknenl
Iiinaiy OulIel
Lenglh/Widlh
Ralio 2:1 Min.
Risei Iipe al Top, Iilled vilh an
Anli-Voilex Device and Tiash Rack
Ciesl of
Lneigency SpiIIvay
Anli-Seep CoIIai
Iiinaiy OulIel
Weighled ase
Cul-Off Tiench 6OO nn
Min. Deplh ackfiIIed vilh
InpeinealIe CIay and
Conpacled
OulIel Iioleclion
2 x (3O x 3O nn) MelaI AngIe
Cioss Iieces Allached lo Top
of OulIel as Anli-Voilex Device
NeedIe-Iunched
Ceofaliic
Wiie Mesh
Ieifoialed Risei
Spaceis elveen
Mesh and Iipe
(5O nn Min.)
ILAN
Tiash Rack/Anli-voilex Device

l) OulIel ConlioI-Risei
Iiguie 12.15: Sedinenl asins (conld)

TalIe 12.16: Sedinenl asin Types and Design Consideialions
Calegoiy SoiI Desciiplion
HydioIogicaI
SoiI Cioup
asin
Type
Design Consideialions
I
Coaise-giained sand, sandy Ioan: Iess
lhan 33 <O.O2 nn
A Diy
SellIing veIocily,
sedinenl sloiage
II
Iine-giained Ioan, cIay: noie lhan 33 <
O.O2 nn
Wel
Sloin inpoundnenl,
sedinenl sloiage
III
DispeisilIe fine-giained cIays: noie lhan
1O of dispeisilIe naleiiaI
C, D Wel
Sloin inpoundnenl,
sedinenl sloiage,
assisled fIoccuIalion

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-25
?J@ 075)M& 96)*76)2

TalIe 12.17: Design Ciileiia of Sedinenl asin foi Sedinenl ConlioI
asin Type Refei TalIe 12.16
Runoff Quanlily Design Up lo 1O-yeai ARI
Runoff QuaIily Design Iiisl 5O nn iainfaII ovei conliiluling (equivaIenl inpeivious)
calchnenl
Runoff ConlioI - AII fIov up lo iunoff quaIily design shaII le ielained vilhin lhe
liap
- The lasin shouId diain vilhin 24 houis (diy)/ 36 houis (vel)
aflei lhe valei quaIily design sloin.
- The piinaiy oulIel/iisei shouId le used lo conlioI sloinvalei
iunoff.
- The Lneigency spiIIvay shouId safeIy conveying fIovs up lo 1O-
yeai ARI
IIood Iioleclion Lnsuie lhal upsliean/ dovnsliean fIooding condilions do nol
aggiavale possilIe faiIuie of lhe enlanknenl.
Mininun Conliiluling Aiea 2 ha
Sloiage VoIune TolaI Sloiage: Refei TalIe 12.18 (diy) oi TalIe 12.19 (vel)
SellIing zone voIune: haIf of lolaI sloiage
Sedinenl zone voIune: haIf of lolaI sloiage
asin Dinension - Mininun Ienglh lo vidlh ialio: 2:1
- Maxinun Ienglh lo sellIing deplh ialio: 2OO:1
- Mininun sellIing zone deplh: O.6 n
- Mininun sedinenl sloiage zone deplh: O.3 n
Lnlanknenl Side sIope: (2(H):1(V) oi fIallei
Liosion Iioleclion OulIel pioleclion shaII le piovided foi lhe eneigency spiIIvay
Sedinenl Tiapping 9O of TolaI Suspended SoIids RenovaI
Mainlenance Iiequency Deleinined ly dividing sedinenl sloiage capacily ly lhe anounl of
sedinenl coIIecled in a valei quaIily design sloin

TalIe 12.18: Diy Sedinenl asin Sizing Ciileiia
Iaianelei
Tine of Concenlialion of asin Calchnenl (ninules)
1O 2O 3O 45 6O
Suiface Aiea (n
2
/ha) 333 25O 2OO 158 121
TolaI VoIune (n
3
/ha) 4OO 3OO 24O 19O 145

TalIe 12.19: Wel Sedinenl asin Sizing VoIune (n
3
/ha)
Iaianelei Sile Runoff IolenliaI
Magnilude of Design Sloin Lvenl (nn)
2O 3O 4O 5O 6O
SellIing Zone VoIune
Modeiale lo high iunoff 7O 127 2OO 29O 38O
Veiy high iunoff 1OO 167 26O 34O 44O
TolaI VoIune
Modeiale lo high iunoff 1O5 19O 3OO 435 57O
Veiy high iunoff 15O 25O 39O 51O 66O

?D@ 1&5*2332*)+& 2&' #LL3)D2*)+& 96)*76)2
- Sedinenl lasins nusl le inslaIIed enliieIy vilhin lhe Iinils of lhe sile.
- asins nusl le consliucled lefoie cIeaiing and giading voik on lhe oveiaII sile legins.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-26 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
- asins nusl nol le Iocaled in a sliean.
- AII lasins shouId le Iocaled vheie faiIuie of lhe enlanknenl vouId nol iesuIl in Ioss of Iife, danage lo
hones oi luiIdings, oi inleiiuplion of use oi seivice of pulIic ioads oi uliIilies.
- LocaI oidinances iegaiding heaIlh and safely nusl le adheied lo.
- Laige lasins nay le suljecl lo Slale and/oi IedeiaI dan safely iequiienenls.
- Sedinenl lasins aie alliaclive lo chiIdien and can le veiy dangeious. Adequale safely piecaulions
nusl le piovided ly iesliicling access lo lhe sile oi lo lhe lasin vilh suilalIe fencing.
- Conliacloi shaII secuieIy anchoi lhe oulIel pipe and iisei, and inslaII anli-seep coIIais on lhe oulIel pipe.
- Sedinenl lasins nay le capalIe of liapping snaIIei sedinenl pailicIes if sufficienl delenlion line is
piovided. Hovevei, lhey aie nosl effeclive vhen used in conjunclion vilh olhei MIs lo nininise lhe
anounl of sedinenl noliIised and caiiied lo lhe lasin.

)*2H $'&$#'#%-+. +P &'+,-+. #./ ,&/-0&.% !+.%'+1 $1#. V&,!$W
The LSCI is lo le piepaied ly a quaIified consuIlanl lo nanage eiosion and sedinenl piocesses duiing lhe
phases of eailhvoiks and sulsequenl consliuclion. The LSCI is IileiaIIy lhe naslei pIan foi consliuclion sile
nanagenenl in leins of eiosion, iunoff and sedinenlalion conlioI.
In lhis seclion, lhe geneiaI iequiienenls, lhe geneiic piincipIes goveining LSCIs, pIan piepaialion slages, lhe
conlenl of LSCIs, and lhe peifoinance evaIualion slages aie Iaid oul..
)*2H2) O;7;5A: ';XE65;=;7C< ?G &,!$<
LSCIs nusl le sulnilled lo IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily foi deveIopnenls lhal invoIve an aiea of noie lhan 1 ha.
Hovevei, LSCIs can le iequesled ly IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiilies foi any deveIopnenl siles (incIuding lhose
Iess lhan 1 ha) as a suppoiling pIan, as enpoveied ly lhe Slieel, Diainage, and uiIding Acl (1974).
In oidei lo ollain lhe peinil so lhal scheduIed voik can le slailed on line, il is suggesled lhal lhe LSCI
shouId le sulnilled lo ieIaled IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily al Ieasl 2 nonlhs in advance, oi a Iongei peiiod
accoiding lo lhe iequiienenls of IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily. AppiovaI foi LSCIs nusl le ollained fion ieIaled
IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily al Ieasl 14 caIendai days lefoie lhe leginning of consliuclion aclivily.
Walei quaIily design ciileiia foi aII lenpoiaiy MIs is lo conlioI lhe fiisl 5O nn of iainfaII fion lhe
conliiluling (equivaIenl inpeivious) calchnenl.
)*2H2* !?7C;7C ?G A7 &,!$
A conpIele LSCI consisling of 3 najoi conponenls, i.e., iepoil, sile pIans and engineeiing diavings, as veII as
an inspeclion and nainlenance pIan, shaII le sulnilled as one docunenl foi evaIualion ly lhe ieIevanl
aulhoiilies foi appiovaI. The iepoil viII desciile lhe piepaialion of lhe LSCI incIuding lhe concepl,
assessnenl, and design. IIans and diavings piovide visuaI inleipielalion of lhe LSCI, and lhe inspeclion and
nainlenance pIan oulIines lhe sleps iequiied lo inpIenenl lhe LSCI duiing sile deveIopnenl.
)*2H2*2) ';9?5C
?2@ ")*7 075D6)L*)+&
A viillen iepoil shaII le piepaied lo desciile lhe sile, especiaIIy lhe Iocalion, cIinale, lopoIogy and cuiienl
Iand use. Infoinalion galheied lhiough sile invesligalions, consuIlalion vilh IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiilies oi any
ieIialIe souice shaII le fuinished in lhis iepoil. The iepoil shaII piovide a cIeai picluie of lhe exisling sile
condilion. The pioposed deveIopnenl shaII aIso le naiialed heiein. DelaiIs on size of deveIopnenl, lhe
puipose and pioposed Iayoul shaII le incIuded.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-27
The pIannei shaII aIso iIIusliale hov lhe LSCI is pIanned lo conveil lhe deveIopnenl fion lhe exisling sile
condilion. Ilens leIov piovide sone inpoilanl poinls lhal shaII le incIuded. LocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiilies nay
iequesl olhei infoinalion lo faciIilale in evaIualion piocess. If noie lhan one phase of aclivily is pIanned, a
desciiplion of lhe foIIoving ilens nusl le piovided foi each phase of najoi eailhvoiks (luIk giading).

- Lailhvoik phases,
- Secuiing of sile peiinelei,
- Access poinls and liaffic conlioI,
- Managenenl of slockpiIes,
- SIope slaliIisalion,
- Liosion conlioI neasuies,
- Runoff nanagenenl on sile,
- Sedinenl conlioI neasuies, and
- CeneiaI inspeclion and nainlenance pIanning.
?J@ ")*7 #5575587&*5
The LSCI pIannei shaII caiiy oul assessnenls lo evaIuale lhe sile vhiIe pIanning lhe LSCI. The assessnenl
shaII le piesenled as pail of lhe sulnission lo lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily. The nelhodoIogy used and
iesuIls of assessnenl shaII le piesenled lo faciIilale evaIualion of lhe LSCI. Tvo assessnenls aie iequiied, i.e.
hydioIogicaI & hydiauIic assessnenl, and soiI Ioss assessnenl.

(i) HydioIogicaI & HydiauIic Assessnenl Tasks
- The pIannei (oi designei) shaII peifoin hydioIogicaI and hydiauIic assessnenls foi pie-consliuclion,
duiing consliuclion, and posl-consliuclion condilions al lhe sile.
- If eailhvoiks aie pIanned in phases, duiing consliuclion condilions shaII incIude individuaI
assessnenl of sile condilions foi each phase of eailhvoiks.
- The assessnenl shaII le peifoined lo exanine lhe iequiied design sloin ciileiia nenlioned leIov, oi
as insliucled ly pIan evaIualoi.

(ii) SoiI Loss Assessnenl
- Ieifoin soiI Ioss assessnenl using USLL nodeI (oi any appioved nelhod agieed ly evaIualoi) lo
assess lhe soiI Ioss condilions foi lhe sile. The assessnenl shaII piove lhal soiI Ioss is adequaleIy
conlioIIed vilh inpIenenlalion of LSCI. The assessnenl shaII accounl foi soiI Ioss eslinalion duiing
pie-deveIopnenl, duiing consliuclion (vilh and vilhoul LSCI) and posl consliuclion condilions.
- Lach eailhvoik and/oi consliuclion phase shaII le consideied sepaialeIy.
- Assessnenl shaII le piovided foi each design poinls, as deleinined ly lhe sile condilion.

?D@ (&M)&776)&M 075)M& 2&' 923DG32*)+&
WhiIe nosl eiosion conlioI MIs can le appIied vilhoul design, olhei LSC MIs conponenls (i.e. iunoff
nanagenenl MIs, sedinenl conlioI MIs, and sIope pioleclion sliucluies) nusl le piovided vilh design
caIcuIalion lo juslify lheii appIicalion. The design nusl slale cIeaiIy lhe dinensions and Iocalion of lhe
faciIilies. CaIcuIalions nusl piove lhal lhe pioposed faciIilies viII le alIe lo seive lhe sile in accoidance lo
slandaid design pioceduies.

?'@ K*N76 "GLL+6*)&M 0+DG87&*5
The LSCI iepoil shaII le fuinished vilh lhe foIIoving docunenls lo faciIilale pIan evaIualion ly lhe ieIevanl
aulhoiilies (DID, 2O1O).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-28 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
- iII of Quanlilies (Q), and
- Specificalion/ InslaIIalion Insliuclion of naleiiaIs/ conneiciaI pioducl pioposed.

The Q shouId le piepaied such lhal each individuaI LSC faciIily is liIIed independenlIy. This is lo ensuie aII
pioposed faciIilies aie incIuded in ludgel and lhal conliaclois shaII have no consliuclion/ nainlenance/
financiaI consliain in caiiying oul lhe LSCI.
)*2H2*2* ,6C; $:A7< Y &7>67;;567> /5AI67><
Sile IIans aie sinpIe iIIuslialions of lhe piojecl sile, shoving key physicaI LSC-ieIaled fealuies incIuding IeveIs,
sIopes, LSC faciIilies, sile nanagenenl (access ioads) elc. Sile pIans shaII piovide a cIeai inpiession and
inleipielalion of aII LSC conlioIs designed foi lhe sile. LssenliaIIy, sile pIans shaII le piovided foi 2 slages, i.e.
pie-luIk giading and posl luIk giading. Lngineeiing diavings shaII le piepaied foi aII LSC MIs pioposed.
Slandaid synloIs/Iegend foi indicalion of LSC MIs as given in Appendix 12.A shaII le foIIoved.

?2@ >67WXG3I F62')&M ")*7 >32&
The pie-luIk giading sile pIan shaII cIeaiIy poiliay lhe exisling Iand condilion and lhe pIanned giading aclivily
lo liansfoin lhe leiiain inlo lhe finaI deveIopnenl IeveIs. This shaII incIude lhe foIIoving infoinalion:
- Iie deveIopnenl lopoIogy - diainage pallein, conloui, and calchnenl deIinealion,
- Aieas (vilh quanlily) in vhich giading (cul & fiII) viII le peifoined,
- Specify giading phasing,
- Specify slockpiIe nanagenenl (Iocalion, pioleclion elc),
- Ieiinelei conlioIs incIuding luffei, hoaiding and sile peiinelei diains,
- DeIineale nev calchnenl aiea lased on giaded lopoIogy (lo le used foi LSC faciIilies design),
- Idenlify and deIineale valeivay luffeis, and
- Specify LSC faciIilies (size, Iocalion elc) lo le inpIenenled al lhis slage.
?J@ >+5*WXG3I F62')&M ")*7 >32&
The pie-luIk giading sile pIan shaII cIeaiIy poiliay acluaI consliuclion sile condilion aflei lhe najoi eailh voik
oi giading is conpIeled. The pIan shaII essenliaIIy shov lhe LSC piaclices lo le inpIenenled, vhich incIudes:
- The giaded conloui (lopoIogy aflei najoi eailhvoiks),
- Iiojecl deveIopnenl phasing,
- Iioposed diainage palleis and calchnenl deIinealion, and
- Specify LSC faciIilies (size, Iocalion elc) lo le inpIenenled al lhis slage.
?D@ (&M)&776)&M 062Y)&M5
Lngineeiing diaving shaII le piepaied foi aII LSC faciIilies seIecled foi lhe sile. This shaII consisls lul nol
Iiniled lo,
- TypicaI engineeiing diavings foi eiosion conlioI faciIilies such as eiosion lIankel,
- DelaiIed engineeiing diavings foi lenpoiaiy and peinanenl (if lhe peinanenl conponenls aie used as
LSC faciIilies) iunoff nanagenenl faciIilies such as diveision diain and svaIes,
- DelaiIed engineeiing diavings foi sedinenl conlioI faciIilies such as check dans and sedinenl lasin,
and
- DelaiIed engineeiing diavings foi sIope slaliIizalion such as leiiacing and ielaining vaII.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-29
)*2H2*24 -7<9;8C6?7 A7B 0A67C;7A78; $:A7
Lveiy MI inslaIIed on a consliuclion sile nusl le checked peiiodicaIIy and nainlained sufficienlIy lo ensuie
piopei peifoinance. An Inspeclion and Mainlenance IIan shouId le piepaied and inpIenenled. The puipose
of lhe pIan is lo,

- CIeaiIy specify peisonneI assigned/iesponsilIe foi MI inspeclion and nainlenance,
- Deleinine nainlenance iequiienenls of any MI and sulsequenlIy piesenl ieguIai nainlenance
scheduIe, and
- Deleinine and piesenl nelhods/ pioceduies/ checkIisl/ iecoid Iogs lo le used foi in-house MIs
inspeclions.

The pIan shaII piovide lhe foIIoving delaiIs in iegaids of inspeclion and nainlenance:

- "DN7'G37 A+6 1&5L7D*)+& 2&' !2)&*7&2&D7 - a Canll Chail indicaling lhe scheduIed dale foi ieguIai
inspeclion and expecled faciIilies nainlenance. Majoi nainlenance such as seivicing of sedinenl lasin,
nusl le incIuded.
- "*2*7 675L+&5)J)3)*4 +A 5*2I7N+3'765 - a Iisl of conlacls lo sunnaiise peison (oi paily) in chaige of aII LSCI
aspecls (fion design, consliuclion, nainlenance, inspeclion, and opeialion).
- ;7D+6' <77L)&M - The dalalase used in iecoid keeping shaII le specified. Melhods used lo sloie
engineeiing diavings, LSCI pIans, inspeclion iesuIls & nainlenance Iog elc, shaII le cIeaiIy slaled. If
appIicalIe, exanpIe of lenpIales can le piovided.

)*2H24 &,!$ $5;9A5AC6?7 ,CA>;<
The LSCI nusl le piepaied lefoie consliuclion legins, ideaIIy duiing lhe piojecl pIanning and design slages.
Il nay le conpIeled al lhe end of lhe design slage oi eaiIy in lhe consliuclion slage, as shovn in Iiguie 12.16.
InpIenenlalion of lhe LSCI legins vhen consliuclion legins, lypicaIIy lefoie lhe iniliaI cIeaiing and giading
opeialions since lhese aclivilies usuaIIy inciease eiosion polenliaI on lhe sile. Duiing consliuclion, lhe LSCI
shouId le iefeiied lo fiequenlIy and iefined ly lhe consuIlanl and conliacloi as changes occui in consliuclion
opeialions, vhich have significanl effecls on lhe polenliaI of poIIulanls dischaige.

The LSCI nay le veiy dynanic foi Iaige, conpIicaled piojecls lo le consliucled in nuIlipIe slages ovei a Iong
peiiod of line. IIanning, design, and consliuclion of lhese piojecls nay le occuiiing sinuIlaneousIy. In such
cases, il nay le usefuI lo piepaie lhe LSCI in seclions, vilh each seclion coveiing a slage oi poilion of lhe
piojecl and an oveiviev seclion geneiaIIy discussing lhe enliie piojecl.
The foIIoving seclions give guidance on hov lo incoipoiale LSCI piepaialion inlo lhe pIanning, design, and
consliuclion slages of a piojecl.

)*2H242) $:A7767> $DA<;
The pIanning phase is lhe souice of nosl infoinalion needed foi lhe LSCI. ConcepluaI and pieIininaiy
eiosion and sedinenl conlioI pIanning is aIso nade al lhis phase via lhe noinaI ieviev piocess vilh lhe IocaI
ieguIaloiy aulhoiily. Ioui aclivilies vhich occui duiing pIanning lhal aie inpoilanl lo lhe piepaialion of an
LSCI aie as foIIovs:
- Assessing sile condilions,
- DeveIoping a lase pIan(s),
- SeIecling posl-consliuclion neasuies, and
- LslalIishing Iong-lein nainlenance agieenenls.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-3O (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
IIanning Ihase
- Asess Sile Condilions
- DeveIop ase IIan
- SeIecl Ieinanenl MIs
- LslalIish Mainlenance Agieenenls
Design Ihase
- Define Ieinananenl
- Iiepaie Iiojecl Sile IIan
- SeIecl MI Oljeclives
- Sulnil lhe Nolice of Connencenenl
- SeIecl MIs
- ConpIele lhe LSCI
Consliuclion Ihase
idding and MoliIisalion
Consliuclions Opeialions
- Revise lhe LSCI as Consliuclion LvoIves oi Iiopeily is SoId
- Consliucl Ieinanenl MIs
- Inspecl and Mainlain MIs foi Consliuclion Aclivilies
ConpIele Consliuclions
- Ieinanenl Sile SlaliIisalion
- Mainlenance Agieenenl foi Ieinanenl MIs
- Sulnil Nolice of Teininalion
NaluiaI Aiea
Delenlion asin
Roads
Ciading Linils
LSCI piepaialion legins as eaiIy as pIanning phase of a deveIopnenl. Once lhe lasic sile condilion is
asceilained (i.e. lopoIogy, hydioIogy, deveIopnenl Iayoul elc), eiosion iisk assessnenl can le caiiied oul as lhe
fiisl slep of LSCI piepaialion. The oljeclive of lhe assessnenl is lo deleinine lhe exisling eiosion iisk and hov
lhe iisk viII le affecled ly lhe deveIopnenl. The addilionaI infoinalion on eiosion and hydioIogy fion
assessnenls viII lhen aIIov Lngineei lo seIecl and pIan lhe posl-consliuclion (peinanenl) sloinvalei MIs. In
lhe piocess, a nainlenance agieenenl shaII le eslalIished al lhis slage iegaiding lo lhe paily in-chaige of posl-
consliuclion opeialion and nainlenance of lhe seIecled MIs

Iiguie 12.16: IIan Iiepaialion Slages foi LSCI (CDM, 1993)

)*2H242* /;<6>7 $DA<;
Theie aie lhiee piincipaI aclivilies lhal aie lypicaIIy incoipoialed inlo lhe LSCI duiing lhe design phase, i.e.
Iiepaialion of Sile IIan, Define Oljeclives foi ConlioI Measuies, and Designing Ieinanenl ConlioI Measuies.
Duiing lhe piepaialion of sile pIan, nuneious sludies viII le pioduced lo piovide infoinalion foi delaiIed
design of lhe deveIopnenl. The sile pIan viII lhen conlain finaI infoinalion on diainage, giading, sliucluiaI
and Iandscape Iayouls. Hence lhe pIan foins lhe foundalion foi LSCI pIanning. ased on lhe giading pIan,
piopei eailhvoik and consliuclion phasing can le pIanned, vhiIe lhe diainage and Iandscape pIan viII aid in
seIeclion and pIacing of lenpoiaiy LSC MIs.
Duiing lhe finaI piojecl design piocess, lhe consuIlanl viII piepaie delaiIed giading pIans, paving and diainage
pIans, Iandscape pIans, and olhei pIans as necessaiy foi lhe successfuI consliuclion of lhe piojecl. These pIans
piovide lhe consliuclion design iequiienenls, specificalions, and olhei consliuclion docunenls necessaiy foi
lhe consliuclion lidding, peinilling, and inspeclion. Ioi lhe LSCI lo le conpalilIe vilh lhe olhei engineeiing
pIans, lhe nosl piaclicaI piocess nay le foi lhe consuIlanl lo deveIop MIs oljeclives foi lhe consliuclion
peiiod lased on conliacloi aclivilies and lhe giading and diainage pIans foi lhe sile.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-31
This slep can occui as pail of lhe piepaialion of lhe giading and diainage pIan and le incIuded in lhe lid
package and/oi consliuclion docunenls foi consideialion of lhe polenliaI conliaclois. This aIIovs lhe
deveIopei lo expIicilIy addiess unique sile condilions, vhich nay affecl lhe sloinvalei poIIulion conlioI
duiing consliuclion. AIleinaliveIy, lhe deveIopei couId iequiie lhe conliacloi lo piepaie such a pIan lo juslify
lhe seIeclion of MIs.
)*2H2424 !?7<C5E8C6?7 $DA<;
LSCI is heaviIy invoIved in consliuclion phase of a deveIopnenl. This invoIvenenl can le fuilhei divided inlo
lidding and noliIizalion slage, consliuclion opeialion slage, and consliuclion conpIelion slage. Duiing
lidding and noliIizalion, LSCI pIan shouId le conpIeled vilh eiosion and sedinenl conlioI foi each
deveIopnenl phases leing piopeiIy Iaid oul. Conliacloi(s) seIecled ly deveIopei shouId le alIe lo iniliale
consliuclion aclivily. IhysicaI selup foi LSCI inpIenenlalion incIuding MIs consliuclion, iecoid keeping
syslen, and peisonneI liaining shouId lake pIace as soon as deveIopnenl slails.

Duiing consliuclion opeialion, lhe deveIopei shouId ensuie lhal lhe seIecled conliacloi is iesponsilIe foi
inpIenenling lhe MIs accoiding lo lhe LSCI. ecause sile condilions viII inevilalIy vaiy duiing
consliuclion, lhe LSCI shouId le ievised as necessaiy, vilh any changes highIighled on lhe LSCI copy
nainlained al lhe consliuclion sile. The inspeclion and nainlenance pIan (pail of LSCI) viII pIay a najoi ioIe
in ensuiing aII MIs aie inpIenenled as pIanned and lhal lhe oveiaII LSCI is seivicing lhe deveIopnenl al a
salisfacloiy IeveI lhioughoul lhe enliie piojecl.

Upon conpIelion of consliuclion, il is lhe iesponsiliIily of lhe deveIopei and conliacloi lo ensuie lhal:

(a) AII liealnenl lechniques oi sliucluies lhal aie no Iongei iequiied aie ienoved using nelhod
appioved ly aulhoiilies,
(l) Sedinenl and olhei unvanled naleiiaIs aie disposed off in an appioved nannei,
(c) SIopes, enlanknenls, vegelalion and pIanling aieas have leen piopeiIy eslalIished,
(d) Sile access is ieluined lo ils oiiginaI condilion oi appioved finaI Iayoul depending on sile-specific
ciicunslances,
(e) AII peinanenl sliucluies consliucled lo seive as pail of LSCI aie iesloied lo ils designed condilion,
(f) AII safely slandaids aie confoined and lhal sile is safe lo le occupied,
(g) AII diainage vays, pond aieas, and ieseives aie piopeiIy gazelled in lhe finaI sile pIan, and
(h) Slandaid opeialion pioceduie (SOI) oi nainlenance pIan foi sloinvalei sliucluies is pioduced
vhenevei deened necessaiy ly aulhoiilies.
)*2H2F $;5G?5=A78; &@A:EAC6?7 ?G &,!$
The finaI slep in lhe piepaialion of an LSCI is lo deveIop a piogian lo noniloi hov veII lhe MIs voik and
lo evaIuale vhelhei addilionaI MIs aie iequiied. To neel lhese oljeclives, LSCI inpIenenlei is iequiied lo
conducl sile inspeclion and noniloiing, syslenalic iecoid keeping and ieguIai ieviev and nodificalion (if
necessaiy) on lhe LSCI.

)*2H2F2) ,6C; -7<9;8C6?7 Y 0?76C?567>
An inspecloi shouId le idenlified and specified in lhe sulnilled LSCI. The inspecloi is iesponsilIe lo pIan foi
ieguIai inspeclion, noniloiing, and iecoid keeping of lhe LSCI. This peison shaII piovide any on-sile delaiIs
on lhe inpIenenlalion and peifoinance of LSCI lo ieIevanl aulhoiilies oi pailicipale in joinl inspeclion vilh
IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiilies vhenevei iequiied.
Sile inspeclions shouId le caiiied oul on lvo lases. Inspeclion shouId le caiiied oul on a fixed inleivaI (e.g.
veekIy, foilnighl, nonlhIy). On lop of lhal, evenl-lased inspeclion shouId le caiiied oul lefoie and aflei
sloin evenls.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-32 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
Inspeclion shaII gauge and noniloi lhe peifoinance of lhe conponenls of LSCI, and shouId covei consliuclion
nanagenenl as veII as eiosion and sedinenl conlioI MIs. Ioi conliacloi aclivily MIs, inspeclion vouId
incIude:
- Iooking foi evidence of spiIIs and iesuIling cIean-up pioceduies (e.g. suppIies of spiII cIeanup naleiiaI),
- exanining lhe inlegiily of conlainnenl sliucluies,
- veiifying lhe use of enpIoyee educalion piogiannes foi lhe vaiious aclivilies,
- noling lhe Iocalion of aclivily (e.g. ouldooi vs. indooi, conciele vs. giass),
- veiifying adequacy of liash ieceplacIes, and
- veiifying vasle disposaI piaclices (e.g. iecycIe vs. hazaidous vasle lins).

Ioi sedinenl and eiosion conlioI MIs, lhe noniloiing piogian shouId consisl of ieguIai inspeclion lo
deleinine lhe foIIoving:

- Changes in diainage palleins. Lnsuie aII iunoff, i.e. disluiled oi naluiaI fIovs aie veII nanaged.
Changes of diainage pallein due lo eailhvoik nusl le accounled foi in LSCI. In lhe evenl of diainage
pallein change in unanlicipaled nannei, appiopiiale nodificalion on LSCI shaII le peifoined lo ieclify
silualion,
- InslaIIalion of MIs. InslaIIalion of MIs shaII le as pei designed. Any sile adjuslnenl shaII le iefeiied
lack lo lhe consuIlanl foi appiovaI,
- Sile slaliIizalion. Inaclive aieas (no aclivily foi noie lhan 3O days) nusl le slaliIized vilh eiosion
conlioI MIs oi sliucluiaI nelhod vilhin 7 days,
- Lffecliveness of MIs. Indicalois of undeipeifoined MIs incIude sliucluiaI faiIuie, sedinenl oulside
of conlioI aiea, foinalion of iiIIs and guIIies, iunoff oveispiII (fIash fIood), nuiky sile dischaige, elc.,
and
- Mainlenance of MIs. AII MIs iequiied lo le seiviced in accoidance lo design specificalion. Rouline
nainlenance shaII incIude vegelalion valeiing, iepIacenenl of pioleclion naleiiaIs (vegelalion, siIl
fence, iip iap elc), sliucluiaI iepaii, and sedinenl ienovaI fion sedinenl conlioI MIs.
)*2H2F2* ';8?5B Z;;967>
- ResuIls of lhe inspeclion shaII le iecoided in lhe sile inspeclion checkIisl foin and in inspeclion Iog
look. IailicuIais such as dale of lhe inspeclion, lhe inspeclois and inpoilanl iesuIls oi olseivalions
nusl le incIuded. Significanl changes such as addilionaI MIs, change in capacily/sliucluie, Iocalion
elc, shaII aIso le invoIved.
- AII iecoids aie lo le ielained foi al Ieasl 3 yeais ly lhe deveIopei.
- Il is suggesled lhal delaiIs of incidenls such as spiIIs oi MIs faiIuies (fIood, sliucluiaI coIIapse oi diain
cIogging) le kepl. This infoinalion can le pailicuIaiIy usefuI duiing ieviev of MIs.
- Ihologiaphs nay le usefuI and poveifuI desciiplion of incidenls and pioof.

)*2H2F24 $:A7 ';@6;I A7B 0?B6G68AC6?7
Duiing lhe couise of consliuclion, unexpecled scheduIe changes, phasing changes, slaging aiea nodificalions,
off-sile diainage inpacls, and iepealed faiIuies of designed conlioIs nay affecl lhe inpIenenlalion and
peifoinance of LSCI. These changes nusl le nade knovn and lhe LSCI ievised accoidingIy. Duiing lhe
piepaialion and ieviev of lhe nodified LSCI, consliuclion nay conlinue vilh lenpoiaiy nodificalions lo lhe
eiosion and sedinenl conlioI MIs. Revisions lo lhe LSCI aie aIso iequiied vhen lhe piopeiIy inslaIIed
syslens aie ineffeclive in pievenling siIl lianspoil off lhe sile. Modificalions lo lhe LSCI shaII le caiiied oul ly
quaIified engineeis, piefeialIy lhe sane paily vhich design lhe LSCI iniliaIIy.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-33
'&P&'&.!&,
1. Ayad, M.H.A.Q. (2OO3). SoiI (6+5)+& ;)5I >67')D*)+& Y)*N ;" 2&' F1" A+6 *N7 Z+6*NY75*76& >26* +A [7J7) >6+B)&D7V
9N)&2, Iakislan }ouinaI of AppIied Sciences. VoI. 3 (1O-12).
2. Canp Diessei & Mckee (1993). 923)A+6&)2 "*+68Y2*76 X75* !2&2M787&* >62D*)D7 [2&'J++I5. Iiepaied foi
Sloinvalei QuaIily Task Ioice, CaIifoinia Slale Walei Resouices ConlioI oaid and Aneiican IulIic
Woiks Associalion, USA.
3. Chen, CN (199O). !7*N+'+3+M4 A+6 (6+5)+& 9+&*6+3 )& \6J2&)5)&M ]2*765N7'5, Iioceedings Uilan IIanning and
Sloinvalei Managenenl, UTM Iiess }ohoi ahiu, MaIaysia.
4. Depailnenl of Lnviionnenl oi DOL (1996). FG)'73)&75 A+6 >67B7&*)+& 2&' 9+&*6+3 +A "+)3 (6+5)+& 2&' ")3*2*)+&
)& !23245)2 Minisliy of Science, TechnoIogy and Lnviionnenl. MaIaysia.
5. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage oi DID (2OOO). \6J2& "*+68Y2*76 !2&2M787&* !2&G23 A+6 !23245)2
Minisliy of NaluiaI Resouices and Lnviionnenl, MaIaysia.
6. DID (2O1O). FG)'73)&7 A+6 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 )& !23245)2, Minisliy of NaluiaI Resouices and
Lnviionnenl MaIaysia.
7. Liosion ConlioI TechnoIogy CounciI oi LCTC (2OO6). ;+337' (6+5)+& 9+&*6+3 >6+'GD*5 "L7D)A)D2*)+& 9N26*
hllp://vvv.eclc.oig/LCTC_RLCI_Tenpoiai.pdf
8. Ciay, DH & Solii, R (1996). X)+*7DN&)D23 2&' "+)3 X)+7&M)&776)&M "3+L7 "*2J)3)^2*)+&, }ohn WiIey & Son, Nev
Yoik.
9. IifieId, }.S. (2OO4). 075)M&)&M A+6 (AA7D*)B7 "7')87&* 2&' (6+5)+& 9+&*6+3 +& 9+&5*6GD*)+& ")*75 2
nd
Lds. Ioieslei
Connunicalions, Sanla ailaia, CaIifoinia, USA.
1O. Hudson, N. (1971). "+)3 9+&576B2*)+& CoineII Univeisily Iiess, Ilhaca, Nev Yoik.
11. IsiaeIsen, C.L., C.C. CIyde, }.L. IIelchei, L.K. IsiaeIsen, I.W. Havs, I.L. Iackei and L.L. Iainei (198O).
(6+5)+& D+&*6+3 'G6)&M N)MNY24 D+&5*6GD*)+&V !2&G23 +& >6)&D)L375 2&' L62D*)D75 NalionaI Coopeialive Highvay
Reseaich Iiogian Repoil 221. Tianspoilalion Reseaich oaid, NalionaI Reseaich CounciI, Washinglon,
DC, USA
12. KuenslIei W (2OO9). 9 A2D*+6_ 9+B76W!2&2M787&*
vvv.lechliansfei.osnie.gov/NTTMainSile/Liliaiy/hlnanuaI/iusIe/chaplei5.pdf
13. LayfieId (2OO9). Liosion Managenenl Iaclois.
hllp://geonenlianes.con/shaied/iesviev.cfn`id=18&souice=lechnoles
14. Md Nasii Md Noh (2OO6). `N7 5*+68 Y2*76 82&2M787&* 82&G23 A+6 !23245)2 ?!"!#@_ # *++3 A+6 5+)3 2&' Y2*76
D+&576B2*)+& L62D*)D7 A+6 2M6)DG3*G67 2672, Iioceedings 3
id
Asian RegionaI Confeience, IWTC, Seplenlei 1O-16.
15. MilcheII, }.K. and C.D. ulenzei. (198O). "+)3 3+55 75*)82*)+&V 5+)3 76+5)+& (M.}. Kiily and R.I.C. Moigan,
Lds.) }ohn WiIey and Sons.
16. NalionaI Resouices Conseivalion Seivice oi NRCS (2OO5) >26* R.a_ #LL34)&M "+)3 `2b+&+84 NalionaI SoiI
Suivey Handlook, Uniled Slales Depailnenl of AgiicuIluie, Washinglon, DC, USA.
17. NRCS (2OO7) >26* RE-_ [4'6+3+M4 NalionaI Lngineeiing Handlook, Uniled Slales Depailnenl of
AgiicuIluie, Washinglon, DC, USA.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-34 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
18. Onlaiio Cenlie foi SoiI Resouice LvaIualion (1993). C)73' !2&G23 A+6 075D6)J)&M "+)35 )& K&*26)+ Minisliy of
AgiicuIluie, Iood and RuiaI Affaiis, Onlaiio, Canada.
19. Renaid, K.C., Ioslei, C.R., Weesies, C.A., McCooI, D.K., and Yodei, D.C. (1997). >67')D*)&M "+)3 =+55 J4
]2*76_ # FG)'7 *+ 9+&576B2*)+& >32&&)&M Y)*N *N7 ;7B)57' "+)3 =+55 (cG2*)+& ?;"\=(@. Handlook, VoI. 7O3. US
Depailnenl of AgiicuIluie, Washinglon, DC, USA.
2O. Tev, K.H. (1999). >6+'GD*)+& +A !23245)2& "+)3 (6+')J)3)*4 Z+8+M62LN )& ;732*)+& *+ "+)3 (6+5)+& )55G75 VT SoiI
Liosion Reseaich and ConsuIlancy, SeIangoi, MaIaysia
21. Tioeh, I.R., Holls, }.A., Donahue, R.L. (1999). "+)3 2&' ]2*76 9+&576B2*)+& A+6 >6+'GD*)B)*4 2&' (&B)6+&87&*23
>6+*7D*)+& 3
id
Lds. Iienlice HaII, Nev }eisey, USA.
22. WiIIians }.R. (1975). "7')87&* 6+G*)&M A+6 2M6)DG3*G623 Y2*765N7'5. Walei Resoui. uII. 11:965-974.
23. Wischneiei W.H., and Snilh, D.D. (1978). >67')D*)&M ;2)&A233 (6+5)+& =+5575. AgiicuIluiaI Handlook 537.
USDA, Washinglon, DC.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-35
CI
CWA
CI
DW
DD
Ilen MIs Nanes SynloI
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2O
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
3O
OI
L
LC
II
S
RCD
RRC
SCL
S
ST
SM
SI
SSA
SIA
SR
TSD
TSC
TLR
VTC
WW
LOC
MSA
Conposl IiIlei ein
Conciele Washoul Aiea
Consliuclion Ience
Devaleiing
Diveision Dilch
Diainage OulIel Iioleclion
Lailh ank
Liosion ConlioI Iankel
InIel Iioleclion
Reinfoiced Check Dan
RR Ioi CuIveil Iioleclion
Sand ag aiiiei
Sedinenl ConlioI Log
Sedinenl asin
Sedinenl Tiap
Seeding And MuIching
SiIl Ience
SlaliIized Slaging Aiea
SlockpiIe Aiea
Suiface Roughening
Tenpoiaiy SIope Diain
Tenpoiaiy Sliean Ciossing
Teiiacing
VehicIe Tiacking ConlioI
VTC Wilh WheeI Wash
Linils Of Consliuclion
MaleiiaIs Sloiage Aiea
Legend
RR Reinfoiced Rock ein
CD
1
Check Dan
C
2
Conposl Iankel
#$$&./-[ )*2# Q0$< 1&O&./ #./ $1#. ,R0Q+1,

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-36 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
#$$&./-[ )*2Q &[#0$1& \ 0+/&1 &,!$ $'&$#'#%-+.
IiolIen:

This exanpIe iIIusliales a piopei LSCI IIan piepaied foi a agiicuIluiaI Iand deveIopnenl in Caneion
HighIands. The infoinalion fion lhis exanpIe is iepeliliveIy used in lhe foIIoving exanpIes lo denonsliale
engineeiing anaIysis and design foi LSCI.

The pioposed deveIopnenl on Lol 1587, Iue VaIIey, Caneion HighIand is lo liansfoin lhe undeveIoped inlo a
high-lech hydioponic fain. The iniliaI deveIopnenl coveis ovei 28ha of sleep leiiain. The cuiienl exanpIe
concenliale on one of lhe suldivided pIol (IIol 1, heieaflei iefeiied lo as lhe sile) of lhe deveIopnenl, vhich
onIy coveis 2.74 ha of Iand. The chaIIenge in lhis piojecl is lo liansfoin lhe sleep and unduIaling leiiain inlo
aInosl fIal pIalfoins lo house lhe hydioponic gieenhouse sliucluies. In lhe finaI design, iainvalei fion lhe
ioofs of lhe gieenhouses viII le pailiaIIy sloied in undeigiound on-sile-delenlion lanks, and viII le iecycIed
foi iiiigalion use.

SoIulion:

The LSCI nusl le piepaied lefoie consliuclion legins, duiing lhe piojecl pIanning and design phase. Il vas
conpIeled al lhe end of lhe design phase oi eaiIy in lhe consliuclion phase. In lhis piojecl, once lhe finaI design
pIalfoin, luiIding foolpiinl and infiasliucluies aIignnenl aie ollained, lhe design of eailhvoik and LSCI
lhen look pIace.

Iiisl, lhe eiosion iisk anaIysis is caiiied oul lo deleinine annuaI soiI Ioss foi exisling and duiing consliuclion
condilion al sile. Then, pieIininaiy LSC MIs aie lesled lo achieve iequiied soiI Ioss conlioI on a sile-scaIe
lasis. This assessnenl is piesenled in Appendix 12.C.

The LSCI piepaied foi lhe sile is lased on lhe 8 LSC piincipIes given in lhis nanuaI vhich incIude:

- Mininizing SoiI Liosion - The noilh-easlein coinei of lhe sile consisls of veiy sleep sIope, vhich is
unsuilalIe foi deveIopnenl. Theiefoie lhe aiea is leing pieseived as naluiaI gieen. In oidei lo fuilhei
ieduce eiosion, eailhvoik is caiiied oul in lvo phases. In lhe fiisl phase, lhe pioposed sedinenl lasin is
fiisl consliucled, logelhei vilh lhe sile access. Lailhvoik viII piogiess ly fiIIing lhe access enliance,
lasin aiea advancing inlo lhe noilh-easlein aiea. Tenpoiaiy diveision diains viII le consliucled as
pIanned as eailhvoik piogiesses fuilhei inlo lhe sile. The sIope is liinned and cul lo desiied leiiace
and pIalfoin IeveI. As lhe fiisl phase eailhvoik is conpIeled and slaliIized, second phase legins ly
conlinuing fiIIing of lhe soulhein side of lhe sile. Diveision diain is suppIied lo convey iunoff fion
undisluiled Iand inlo lhe seivice diain, avay fion disluiled sile. AddilionaI diveision diain is
consliucled lo convey iunoff inlo sedinenl lasin as iequiied.
- Iieseiving Top SoiI - TopsoiI ienoved fion sile cIeaiing aie slockpiIed and piolecled fion eiosion
vilhin lhe sile foi ieuse in Iandscaping and eiosion conlioI luifing.
- Access Roule - Access Roule is piovided neai lo lhe sedinenl lasin. A fuIIy paved (1On) access poinl is
used as lhe onIy enliy poinl lo lhe sile and is equipped vilh a vashing lay.
- Diainage ConlioI - CeneiaIIy, iunoff fion undisluiled aieas aie diveiled inlo seivice diain diieclIy
vilhoul addilionaI liealnenl. Runoff fion disluiled aieas is coIIecled ly a diveision channeI nelvoik
vhich viII le liealed ly sedinenl lasin lefoie leing dischaiged inlo seivice diain.
- Liosion ConlioI - Liosion conlioI aie piovided via vegelalion. Al leiiaced sIope, hydioseeding aie
piovided. Aflei eailhvoik is conpIeled, aieas nol invoIved in consliuclion aie lo le piovided vilh
cIose luifing.
- Sedinenl Iievenlion - Sedinenl conlioI MIs aie piovided via siIl fence and sedinenl lasin. The sile
peiinelei is lenpoiaiiIy secuied ly using siIl fence lo avoid sedinenl Ieakage fion sile piioi duiing
eailhvoik. Runoff fion lhe enliie disluiled aiea is coIIecled and liealed ly a vel sedinenl lasin.
Design of sedinenl lasin is piesenled in Appendix 12.L.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-37
- SIope SlaliIizalion - AII sleep sIopes in lhe sile aie piovided vilh piopei engineeiing slaliIizalion.
Teiiacing is piovided foi high sIopes, vilh piopei cul-off and cascade diains. AII sIope suifaces aie
piolecled vilh hydioseeding.
- Mainlenance - The enliie LSCI is designed vilh nainlenance in nind. AII sliucluies aie designed foi
nininaI nainlenance iequiienenls. DelaiIed MIs nainlenance iequiienenls and oveiaII sile
nainlenance aie piovided logelhei vilh lhe LSCI iepoil.

The finaI LSCI aie piesenled in lvo Iayoul pIans, i.e. Iie-luIk Ciading and Iosl-luIk Ciading pIans. In lhe
pie-luIk giading pIan (Iiguie 12.1), lhe cul and fiII aieas aie deIinealed, incIuding aieas lo le pieseived. In
lhis pIan, lhe lenpoiaiy LSC MIs lo le inpIenenled duiing lhe eailhvoik aie piesenled. The posl-luIk
giading pIan (Iiguie 12.2) piesenls lhe LSC aflei najoi eailhvoik is conpIeled. Iiisl of aII lhe liealed sIope is
conveiled inlo giassed leiiace sIope vilh piopei cul-off and cascade diains. Runoff fion lhis aiea aie
conlined vilh fIov fion undisluiled aieas and diveiled avay fion sile. The pIan aIso incIude pioposed
luiIding foolpiinl of lhe deveIopnenl. Sone iunoff nanagenenl sliucluies such as cuIveil ciossing aie
conveiled inlo peinanenl sliucluies al lhis slage of deveIopnenl.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-38 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
Nole:
AII Dinensions aie in neleis
SiIl Ience
Diveision ChanneI (Disluiled IIov)
Diveision ChanneI (NaluiaI IIov)
Sile Access Ioinl vilh Wash ay
Tenpoiaiy Waleivay Ciossing
SlockpiIe
Sedinenl asin
Teiiacing vilh Hydioseeding
Cul
IiII
Sile oundaiy
LLCLND

Iiguie 12.1: Iie-uIk Ciading LSCI

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-39
Nole:
AII Dinensions aie in neleis
SiIl Ience
Diveision ChanneI (Disluiled IIov)
Diveision ChanneI (NaluiaI IIov)
Sile Access Ioinl vilh Wash ay
Tenpoiaiy Waleivay Ciossing
SlockpiIe
Sedinenl asin
Teiiacing vilh Hydioseeding
Cul
IiII
Sile oundaiy
LLCLND

Iiguie 12.2: Iosl-uIk Ciading LSCI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-4O (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3
#$$&./-[ )*2! &[#0$1& \ ,+-1 1+,, &,%-0#%-+. U-%" 3,1&
IiolIen:

Using delaiIs fion lhe deveIopnenl piojecl nenlioned in Appendix 12., a soiI Ioss assessnenl is lo le caiiied
oul lo deleinine lhe eiosion iisk al sile. The assessnenl shaII exanine eiosion iisk lefoie deveIopnenl look
pIace, duiing eailhvoik vilhoul conlioI and duiing eailhvoik vilh conlioI lo juslify effeclive MIs seIecled
foi lhe sile.
SoIulion:
SoIulion CaIcuIalion Oulpul

Iiguie 12.5

Lqualion
12.3

TalIe 12.2
In oidei lo piovide lellei assessnenl of lhe vaiious condilions al sile,
lhe sile is divided inlo 5 zones, vhich aie consideied lo le honogenous
in leins of eiosion iisk. The zone deIinealions aie given in Iiguie 12C.1.
UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion (USLL) viII le used lo assess lhe eiosion
iisk of lhe sile undei lhiee condilions, i.e. exisling (undisluiled),
disluiled and unconlioIIed (no LSC), and disluiled lul conlioIIed (vilh
LSC). The exanpIe leIov shovs slep ly slep guide lo ollain necessaiy
USLL paianeleis foi lhe Zone 3 undei exisling condilion. The
pioceduies lo ollain USLL paianeleis foi olhei zones and deveIopnenl
condilions aie exaclIy lhe sane as lhal shovn in lhis exanpIe.

(1) Deleininalion of RainfaII Liosivily, ; Iacloi:
; facloi foi lhe aiea of Tanah Rala (Iahang) faIIs in lhe iange of
15,OOO lo 17,5OO M}.nn/ha.hi.yi. Ioi evaIualion puipose, lhe
highei Iinil is used, lheiefoie,

; Iacloi = 17,5OO M}.nn/ha.hi.yi

(2) Deleininalion of SoiI LiodiliIily, < Iacloi :
In deleinining lhe K facloi of lhe deveIop aiea, soiI dala ollained
fion hand augei nelhod foi lhe sile is used. The soiI sanpIes aie
lesled foi giain anaIysis and lhe iesuIls aie conveiled lo 1OO of
sand, sil, cIay and oiganic nallei (excIuding Iaigei pailicIes), as
shovn in TalIe 12C.1.

TalIe 12.C1: Sunnaiy of Laloialoiy Tesl ResuIl of SoiI Dala
Hand Augei
No.
SanpIe
Nunlei
Deplh
(n)
IailicIe Size Disliilulion
()
CIay SiIl Sand
HA 1 A O.5 12.83 35.99 51.19
1.O 15.94 42.11 41.95

Hand Augei
No.
SanpIe
Nunlei
Sliucluie
Code (")
IeinealiIily
Code (>)
K Iacloi
HA 1 A 2 3 O.O244
2 3 O.O266

Ioi exisling (undisluiled) condilion, eiosion look pIace on giound
suiface and hence lhe conceined soiI Iayei is SanpIe A. Ioi disluiled
condilion (unconlioIIed and conlioIIed), lhe sile has leen disluiled and
hence SanpIe (iepiesenling soiI al 1n deplh) is used, assuning eailh
voik ienoved lhe lop soiI and exposed lhe Iovei soiI Iayei. Theiefoie,

< Iacloi = O.O244

; = 17,5OO
M}.nn/ha.hi.yi

< = O.O244
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-41

TalIe 12.3

TalIe 12.4

(3) Deleininalion of =" Iacloi:
In oidei lo ollained LS facloi, lhe hoiizonlaI sIope Ienglh (n) and
sIope sleepness () needs lo le deleinined lhiough eIevalion
infoinalion avaiIalIe on sile. Ioi exisling condilion, lhe conlouis
fion lopogiaphic naps oi suivey voiks can le used. Ioi
disluiled condilions, designed pIalfoin IeveIs can le used. Il is
ieninded lhal lhe assessnenl evaIuale lhe aveiage soiI Ioss and
hence, lhe deleininalion of sIope Ienglh and sIope sleepness shaII
nol le lased on nosl ciilicaI, lul vaIues lhal iepiesenls lhe
aveiage of lhe enliie zone. Refeiiing lo Iiguie 12C.1 lhe Ienglh and
sIope foi Zone 3 (exisling condilion) can le voiked oul as leIov,

Iiguie 12.C1: Zone DeIinealion and SIope Lenglh foi DeveIopnenl Sile

HoiizonlaI sIope Ienglh, ' = 1O5n

SIope sleepness, 5 = (1446-1413)/1O5 x 1OO
= 31

Malching ' and 5 in TalIe 12.3, lhe vaIue foi LS facloi can le
ollained using Iineai inleipoIalion. Theiefoie,

=" Iacloi = 19.7

(4) Deleininalion of 9 Iacloi:
Ioi exisling condilion, lhe enliie sile is coveied vilh lhick foiesl,
and hence 1OO foiesl coveiage vas seIecled. Theiefoie,

9 Iacloi = O.O3

' = 1O5n

5 = 31

=" = 19.7

9 = O.O3
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-42 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3


TalIe 12.5

Lqualion
12.1

(5) Deleininalion of CI Iacloi:
Ioi exisling condilion, no nanagenenl suppoil piaclice is
piovided (undisluiled sile) and lheiefoie,

> Iacloi = 1.OO

(6) Deleininalion of SoiI Loss:
Lslinalion of soiI Ioss foi Zone 3 can lhen le conpIeled:

# = 17,5OO x O.O244 x 19.7 x O.O3 x 1.OO
= 252 lonne/ha/yi

Using sane pioceduie, lhe soiI Ioss foi olhei zones and deveIopnenl
condilions can le deleinine, as shovn in TalIe 12C.2. Il can le olseived
lhal unconlioIIed Iand disluilance can cause significanl inciease in
eiosion iisk. AnnuaI soiI Ioss foi Zone 1, 2 and 5 inciease due lo lhe
inciease in eIevalion faclois vheie cul and fiII has cause dianalic
incienenl in eIevalion diffeience conpaied lo exisling condilion.
Hovevei, lhe LSCI piovides coiieclive neasuies lo niligale lhe
silualion ly pioviding leiiacing piaclise and hydioseeding. Ioi Zone 3
and 4, soiI Ioss aie significanlIy ieduced even in unconlioIIed condilion
conpaied lo exiling condilion lecause of lhe fIallen Iand foi
deveIopnenl. LvenluaIIy, lhe inpIenenlalion of LSCI nanages lo
nininise incienenl of soiI Ioss lo a salisfacloiy IeveI.

TalIe 12.C2: Sunnaiy of SoiI Loss Assessnenl foi DeveIopnenl Sile

Condilion Iaianeleis
Zone
1 2 3 4 5
L
x
i
s
l
i
n
g

; 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO
< O.O244 O.O244 O.O244 O.O244 O.O244
=" 2.2836 16.6415 19.6936 14.9137 3.4415
9 O.O3 O.O3 O.O3 O.O3 O.O3
> 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO
# (lon/ha/yi)
29 213 252 191 44
L
a
i
l
h
v
o
i
k
-

U
n
c
o
n
l
i
o
I
I
e
d

; 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO
< O.O266 O.O266 O.O266 O.O266 O.O266
=" 27.4147 5O.6281 O.1224 O.1267 O.994
9 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO
> 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO 1.OO
# (lon/ha/yi) 12,762 23,567 57 59 463
L
a
i
l
h
v
o
i
k
-

C
o
n
l
i
o
I
I
e
d

; 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO 17,5OO
< O.O266 O.O266 O.O266 O.O266 O.O266
=" 27.4147 5O.6281 O.1224 O.1267 O.994
9 O.O5 O.O5 1 1 O.O5
> O.18 O.18 O.5 O.5 O.18
# (lon/ha/yi) 115 212 28 29 4

> = 1.OO

# = 252
lonne/ha/yi

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-43
#$$&./-[ )*2/ &[#0$1& \ ,&/-0&.% R-&1/ &,%-0#%-+.
IiolIen:

The design of aII sedinenl conlioI MIs iequiies lhe infoinalion on lhe quanlily of sedinenl il is expecled lo
liap. Theiefoie, deleininalion of sedinenl yieId foi sedinenl lasin calchnenl aiea is iequiied foi lhis sile. The
design iainfaII is sel lo le 5Onn as pei iequiienenl of lhis nanuaI.
SoIulion:

TalIe 1.3

Seclion 2.2.2

TalIe 1.3

Seclion 2.2.2

Seclion 2.3.1
TalIe 2.6

Seclion 2.3.1
TalIe 2.6
The calchnenl aiea foi lhe pioposed sedinenl lasin incIudes Zone 1
(duiing pie-luIk giading onIy), Zone 3 and Zone 4. Theiefoie, lhe sedinenl
yieId fion lhese 3 calchnenls shouId le deleinined foi possilIe highesl
sedinenl yieId condilion, i.e. duiing lhe eailhvoik (pie-luIk giading pIan).
The Modified UniveisaI SoiI Loss Lqualion is used lo deleinined lhe
sedinenl yieId foi sedinenl lasin.
1. Deleininalion of Runoff Iaianeleis

Runoff paianeleis iequiied foi sedinenl yieId incIudes iunoff peak
dischaige and iunoff voIune. olh paianeleis, hovevei iequiies lhe
knovIedge of design iainfaII.

(a) Design sloin:

d+&7 E_
Design Sloin = 5O nn
Calchnenl Aiea, # = 1.84 ha
Tine of Concenlialion, *
D
= 2O ninules
Duialion of sloin, 0 = 6O ninules (Assune 1houi)
Inlensily of design sloin, 1 = 5O nn/h

d+&7 a_
Design Sloin = 5O nn
D
= 25 ninules
Duialion of sloin, 0 = 6O ninules (Assune 1 houi)

(l) CaIcuIale Ieak Dischaige:

d+&7 E_
RalionaI Melhod
Runoff Coefficienl, 9 = O.5O (aie soiI)

T
L
= 9 x 1 x #/36O = (O.5 x 5O x 1.84)/36O
= O.128 n
3
/s

d+&7 a_
RalionaI Melhod
Runoff Coefficienl, 9 = O.5O (aie soiI)

d+&7 E_
T
L
=O.128n
3
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-44 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3

T
L
= 9 x 1 x #/36O = (O.5 x 5O x 1.27)/36O
= O.O88n
3
/s

d+&7 a_
T
L
=O.O88n
3
/s

Seclion 2.3.2

Seclion 2.3.2

(c) CaIcuIale Runoff VoIune:

d+&7 E_
RalionaI Melhod Hydiogiaph Melhod (Type 2)
D
= 2O nin
Ieak Dischaige, T
L
= O.128n
3
/s

Theiefoie,
S = O.5 x (2 x `
D
) x (T
L
)
(Aiea leIov hydiogiaph)
= O.5 x (2 x 2O x 6O) x (O.128)
= 153.6n
3

d+&7 a_
RalionaI Melhod Hydiogiaph Melhod (Type 2)
D
= 25 nin
Ieak Dischaige, T
L
= O.O88n
3
/s

Theiefoie,
S = O.5 x (2 x *
D
) x (T
L
)
(Aiea leIov hydiogiaph)
= O.5 x (2 x 25 x 6O) x (O.O88)
= 132.On
3

d+&7 E_
S =153.6n
3

d+&7 a_
S =132.On
3

Lqualion
12.4
2. CaIcuIalion of Sedinenl YieId

In lhis case, lhe vaIue of <, =", 9, and > faclois aie assuned lhe sane as
lhose used foi soiI Ioss eslinalion foi disluiled (unconlioIIed) condilion.
Using (MUSLL), lhe sedinenl yieId can le caIcuIaled as shovn leIov:

Nole: LS foi Zone 3 is laken as veighled aveiage of LS facloi foi Zone 3 and
Zone 1 shovn pieviousIy,
vheie =" = (="
zone3
('
zone3
)+="
zone3
('
zone3
))/('
zone3
+'
zone3
)

Thus, lhe lolaI sedinenl yieId lo sedinenl lasin is: O = 69.O6 lonne (foi lhe
design sloin)

Zone
Runoff
VoIune, S
(n
3
)
Ieak
Dischaige,
T
L
(n
3
/s)

<
Iacloi

="
Iacloi
9
Iacloi
>
Iacloi
Sedinenl
YieId, O
(lonne)
3 153.6 O.128 O.O266 5.37O9 1.OO 1.OO 67.87
4 132.O O.O88 O.O266 O.1267 1.OO 1.OO 1.19
TolaI sedinenl yieId lo sedinenl lasin 69.O6

O = 69.O6 lonne
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-45
#$$&./-[ )*2& &[#0$1& \ U&% ,&/-0&.% Q#,-.
IiolIen:

Righl aflei lhe finaI seIeclion of MIs is idenlified lhiough soiI Ioss assessnenl, lhe delaiIed design of lhe MIs
is lo le caiiied oul. The dinension and oulIel sizing of lhe pioposed sedinenl lasin shouId le deleinined.
Iiequency of nainlenance shouId aIso le eslinaled using avaiIalIe infoinalion.

SoIulion:

TalIe 12.16

The delaiIed design of lhe sedinenl lasin is piesenled in lhis seclion.
DelaiIed design of lenpoiaiy ciossing and diveision diains aie siniIai lo
lhose of lheii peinanenl counlei pails, as piesenled in olhei chapleis of
lhis nanuaI and lheiefoie aie nol shovn heie.

(1) Deleininalion Type of soiI:

Accoiding lo TalIe 12.A1, lhe soiI in lhe IIol 1 is Ioan. Hence, a vel
sedinenl lasin is chosen.

TalIe 12.19

TalIe 12.17

(2) Deleininalion of asin Dinension:

The iequiied suiface aiea is 34On
2
/ha and lhe iequiied lolaI voIune is
51On
3
/ha (high iunoff is seIecled due lo laie soiI condilion). Iiguie
12.L1 iIIusliales lhe finaI dinensions of lhe sedinenl lasin.

The suiface aiea iequiied foi lhe sile = 34O x 3.11 = 1,O57.4n
2

(Nole: lhis is lhe aveiage suiface aiea foi lhe sellIing zone voIune, i.e. al
nid-deplh)

The lolaI lasin voIune iequiied foi lhe sile = 51O x 3.11 = 1,586.1n
3

(a) SellIing Zone:

The iequiied sellIing zone, S
1
= 793.O5n
3
(haIf lhe lolaI voIune) and lhe
seIecled sellIing zone deplh, 4
1
= O.75n.

Tiy a sellIing zone aveiage vidlh, ]
1
= 16n
Requiied sellIing zone aveiage Ienglh

=
1
=
1 1
1
x y W
V
=
75 . 0 x 16
05 . 793
= 66.O9n , say 67n

Aveiage suiface aiea = 16 x 67

Check sellIing zone dinensions (TalIe 12.17: asin Dinension):
1
1
y
L
ialio =
75 . 0
67

1
1
W
L
ialio =
16
67

=

=

=

Requiied Suiface
Aiea = 1O57.4n
2

Requiied VoIune
= 1,586.1n
3

1,O72n
2

> 1,O57.4n
2
,
OK

89.33
< 2OO, OK

4.19
> 2, OK
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-46 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3

(l) Sedinenl Sloiage Zone:

The iequiied sedinenl sloiage zone voIune is haIf lhe lolaI voIune, S
2

= 793.O5n
3

Ioi a side sIope d = 2(H):1(V), lhe dinensions al lhe lop of lhe sedinenl
sloiage zone aie,
]
2
= ]
1
- 2 x
2
1
d
x d = 16 - 2 x O.375 x 2 = 15n
=
2
= =
1
- 2 x
2
1
d
x d = 67 - 2 x O.375 x 2 = 66n

The iequiied deplh foi lhe sedinenl sloiage zone, vhich nusl le al Ieasl
O.3 n, can le caIcuIaled fion lhe foIIoving ieIalionship,
S
2
= ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
3
2
2
L W y L W y Z y Z + +

vhich gives,
793.O5 =
2
2
2
3
2
990 162 4 y y y +

Use liiaI and eiioi lo find 4
2
,

Ioi 4
2
= O.8n, S
2
= 69On
3

Ioi 4
2
= O.9n, S
2
= 762n
3

Ioi 4
2
= 1n] S
2
= 832n
3

(c) OveiaII asin Dinensions:

ase:
]
=]
1
- 2 x d x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
2
y
y
= 11n
=
==
1
-2 x d x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
2
y
y
= 62n

Deplh:
SellIing Zone, 4
1
= O.75n
Sedinenl Sloiage Zone, 4
2
= 1.OOn
Side SIope d = 2(H):1(V)

4%
> O.3n,
S
%
> 793.O5n
3
,
OK

TolaI asin
Dinension:

]
= 11n

=

= 62n

4
1
=O.75n
4
2
=1.OOn
d = 2(H):1(V)

TalIe 12.17

(3) Sizing of asin OulIel:

The spiIIvay foi lhis sedinenl lasin nusl le design foi 1O-yeais ARI.
The pioposed spiIIvay dinension is 1.5n vide x O.3n high.

The siII IeveI nusl le sel a nininun 3OO nn alove lhe lasin lop valei
IeveI. To sinpIify lhe caIcuIalions, lhe foIIoving assunplions aie nade:
- assune iisei pipe fIov is oiifice fIov lhiough lhe lop of lhe pipe onIy
- iisei pipe head is 3OO nn, i.e. lhe heighl lelveen lhe lop of lhe pipe
and lhe spiIIvay ciesl IeveI

T
iequiied
= T
1O
- T
iisei

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-47

Lqualion 2.2

Appendix
2.
TalIe 2.2

(a) Deleininalion of T
.-

i :
iI
k
(J +0)
q

vheie:
) = lhe aveiage iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi) foi seIecled ARI (T) and sloin
duialion (d),
` = aveiage iecuiience inleivaI, ARI (yeais),
' = sloin duialion (houis), O.2O s ' s 72and
', x, 0 and p = filling conslanls dependenl on lhe iaingauge Iocalion

Localion &
Slalion ID
ARI, `
Sloin
duialion
Deiived Iaianeleis
(yeais) ' k u q
Cunung iinchang
(4513O33)
1O 25 42.OO4 O.164 O.O46 O.8O2

i 133.32nn/h
O.164
6O
25
42.OO4(1O)
O.8O2
O.164
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
+
=

) (d
T
i

1O
1
2O
= 133.32
nn/hi

Seclion 2.3.1
TalIe 2.6

Lqualion 2.3

Lqualion 2.6

Lqualion
2.1O
RalionaI Melhod,
Coefficienl of Runoff, 9 = O.5
Calchnenl Aiea, # = 3.11ha (Zone 3 and Zone 4)

ER-
E,.. .EE,E% -,U
= =
360
10
A I C
Q
. .
= O.576n
3
/s

Tiy vilh 1 oiifice vilh dianelei O.45 n al sane IeveI. AIIov head of
O.3n fion cenlioid of oiifice.

(l) Deleininalion of T
6)576

( )
3 0 81 9 2
4
45 0
6 0 2
2
. .
.
x .
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
t
o o o riser
H g A C Q
: O.23n
3
/s

Theiefoie, aIIoving foi lhe iisei pipe fIov lhe iequiied spiIIvay capacily
is:

(c) Sizing SpiIIvay

T
67cG)67'
= O.58 - O.23 = O.35n
3
/s

5 . 1
p sp spillway
H B C Q = .

TiiaI dinensions: X = 1.5n , [
L
= O.3n and 9
5L
= 1.48 fion TalIe
2.7,

T
5L)33Y24
= 1.48 x 1.5 x O.3
1.5

=

9 = O.5
# = 3.11ha

T.-
= O.58n
3
/s

T
6)576
= O.23n
3
/s

T
67cG)67'
= O.25n
3
/s

O.36n
3
/s
> O.35n
3
/s, OK

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-48 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3

Theiefoie, lhe lolaI lasin deplh incIuding lhe spiIIvay is,

O.75 + 1.O + O.3 + O.3 = *24H=

(4) Tiapping Lfficiency:

Iion pievious caIcuIalion in Appendix 12.D, lhe sedinenl yieId is
eslinaled al 69.O6 lonnes foi lhe design sloin. Wilh lhe design sedinenl
liapping efficiency of 9O, lhe lolaI sedinenl liapped foi lhe design
evenl is 62.154 lonne oi 38.84 n
3
(conveiled fion soiI luIk densily
16OOkg/n
3
). The sedinenl sloiage zone foi lhe lasin is 793.O5n
3
. Hence,
lhe piovided sedinenl lasin can conlain lhe sellIed sedinenl fion IIol
1.

Il vouId iequiie 793.O5/38.84 = 2O evenls of sane nagnilude lo fiII up
lhe sedinenl sloiage zone. Assuning lhe design sloin is equivaIenl lo 3-
nonlh ARI, lhe sloiage zone is IikeIy lo le fiIIed up in 2O/4 = 5 yeais.

Lngineeiing Diaving foi Wel Sedinenl asin foi DeveIopnenl Sile

I
I
o
v
22n
1OOn
InIels lo Sedinenl asin shaII Lnlei
al Iuilhesl Dislance lo OulIel and
shaII Consisl of SIope Diain
asin Top LeveI
SpiIIvay
D
5O
=225nn
Ripiap
Rock
Check
Dan
2:1
2:1
ILAN
6OO 25OO 122O
3OO
45O
3OO
15Onn Ivc
OulIel
4
1
eyond Top of asin
D
5O
=9"
Ripiap
Ripiap edding
Lxcavalion
LL OO.O
1
2
1O4n
O.4n Sedinenl Sloiage Zone
O.6n SellIing Zone
O.45n
1
2
O.4n Sedinenl Sloiage Zone
O.6n SellIing Zone
O.45n
1.45n
22n
26n
26n
1OOn
1O4n
1O-yeai ARI
1O-yeai ARI
SLCTION A-A
SLCTION -
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-49
#$$&./-[ )*2P &[#0$1& \ /'R ,&/-0&.% Q#,-.
IiolIen:

Using infoinalion foi lhe sane sedinenl lasin designed in Appendix 12.L, assune lhal lhe aiea is coveied ly
sandy soiI, ie-design lhe lasin inlo a diy sedinenl lasin.

SoIulion:

TalIe 12.16

Design pioceduie of diy sedinenl lasin is lhe sane vilh vel sedinenl
lasin, excepl foi lhe iequiienenl of suiface aiea and lolaI lasin voIune.
CaIcuIalions leIov shov lhe design pioceduie of a diy sedinenl lasin.

(1) Deleininalion Type of soiI:

Diy Sedinenl asin is seIecled.

TalIe 12.18

TalIe 12.17

(2) Deleininalion of asin Dinension:

The iequiied suiface aiea is 25O n
2
/ha and lhe iequiied lolaI voIune is
3OO n
3
/ha (high iunoff is seIecled due lo laie soiI condilion). Iiguie
12.I1 iIIusliales lhe finaI dinensions of lhe sedinenl lasin.

The suiface aiea iequiied foi lhe sile = 25O x 3.11 = 777.5n
2

(Nole: lhis is lhe aveiage suiface aiea foi lhe sellIing zone voIune, i.e.
al nid-deplh)

The lolaI lasin voIune iequiied foi lhe sile = 3OO x 3.11 = 933n
3

(a) SellIing Zone:

The iequiied sellIing zone, S
1
= 466.5n
3
(haIf lhe lolaI voIune) and lhe
seIecled sellIing zone deplh, 4
1
= O.6On.

Tiy a sellIing zone aveiage vidlh, ]
1
= 15n
Requiied sellIing zone aveiage Ienglh

=
1
=
1 1
1
x y W
V
=
60 . 0 x 15
5 . 466
= 51.83n , say 52n

Aveiage suiface aiea = 15 x 52

Check sellIing zone dinensions (TalIe 12.17: asin Dinension):

1
1
y
L
ialio =
60 . 0
52

1
1
W
L
ialio =
15
52

=

=

=

Requiied Suiface
Aiea = 777.5n
2

Requiied VoIune
= 933n
3

78On
2

> 777.5n
2
, OK

86.67
< 2OO, OK

3.47
> 2, OK
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-5O (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3

(l) Sedinenl Sloiage Zone:

The iequiied sedinenl sloiage zone voIune is haIf lhe lolaI voIune, S
2

= 466.5n
3

Ioi a side sIope d = 2(H):1(V), lhe dinensions al lhe lop of lhe
sedinenl sloiage zone aie,
]
2
= ]
1
- 2 x
2
1
d
x d = 15 - 2 x O.3O x 2 = 13.8n say, 14n
=
2
= =
1
- 2 x
2
1
d
x d = 52 - 2 x O.3O x 2 = 5O.8n say, 51n

The iequiied deplh foi lhe sedinenl sloiage zone, vhich nusl le al
Ieasl O.3n, can le caIcuIaled fion lhe foIIoving ieIalionship,
S
2
= ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
3
2
2
L W y L W y Z y Z + +

vhich gives,
466.5 =
2
2
2
3
2
714 130 4 y y y +

Use liiaI and eiioi lo find 4
2
,

Ioi 4
2
= O.6 n, S
2
= 382 n
3

Ioi 4
2
= O.7 n, S
2
= 437 n
3

Ioi "
*
^ _2N =] S
2
= 49O n
3

(c) OveiaII asin Dinensions:

ase:
]
=]
1
- 2 x d x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
2
y
y
= 1O.8n say, 11n
=
==
1
-2 x d x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
2
y
y
= 47.8n say, 48n

Deplh:
SellIing Zone, 4
1
= O.75n
Sedinenl Sloiage Zone, 4
2
= 1.OOn
Side SIope d = 2(H):1(V)

4%
> O.3n,
S
%
> 466.5n
3
,
OK

]
= 11n

=

= 48n

4
1
=O.6On
4
2
=O.8On
d = 2(H):1(V)

TalIe 12.17

(3) Sizing of asin OulIel:

The spiIIvay foi lhis sedinenl lasin nusl le design foi 1O-yeais ARI.
The pioposed spiIIvay dinension is 1.5n vide x O.3n high.

The siII IeveI nusl le sel a nininun 3OOnn alove lhe lasin lop valei
IeveI. To sinpIify lhe caIcuIalions, lhe foIIoving assunplions aie nade:
- assune iisei pipe fIov is oiifice fIov lhiough lhe lop of lhe pipe onIy
- iisei pipe head is 3OOnn, i.e. lhe heighl lelveen lhe lop of lhe pipe
and lhe spiIIvay ciesl IeveI

T
67cG)67'
= T
.-
e T
6)576

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3 12-51

Lqualion 2.2

(a) Deleininalion of T
.-

Using IDI Coefficienl of Caneion HighIands and Duialion of 2O
ninules (see AIILNDIX 12.L),

1O
1
2O
= 133.32nn/h

1O
1
2O
= 133.32
nn/h

Seclion 2.3.1
TalIe 2.6

Lqualion 2.3

Lqualion 2.6

Lqualion
2.1O

TalIe 2.7

RalionaI Melhod,
Coefficienl of Runoff, 9 = O.5
Calchnenl Aiea, # = 3.11ha (Zone 3 and Zone 4)

360
11 . 3 32 . 133 5 . 0
360
. .
20
10
10
x x A I C
Q = = = O.576n
3
/s

Tiy vilh 1 oiifice vilh dianelei O.45 n al sane IeveI. AIIov head of
O.3n fion cenlioid of oiifice.

(l) Deleininalion of T
6)576

( )
3 0 81 9 2
4
45 0
6 0 2
2
. x . x x
.
x .
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
t
o o o riser
H g A C Q
: O.23n
3
/s

Theiefoie, aIIoving foi lhe iisei pipe fIov lhe iequiied spiIIvay
capacily is:

(c) Sizing SpiIIvay

T
67cG)67'
= O.48 - O.23 = O.25n
3
/s

5 . 1
p sp spillway
H B C Q = .

TiiaI dinensions: X = 1.5n , [
L
= O.3n and 9
5L
= 1.48 ,

T
5L)33Y24
= 1.48 x 1.5 x O.3
1.5

Theiefoie, lhe lolaI lasin deplh incIuding lhe spiIIvay is,

O.6O + O.8O + O.3O + O.3O = 2.OOn

9 = O.5
# = 3.11ha

T.-
= O.58n
3
/s

T
6)576
=
O.23n
3
/s

T
67cG)67'
=
O.25n
3
/s

T
5L)33Y24
=
O.36n
3
/s
> O.25n
3
/s, OK

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

12-52 (6+5)+& 2&' "7')87&* 9+&*6+3

(4) Tiapping Lfficiency:

Iion pievious caIcuIalion in Appendix 12.D, lhe sedinenl yieId is
eslinaled al 69.O6 lonnes foi lhe design sloin. Wilh lhe design
sedinenl liapping efficiency of 9O, lhe lolaI sedinenl liapped foi lhe
design evenl is 62.154 lonne oi 38.84n
3
(conveiled fion soiI luIk
densily 16OOkg/n
3
). The sedinenl sloiage zone foi lhe lasin is 466.5
n
3
. Hence, lhe piovided sedinenl lasin can conlain lhe sellIed
sedinenl fion IIol 1.

Il vouId iequiie 466.5/38.84 = 12 evenls of sane nagnilude lo fiII up
lhe sedinenl sloiage zone. Assuning lhe design sloin is equivaIenl lo
3-nonlh ARI, lhe sloiage zone is IikeIy lo le fiIIed up in 12/4 = 3 yeais.

Lngineeiing Diaving foi Diy Sedinenl asin foi DeveIopnenl Sile

54OOOnn Ienglh
18OOOnn Widlh
InfIov
InfIov
3OOnn Min.
1
2 1
1
6OOnn
8OOnn
6OOnn SpiIIvay
Oiifice
Cenlie SpiIIvay
Rock Lnlanknenl
NeedIe Iunched CeolexliIe
NeedIe Iunched CeolexliIe IIaced Ovei
Rock WaII vilh Lnds Coveied ly Rock
Ciesl of SpiIIvay
1OOnn dia. Ciaded Rock
OulIel Iioleclion
5Onn lo 75nn Aggiegale
NeedIe Iunched Ceofaliic
2O-3Onn Thick Aggiegale lo
HoId CeolexliIe in IIace
1OOnn dia. Ciaded Rock
NeedIe Iunched Ceofaliic
IIaced Ovei Rock WaII
1O-Yeai ARI
6OOnn nin.
ILAN
SLCTION
DOWNSTRLAM LLLVATION
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
PAVEMENT DRAINAGE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

13-i
!"#$%&' )* $#+&,&-% .'#/-#0&
13.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 13-1
13.2 HYDROILANINC RLDUCTION ................................................................................... 13-1
13.3.1 LongiludinaI SIope .............................................................................................. 13-1
13.3.2 Cioss / Tiansveise SIope ................................................................................... 13-2
13.3.3 Cuil and Cullei................................................................................................... 13-3
13.3.4 Roadside and Median ChanneIs ........................................................................ 13-3
13.3.5 Median aiiieis ................................................................................................... 13-3
13.4 CUTTLR DLSICN .............................................................................................................. 13-4
13.4.1 Capacily ReIalionship ......................................................................................... 13-4
13.4.2 Unifoin Cioss SIope Cullei Seclion ................................................................. 13-5
13.4.3 Conposile Cullei Seclions ................................................................................. 13-5
13.4.4 ShaIIov SvaIe Cullei Seclions .......................................................................... 13-6
13.4.5 Cullei IIov Tine ................................................................................................ 13-6
13.5 INLLT DLSICN .................................................................................................................. 13-6
13.5.1 InIel Types ............................................................................................................ 13-7
13.5.2 Inleiceplion Capacily of InIels on Ciade ......................................................... 13-7
13.5.3 Inleiceplion Capacily of InIels in Sag Localion ............................................... 13-11
13.5.4 Localing InIels ...................................................................................................... 13-14
13.5.5 InIel Spacing Design Iioceduie ........................................................................ 13-16
RLILRLNCLS ........ ........................................................................................................................ 13-19
AIILNDIX 13.A DLSICN CHARTS ........................................................................................... 13-21
AIILNDIX 13. LXAMILL - UNIIORM CUTTLR ................................................................ 13-32
AIILNDIX 13.C LXAMILL - COMIOSITL CUTTLR ............................................................. 13-34
AIILNDIX 13.D LXAMILL - V-SHAILD ROADSIDL CUTTLR .......................................... 13-36
AIILNDIX 13.L LXAMILL - CUR OILNINC INLLT ......................................................... 13-38
AIILNDIX 13.I LXAMILL -INLLT SIACINC ....................................................................... 13-4O

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Patcncn| Drainagc 13-1
S
l
i
e
e
l
I
a
i
k
i
n
g
L
o
l
Shopping
Cenlie
Cuil &
Cullei
InIel
Sloin Walei InIel
IIov Diieclion
Roadvay
Suiface
Spiead
)*1) /-%'2.3!%/2-
Lffeclive diainage of pavenenls is essenliaI lo lhe nainlenance of ioad seivice IeveIs and lo liaffic safely. Walei
on lhe pavenenl can inleiiupl liaffic, ieduce skid iesislance, inciease polenliaI foi hydiopIaning, Iinil visiliIily
due lo spIash and spiay, and cause difficuIly in sleeiing a vehicIe vhen lhe fionl vheeIs encounlei puddIes.
Iavenenl diainage iequiies consideialion of suiface diainage, gullei fIov, and inIel capacily (Iiguie 13.1). The
design of lhese eIenenls is dependenl on sloin fiequency and lhe aIIovalIe spiead of sloinvalei on lhe
pavenenl suiface. This chaplei piesenls guidance foi lhe design of lhese eIenenls. Mosl of lhe infoinalion
piesenled aie adapled fion HydiauIic Lngineeiing CiicuIai No. 22, Thiid Ldilion, Uilan Diainage Design
ManuaI (IHWA, 2OO9).

a) Diainage Syslen l) Vaiialion of Spiead
Iiguie 13.1: Road Diainage Iiaclices
)*14 "5.'2$6#-/-0 '&.3!%/2-
When iain faIIs on a sIoped pavenenl suiface, il foins a lhin fiIn of valei lhal incieases in lhickness as il fIovs
lo lhe edge of lhe pavenenl. This vedge pioduces a hydiodynanic foice vhich can Iifl lhe lyie off lhe
pavenenl suiface oi hydiopIaning. Il has leen shovn lhal hydiopIaning can occui lypicaIIy al speeds of
9O kn/hi vilh a valei deplh of 2nn. The hydiopIaning polenliaI of a ioadvay suiface can le ieduced ly lhe
foIIovings:
- Design lhe ioadvay geoneliies lo ieduce lhe diainage palh Ienglhs of lhe valei fIoving ovei lhe
pavenenl, and
- Iiovide diainage sliucluies aIong lhe ioadvay lo capluie lhe fIov of valei ovei lhe pavenenl.
TalIe 13.1 piovides design ARIs and spieads foi diffeienl lypes of ioad and speeds. They have leen sel lo Iinil
lhe polenliaI foi hydiopIaning al high speeds, as veII as lhe polenliaI foi vehicIes lo fIoal oi le vashed off
ioads al Iovei speeds. Risk associaled vilh hydiopIaning is high in liopicaI counliies such as MaIaysia.
)*1* .&7/0- !2-7/.&'#%/2-
)*1*1) 689:;<=>;9?@ 7@8AB
The ieconnended nininun vaIues of ioadvay IongiludinaI sIopes (AASHTO, 199O) viII piovide safe,
acceplalIe pavenenl diainage. In addilion, lhe foIIoving geneiaI guideIines aie piesenled:
- A nininun IongiludinaI giadienl is noie inpoilanl foi a cuiled pavenenl lhan foi an uncuiled
pavenenl since lhe valei is consliained ly lhe cuil. Hovevei, fIal giadienls on uncuiled pavenenls
can Iead lo a spiead piolIen if vegelalion is aIIoved lo luiId up aIong lhe pavenenl edge.
- DesiialIe gullei giades shouId nol le Iess lhan O.5 foi cuiled pavenenls vilh an alsoIule nininun of
O.3. Mininun giades can le nainlained in veiy fIal leiiain ly use of a ioIIing piofiIe, oi ly vaiping
lhe cioss sIope lo achieve ioIIing gullei piofiIes.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

13-2 Patcncn| Drainagc
- Ioi adequale diainage in sag veilicaI cuives, a nininun sIope of O.3 peicenl shouId le nainlained
vilhin 15n of lhe Iov poinl of lhe cuive.
TalIe 13.1: Design ARIs and Spieads (IHWA, 2OO9)

Road CIassificalion ARIs Spiead
High VoIune oi < 7O kn/hi 1O yeai 1 n
Divided oi > 7O kn/hi 1O yeai No Spiead
i-diieclionaI Sag Ioinl 5O yeai 1 n
< 7O kn/hi 1O yeai
Lane
CoIIecloi > 7O kn/hi 1O yeai No Spiead
Sag Ioinl 1O yeai
Lane
Lov Tiaffic 5 yeai
Lane
LocaI Slieels High Tiaffic 1O yeai
Lane
Sag Ioinl 1O yeai
Lane

)*1*14 !C8DD E %C?9DFBCDB 7@8AB
TalIe 13.2 piesenls an acceplalIe iange of cioss sIopes vilh vaiious pavenenl suiface lypes (IHWA, 2OO9) .
These cioss sIopes aie a conpionise lelveen lhe need foi ieasonalIy sleep cioss sIopes foi diainage and
ieIaliveIy fIal cioss sIopes foi diivei confoil and safely. In aieas of inlense iainfaII, a sonevhal sleepei cioss
sIope, al 2.5 nay le used lo faciIilale diainage.
Wheie lhiee Ianes oi noie aie sIoped in lhe sane diieclion, il is desiialIe lo counlei lhe iesuIling inciease in
fIov deplh ly incieasing lhe cioss sIope of lhe ouleinosl Ianes. The lvo Ianes adjacenl lo lhe ciovn Iine
shouId le pilched al lhe noinaI sIope, and successive Iane paiis, oi poilions lheieof oulvaid, shouId le
incieased ly aloul O.5 lo 1. The naxinun pavenenl cioss sIope shouId le Iiniled lo 4.
TalIe 13.2: NoinaI Iavenenl Cioss SIopes (IHWA, 2OO9)
Suiface Type Cioss SIope ()
High-Type Suiface
2 Ianes
3 oi noie Ianes, each diieclion

1.5 - 2.O
1.5 nininun, inciease O.5 lo 1.O pei Iane, 4.O
naxinun
Inleinediale Suiface 1.5 - 3.O
Lov-Type Suiface 2.O - 6.O
ShouIdeis
iluninous oi Conciele
Wilh Cuils

2.O - 6.O
> 4.O

AddilionaI guideIines ieIaled lo cioss sIope aie:
- AIlhough nol videIy encouiaged, inside Ianes can le sIoped lovaid lhe nedian if condilions vaiianl,
- Median aieas shouId nol le diained acioss liaveI Ianes,
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

- The nunlei and Ienglh of fIal pavenenl seclions in cioss sIope liansilion aieas shouId le nininised.
Consideialion shouId le given lo incieasing cioss sIope in sag veilicaI cuives, ciesl veilicaI cuives, and in
seclions of fIal IongiludinaI giades, and
- ShouIdeis shouId le sIoped lo diain avay fion lhe pavenenl, excepl vilh iaised, naiiov nedians and
supeieIevalions.
)*1*1* !=CG ?9> 0=<<BC
Roads in uilan aieas shaII geneiaIIy le piovided vilh an inlegiaI cuil and gullei. Hovevei, vheie lhe voIune
of gullei fIov is negIigilIe as in cai paiks and on lhe high side of singIe-ciossfaII ioads, a cuil onIy is
acceplalIe.
Cuils aie noinaIIy used al lhe oulside edge of pavenenl foi Iov-speed, and in sone inslances adjacenl lo
shouIdeis on nodeiale lo high-speed ioads. They seive lhe foIIoving puiposes:
- Conlainnenl of lhe suiface iunoff vilhin lhe ioadvay and avay fion adjacenl piopeilies,
- Iievenlion of eiosion on fiII sIopes,
- Iiovision of pavenenl deIinealion, and
- LnalIe lhe oideiIy deveIopnenl of piopeily adjacenl lo lhe ioadvay.
Culleis foined in conlinalion vilh cuils aie avaiIalIe in O.3n lhiough 1.On vidlh. Cullei cioss sIopes nay
le sane as lhal of lhe pavenenl oi nay le designed vilh a sleepei cioss sIope, usuaIIy 8O nn pei nelie
sleepei lhan lhe shouIdei oi paiking Iane (if used). An 8 sIope is a connon naxinun cioss sIope (IHWA,
2OO9).
A cuil and gullei conlinalion foins a liianguIai channeI lhal can convey iunoff equaI lo oi Iess lhan lhe
design fIov vilhoul inleiiuplion of lhe liaffic. When a design fIov occuis, lheie is a spiead oi videning of lhe
conveyed valei suiface. The valei spieads lo incIude nol onIy lhe gullei vidlh, lul aIso paiking Ianes oi
shouIdeis, and poilions of lhe liaveIIed suiface. Spiead is vhal conceins lhe hydiauIic engineei in cuil and
gullei fIov. The dislance of lhe spiead is neasuied peipendicuIaiIy fion lhe cuil face lo lhe exlenl of lhe
valei on lhe ioadvay and is shovn in Iiguie 13.2.
The cuil and gullei shaII le a slandaid size lo faciIilale econonicaI consliuclion. The slandaid cuil heighl of
15Onn is lased upon access consideialions foi pedesliians, vehicIe safely incIuding lhe opening of cai doois,
and diainage iequiienenls.
If a IocaI aulhoiily decides lo adapl a diffeienl slandaid, lhe design cuives given in lhis chaplei viII need lo le
adjusled accoidingIy.
)*1*1H '8?>D;>B ?9> ,B>;?9 !I?99B@D
Roadside channeIs aie connonIy used vilh uncuiled ioadvay seclions lo convey iunoff fion lhe pavenenl
and fion aieas vhich diain lovaid lhe ioad. Due lo iighl-of-vay Iinilalions, ioadside channeIs cannol le used
on nosl uilan aileiiaIs. They can le used in cul seclions, depiessed seclions, and olhei Iocalions vheie
sufficienl iighl-of-vay is avaiIalIe and diivevays oi inleiseclions aie infiequenl.
To pievenl diainage fion lhe nedian aieas fion iunning acioss lhe liaveI Ianes, designeis shouId sIope
nedian aieas and inside shouIdeis lo a cenlei svaIe. This design is pailicuIaiIy inpoilanl foi high speed ioads
and foi ioads vilh noie lhan lvo Ianes of liaffic in each diieclion.
)*1*1J ,B>;?9 K?CC;BCD
Designeis shouId sIope lhe shouIdei aieas adjacenl lo nedian laiiieis lo lhe cenlei lo pievenl diainage fion
iunning acioss lhe liaveIed pavenenl. Wheie nedian laiiieis aie used, and pailicuIaiIy on hoiizonlaI cuives
vilh associaled supeieIevalions, il is necessaiy lo piovide inIels oi sIolled diains lo coIIecl lhe valei
accunuIaled againsl lhe laiiiei. AddilionaIIy, sone ioad depailnenl agencies use a piping syslen lo convey
valei lhiough lhe laiiiei.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

i) "V"-Shape-ShouIdei ii) "V"-Shape-Median
A
Sx
1
Sx
2
C
Sx
3
D
A C
T
1
T
Ts
Sx
3
Sx
1
Sx
2
Sx
3
A
C
A C
T
Ts Ts
)*1H 03%%&' .&7/0-
A pavenenl gullei is defined as a seclion of pavenenl of lhe ioadvay vhich conveys sloin iunoff. Il nay
incIude a poilion oi aII of a liaveI Iane. Cullei seclions can le calegoiized as convenlionaI oi shaIIov svaIe lype
as iIIuslialed in Iiguie 13.2. ConvenlionaI cuil and gullei seclions usuaIIy have a liianguIai shape vilh lhe
cuil foining lhe neai-veilicaI Ieg of lhe liiangIe. ShaIIov svaIe gulleis lypicaIIy have V-shaped oi ciicuIai
seclions and aie oflen used in paved nedian aieas on ioadvays vilh inveiled ciovns.
T
S
x
i) Unifoin
a
ii) Conposile
S
v
Qv
W
Qs
S
x
T
Ts

l) ShaIIov SvaIe Type
Iiguie 13.2: TypicaI Cullei Seclions
)*1H1) !?A?L;<M 'B@?<;89DI;A
Cullei fIov caIcuIalions aie necessaiy lo eslalIish lhe spiead of valei on lhe shouIdei, paiking Iane, oi
pavenenl seclion. To conpule gullei fIov, lhe Manning's equalion is inlegialed foi an incienenl of vidlh
acioss lhe seclion. The iesuIling equalion is:
67 . 2 5 . 0
|
67 . 1
X
u
T S S
n
K
Q = (13.1)
vheie,
K
u
= O.376
n = Manning's ioughness coefficienl (TalIe 13.3),
Q = IIov iale (n
3
/s),
T = Widlh of fIov oi spiead (n),
S
X
= Cioss sIope (n/n), and
S
|
= LongiludinaI sIope (n/n)
a) Cuil Type
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Spiead on lhe pavenenl and fIov deplh al lhe cuil aie oflen used as ciileiia foi spacing pavenenl diainage
inIels. Chail 13.A1 in Appendix 13.A is a nonogiaph foi soIving Lqualion 13.1. The chail can le used foi eilhei
ciileiion vilh lhe ieIalionship:
d = T S
X
(13.2)
vheie,

d = Deplh of fIov (n).
Chail 13.A1 can le used foi diiecl soIulion of gullei fIov vheie lhe Manning's n vaIue is O.O16. Ioi olhei vaIues
of n (TalIe 13.3), designeis shouId divide lhe vaIue of Q
n
ly n.

TalIe 13.3: Iavenenl Roughness Coefficienls (IHWA, 2OO9)
Cullei / Iavenenl MaleiiaIs Manning's Roughness, n
Conciele gullei, lioveIed finish O.O12
AsphaIl pavenenl:
Snoolh lexluie
Rough lexluie

O.O13
O.O16
Conciele gullei-asphaIl pavenenl:
Snoolh
Rough

O.O13
O.O15
Conciele pavenenl:
IIoal finish
ioon finish

O.O14
O.O16
Nole:Ioi gulleis vilh snaII sIope, vheie sedinenl nay accunuIale, inciease alove vaIues of "n" ly O.OO2

)*1H14 39;N8CO !C8DD 7@8AB 0=<<BC 7BL<;89
The nonogiaph in Chail 13.A1 soIves Lqualion 13.1 foi gulleis having liianguIai cioss seclions. LxanpIe in
Appendix 13. iIIusliales ils use foi lhe anaIysis of convenlionaI gulleis vilh unifoin cioss sIope.
)*1H1* !8OA8D;<B 0=<<BC 7BL<;89D
The design of conposile gullei seclions iequiies consideialion of fIov in lhe depiessed segnenl of lhe gullei,
Q
u
. Lqualion 13.3a, dispIayed giaphicaIIy as Chail 13.A2, is piovided foi use vilh Lqualions 13.3l and 13.3c
leIov and Chail 13.A1 lo deleinine lhe fIov in a vidlh of gullei in a conposile cioss seclion, l, Iess lhan lhe
lolaI spiead, T. The pioceduie foi anaIysing conposile gullei seclions is denonslialed in LxanpIe in Appendix
13.C.

Q
u
= Q - Q
S

0
| 1
Q
Q
S
=

vheie,
Q
l
= IIov iale in lhe depiessed seclion of lhe gullei (n
3
/s),
Q = Cullei fIov iale (n
3
/s),
Q
S
= IIov capacily of lhe gullei seclion alove lhe depiessed seclion (n
3
/s),
|
c
= Ralio of fIov in a chosen vidlh (usuaIIy lhe vidlh of a giale) lo lolaI gullei fIov (Q
u
/Q),
P
P Q
1
1
l
T
S / S
1
S / S
1 / 1 |
x u
x u
c
(13.3a)

(13.3l)
(13.3c)
o
+
+ =
8/3
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

S
l
= S
X
+ a/l (Iiguie 13.2aii),
S
X
= Cioss sIope (n/n) , and
a = Cullei depiession, (n).
Chail 13.A3 iIIusliales a design chail foi a conposile gullei vilh a O.6On vidlh seclion and a 5Onn depiession
al lhe cuil lhal legins al lhe piojeclion of lhe unifoin cioss sIope al lhe cuil face. A seiies of chails siniIai lo
Chail 13.A3 foi "lypicaI" gullei configuialions can le deveIoped.
)*1H1H 7I?@@8R 7R?@B 0=<<BC 7BL<;89D
Wheie cuils aie nol needed foi liaffic conlioI, a snaII svaIe seclion of ciicuIai oi V-shape nay le used lo
convey iunoff fion lhe pavenenl. As an exanpIe, lhe conlioI of pavenenl iunoff on fiIIs nay le needed lo
piolecl lhe enlanknenl fion eiosion. SnaII svaIe seclions nay have sufficienl capacily lo convey lhe fIov lo a
Iocalion suilalIe foi inleiceplion.
Chail 13.A1 can le used lo conpule lhe fIov in a shaIIov V-shaped seclion. When using Chail 13.A1 foi V-
shaped channeIs, lhe cioss sIope, S
X
is deleinined ly lhe foIIoving equalion:

2
X
1
X
2
X
1
X
X
S S
S S
S
P
Q
(13.4)
LxanpIe in Appendix 13.D denonsliales lhe use of Chail 13.A1 lo anaIyze a V-shaped shouIdei gullei.
)*1H1J 0=<<BC S@8R %;OB
The fIov line in gulleis is an inpoilanl conponenl of lhe line of concenlialion foi lhe conliiluling diainage
aiea lo an inIel. To find lhe gullei fIov conponenl of lhe line of concenlialion, a nelhod foi eslinaling lhe
aveiage veIocily in a ieach of gullei is needed. The veIocily in a gullei vaiies vilh lhe fIov iale and lhe fIov
iale vaiies vilh lhe dislance aIong lhe gullei, i.e., lolh lhe veIocily and fIov iale in a gullei aie spaliaIIy vaiied.
The line of fIov can le eslinaled ly use of an aveiage veIocily ollained ly inlegialion of lhe Manning's
equalion foi lhe gullei seclion vilh iespecl lo line.

TalIe 13.4 and Chail 13.A4 can le used lo deleinine lhe aveiage veIocily in liianguIai gullei seclions. In TalIe
13.4, T
1
and T
2
aie lhe spiead al lhe upsliean and dovnsliean ends of lhe gullei seclion iespecliveIy. T
a
is lhe
spiead al lhe aveiage veIocily. Chail 13.A4 is a nonogiaph lo soIve Lqualion 13.5 foi lhe veIocily in a liianguIai
channeI vilh knovn cioss sIope, gullei sIope, and spiead.

67 . 0 67 . 0
X
5 . 0
|
u
T S S
n
K
V Q (13.5)
vheie,
K
u
= O.752, and
V = VeIocily in lhe liianguIai channeI (n/s).
TalIe 13.4: Spiead al Aveiage VeIocily in a Reach of TiiangIe Cullei
Spiead Ralio VaIue
T
1
/T
2
O.OO O.1O O.2O O.3O O.4O O.5O O.6O O.7O O.8O
T
a
/T
2
O.65 O.66 O.68 O.7O O.74 O.77 O.82 O.86 O.9O

)*1J /-6&% .&7/0-
Sloin diain inIels aie used lo coIIecl iunoff and dischaige il lo dovnsliean sloin diainage syslen. InIels aie
lypicaIIy Iocaled in gullei seclions, paved nedians, and ioadside and nedian dilches.
=
+
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

SLCTION
ILRSILCTIVL
Ciale
WaIkvay
Iavenenl
Access Covei
WaIkvay
Iavenenl
Ciale
WaIkvay
Iavenenl
a) Ciale l) Cuil Opening c) Conlinalion
Cuil
Cuil
Cuil
Ciale
Cuil
Opening
Ciale
CuIlei
Opening
The hydiauIic capacily of a sloin diain inIel depends upon ils geoneliy as veII as lhe chaiacleiislics of lhe
gullei fIov. InIel capacily goveins lolh lhe iale of valei ienovaI fion lhe gullei and lhe anounl of valei lhal
can enlei lhe sloin diainage syslen. Inadequale inIel capacily oi pooi inIel Iocalion nay cause fIooding on lhe
ioadvay iesuIling in a hazaid lo lhe liaveIing pulIic.
)*1J1) /9@B< %MABD
InIels used foi lhe pavenenl diainage of suifaces can le divided inlo lhe foIIoving cIasses:
- Ciale inIels,
- Cuil-opening inIels,
- SIolled inIels, and
- Conlinalion inIels.
Ciale inIels consisl of an opening in lhe gullei oi dilch coveied ly a giale. Cuil-opening inIels aie veilicaI
openings in lhe cuil coveied ly a lop sIal. SIolled inIels consisl of a pipe cul aIong lhe IongiludinaI axis vilh
lais peipendicuIai lo lhe opening lo nainlain lhe sIolled opening. Conlinalion inIels consisl of lolh a cuil-
opening inIel and a giale inIel pIaced in a side-ly-side configuialion, lul lhe cuil-opening nay le Iocaled in
pail upsliean of lhe giale. Iiguie 13.3 iIIusliales lhe lhiee (3) najoi inIels, giale, cuil-opening and
conlinalion. SIolled diains nay aIso le used vilh giales and each lype of inIel nay le inslaIIed vilh oi
vilhoul a depiession of lhe gullei.

Iiguie 13.3: Majoi InIel Types
)*1J14 /9<BCLBA<;89 !?A?L;<M 8N /9@B<D 89 0C?>B
In lhis seclion, design chails foi inIels on giade and pioceduies foi using lhe chails aie piesenled foi lhe
vaiious inIel configuialions. On-giade inIels lhal aie Iocaled in a sIoping gullei, so lhal any fIovs lypassing lhe
inIel viII conlinue aIong lhe gullei fIovpalh lo anolhei inIel dovnsliean oi an oulfaII. Ioi IocaIIy depiessed
inIels, lhe quanlily of fIov ieaching lhe inIel vouId le dependenl on lhe upsliean gullei seclion geoneliy and
nol lhe depiessed seclion geoneliy.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

The chail foi fionlaI fIov inleiceplion is lased on lesl iesuIls vhich shov lhal giales inleicepl aII of lhe fionlaI
fIov unliI a veIocily is ieached al vhich valei legins lo spIash ovei lhe giale. Al veIocilies giealei lhan "spIash-
ovei" veIocily, giale efficiency in inleicepling fionlaI fIov is dininished. Ciales aIso inleicepl a poilion of lhe
fIov aIong lhe Ienglh of lhe giale, oi lhe side fIov. A chail is piovided lo deleinine side-fIov inleiceplion.
One sel of chails is piovided foi sIolled inIels and cuil-opening inIels, lecause lhese inIels aie lolh side-fIov
veiis. The equalion deveIoped foi deleinining lhe Ienglh of inIel iequiied foi lolaI inleiceplion fils lhe lesl
dala foi lolh lypes of inIels. A pioceduie foi deleinining lhe inleiceplion capacily of conlinalion inIels is aIso
piesenled.
)*1J141) 0C?<B /9@B<D
Ciales aie effeclive ioad pavenenl diainage inIels vheie cIogging vilh deliis is nol a piolIen. Wheie cIogging
nay le a piolIen, see TalIe 13.5 vheie giales aie ianked foi suscepliliIily lo cIogging lased on Ialoialoiy
lesls using sinuIaled "Ieaves" (IHWA, 2OO9). This lalIe shouId le used foi ieIalive conpaiisons onIy. When lhe
veIocily appioaching lhe giale is Iess lhan lhe "spIash-ovei" veIocily, lhe giale viII inleicepl essenliaIIy aII of lhe
fionlaI fIov. ConveiseIy, vhen lhe gullei fIov veIocily exceeds lhe "spIash-ovei" veIocily foi lhe giale, onIy
pail of lhe fIov viII le inleicepled. A pail of lhe fIov aIong lhe side of lhe giale viII le inleicepled, dependenl
on lhe cioss sIope of lhe pavenenl, lhe Ienglh of lhe giale, and fIov veIocily.
TalIe 13.5: Aveiage Deliis HandIing Lfficiencies of Ciales (IHWA, 2OO9)

Rank Ciale
LongiludinaI SIope
O.OO5 O.O4O
1 Cuived Vane 46 61
2 3O 85 TiIl ai 44 55
3 45 85 TiIl ai 43 48
4 I - 5O 32 32
5 I - 5O x 1OO 18 28
6 45 6O TiIl ai 16 23
7 RelicuIine 12 16
8 I - 3O 9 2O

The ialio of fionlaI fIov lo lolaI gullei fIov, |
c
, foi a unifoin cioss sIope is expiessed ly Lqualion 13.6.

67 . 2
O
1 1
(
= =
T
l
Q
Q
|
u
(13.6)
vheie,
Q = TolaI gullei fIov (n
3
/s),
Q
u
= IIov in vidlh W (n
3
/s),
l = Widlh of depiessed gullei oi giale (n), and
T = TolaI spiead of valei (n).
The ialio of side fIov, Q
s
, lo lolaI gullei fIov, Q is:

c
l S
| 1
Q
Q
1
Q
Q
= = (13.7)
The ialio of fionlaI fIov inleicepled lo lolaI fionlaI fIov, R
f
, is expiessed ly Lqualion 13.8. The vaIue of R
f

cannol le noie lhan 1.O
R
f
= 1- K
u
(V - V
c
) (13.8)

u
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

vheie,
K
u
= O.295,
V = VeIocily of fIov in lhe gullei (n/s), and
V
c
= Cullei veIocily vheie spIash-ovei fiisl occuis (n/s).

This ialio is equivaIenl lo fionlaI fIov inleiceplion efficiency. Chail 13.A5 piovides a soIulion foi Lqualion 13.8
vhich lakes inlo accounl giale Ienglh, lai configuialion, and gullei veIocily al vhich spIash-ovei occuis. The
aveiage gullei veIocily (lolaI gullei fIov divided ly lhe aiea of fIov) is needed lo use Chail 13.A5. This veIocily
can aIso le ollained fion Chail 13.A4. The ialio of side fIov inleicepled lo lolaI side fIov, R
S
, oi side fIov
inleiceplion efficiency, is expiessed ly Lqualion 13.9. Chail 13.A6 piovides a soIulion lo Lqualion 13.9.

)
| S
V K
1 /( 1 R
3 . 2
x
8 . 1
u
S
P Q
(13.9)
vheie,
K
u
= O.O828
A deficiency in deveIoping enpiiicaI equalions and chails fion expeiinenlaI dala is evidenl in Chail 13.A6.
The facl lhal a giale viII inleicepl aII oi aInosl aII of lhe side fIov vheie lhe veIocily is Iov and lhe spiead onIy
sIighlIy exceeds lhe giale vidlh is nol iefIecled in lhe chail. Hovevei, lhe eiioi due lo lhis deficiency is veiy
snaII. In facl, vheie veIocilies aie high, side fIov inleiceplion nay le negIecled vilhoul significanl eiioi.

The efficiency, |, of a giale is expiessed in Lqualion 13.1O.
| = R
f
|
c
+ R
s
(1 - |
c
) (13.1O)

The fiisl lein on lhe iighl side of Lqualion 13.1O is lhe ialio of inleicepled fionlaI fIov lo lolaI gullei fIov, and
lhe second lein is lhe ialio of inleicepled side fIov lo lolaI side fIov. The second lein is insignificanl vilh high
veIocilies and shoil giales. The inleiceplion capacily of a giale inIel on giade is equaI lo lhe efficiency of lhe
giale nuIlipIied ly lhe lolaI gullei fIov.
Q
i
= | Q = Q jR
f
|
c
+ R
s
(1 - |
c
)] (13.11)
)*1J1414 !=CGT2AB9;9: /9@B<D
Cuil-opening inIels aie effeclive in lhe diainage of ioad pavenenls vheie fIov deplh al lhe cuil is sufficienl
foi lhe inIel lo peifoin efficienlIy. Cuil openings aie Iess susceplilIe lo cIogging and offei IillIe inleifeience lo
liaffic opeialion. They aie a vialIe aIleinalive lo giales on fIallei giades vheie giales vouId le in liaffic Ianes
oi vouId le hazaidous foi pedesliians oi cycIisls.
Cuil opening heighls vaiy in dinension, hovevei, a lypicaI naxinun heighl is appioxinaleIy 1OO lo 15Onn.
The Ienglh of lhe cuil-opening inIel iequiied foi lolaI inleiceplion of gullei fIov on a pavenenl seclion vilh a
unifoin cioss sIope is expiessed ly Lqualion 13.12,
6 . 0
X
3 . 0
|
42 . 0
u T
)
nS
1
( S Q K | Q
(13.12)
vheie,
K
u
= O.817
|
T
= Cuil opening Ienglh iequiied lo inleicepl 1OO peicenl of lhe gullei fIov (n),
S
|
= LongiludinaI sIope, and
Q = Cullei fIov (n
3
/s).
The efficiency of cuil-opening inIels shoilei lhan lhe Ienglh iequiied foi lolaI inleiceplion is expiessed ly
Lqualion 13.13.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

13-1O Patcncn| Drainagc
8 . 1
T
)
|
|
1 ( 1 | = (13.13)
vheie,
| = Cuil-opening Ienglh (n).
Chail 13.A7 is a nonogiaph foi lhe soIulion of Lqualion 13.12, and Chail 13.A8 piovides a soIulion of Lqualion
13.13.
The Ienglh of inIel iequiied foi lolaI inleiceplion ly depiessed cuil-opening inIels oi cuil openings in
depiessed gullei seclions can le found ly lhe use of an equivaIenl cioss sIope, S
c
, in Lqualion 13.12 in pIace of
S
x
and S
e
can le conpuled using Lqualion 13.14.
S
c
= S
X
+ S
l
|
c
(13.14a)
S'
l
= a / |1OOO Wj, foi W in n, oi = S
u
- S
x
, (13.14l)

vheie,
S'
l
= Cioss sIope of lhe gullei neasuied fion lhe cioss sIope of lhe pavenenl S
x
(n/n),
a = Cullei depiession nn, and
|
c
= Ralio of fIov in lhe depiessed seclion lo lolaI gullei fIov deleinined ly lhe gullei
configuialion upsliean of lhe inIel.

Iiguie 13.4 shovs lhe depiessed cuil inIel foi Lqualion 13.14. |
c
is lhe sane ialio as lhal used lo conpule lhe
fionlaI fIov inleiceplion of a giale inIel.

Iiguie 13.4: Depiessed Cuil Opening InIel
As seen fion Chail 13.A7, lhe Ienglh of cuil opening iequiied foi lolaI inleiceplion can le significanlIy
ieduced ly incieasing lhe cioss sIope oi lhe equivaIenl cioss sIope. The equivaIenl cioss sIope can le incieased
ly use of a conlinuousIy depiessed gullei seclion oi a IocaIIy depiessed gullei seclion.
Using lhe equivaIenl cioss sIope, S
c
, Lqualion 13.12 lecones,

6 . 0
c
3 . 0
|
42 . 0
T T
)
nS
1
( S Q K | = (13.15)
vheie,
K
T
= O.817.
Lqualion 13.15 is appIicalIe vilh eilhei sliaighl cioss sIopes oi conposile cioss sIopes. Chails 13.A7 and 13.A8
aie appIicalIe lo depiessed cuil-opening inIels using S
c
ialhei lhan S
x
. Lqualion 13.14 uses lhe ialio, |
c
, in lhe
conpulalion of lhe equivaIenl cioss sIope, S
c
. LxanpIe in Appendix 13.L denonsliales lhe pioceduie lo
a
S
v

S
x

W
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

deleinine spiead and lhen lhe exanpIe uses Chail 13.A2 lo deleinine |
c
. LxanpIe in Appendix 13.L
denonsliales lhe use of lhese ieIalionships lo design Ienglh of a cuil opening inIel.
)*1J141* !8OG;9?<;89 /9@B<D
The inleiceplion capacily of a conlinalion inIel consisling of a cuil opening and giale pIaced side-ly-side, as
shovn in Iiguie 13.5, is no giealei lhan lhal of lhe giale aIone. Capacily is conpuled ly negIecling lhe cuil
opening.
A conlinalion inIel is sonelines used vilh a pail of lhe cuil opening pIaced upsliean of lhe giale as
iIIuslialed in Iiguie 13.6. The cuil opening in such an inslaIIalion inleicepls deliis vhich nighl olheivise cIog
lhe giale and is caIIed a "sveepei" inIel. A sveepei conlinalion inIel has an inleiceplion capacily equaI lo lhe
sun of lhe cuil opening upsliean of lhe giale pIus lhe giale capacily, excepl lhal lhe fionlaI fIov and lhus lhe
inleiceplion capacily of lhe giale is ieduced ly inleiceplion ly lhe cuil opening.

Iiguie 13.5: Conlinalion Cuil-opening, 45 Degiee TiIl-lai Ciale InIel

Iiguie 13.6: Sveepei Conlinalion InIel
The use of depiessed inIels and conlinalion inIels enhances lhe inleiceplion capacily of lhe inIel. The
geoneliies of lhe inIels and lhe gullei sIopes veie consislenl in lhe exanpIes and TalIe 13.6 sunnaiizes a
conpaiison of lhe inleicepled fIov of lhe vaiious configuialions.
)*1J1* /9<BCLBA<;89 !?A?L;<M 8N /9@B<D ;9 7?: 68L?<;89
InIels in sag Iocalions opeiale as veiis undei Iov head condilions and as oiifices al giealei deplhs. Oiifice fIov
legins al deplhs dependenl on lhe giale size, lhe cuil opening heighl, oi lhe sIol vidlh of lhe inIel. Al deplhs
lelveen lhose al vhich veii fIov definileIy pievaiIs and lhose al vhich oiifice pievaiIs, fIov is in liansilion
slage. Al lhese deplhs, conlioI is iII-defined and fIov nay fIucluale lelveen veii and oiifice conlioI. Design
pioceduies piesenled heie aie lased on a conseivalive appioach lo eslinale lhe capacily of inIels in sunp
Iocalions.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

The efficiency of inIels in passing deliis is ciilicaI in sag Iocalions lecause aII iunoff vhich enlei lhe sag nusl
passed lhiough lhe inIel. TolaI oi pailiaI cIogging of inIels in lhese Iocalions can iesuIl in hazaidous ponded
condilions. Ciale inIels aIone aie nol ieconnended foi use in sag Iocalions lecause of lhe lendencies of giales
lo lecone cIogged. Conlinalion inIels oi cuil-opening inIels aie ieconnended foi use in lhese Iocalions.
)*1J1*1) !=CGT2AB9;9: /9@B<D
The capacily of a cuil-opening inIel in sag depends on valei deplh al lhe cuil, lhe cuil opening Ienglh, and
lhe heighl of lhe cuil opening. The inIel opeiales as a veii lo deplhs equaI lo lhe cuil opening heighl and as an
oiifice al deplhs giealei lhan 1.4 lines lhe opening heighl. Al deplhs lelveen 1.O and 1.4 lines lhe opening
heighl, fIov is in liansilion slage.
Spiead on lhe pavenenl is lhe usuaI ciileiion foi judging lhe adequacy of a pavenenl diainage inIel design. Il
is aIso convenienl and piaclicaI in lhe Ialoialoiy lo neasuie deplh al lhe cuil upsliean of lhe inIel al lhe poinl
of naxinun spiead on lhe pavenenl. Theiefoie, deplh al lhe cuil neasuienenls fion expeiinenls coincide
vilh lhe deplh al cuil of inleiesl lo designeis. The veii coefficienl foi a cuil-opening inIel is Iess lhan lhe usuaI
veii coefficienl foi seveiaI ieasons, lhe nosl olvious of vhich is lhal deplh neasuienenls fion expeiinenlaI
lesls veie nol laken al lhe veii, and diavdovn occuis lelveen lhe poinl vheie neasuienenl veie nade and
lhe veii.
The veii Iocalion foi a depiessed cuil-opening inIel is al lhe edge of lhe gullei, and lhe effeclive veii Ienglh is
dependenl on lhe vidlh of lhe depiessed gullei and lhe Ienglh of lhe cuil opening. The veii Iocalion foi a
cuil-opening inIel lhal is nol depiessed is al lhe Iip of lhe cuil opening, and ils Ienglh is equaI lo lhal of lhe
inIel, as shovn in Chail 13.A9.
The equalion foi lhe inleiceplion capacily of a depiessed cuil-opening inIel opeialing as a veii is,
Q
i
= C
u
(|+1.8 l) d
1.5
(13.16)
vheie,
Q
i
= Inleiceplion capacily of a giale inIel on giade (n
3
/s),
C
l
= 1.25,
| = Lenglh of lhe cuil opening (n),
l = LaleiaI vidlh of depiession (n),
d = Deplh al cuil neasuied fion lhe noinaI cioss sIope (n) i.e., d = TS
x.
The veii equalion is appIicalIe lo deplhs al lhe cuil appioxinaleIy equaI lo lhe heighl of lhe opening pIus lhe
deplh of lhe depiession. Thus, lhe Iinilalion on lhe use of Lqualion 13.16 foi a depiessed cuil opening inIel is,
d < n + a/(1000) (13.17)
vheie,
n = Heighl of cuil opening inIel (n), and
a = Deplh of depiession (nn).
Lxpeiinenl have nol leen conducled foi cuil-opening inIels vilh a conlinuousIy depiessed gullei, lul il is
ieasonalIe lo expecl lhal lhe effeclive veii Ienglh vouId le as gieal as lhal foi an inIel in a IocaI depiession.
Use of Lqualion 13.16 viII yieId conseivalive eslinales of lhe inleiceplion capacily.
The veii equalion foi cuil-opening inIels vilhoul depiession lecones,
Q
i
= C
u
| d
1.5
(13.18)
Wilhoul depiession of lhe gullei seclion, lhe veii coefficienl, C
u
, lecones 1.6. The deplh Iinilalion foi
opeialion as veii lecones d < n.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Al cuil-opening Ienglhs giealei lhan 3.6n, Lqualion 13.18 foi non-depiessed inIel pioduces inleicepled fIovs
vhich exceed lhe vaIues foi depiessed inIels conpuled using Lqualion 13.16. Since depiessed inIels viII
peifoin al Ieasl as veII as non-depiessed inIels of lhe sane Ienglh, Lqualion 13.18 shouId le used foi aII cuil
opening inIels having Ienglhs giealei lhan 3.6n.
Cuil-opening inIels opeiale as oiifices al deplhs giealei lhan appioxinaleIy 1.4 lines lhe opening heighl. The
inleiceplion capacily can le conpuled ly Lqualion 13.19a and Lqualion 13.19l. These equalions aie appIicalIe
lo depiessed and undepiessed cuil-opening inIels. The deplh al lhe inIel incIudes any gullei depiession.
Q
i
= C
c
n |(2 g d
c
)
0.5
(13.19a)
oi
Q
i
= C
c
A
g
;2gjd
i
- (n/2)])
0.5
(13.19l)
vheie,
Q
i
3
/s),
C
c
= Oiifice coefficienl (O.67),
d
c
= Lffeclive head on lhe cenlie of lhe oiifice lhioal (n),
| = Lenglh of oiifice opening (n),
A
g
= CIeai aiea of opening (n
2
),
d
i
= Deplh al Iip of cuil opening (n), and
n = Heighl of cuil opening oiifice (n).
The heighl of lhe oiifice in Lqualions13.19a and 13.19l assunes as veilicaI oiifice opening. As iIIuslialed in
Iiguie 13.7, olhei oiifice lhioal Iocalions can change lhe effeclive deplh on lhe oiifice and lhe dinension (d
i
-
n/2). A Iiniled lhioal vidlh couId ieduce lhe capacily of lhe cuil-opening inIel ly causing lhe inIel lo go inlo
oiifice fIov al deplhs Iess lhan lhe heighls of lhe opening.

Iiguie 13.7: Cuil-Opening InIels
Chail 13.A9 piovides soIulions foi Lqualions 13.16 and 13.19 foi depiessed cuil-opening inIels, and Chail
13.A1O piovides soIulions foi Lqualions 13.18 and 13.19 foi cuil-opening inIels vilhoul depiession.
)*1J1*14 !8OG;9?<;89 /9@B<D
Conlinalion inIels consisling of a giale and a cuil opening aie consideied advisalIe foi use in sag vheie
hazaidous ponding can occui. LquaI Ienglh inIels iefei lo a giale inIel pIaced aIong side a cuil opening inIel,
lolh of vhich have lhe sane Ienglh. A sveepei inIel iefeis lo a giale inIel pIaced al lhe dovnsliean end of a
cuil opening inIel. The cuil opening inIel is Iongei lhan lhe giale inIel and inleicepls lhe fIov lefoie lhe fIov
ieaches lhe giale. The sveepei inIel is noie efficienl lhan lhe equaI Ienglh conlinalion inIel and lhe cuil
opening has lhe aliIily lo inleicepl any deliis vhich nay cIog lhe giale inIel. The inleiceplion capacily of lhe
equaI Ienglh conlinalion inIel is essenliaIIy equaI lo lhal of a giale aIone in veii fIov. In oiifice fIov, lhe
capacily of lhe equaI Ienglh conlinalion inIel is equaI lo lhe capacily of lhe giale pIus lhe capacily of lhe cuil
opening. Lqualion 13.2O and Chail 13.A11 can le used foi giales in veii fIov of conlinalion inIels in sag
Iocalions.
Q
i
= C
l
P d
1.5
(13.2O)
h
do
d
i
do = d
i
- (h/2)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

vheie,
Q
i
3
/s),
C
l
= 1.66,
P = Ieiinelei of lhe giale (n), and
d = Aveiage deplh acioss lhe giale, O.5(d
1
+ d
2
) (n).
Assuning conpIele cIogging of lhe giale, Lqualion 13.16, 13.18, and 13.19 and Chails 13.A9, and 13.A1O foi
cuil opening inIels aie appIicalIe.
Wheie deplh al lhe cuil is such lhal oiifice fIov occuis, lhe inleiceplion capacily of lhe inIel is conpuled ly
using Lqualion 13.21:
Q
i
= 0.67 A
g
(2 g d)
0.5
+ 0.67 n | (2 g d
c
)
0.5
(13.21)
vheie,
Q
i
3
/s),
A
g
= CIeai aiea of lhe giale (n
2
),
g = 9.81 (n/s
2
),
d = Aveiage deplh ovei lhe giale (n),
n = Heighl of cuil opening oiifice (n),
| = Lenglh of cuil opening (n), and
d
c
= Lffeclive deplh al lhe cenlei of lhe cuil opening oiifice (n).
)*1J1H 68L?<;9: /9@B<D
The Iocalion of inIels is deleinined ly geoneliic conlioIs vhich iequiie inIels al specific Iocalions, lhe use and
Iocalion of fIanking inIels in sag veilicaI cuives, and lhe ciileiion of spiead on lhe pavenenl (Iiguie 13.8). In
oidei lo adequaleIy design lhe Iocalion of lhe inIels foi a given piojecl, lhe foIIoving infoinalion is needed:
- A Iayoul oi pIan sheel suilalIe foi oulIining diainage aieas,
- Road piofiIes,
- TypicaI cioss seclions,
- Ciading cioss seclions,
- SupeieIevalion diagians, and
- Conloui naps.
)*1J1H1) 0B8OB<C;L !89<C8@D
Theie aie a nunlei of Iocalions vheie inIels nay le necessaiy vilh IillIe iegaid lo conliiluling diainage aiea.
These Iocalions shouId le naiked on lhe pIans piioi lo any conpulalions iegaiding dischaige, valei spiead,
inIel capacily, oi fIov lypass. LxanpIes of such Iocalions foIIov:
- Al aII Iov poinls in lhe gullei giade,
- InnedialeIy upsliean of nedian lieaks, enliance/exil ianp goies, cioss vaIks, and slieel inleiseclions.,
i.e., al any Iocalion vheie valei couId fIov onlo lhe liaveIvay,
- InnedialeIy upgiade of liidges (lo pievenl pavenenl diainage fion fIoving onlo liidge decks),
- InnedialeIy dovnsliean of liidges (lo inleicepl liidge deck diainage),
- InnedialeIy up giade of cioss sIope ieveisaIs,
- InnedialeIy up giade fion pedesliian cioss vaIks,
- Al lhe end of channeIs in cul seclions,
- On side slieels innedialeIy up giade fion inleiseclions, and
- ehind cuils, shouIdeis oi sidevaIks lo diain Iov aiea.
In addilion lo lhe aieas idenlified alove, iunoff fion aieas diaining lovaids lhe highvay pavenenl shouId le
inleicepled ly ioadside channeIs oi inIels lefoie il ieaches lhe ioadvay. This appIies lo diainage fion cul
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


InIel Iosilion lo
Suil Maxinun
Spacing fion Top
of Calchnenl
InIel Iosilion lo Suil
Maxinun Spacing
elveen InIels
InIel al
Sag Ioinl
IaII
IaII
InIel on
Tangenl of
Cuil Reluin
InIel on
Tangenl of
Cuil Reluin
InIel Upsliean of
Iedesliian Ciossing
M
a
x
. S
p
a
c
in
g
InIel
Max. 45Onn in
Minoi Sloin
us Slop
Cuil Line
IIov
Road Road
InIel
Max. 1OOOnn in
Minoi Sloin
Max. 1OOOnn in
Minoi Sloin
InIel
IIov
IIov
Tuin Lane
Thiough Lane
Cuil Line
a) al us Slop l) al Cuil Reluin
c) al DeceIaialion Lane

Iiguie 13.8: TypicaI Localion of InIel on Roads

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

sIopes, side slieels, and olhei aieas aIongside lhe pavenenl. Cuiled pavenenl seclions and pavenenl diainage
inIels aie inefficienl neans of handIing exlianeous diainage.

)*1J1H14 /9@B< 7A?L;9: 89 !89<;9=8=D 0C?>BD
Design spiead is lhe ciileiion used foi Iocaling sloin diain inIels lelveen lhose iequiied ly geoneliic oi olhei
conlioIs. The inleiceplion capacily of lhe upsliean inIel viII define lhe iniliaI spiead. As fIov is conliiluled lo
lhe gullei seclion in lhe dovnsliean diieclion, spiead incieases. The nexl dovnsliean inIel is Iocaled al lhe
poinl vheie lhe spiead in lhe gullei ieaches lhe design spiead. Theiefoie, lhe spacing of inIels on a conlinuous
giade is a funclion of lhe anounl of upsliean lypass fIov, lhe liilulaiy diainage aiea, and lhe gullei
geoneliy.
Ioi a conlinuous sIope, lhe designei nay eslalIish lhe unifoin design spacing lelveen inIels of a given design
if lhe diainage aiea consisls of pavenenl onIy oi has ieasonalIy unifoin iunoff chaiacleiislics and is
ieclanguIai in shape. In lhis case, lhe line of concenlialion is assuned lo le lhe sane foi aII inIels. The
foIIoving pioceduie and exanpIe iIIusliale lhe effecls of inIel efficiency on inIel spacing.
)*1J1J /9@B< 7A?L;9: .BD;:9 $C8LB>=CB
In oidei lo design lhe Iocalion of inIels on a conlinuous giade, lhe conpulalion sheel shovn in TalIe 13.6 nay
le used lo docunenl lhe anaIysis. A slep ly slep pioceduie foi lhe use of TalIe 13.6 is piesenled as foIIovs:-
Slep 1: ConpIele lhe lIanks al lhe lop of lhe sheel lo idenlify lhe jol ly slale piojecl nunlei, ioule, dale, and
youi iniliaIs.
Slep 2: Maik on a pIan lhe Iocalion of inIels vhich aie necessaiy even vilhoul consideiing any specific
diainage aiea, such as lhe Iocalions desciiled in Seclion 13.5.4.1.
Slep 3: Slail al a high poinl, al one end of lhe jol if possilIe, and voik lovaids lhe Iov poinl. Then legin al lhe
nexl high poinl and voik lackvaids lovaid lhe sane Iov poinl.
Slep 4: To legin lhe piocess, seIecl a diainage aiea leIov lhe highesl poinl and oulIine lhe aiea on lhe pIan.
IncIude any aiea lhal diain ovei lhe cuil, onlo lhe ioadvay.
Slep 5: Desciile lhe Iocalion of lhe pioposed inIel ly nunlei and slalion and iecoid lhis infoinalion
in CoIunns 1 and 2. Idenlify lhe cuil and gullei lype in CoIunn 19 (Renaiks). A skelch of lhe
cioss seclion shouId le piepaied.

Slep 6: Conpule lhe diainage aiea (heclaies) oulIined in Slep 4 and iecoid lhis in CoIunn 3.
Slep 7: Deleinine lhe iunoff coefficienl, C, foi lhe diainage aiea. SeIecl a C vaIue piovided in TalIe 2.5 and
iecoid lhe vaIue in CoIunn 4.

Slep 8. Conpule lhe line of concenlialion, |
c
, in ninules, foi lhe fiisl inIel and iecoid in CoIunn 5. The
nininun line of concenlialion is 5 ninules.

Slep 9: Using lhe line of concenlialion, deleinine lhe iainfaII inlensily fion lhe Inlensily-Duialion-Iiequency
(IDI) cuive foi lhe design fiequency. Lnlei lhe vaIue in CoIunn 6.

Slep1O: CaIcuIale lhe fIov in lhe gullei using Lqualion 2.3, Q=C|A/K
c
. The fIov is caIcuIaled ly nuIlipIying
CoIunn 3 lines CoIunn 4 lines CoIunn 6 divided ly K
c
. Using lhe SI syslen of unils, K
u
= 360. Lnlei
lhe fIov vaIue in CoIunn 7.

Slep 11: Iion lhe ioadvay piofiIe, enlei in CoIunn 8 lhe gullei IongiludinaI sIope, S
|
, al lhe inIel, laking inlo
accounl any supeieIevalion.

Slep12: Iion lhe cioss seclion, enlei lhe cioss sIope, S
x
, in CoIunn 9 and lhe giale oi gullei vidlh, l, in
CoIunn 13.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Slep13: Ioi lhe fiisl inIel in a seiies, enlei lhe vaIue fion CoIunn 7 inlo CoIunn 11, since lheie vas no pievious
lypass fIov. AddilionaIIy, if lhe inIel is lhe fiisl in a seiies, enlei O inlo CoIunn1O.

Slep14: Deleinine lhe spiead, T, ly using Lqualions 13.1 and 13.3a oi Chails 13.A1 and enlei, lhe vaIue in
CoIunn 14. AIso, deleinine lhe deplh al lhe cuil, d, ly nuIlipIying lhe spiead ly lhe appiopiiale cioss
sIope, and enlei lhe vaIue in CoIunn 12. Conpaie lhe caIcuIaled spiead vilh lhe aIIovalIe spiead as
deleinined ly lhe design ciileiia oulIined in TalIe 13.1. AddilionaIIy, conpaie lhe deplh al lhe cuil
vilh lhe acluaI cuil heighl in CoIunn 19. If lhe caIcuIaled spiead, CoIunn 14, is neai lhe aIIovalIe
spiead and lhe deplh al lhe cuil is Iess lhan lhe acluaI cuil heighl, conlinue on lo Slep 15. LIse, expand
oi deciease lhe diainage aiea up lo lhe fiisl inIel lo inciease oi deciease lhe spiead, iespecliveIy. The
diainage aiea can le expanded ly incieasing lhe Ienglh lo lhe inIel and il can le decieased ly
decieasing lhe dislance lo lhe inIel. Then, iepeal Sleps 6 lhiough 14 unliI appiopiiale vaIues aie
ollained.

Slep 15: CaIcuIale W/T and enlei lhe vaIue in CoIunn 15.

Slep 16: SeIecl lhe inIel lype and dinensions and enlei lhe vaIues in CoIunn 16.

Slep 17: CaIcuIale lhe fIov inleicepled ly lhe giale, Q
i
, and enlei lhe vaIue in CoIunn 17. Use Lqualions 13.6
and 13.5 oi Chails 13.A2 and 13.A4 lo define lhe gullei fIov. Use Chail 13.A5 and Lqualion 13.9 oi
Chail 13.A6 lo define lhe fIov inleicepled ly lhe giale. Use Lqualions 13.12 and 13.13 oi Chails 13.A7
and 13.A8 foi cuil opening inIels. IinaIIy, use Lqualion 13.11 lo deleinine lhe inleicepled fIov.

Slep 18: Deleinine lhe lypass fIov, Q
o
, and enlei inlo CoIunn 18. The lypass fIov is lhe vaIue in CoIunn 11
ninus lhal in CoIunn 17.

Slep 19: Iioceed lo lhe nexl inIel dovn lhe giade. To legin lhe pioceduie, seIecl a diainage aiea appiopiialeIy.
Repeal Sleps 5 lhiough 7 consideiing onIy lhe aiea lelveen lhe inIels, enleiing vaIues in CoIunns 1 lo
4.

Slep 2O: Conpule lhe line of concenlialion foi lhe nexl inIel lased upon lhe aiea lelveen lhe conseculive inIels
and iecoid lhis vaIue in CoIunn 5.

Slep 21: Deleinine lhe iainfaII inlensily fion lhe IDI cuive lased upon lhe line of concenlialion deleinined in
Slep 19 and iecoid lhe vaIue in CoIunn 6.

Slep 22: Deleinine lhe fIov in lhe gullei ly using Lqualion 2.3 and iecoid lhe vaIue in CoIunn 7.

Slep 23: Recoid lhe vaIue fion CoIunn 18 of lhe pievious Iine inlo CoIunn 1O of lhe cuiienl Iine. Deleinine lhe
lolaI gullei fIov ly adding CoIunn 7 and CoIunn 1O and iecoid lhis in CoIunn 11.

Slep 24: Deleinine lhe spiead and lhe deplh al lhe cuil as oulIined in Slep 14, enleiing lhe deplh in CoIunn 12
and lhe spiead in CoIunn 14. Repeal Sleps 18 lhiough 24 unliI lhe spiead and lhe deplh al lhe cuil aie
vilhin lhe design ciileiia.

Slep 25: SeIecl lhe inIel lype and iecoid lhis in CoIunn 16.

Slep 26: Deleinine lhe inleicepled fIov in accoidance vilh Slep 17, enleiing lhis in CoIunn 17.

Slep 27: CaIcuIale lhe lypass fIov ly sulliacling CoIunn 17 fion CoIunn 11. Lnlei lhis in CoIunn 18. This
conpIeles lhe spacing design foi lhe inIel.

Slep 28: Repeal Sleps 19 lhiough 27 foi each sulsequenl inIel dovn lo lhe Iov poinl.

LxanpIe in Appendix 13.I iIIusliales lhe use of lhis pioceduie, iefeiiing lo TalIe 13.6.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


T
a
l
I
e

1
3
.
6
:

I
n
I
e
l

S
p
a
c
i
n
g

C
o
n
p
u
l
a
l
i
o
n

W
o
i
k
s
h
e
e
l

/
-
6
&
%

7
$
#
!
/
-
0

!
2
,
$
3
%
#
%
/
2
-

7
"
&
&
%
D
a
l
e

:
R
o
u
l
e
/
L
o
c
a
l
i
o
n

:
C
o
n
p
u
l
e
d

y
:

S
h
e
e
l

1
o
f

1
I
n
I
e
l
C
u
l
l
e
i

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
C
u
l
l
e
i

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

I
n
I
e
l

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
D
e
s
i
g
n

I
i
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
A
I
I
o
v
a
l
I
e

S
p
i
e
a
d
No. (1)
Slalion (2)
Diainage Aiea(ha)(3)
Runoff Coefficienl, C (4)
Tine of Concenlialion, l
c
(nin) (5)
RainfaII Inlensily, i (nn/hi) (6)
Q = CIA/K
c
(n
3
/s) (7)
LongiludinaI SIope, S
L
(n/n) (8)
Cioss SIope, S
x
oi S
v
(n/n) (9)
Iievious y-pass IIov (n
3
/s)(1O)
TolaI Cullei IIov (n
3
/s)(11)
Deplh, d (n) (12)
Ciale oi Cullei Widlh, W (n) (13)
Spiead, T (n)(14)
W/T (15)
InIel Type (16)
Inleicepl IIov, Q
i
(n
3
/s)(17)
y-pass IIov, Q
l
(n
3
/s) (18)
Renaiks (19)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

'&S&'&-!&7
1. Aneiican Associalion of Slale Highvay and Tianspoilalion OfficiaIs, AASHTO (199O). Pc|icq cn Gccnc|ric
Dcsign . Washinglon DC.
2. Aneiican Associalion of Slale Highvay and Tianspoilalion OfficiaIs, AASHTO (1987). Drainagc Handocc|.
Washinglon DC.
3. U.S. IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion (2OO9). Uroan Drainagc Dcsign Manua|. U.S. Depailnenl of
Tianspoilalion, Washinglon DC.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

T
S
O.2
O.O1
O.O8
O.O6
O.O4
O.O2
O.O1
O.OO8
O.OO6
O.OO4
O.OO2
O.OO1
Sx
O.O2
O.O4
O.O6
O.O8
O.1
T
u
i
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
T (n)
1O.O
8.O
7.O
6.O
5.O
4.O
3.O
2.O
1.O
O.8
O.6
Q

(
f
o
i

n
=
O
.
O
1
6
)
O.O2
1.O
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O8
O.O7
O.O6
O.O5
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.O1
O.OO8
O.OO6
O.O1
O.OO9
O.OO8
O.OO7
O.OO6
O.OO5
O.OO4
O.OO3
O.OO2
O.OO1
O.OOO8
O.OOO6
O.OOO5
O.OOO4
O.OOO3
O.OOO2
O.OOO1
T
S
x
1
S
x2
T
W
Ts
Qv
Qs
Sx
S
v
S
x
Q
n
(
n
3
/
s
)
O.1
9.O
O.7
#$$&-./U )*1# .&7/0- !"#'%7

Chail 13.A1: IIov Lslinalion in TiianguIai Cullei Seclion (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

O O.2 O.6 O.8 1.O O.4
O
O.2
O.4
O.6
O.8
1.O
T
Sx
S
v
W
8
6
4
2
S
v
/
S
=
1
W/T
L
O
=
Q
v
/
Q

Chail 13.A2: Ralio of IionlaI IIov lo TolaI Cullei IIov (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

1OO
8O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.8
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Spiead T (Meleis)
5Onn
O.6n
T
These Cuives aie foi n=.O16
Ioi Olhei VaIues of n, MuIlipIy ly (.O16/n)
I
I
o
v

Q
/
S

(
n
3
/
s
)
S
x
=

.
O
8
.
O
6
.
O
5
.
O
4
.
O
3
.
O
2
.
O
1
5
.
O
1
Sx
Sv
.
O
7

Chail 13.A3: Conveyance - Spiead Cuives foi a Conposile Cullei Seclion (IHWA, 2OO9)

(O.O16/n)
(O.O16)
a =
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

S
O.OO4
O.OO5
O.OO6
O.OO8
O.O1
O.O2
O.O3
O.O4
O.O5
O.O6
O.O8
O.1
O.2
T
S
x
Sx
O.1
O.O8
O.O6
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.O1
T
u
i
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
V
n
(
n
/
s
)
V
n
(
n
=
O
.
O
1
6
)
O.O9
O.O8
O.O7
O.O6
O.O5
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.O1
O.OO9
O.OO8
O.OO7
O.OO6
O.OO5
6
5
4
3
2
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
T (n)
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6

Chail 13.A4: VeIocily in TiianguIai Cullei Seclions (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

I
i
o
n
l
a
I

R
o
v
,

R
f

(
n
3
/
s
)
3
.
7
5
3
.
5
O
3
.
2
5
3
.
O
O
2
.
7
5
2
.
5
O
2
.
2
5
2
.
O
O
1
.
7
5
1
.
5
O
1
.
2
5
1
.
O
O
O
.
7
5
O
.
5
O
O
.
2
5
O
O
O
.
2
5
O
.
5
O
.
7
5
1
1
.
2
5
O
O
.
2
O
.
4
O
.
6
O
.
8
1
I
-
5
O
I
-
3
O
C
u
i
v
e
d

V
a
n
e
4
5
-
8
5

T
i
I
l

a
i
I
-
5
O
X
1
O
O
3
O
-
8
5

T
i
I
l

a
i
R
e
l
i
c
u
I
i
n
e
V
=
4
.
5

n
/
s
4
3
.
5
3
2
.
5
2
1
.
5
1
O
.
5
L
e
n
g
l
h

o
f

C
i
a
l
e

L

(
n
)
S p I a s h - o v e i V e I o c i l y , V
O
( n / s )

Chail 13.A5: Ciale InIel IionlaI IIov Inleiceplion Lfficiency (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


C
i
o
s
s

S
I
o
p
e

(
S
x
)
1.O
O.8
O.6
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O8
O.O6
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.2
O.1
O.O8
O.O6
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.O1
V
=
O
.
3
O

n
/
s
O
.
6
1
O
.
9
1
1
.
2
2
1
.
5
2
1
.
8
3
2
.
4
4
3
.
O
5
3
.
6
6
4
.
5
7
O
.
1
5
L
=
O
.
3
O
n O
.
4
6
n O
.
6
1
n
O
.
9
1
n
1
.
2
2
n
R
a
l
i
o

o
f

S
i
d
e

I
I
o
v

I
n
l
e
i
c
e
p
l
e
d

l
o

T
o
l
a
I

S
i
d
e

I
I
o
v

(
R
s
)

Chail 13.A6: Ciale InIel Side IIov Inleicepl Lfficiency (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


n
O.O1
O.O2
S
O.OO1
O.O1
O.1
T
u
i
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
Sx, Se
O.O1
O.O2
O.O3
O.O4
O.O6
O.O8
O.1
O.2
T
u
i
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
L
T
(n)
2O
15
1O
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Q (n/s)
1.5
1
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O8
O.O7
O.O6
O.O5
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.O1
O.OO9
O.OO8
a
W
Sx

Chail 13.A7: Cuil Opening and SIolled Diain InIel Lenglh foi TolaI Inleiceplion (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


O.32
O.5
1.O
O.8
O.6
O.4
O.2
O
O O.2 O.4 O.6 O.8 1.O
L/L
T
L
f
f
e
c
i
e
n
c
y

L
L = 1-(1-L/L
T
)
1.8

Chail 13.A8: Cuil-Opening and SIolled Diain InIel Inleiceplion Lfficiency (IHWA, 2OO9)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


d
i
=
d
+
a

(
n
)
O.O8
O.O7
O.O6
O.O5
O.O4
O.O3
O.O3 O.O4 O.O6 O.O8 O.1O O.2O O.3O O.4O O.6O O.8O 1.OO
D
e
p
l
h

o
f

W
a
l
e
i
,

d

(
n
)
Dischaige, Q (n/s)
h
d
a
W
Seclion A-A
W
IIov
A
A
L
A=hL A=O.1On O.2O O.3O O.4O
O.5O
h
=
O
.
1
5
n
O
.
1
O
O
.
1
5
O
.
1
O
O
.
1
5
O
.
1
O
O
.
1
5
O
.
1
O
O
.
1
5
O
.
1
O
I
=
L
+
1
.
8
W
I
=
1
.
5
n
2
.
O
O
2
.
O
O
3
.
O
O
4
.
O
O
5
.
O
O
6
.
O
O
1.OO
O.9O
O.8O
O.7O
O.6O
O.5O
O.4O
O.3O
O.2O
O.1O
O.O9

Chail 13.A9: Cuil-Opening InIel Capacily in Sunp Localion (IHWA, 2OO9)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


h
d
L

=

L
e
n
g
l
h

O
f

C
u
i
l

O
p
e
n
i
n
g
A

=

L
h
Q
i

=

C
v
L
d
1
.
5

(
v
e
i
i

f
I
o
v
)
C
v

=

W
e
i
i

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
l

(
1
.
2
5
)
Q
i

=

C
O

A

|
2

g

(
d
i

-

h
/
2
j
O
.
5
(
O
i
i
f
i
c
e

I
I
o
v
)
C
O

=

O
i
i
f
i
c
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
l

(
O
.
6
7
)
A
=
O
.
2
O

n
A
=
O
.
4
O

n
A
=
O
.
O
5

n
A
=
O
.
1
O

n
A
=
O
.
3
O

n
A
=
O
.
5
O

n
h
=
O
.
1
5

nh
=
O
.
1
O
n
h
=
O
.
1
5
nh
=
O
.
1
O

n
h
=
O
. 1
5

n
h
=
O
.
1
O
n
h
=
O
.
1
5
n
h
=
O
. 1
O

n
h
=
O
.
1
5

nh
=
O
. 1
O
n
h
=
O
.
1
5
n
h
=
O
. 1
O
nd

>

h
L

=

O
.
5

n
L

=

1
.
O

nL

=

1
.
5

n
L

=

2
.
O

n
L

=

3
.
O

n
L

=

4
.
O

n
L

=

5
.
O

n
d

!

h
1
.
O
O
O
.
1
O
O
.
O
1
O
.
O
1
O
.
1
O
1
.
O
O
1
O
.
O
O
I
n
l
e
i
c
e
p
l
e
d

I
I
o
v
,

Q
i

(
n
/
s
)
D e p l h o f W a l e i , d o i d
i
( n )

Chail 13.A1O: Undepiessed Cuil-Opening InIel Capacily in Sunp Condilions (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

W
L
Cuil
A= CIeai Opening Aiea
I=2W+L (Wilh Cuil)
I=2 (W+L) (Wilhoul Cuil)
Ciale
* I-5O X 1OO
* I-5O
* I-3O
RelicuIine
* Cuived vane
3O-85 TiIi ai
* Tesled
Opening Ralio
O.8
O.9
O.6
O.8
O.35
O.34
A
=
O
.
1
O
n
O
.
2
O
O
.
3
O
O
.
4
O
O
.
5
O
O
.
6
O
O
.
7
O
O
.
8
O
O
.
9
O
I
=
1
.O
O
n
1
.5
O
2
.O
O
2
.5
O
3
.O
O
3
.5
O
4
.O
O
3.OO
2.OO
1.OO
O.8O
O.6O
O.5O
O.4O
O.3O
O.2O
O.1O
O.O8
O.O6
O.O5
O.O4
O.O3
O.O3 O.O5 O.O7 O.1O O.2O O.3O O.5O O.7O 1.OO 2.OO 3.OO
D
e
p
l
h

o
f

W
a
l
e
i
,

d

(
n
)
Dischaige, Q (n/s)

Chail 13.A11: Cuil Opening InIel Oiifice Capacily (IHWA, 2OO9)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

#$$&-./U )*1K &U#,$6& V 3-/S2', 03%%&'
IiolIen:
A iough aIphaIl ioadvay (Manning n = O.O16) is lo le designed vilh a cioss sIope of O.O2, a IongiludinaI sIope
of O.O3 and liianguIai gullei is lo le used foi pavenenl diainage. The pioposed ioadvay sile is Iocaled in
Wangsa Maju, KuaIa Lunpui. Deleinine lhe spiead of valei on lhe ioadvay if lhe ioadvay seclion consideied
consisl of a 13n vide vilh a Ienglh of 1OOn.

}aya }usco
aIai IoIis
O
}
a
I
a
n
2
/
2
7
A
}
a
I
a
n

3
/

SoIulion


Slep 1. CaIcuIale veIocily, V
To deleinine shaIIov concenlialed fIov veIocily, assune lhe spiead of
gullei, T is 1n
V = 1/n R
2/3
S
1/2
R=A/P
R=|(O.5x1xO.O2)/(O.O2+(O.O2
2
+1
2
)
O.5
)j
V = (1/O.O16)(O.OO98)
2/3
(O.O3)
1/2

Slep 2. CaIcuIale line of concenlialion, |
c.

Tine of concenlialion, |
c
= | / 60V
= 1OO/(6O)(O.496)

=
=

=

O.OO98n
O.496n/s

3.36 ninules
(use 5 nin.
nininun)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


Lqualion 2.2

TalIe 2.1

TalIe 2.5

Lqualion 2.3

Lqualion
13.1
Slep 3. CaIcuIale iainfaII inlensily, I foi 5 ninules duialion and 1O
ARI.
Yeais
q
k
u
) d (
T
i
+
=

' = 63.24
K = O.162
0 = O.137
q = O.856
d = O.O833

= (63.24)(1O)
O.162
/(O.O833 + O.137)
O.856

Slep 4. CaIcuIale aiea of lhe Iocalion
Aiea = (1OO)(13)

Slep 5. CaIcuIale fIov
Duiing 1O yeai sloin evenl.
Runoff coefficienl, C = O.95
Q = C|A/360
= (O.95)(335.25)(O.13)/36O

Slep 6. CaIcuIale spiead, T

67 . 2
5 . 0
|
67 . 1
x
S KS
] n Q j
T
W
Q
67 . 2
5 . 0 67 . 1
) 03 . 0 ( ) 02 . 0 )( 376 . 0 (
016 . 0 115 . 0 W
Q

=

=

=

=

335.25nn/hi

13OOn
2

O.13ha

O.115n
3
/s

3.O4n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

#$$&-./U )*1! &U#,$6& T !2,$27/%& 03%%&'
IiolIen:
Civen gullei vidlh, l = O.6n, S
|
= O.O3, S
X
= O.O4, n = O.O16, gullei depiession, a = 5Onn. Then, find spiead, T
lased on fIov, Q fion LxanpIe in Appendix 13..
SoIulion:

Lqualion13.
3(l)

Lqualion
13.6

Chail 13.A2

Lqualion
13.1

Slep 1. CaIcuIale lhe cioss sIope of lhe depiessed gullei, S
u
X l
S
l
a
S + =
O4 . O
6 . O
O5 . O
+ =

Slep 2. CaIcuIale Q
W

Tiy Q
S
= O.O33n
3
/s
Q
l
= Q - Q
S

= O.115 - O.O33

Slep 3. Deleinine W/T ialio :
|
c
= Q
l
/ Q
= O.O82/O.115

S
l
/ S
X
= O.123 / O.O4
Wilh lhe vaIue of |
c
and S
l
/ S
X
, use chail 13.A2 lo gel lhe vaIue of l/T
l/T
T = l/O.3O
= O.6/O.3O

Slep 4. T
s
lased on assuned Q
S

T
s
= T - l
= 2.OO - O.6

Slep 5. Q
S
foi caIcuIaled T
S

Q
S
n = KS
X
1.67
S
|
0.5
T
2.67

=(O.376)(O.O4)
1.67
(O.O3)
O.5
(1.4O)
2.67

Q
s
= O.OOO74/O.O16

Slep 6. Conpaie assuned Q
s
vilh caIcuIaled Q
s

assuned Q
s
= O.O33n
3
/s < caIcuIaled Q
s
= O.O46n
3
/s

Slep 7. Tiy nev assuned Q
S

Q
S
= O.O22n
3
/s
Q
W
= O.115 - O.O22
|
c
= Q
l
/Q = O.O93/O.115

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=
=

=
=

O.123

O.O82n
3
/s

O.713

3.O8

O.3O

2.OOn

1.4On

O.OOO74n
3
/s
O.O46n
3
/s

O.O93n
3
/s
O.8O9
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


Chail 13.A2

Lqualion
13.1

S
l
/S
X
= O.123/O.O4
l/T
T = O.6/O.36
T
s
= 1.67 - O.6

Q
sn
= KS
X
1.67
S
|
0.5
T
s
2.67

= (O.376)(O.O4)
1.67
(O.O3)
O.5
(1.67)
2.67

Q
s
= O.OOO352/O.O16

Slep 8.
Assuned Q
s
of O.O22n
3
/s equaIs caIcuIaled Q
s

Theiefoie, T
=
=
=
=

=
=

=

3.O8
O.36
1.67n
1.O7n

O.OOO352n
3
/s
O.O22n
3
/s

1.67n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

#$$&-./U )*1. &U#,$6& T +V7"#$&. '2#.7/.& 03%%&'
IiolIen:
Civen S
|
= O.O1, n = O.O16, S
X1
= O.25 (Refei lo Iiguie 13.2), S
X2
= O.O4, S
X3
= O.O2, dislance 8C = O.6n (Refei lo
Iiguie 13.2). Then, find spiead al fIov lased on LxanpIe in Appendix 13..
SoIulion:

Lqualion
13.4

Lqualion
13.1 oi Chail
13.A1

Slep 1. CaIcuIale Sx

2 X 1 X
2 X 1 X
S S
S S
S
X
+
=

04 . 0 25 . 0
) 04 . 0 )( 25 . 0 (
S
X
P
Q

Slep 2. CaIcuIale T
1

67 . 2
5 . 0 67 1 1
] [
L
.
X
S KS
n Q
T

=
67 . 2
5 . 0 67 . 1 1
) 01 . 0 ( ) 0345 . 0 )( 376 . 0 (
016 . 0 115 . 0
T
W
Q

Slep 3. CaIcuIale AC
To deleinine if T
1
is vilhin S
X1
and S
X2
, caIcuIale deplh al poinl in lhe
V-shaped gullei, knoving 8C and S
X2
. Then, knoving lhe deplh al 8,
dislance A can le conpuled.

S
X2
=

d8/8C

d8 = 8C S
X2

= (O.6)(O.O4)
A8 = d8/S
X1

= (O.O24) / O.25
AC = A8 + 8C
= O.O96 + O.6

O.7n < T
1
lheiefoie, spiead faIIs oulside V-shaped gullei seclion.

Slep 4. CaIcuIale spiead T (Refei lo Iiguie 13.2)
Assuned D = 3n.
dC = CD S
X3
= (3.O-O.6) x O.O2

A8

25 . 0
024 . 0 048 . 0 +
=

T = A8 +D
= O.288 + 3

=

=

=

=

=

=
=
=

O.O345

2.65n

O.O24n

O.O96n

O.696n ~
O.7n

O.O48n

O.O288n
3.288n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd



Lqualion
13.4

Lqualion
13.1

Lqualion
13.1

Slep 5. CaIcuIale T lased on Lqualion 13.1
DeveIope a veighled sIope foi S
X2
and S
X3
lased on assuned D = 3n

3
048 . 0 024 . 0
S
2
X
+
=
2 X 1 X
2 X 1 X
X
S S
S S
S
+
=
) 024 . 0 25 . 0 (
) 024 . 0 )( 25 . 0 (
+
=

67 . 2
5 . 0 67 1
] [
L
.
X
S KS
n Q
T

=
67 . 2
5 . 0 67 1
) 01 . 0 ( ) 0219 . 0 )( 376 . 0 (
) 016 . 0 )( 115 . 0 (
.
=

The spiead T conpuled in slep 5 in highei lhan T conpuled in slep 4

Slep 6
Assune D = 3.24n
dC = CD S
X3
= (3.24-O.6) x O.O2
A8

25 . 0
024 . 0 0528 . 0 +
=

T =A + D
= O.3O72 + 3.24
Slep 7.
2 X 1 X
2 X 1 X
X
S S
S S
S
+
=

) 023 . 0 25 . 0 (
) 023 . 0 )( 25 . 0 (
+
= Sx

67 . 2
5 . 0 67 1
] [
L
.
X
S KS
n Q
T

=
67 . 2
5 . 0 67 1
) 01 . 0 ( ) 0216 . 0 )( 376 . 0 (
) 016 . 0 )( 115 . 0 (
.
=

T= 3.56n cIose lo T= 3.55n conpuled lased on assuned D of 3.24n
Theiefoie T is

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=
=

O.O24

O.O219

3.53n

O.O528

O.3O72

3.55n

O.O216

3.56n
3.56n
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

#$$&-./U )*1& &U#,$6& V !3'K 2$&-/-0 /-6&%

IiolIen:
Civen a cuil-opening inIel vilh lhe foIIoving chaiacleiislics, S
|
= O.O3, S
X
= O.O4, Q = O.115n
3
/s (fion LxanpIe
in Appendix 13.) n = O.O16. Iind
(i) Q
i
foi 3n cuil-opening
(ii) Q
i
foi a depiessed 3n cuil opening inIel vilh a conlinuous cuil seclion.
a = 25nn
l = O.6n
SoIulion:

Lqualion
13.12 oi
Chail 13.A7

Lqualion
13.13 oi
Chail 13.A8

Lqualion
13.11

Lqualion
13.3a oi
Chail 13.A2
and
Lqualion
13.1 oi Chail
13.A1

Chail 13.A2
Lqualion
13.3a oi

SoIulion (i) :
Slep 1. Deleinine lhe Ienglh of cuil opening iequiied foi lolaI inleiceplion
of gullei fIov
|
T
= 0.817 Q
0.42
S
|
0.3
(1/(n.S
X
))
0.6

= (O.817)(O.115)
O.42
(O.O3)
O.3
|1/(O.O16 x O.O4)j
O.6

Slep 2. CaIcuIale lhe cuil-opening efficiency.
|/|
|
= 3/9.49
| = 1 - (1 - L/L
l
)
1.8

= 1 - (1- O.32)
1.8

Slep 3. CaIcuIale lhe inleiceplion capacily.
Q
i
= | Q
= (O.5)(O.115)

SoIulion (ii) :
Slep 1. Deleinine l/T ialio.
Deleinine spiead, T, (Iioceduie fion LxanpIe 1 in Appendix 13.C

Assune Q
s
= O.O36n
3
/s
Q
l
= Q - Q
s

= O.115 - O.O36
|
c
= Q
l
/Q
= O.O79 / O.115
S
l
= S
X
+ a/l
= (O.O4) + (O.O25/O.6)
S
W
/S
x
= O.O82/O.O4

Deleinine W/T
l/T = O.32
T = O.6 / O.32
T
s
= T - l
= 1.88 - O.6

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

9.49n

O.32

O.5

O.O58n
3
/s

O.O79n
3
/s

O.687

O.O82

2.O5

1. 88n

1.28n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


Lqualion
13.1
CaIcuIale vaIue of Q
s

67 . 2 5 . 0
|
67 . 1
X
u
s
T S S
n
K
Q =
67 . 2 5 . 0 67 . 1
) 28 . 1 ( ) 03 . 0 ( ) 04 . 0 (
016 . 0
376 . 0
=

=

O.O36n
3
/s
(equaIs lo Q
s
assuned)
Lqualion
13.14

Lqualion
13.15 oi
Chail 13.7

Lqualion
13.13 oi
Chail 13.A8

Lqualion
13.11

Slep 2. Deleinine efficiency of cuil opening
S
c
= S
X
+ S
l
|
c
= S
x
+ (a/l)|
c

= O.O4 + ( O.O25/O.6)(O.O79)
|
T
= 0.817 Q
0.42
S
|

0.3
(1/nS
X
)
0.6

= (O.817)(O.115)
O.42
(O.O3)
O.3
|1/(O.O16 x O.O686)j
O.6

Deleinine cuil inIel efficiency.
|/|
T
= 3/6.86 = O.44
| = 1 - (1 - |/|
T
)
1.8

= 1 - (1 - O.44)
1.8

Slep 3. CaIcuIale cuil opening infIov
Q
i
= Q | = (O.115)(O.65)

=

=

=

=

O.O686

6.86n

O.65

O.O75n
3
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

#$$&-./U )*1S &U#,$6& V/-6&% 7$#!/-0
IiolIen:
Civen lhe sloin diainage syslen iIIuslialed in Iiguie 13.I1 has lhe ioadvay chaiacleiislics vhich aie n = O.O16,
Iavenenl cioss sIope = O.O2, S
|
= O.O3, aIIovalIe spiead = 2.On, gullei and shouIdei cioss sIope, Sx = O.O4, and
cuil heighl = O.3n. Then, find lhe design inIel spacing foi a O.6On vide ly O.9n Iong I5O x 1OO giale, duiing a
1O yeais sloin evenl.

SoIulion:


Iiguie 13.8

TalIe 2.5

TalIe 2.1

Lqualion 2.2

Sleps 1-4 The caIcuIalion can legin al lhe lhe inIel Iocaled al slalion
21+OO (Iiisl inIel fion lhe ciesl of lhe ioadvay. The ciesl
vhich is lhe lop of lhe diainage lasin is Iocaled al slalion
22+OO). The iniliaI diainage aiea foi Iocaling lhe fiisl inIel
consisl of a 13n vide ioadvay seclion vilh a Ienglh of 1OOn.

Slep 5 CoIunn 1 InIel 1
CoIunn 2 Slalion 21+OO
CoIunn 19 Cullei vilh a cuil heighl

Slep 6 CoIunn 3 Dislance fion lop of diainage aiea lo fiisl inIel
= 22+OO- 21+OO
Widlh = 13n
Diainage aiea = (1OO)(13)

Slep 7 CoIunn 4 Runoff coefficienl, C = O.95

Slep 8 CoIunn 5 IiislIy caIcuIales veIocily of gullei fIov, assuned
lhe spiead of gullei, T is 1 n
V = 1/n R
2/3
S
1/2
V = (1/O.O16)(O.O192)
2/3
(O.O3)
1/2

CaIcuIale lhe line of concenlialion, |
c

|
c
= | / (60 V) = 100 / j(60)(0.776)]

Slep 9 CoIunn 6 Deleinine iainfaII inlensily, | foi WiIayah
Ieisekuluan KuaIa Lunpui
|
c
= 5 ninules

Iind
10
|
5

q
k
u
) d (
T
i
+
=

= (63.24)(10)
0.162
/(0.0833 + 0.137)
0.856

=

=

=

=

=

=

O.3n

1OOn

13OOn
2
O.13ha

O.776n/s

2.15 ninules
(Use 5nin.
nininun)

335.25nn/hi

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


Lqualion 2.3

Lqualion
13.1 oi Chail
13.A1

Lqualion
13.2

Lqualion
13.6

Lqualion
13.5

Chail 13.A5
Lqualion
13.9

Lqualion
13.11

TalIe 2.1
Lqualion 2.3

Slep 1O. CoIunn 7 Deleinine Cullei fIov iale, Q
Q = CiA/36O = (O.95)(335.25)(O.13)/36O

Slep 11 CoIunn 8 S
|

Slep 12 CoIunn 9 S
x

Slep 13 CoIunn 13 l
Slep 14 CoIunn 14 Deleinine spiead, T
T =
67 . 2
5 . 0
|
67 . 1
x
S KS
] n Q j W

= 67 . 2
5 . 0 67 . 1
) 03 . 0 ( ) 04 . 0 )( 376 . 0 (
) 016 . 0 )( 115 . 0 (

= 1.969 n (Less lhan aIIovalIe is 2 n, so pioceed
Nexl slep.)
CoIunn 12 Deleinine deplh al cuil, d, using
d = TS
x
= (1.969)(0.04)

Slep 15 CoIunn 15 l/T = 0.60/1.969
Slep 16 CoIunn 16 SeIecl I5O x 1OO giale neasuiing O.6On vide ly O.9n
Iong.

Slep 17 CoIunn 17 CaIcuIale inleicepled fIov, Q
|

|
c
= 1-(1-l/T)
2.67

= 1 - (1-O.3O5)
2.67

CaIcuIale veIocily, V
V = 0.752/n S
|
0.5
S
x
0.67
T
0.67

V = (0.752/0.016)(0.03)
0.5
(0.04)
0.67
(1.969)
0.67
Iind R
f

R
f
= 1.0
Iind R
s

R
s
= 1/(1+ K
u
V
1.8
/ (S
x
|
2.3
))
= 1 / (1+0.0828 V
1.8
/ (S
x
|
2.3
))
= 1 / 1 +((0.0828)(1.489)
1.8
/ (0.04)(0.9)
2.3
)
CaIcuIale vaIue Q
l
ly using
Q
|
= QjR
f
|
c
+ R
s
(1-|
c
)]
= 0.115j(1.0)(0.621) + 0.156 (1-0.621)]
Slep 18 CoIunn 18 Q
o
= Q - Q
|

= O.115 - O.O782

Slep 19 CoIunn 1 InIel 2
CoIunn 2 Slalion 2O+ 32 (laking dislance lo successive inIels =68n
CoIunn 3 Diainage aiea = 68x13

CoIunn 4 Runoff coefficienl, C = O.95

Slep 2O CoIunn 5 V = O.776n/s (sane as slep 8 CoI.5)
T
c
= |/j60V] = (68)/(6O)(O.776)

Slep 21 CoIunn 6 | = 335.21nn/hi (sane as slep 1O)
Slep 22 CoIunn 7 Q = CiA/360 =(0.95)(335.25)(0.0884)/360

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

O.115n
3
/s

O.O3

O.O4

O.6On

O.O79n

O.3O5

O.621

1.489n/s

O.156

O.O782n
3
/s

O.O368n
3
/s

884n
2

O.O884ha

1.46nin (use
5nin
nininun)
O.O782n
3
/s
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd



Slep 23 CoIunn 11 = CoI. 18 + CoI. 7
= O.O368 + O.O782

Slep 24 CoIunn14 T = 1.969n
T < T aIIovalIe = 2n
CoIunn 12 d = (1.969)(0.04)

Slep 25 CoIunn 16 SeIecl I5O x 1OO giale O.6On vide ly O.9n Iong.

Slep 26 CoIunn 17 Q
|
= O.O782n
3
/s

Slep 27 CoIunn 18 Q
o
= Q - Q
|

= CoIunn 11 - CoIunn 17
= O.115 - O.O782

Slep 28 Repeal sleps 19 lhiough 28 foi each sulsequenl inIel dovn
lo lhe Iov poinl. This viII end up vilh naxinun dislance lo
successive inIels of aloul 68n.

The iequiied spacing of successive inIels is lheiefoie 68n.

=

=

=

O.115n
3
/s

O.O79 < d
cuil = O.3n

O. O368n
3
/s
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd


/
-
6
&
%

7
$
#
!
/
-
0

!
2
,
$
3
%
#
%
/
2
-

7
"
&
&
%
D
a
l
e

:
}
U
N

2
O
1
O
R
o
u
l
e
/
L
o
c
a
l
i
o
n

:
W
i
I
a
y
a
h

I
e
i
s
e
k
u
l
u
a
n

K
u
a
I
a

L
u
n
p
u
i
C
o
n
p
u
l
e
d

y
:

R
a
n
I
i
S
h
e
e
l

1
o
f

1
I
n
I
e
l
C
u
l
l
e
i

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
C
u
l
l
e
i

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

I
n
I
e
l

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
D
e
s
i
g
n

I
i
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
A
I
I
o
v
a
l
I
e

S
p
i
e
a
d
No. (1)
Slalion (2)
Diainage Aiea(ha)(3)
Runoff Coefficienl, C (4)
Tine of Concenlialion, l
c
(nin) (5)
RainfaII Inlensily, i (nn/hi) (6)
Q = CIA/K
c
(n
3
/s) (7)
LongiludinaI SIope, S
L
(n/n) (8)
Cioss SIope, S
x
oi S
v
(n/n) (9)
Iievious y-pass IIov (n
3
/s)(1O)
TolaI Cullei IIov (n
3
/s)(11)
Deplh, d (n) (12)
Ciale oi Cullei Widlh, W (n) (13)
Spiead, T (n)(14)
W/T (15)
InIel Type (16)
Inleicepl IIov, Q
i
(n
3
/s)(17)
y-pass IIov, Q
l
(n
3
/s) (18)
Renaiks (19)
1
2
1
+
O
O
O
.
1
3
O
O
O
.
9
5
5
.
O
O
3
3
5
.
2
5
O
.
1
1
5
O
O
.
O
3
O
.
O
4
O
.
O
O
O
O
.
1
1
5
O
.
O
7
9
O
.
6
O
1
.
9
6
9
O
.
3
O
I
5
O
X
1
O
O
O
.
O
7
8
O
.
O
3
7
O
.
3

(
c
u
i
l

h
e
i
g
h
l
)
2
2
O
+
3
2
O
.
O
8
8
4
O
.
9
5
5
.
O
O
3
3
5
.
2
5
O
.
O
7
8
2
O
.
O
3
O
.
O
4
O
.
O
3
7
O
.
1
1
5
O
.
O
7
9
O
.
6
O
1
.
9
6
9
O
.
3
O
I
5
O
X
1
O
O
O
.
O
7
8
O
.
O
3
7
O
.
3

(
c
u
i
l

h
e
i
g
h
l
)
T
a
l
I
e

1
3
.
I
1

I
n
I
e
l

S
p
a
c
i
n
g

C
o
n
p
u
l
a
l
i
o
n

S
h
e
e
l

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

T
y
p
i
c
a
I

S
e
c
l
i
o
n
C
L
O
.
3
n
O
.
3
n
3
:
1

I
i
I
I
L
a
n
e
L
a
n
e
3
:
1

I
i
I
I
2
:
1

C
u
l
4
n
1
n
1
O
n
4
n
1
n
1
O
n
4
n
2
n
2
n
3
.
5
n
3
.
5
n
4
54
9
1
O
4
.
3
n
D
i
l
c
h

A
I
n
I
e
l
A
c
c
e
s
s

H
o
I
e
O
u
l
I
e
l
27
16
4
5
1
7
n
6
4
.
3
n
D
i
l
c
h

I
I
a
n
2
1
+
O
O
R
o
a
d
v
a
y

S
I
o
p
e

=

3
N
1
8
+
9
6
2
n
2
n
C
L
6
8
n
6
8
n
6
8
n
38
1
O
O
n
2
2
+
O
O
2
O
+
3
2
1
9
+
6
4
1
3
n

Iiguie 13.I1: Sloin Diainage Syslen foi LxanpIe in Appendix 13.I

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
DRAINS AND SWALES
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-i
!"#$%&' )* +'#,-. #-+ ./#0&.
14.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 14-1
14.1.1 Design Sloin ........................................................................................................ 14-1
14.2 STRUCTURAL AND COMIOSITL DRAIN .................................................................. 14-2
14.2.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 14-2
14.2.2 Lining MaleiiaIs ................................................................................................... 14-2
14.2.3 Design Consideialion and Requiienenls......................................................... 14-2
14.2.4 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 14-3
14.2.4.1 Ceoneliy .............................................................................................. 14-3
14.2.4.2 Iieeloaid .............................................................................................. 14-4
14.2.4.3 VeIocilies and LongiludinaI SIope ..................................................... 14-4
14.2.4.4 Roughness Coefficienls ....................................................................... 14-4
14.2.4.5 Diainage Sunps ................................................................................... 14-4
14.2.4.6 Safely Requiienenls ............................................................................ 14-4
14.2.5 Design Iioceduie ................................................................................................. 14-5
14.3 SWALLS .............................................................................................................................. 14-6
14.3.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 14-6
14.3.2 Advanlages ........................................................................................................... 14-6
14.3.3 Disadvanlages ...................................................................................................... 14-6
14.3.4 Design Consideialion and Requiienenls......................................................... 14-7
14.3.4.1 Diainage Aiea ...................................................................................... 14-7
14.3.4.2 Space Requiienenl .............................................................................. 14-7
14.3.4.3 Localion and Sile SuilaliIily ............................................................... 14-7
14.3.4.4 Sile SIope ............................................................................................... 14-7
14.3.4.5 Sulsuiface SoiIs and Cioundvalei ................................................... 14-7
14.3.5 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 14-7
14.3.5.1 AIignnenl ............................................................................................. 14-7
14.3.5.2 Ceoneliy .............................................................................................. 14-7
14.3.5.3 LongiludinaI SIope .............................................................................. 14-8
14.3.5.4 Iieeloaid .............................................................................................. 14-8
14.3.5.5 VeIocilies ............................................................................................... 14-8
14.3.5.6 Ciass Covei .......................................................................................... 14-9
14.3.5.7 Roughness Coefficienls ....................................................................... 14-9
14.3.5.8 Undeidiain ........................................................................................... 14-9
14.3.5.9 Lov IIov Iiovision ChanneI ............................................................. 14-9
14.3.5.1O Walei QuaIily Tiealnenl and IIood IIov Design .......................... 14-1O
14.3.5.11 Safely ..................................................................................................... 14-1O
14.3.5.12 Liosion Iioleclion ................................................................................ 14-1O
14.3.6 Design Iioceduie ................................................................................................. 14-1O

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-ii
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 14-12
AIILNDIX 14.A LXAMILL - LINLD DRAIN ......................................................................... 14-13
AIILNDIX 14. LXAMILL - COMIOSITL DRAIN ............................................................... 14-15
AIILNDIX 14.C LXAMILL - SWALLS .................................................................................... 14-18

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-1
)*1) ,-%'2+3!%,2-
This chaplei piovides guideIines foi lhe design of open diainage syslen, such as Iined diains and giassed
svaIes. These faciIilies, aIong vilh sloinvalei inIels aie conponenls of lhe ninoi diainage syslen designed lo
coIIecl ninoi fIood fIovs fion ioads, piopeilies and open space, and convey lhen lo lhe najoi diainage
syslen.
Il shouId le noled lhal fuIIy Iined diains aie nol encouiaged anynoie in IocaI piaclice vhiIe giass Iined ones as
encouiaged. DeveIopeis and designeis shaII seek appiovaI fion lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily if such needs
aiise. Much of pioceduies and expeiience lhal deaI vilh open diainage syslen have leen eslalIished in
MaIaysian piaclice since Iale 197Os.
)*1)1) +45678 .9:;<
Diains and svaIes shouId have lhe capacily lo convey lhe fIov up lo and incIuding lhe ninoi syslen design
ARI.
)*1)1= +;>68>74 '454;?45
Mosl open diains viII le Iocaled vilhin ioad ieseive and lheiefoie do nol iequiie a sepaiale ieseive lo aIIov
access foi nainlenance. Hovevei, open diains and svaIes Iocaled oulside of ioad ieseives, such as in pulIic
vaIkvays and open space aieas, shouId le piovided vilh a diainage ieseive in accoidance vilh Iiguie 14.1.

Iiguie 14.1: Diainage Reseive foi Minoi Diain and SvaIe
In nev deveIopnenl aieas, lhe edge of a svaIe shouId geneiaIIy le Iocaled O.5 n fion lhe ioad ieseive oi
piopeily loundaiy. In exisling aieas, lhis aIignnenl nay le vaiied depending on lhe aIignnenl and deplh of
exisling undeigiound seivices vilhin lhe ioad veige. The designei shouId consuIl lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy
aulhoiily foi appiopiiale aIignnenls in exisling aieas.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-2 062)&5 2&' "72385
)*1= .%'3!%3'#0 #-+ !2@$2.,%& +'#,-
)*1=1) +45A;6B96:8
A Iined diain is highIy iesislanl lo eiosion. This lype of diain is expensive lo consliucl, aIlhough il shouId have
a veiy Iov nainlenance cosl if piopeiIy designed. Non-eiodilIe Iining shouId le used vhen slaliIily cannol le
achieved vilh a svaIe. Ils piincipaI disadvanlages aie high iniliaI cosl, suscepliliIily lo faiIuie if undeinined
ly scoui and lhe lendency foi scoui lo occui dovnsliean due lo high fIov veIocilies and acceIeialion of lhe
fIov on a sleep sIope oi in ciilicaI Iocalions vheie eiosion vouId cause exlensive danage.
A conposile diain is conlinalion of a giassed seclion and a Iined diain lhal nay le piovided in Iocalions
suljecl lo diy-vealhei lase fIovs vhich vouId olheivise danage lhe inveil of a giassed svaIe, oi in aieas
vilh highIy eiodilIe soiIs. The conposile diain conponenls shaII conpIy vilh lhe ieIevanl design
iequiienenls specified foi giassed svaIes and Iined diains.
)*1=1= 068687 @>94;6>C5
Lined diains shaII le consliucled fion naleiiaIs pioven lo le sliucluiaIIy sound and duialIe and have
salisfacloiy joinling syslens.

Lined open diains nay le consliucled vilh any of lhe foIIoving naleiiaIs:
- pIain conciele,
- ieinfoiced conciele,
- slone pilching,
- pIasleied liickvoik, and
- piecasl nasoniy lIocks.
AIleinalive diain naleiiaIs nay le acceplalIe. IioposaIs foi lhe use of olhei naleiiaIs shaII le iefeiied lo lhe
LocaI Aulhoiily foi consideialion on a case-ly-case lasis, especiaIIy foi sleep sIoped high veIocily appIicalions.

)*1=1D +45678 !:856E4;>96:8 >8E '4FG6;4<4895
The design shouId lake inlo consideialion of sile condilions as desciiled leIov.

92: 062)&2;8 #682
Deleininalion of diainage lypes (eailh/conciele/conposile) lased on space avaiIaliIily, sile suilaliIily,
enviionnenl condilions (aeslhelic, conseivalion vaIues, elc.) and nainlenance advanlages and disadvanlages.
Slandaidised Iocalions foi Iined diains aie piovided lo Iinil lhe negolialions needed vhen olhei seivices aie
invoIved.

9<: =+2'724 =8586>85
The oulei edge of a Iined diain shouId le Iocaled O.5 n (nininun) fion lhe piopeily loundaiy on lhe high
side of ioad ieseives lo peinil ieIaliveIy shoil conneclions lo seivice adjacenl piopeilies. Lined diains nay
aIso le Iocaled vilhin ioad nedian sliips.

The IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily shouId le consuIled foi slandaid aIignnenls of pulIic uliIily seivices vilhin
slieel veiges.

Wheie lheie is significanl advanlage in pIacing a Iined diain on an aIignnenl ieseived foi anolhei aulhoiily, il
nay le so pIaced piovided lhal lolh lhe aulhoiilies agiee upon lhe iesponsiliIily foi nainlenance of lhe
sloinvalei conveyance. The olhei aulhoiily conceined shaII piovide viillen appiovaI lo ieIease lhe
ieseivalion.
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062)&5 2&' "72385 14-3
Cuived aIignnenls aie piefeiied on cuived ioadvays. Hovevei, in aieas such as cuIs-de-sac and naiiov slieel
veiges, sliaighl aIignnenls nay le acceplalIe, vheie lheie aie significanl advanlages in doing so.
9?: @6)>2*834 A7&8' B+*5
MunicipaI Iined diains shaII nol le Iocaled vilhin piivaleIy ovned piopeilies. Wheie Iined diains aie lo le
piovided al lhe side oi ieai of piivale piopeilies, lhey shaII le pIaced vilhin a sepaiale diainage ieseive in
accoidance vilh Iiguie 14.1(a) oi Iiguie 14.1(l).

9': @C<3)? AD8& "D2?8
The Iocalion of Iined diains vilhin pulIic Iand such as open space shaII le lioughl lo lhe allenlion of lhe IocaI
ieguIaloiy aulhoiily foi consideialion. As a guide, unIess diiecled olheivise, Iined diains shaII le Iocaled as
cIose as possilIe lo lhe neaiesl piopeily loundaiy vilh due consideialion foi pulIic safely. Appiopiiale safely
neasuies shaII le piovided lo piolecl lhe pulIic fion leing liapped vilhin a diain duiing fIash fIooding.
)*1=1* +45678 !;694;6>
)*1=1*1) H4:<49;I
The dinensions of Iined open diains have leen Iiniled in lhe inleiesls of pulIic safely and lo faciIilale ease of
nainlenance. The nininun and naxinun peinissilIe cioss-seclionaI dinensions aie iIIuslialed in Iiguie
14.2.

Iiguie 14.2: Dinension Linils foi Open Lined Diains
The piefeiied shape foi a conposile diain is shovn in Iiguie 14.3. The Iined diain seclion is piovided al lhe
diain inveil lo caiiy diy-vealhei lase fIovs and ninoi fIovs up lo a lhose iesuIling fion a 1O nn iainfaII
deplh ovei lhe conliiluling calchnenl. The Iining seclion shaII le sized lo piovide addilionaI fIov capacily up
lo and incIuding lhe design sloin ARI.

Iiguie 14.3: Reconnended Conposile Diain Cioss Seclion

92: 08D*E
The naxinun deplh foi Iined open diains shaII le in accoidance vilh TalIe 14.1. A ieinfoiced conciele diain
shaII le piovided foi Iined open diains lhal exceed O.9 n in deplh.
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NOT FOR SALE
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14-4 062)&5 2&' "72385
TalIe 14.1: Reconnended Maxinun Deplhs
Covei/HandiaiI Ience Condilion
Maxinun Deplh
(n)
Wilhoul pioleclive coveiing O.6
Wilh soIid oi gialed covei 1.2

9<: F)'*E
The vidlh of Iined open diains nay vaiy lelveen a nininun vidlh of O.5 n and a naxinun of 1.2 n.
9?: ")'8 53+D8
The ieconnended naxinun side sIopes foi Iined open diains is indicaled in TalIe 14.2.
TalIe 14.2: Reconnended Maxinun Side SIopes
Diain Lining Maxinun Side SIope
Conciele, liickvoik and lIockvoik VeilicaI
Slone pilching 1.5(H):1(V)
Ciassed/vegelaled, iock iipiap 2(H):1(V)
)*1=1*1= J;44K:>;E
The deplh of an open Iined diain shaII incIude a nininun fieeloaid of 5O nn alove lhe design sloin valei
IeveI in lhe ninoi diain.
)*1=1*1D L4C:A69645 >8E 0:8769GE68>C .C:B4
To pievenl sedinenlalion and vegelalive giovlh, lhe nininun aveiage fIov veIocily foi ninoi diain shaII nol
le Iess lhan O.6 n/s. The naxinun fIov veIocily in open diain shouId le iesliicled lo a naxinun of 2 n/s.
Hovevei, foi fIov veIocilies in excess of 2 n/s and Iess lhan 4 n/s, diains shaII le piovided vilh a 1.2 n high
handiaiI fence, oi coveied vilh nelaI giales oi soIid pIales foi lhe enliie Ienglh of lhe diain foi pulIic safely.
As IongiludinaI sIope inciease lhe veIocily incieases piopoilionaIIy. Open diains IongiludinaI sIope shouId le
conslanl and no sleepei lhan O.2. Diop sliucluies nay le iequiied lo ieduce lhe IongiludinaI sIope in oidei lo
conlioI fIov veIocilies.
)*1=1*1* ':G7M8455 !:4NN6A64895
Lined diain naleiiaIs foi pioposed syslens lypicaIIy incIude conciele, slone pilching, iipiap, galions,
liickvoiks and piecasl nasoniy. The suggesled Manning's ioughness coefficienls foi lhese diain naleiiaIs aie
indicaled in Chaplei 2 (TalIe 2.3).
)*1=1*1O +;>68>74 .G<B5
Diainage sunps (vilh a nininun size of 45O nn x 45O nn) shaII le piovided aIong coveied diains vilh a
naxinun inleivaI spacing of eveiy 1OO n and a nininun deplh fion diain inveil is 6OO nn.
)*1=1*1P .>N49I '4FG6;4<4895
Open diains in Iocalions exposed lo pedesliian access oi siled cIose lo caiiiagevay shaII le coveied if lhe diain
exceeds O.6 n in deplh. The lype of diain covei used viII depend on lhe expecled Iive Ioadings and vhelhei oi
nol lhe diain is iequiied lo accepl suiface fIov. The acceplalIe lypes of diain coveiing aie as foIIovs:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-5
92: @68?25* =8)&G+6?8' H+&?68*8 H+>865
Diains nol suljecl lo liaffic Ioads oi infIov of suiface iunoff nay le coveied using piecasl ieinfoiced conciele
coveis. Coveis shouId le sized such lhal lhe veighl is Iiniled lo vhal can le easiIy Iifled ly lvo voiknen lo
gain access foi nainlenance.
9<: !8*23 I62*85 2&' "+3)' @32*85
Diains suljecl lo vehicuIai liaffic Ioads oi infIov of suiface iunoff shaII le coveied using nelaI giales oi soIid
pIales. MelaI coveis shaII le designed in accoidance vilh lhe Ialesl edilions of ieIevanl MaIaysian Slandaids oi
equivaIenl.
9?: H+>86 B8>835
Coveis foi Iined open diains shaII le sel al lhe finished covei IeveIs given in TalIe 14.3.
TalIe 14.3: Covei LeveIs
Localion Covei LeveI
Iaved aieas IIush vilh finished suiface
Ioolpalhs and slieel veiges IIush vilh finished suiface
LIsevheie 1OO nn alove lhe suiface lo aIIov foi lop soiIing and giassing

9': J2&'62)3 K8&?8
The naxinun deplh foi covei oi handiaiI fence condilion shaII le in accoidance vilh TalIe 14.1.
Adequale safely neasuies such as 1.2 n high handiaiI fence shaII le piovided al popuIaled aieas oi aieas
exposed lo pedesliian access. VeilicaI diops shouId le avoided. Iencing oi iaiIings nay aIso need lo le
consideied if side sIopes aie lo le sleepei lhan 3(H):1(V) in lhe design.
)*1=1O +45678 $;:A4EG;4
The pieIininaiy sizing eslinalion pioceduie foi ninoi diain is given leIov:

Slep 1: Lslinale lhe design dischaige, L
ninoi
lased on lhe design ninoi ARI using suilalIe nelhods fion lhose
oulIined in Chaplei 2 (Seclion 2.3).

Slep 2: Lslinale Mannings & of lhe Iining naleiiaI.

Slep 3: SeIecl lhe design cioss-seclion. Deleinine lhe deplh and lhe nininun lase vidlh foi lhe pioposed
syslen. Deleinine lhe pioposed diain capacily using Mannings Lqualion.

Slep 4: Conpaie lhe eslinaled diain capacily vilh lhe caIcuIaled design dischaige, L
ninoi
. If lhe diain capacily
is found lo le inadequale, lhen lhe diain cioss seclion shouId le nodified lo inciease lhe capacily.
Likevise a ieduclion in lhe cioss seclion nay aIso le iequiied if lhe diain is nol lo le oveidesigned. In
lhe case of any nodificalions lo diain cioss seclion, iepeal Slep 3.

Slep 5: CaIcuIale lhe aveiage fIov veIocily fion M = L/# and check lhal il is vilhin lhe naxinun and
nininun veIocily ciileiia foi lhe open diain. If nol, adjusl lhe diain dinensions and ieluin lo Slep 3.

Slep 6: Deleinine lhe fIov deplh, 4 and check if 4 is vilhin iequiied Iinils foi lhe open diain lype. If nol,
adjusl lhe diain dinensions and ieluin lo Slep 3.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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14-6 062)&5 2&' "72385
Slep 7: Add lhe iequiied fieeloaid. If iequiied, caIcuIale lhe lop vidlh of diain foi diains vilh sIoping sides.

Slep 8: CaIcuIale lhe vidlh of lhe diainage ieseive.

)*1D ./#0&.
)*1D1) +45A;6B96:8
SvaIes aie lioad and shaIIov channeIs designed lo sloie and/oi convey iunoff al a non-eiosive veIocily, as
veII as enhance ils valei quaIily lhiough infiIlialion, sedinenlalion and fiIlialion. SvaIes nay le coveied ly
dense vegelalion, usuaIIy giass lo sIov dovn fIovs and liap pailicIes and ienove poIIulanl.

(a) Univeisili Tun Hussein Onn MaIaysia (l) Taiping HeaIlh CIinic (Type 2)
Iiguie 14.4: Ciassed SvaIes in MaIaysia
)*1D1= #E?>89>745
- easy lo incoipoiale inlo Iandscaping,
- good ienovaI of uilan poIIulanls,
- ieduces iunoff iales and voIunes,
- Iov capilaI cosl,
- nainlenance can le incoipoialed inlo geneiaI Iandscape nanagenenl, and
- good oplion foi snaII aiea ieliofils.
)*1D1D +65>E?>89>745
- nol suilalIe foi sleep aieas,
- Iiniled lo snaII aieas,
- iisks of lIockages in connecling pipevoik/cuIveils,
- sufficienl Iand nay nol le avaiIalIe foi suilalIe svaIe designs lo le incoipoialed, and
- slanding valei in vegelaled svaIes can iesuIl in polenliaI safely, odoui, and nosquilo piolIens.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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062)&5 2&' "72385 14-7
)*1D1* +45678 !:856E4;>96:8 >8E '4FG6;4<4895
)*1D1*1) +;>68>74 #;4>
Ciassed svaIes engineeied foi enhancing valei quaIily cannol effecliveIy convey Iaige fIovs. Theiefoie, svaIes
aie geneiaIIy appiopiiale foi calchnenls vilh snaII, fIal inpeinealIe aieas. If used in aieas vilh sleep sIopes,
giassed svaIes nusl geneiaIIy iun paiaIIeI lo conlouis in oidei lo le effeclive.
)*1D1*1= .B>A4 '4FG6;4<489
Ciassed svaIes nusl le effecliveIy incoipoialed inlo Iandscaping and pulIic open spaces as lhey denand
significanl Iand-lake due lo lheii shaIIov side-sIopes. Ciassed svaIes aie geneiaIIy difficuIl lo le incoipoialed
inlo dense uilan deveIopnenls vheie Iiniled space nay le avaiIalIe (CIRIA, 2OO7).
)*1D1*1D 0:A>96:8 >8E .694 .G69>K6C69I
SvaIes shouId le inlegialed inlo lhe sile pIanning and shouId lake accounl of lhe Iocalion and use of olhei sile
fealuies. The siling of a svaIe shouId le such lhal lhe lopogiaphy aIIovs foi lhe design of a channeI vilh
sufficienlIy niId sIope and cioss-seclionaI aiea lo nainlain non-eiosive veIocilies. SvaIes shouId nol le siled on
unslalIe giound and giound slaliIily shouId le veiified ly assessing sile soiI and gioundvalei condilions.
Mainlenance access shouId le easy and good giovlh of vegelalion shouId le ensuied ly siling svaIes in aieas
lhal ieceive sufficienl sunIighl (CIRIA, 2OO7).
)*1D1*1* .694 .C:B4
Ciassed svaIes aie usuaIIy iesliicled lo siles vilh significanl sIopes, lhough caiefuI pIanning shouId enalIe
lheii use in sleepei aieas ly consideiing lhe conlouis of lhe sile (CIRIA, 2OO7). The IongiludinaI leiiain sIope
shouId nol exceed 2 as Iov iunoff veIocilies aie iequiied foi poIIulanl ienovaI and lo pievenl eiosion.
LongiludinaI sIopes can le nainlained al lhe desiied giadienl and valei can fIov inlo svaIes IaleiaIIy fion
inpeinealIe aieas.
)*1D1*1O .GK5G;N>A4 .:6C5 >8E H;:G8EQ>94;
Wheie giassed svaIes aie designed lo encouiage infiIlialion, lhe seasonaIIy high gioundvalei lalIe nusl le
noie lhan 1 n leIov lhe lase of lhe svaIe. Wheie infiIlialion is nol iequiied, lhe seasonaIIy high gioundvalei
IeveI shouId le leIov any undeidiain piovided vilh lhe svaIes (CIRIA, 2OO7).
)*1D1O +45678 !;694;6>
)*1D1O1) #C678<489
Slandaidised aIignnenls foi giassed svaIes aie piovided lo Iinil lhe negolialions needed vhen olhei seivices
aie invoIved, such as piivaleIy ovned Iols and pulIic open space.
MunicipaI giassed svaIes shaII nol le Iocaled vilhin piivaleIy ovned piopeilies. If giassed svaIes aie lo le
piovided al lhe side oi ieai of piivale piopeilies, lhey shaII le pIaced vilhin a sepaiale diainage ieseive of
nininun dinensions in accoidance vilh Iiguie 14.1. The Iocalion of svaIes vilhin pulIic Iand such as open
space shouId geneiaIIy confoin lo naluiaI diainage palhs vheievei piaclicaI. The designei shouId consuIl vilh
lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily foi appiopiiale aIignnenls vilh due consideialion foi pulIic and aeslhelic
anenily.
)*1D1O1= H4:<49;I
The piefeiied shapes foi svaIes aie shovn in Iiguie 14.5. The deplh shaII nol exceed 1.2 n. A 'vee oi
liianguIai shaped seclion viII geneiaIIy le sufficienl foi nosl appIicalions, hovevei, a liapezoidaI oi paialoIic
svaIe shape nay le used foi addilionaI capacily oi lo Iinil lhe deplh of lhe svaIe. SvaIes vilh liapezoidaI
cioss seclions shaII le ieconnended foi ease of consliuclion. A paialoIic shape is lesl foi eiosion conlioI, lul
is haid lo consliucl.
NOT FOR SALE
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14-8 062)&5 2&' "72385
Ioi a liapezoidaI shape, lhe lollon vidlh shouId le lelveen O.5 n and 3.O n. The O.5 n nininun lollon
vidlh aIIovs foi consliuclion consideialions and ensuies a nininun fiIleiing suiface foi valei quaIily
liealnenl. The 3.O n naxinun lollon vidlh pievenls shaIIov fIovs fion concenlialing and polenliaIIy
eioding channeIs, lheiely naxinizing lhe fiIleiing ly vegelalion.
Side sIope shaII nol le sleepei lhan 2(H):1(V) vhiIe side sIope 4(H):1(V) oi fIallei is ieconnended foi safely
ieason. Hovevei, side sIope of 2(H):1(V) in iesidenliaI aieas aie sliongIy discouiaged. The Iaigei lhe velled
aiea of lhe svaIe, lhe sIovei lhe fIov and lhe noie effeclive il is in ienoving poIIulanls.

Iiguie 14.5: Reconnended SvaIe Cioss Seclions

)*1D1O1D 0:8769GE68>C .C:B4
SIope of svaIes shouId noinaIIy le lelveen O.1 (1 in 1OOO) and no giealei lhan O.5 (1 in 2OO). Undeidiains
nay le iequiied foi sIopes leIov O.2 (1 in 5OO), vhiIe diop sliucluies such as iock check dans in lhe channeI
nay le iequiied foi sIopes giealei lhan O.2 lo ieduce lhe diainage IongiludinaI sIope such lhal lhe design
fIov veIocilies do nol exceed lhe peinissilIe Iinils.

)*1D1O1* J;44K:>;E
The deplh of a svaIe shaII incIude a nininun fieeloaid of 5O nn alove lhe design sloinvalei IeveI (lased on
naxinun design fIovs) in lhe svaIe lo aIIov foi lIockages.
)*1D1O1O L4C:A69645
Maxinun acceplalIe fIov iale veIocilies foi conveyance of peak design fIov (naxinun fIood fIov design)
aIong lhe svaIe shaII nol exceed lhe ieconnended naxinun scoui veIocily foi vaiious giound coveis and
vaIues of soiI eiodiliIily, oi ideaIIy le Iess lhan 2 n/s, unIess addilionaI eiosion pioleclion is piovided.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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062)&5 2&' "72385 14-9
4
1
V
a
i
i
e
s
(
M
i
n
.

2
n
)
1
1
1
1
1 : 3O 1 : 3O
1 : 5O 1 : 5O
4
1
I.C.L
5OO 5OO SvaIe
Top SoiI
IuII RenovaI of UnsuilalIe
MaleiiaI Mininun 2n Deplh
fion CuIveil Inveil LeveI
Land RepIacenenl vilh Sand IiII
CIosed Tuifing
ackfiIIed vilh
Appioved MaleiiaI
I.C.L
2
5OO
CIosed Tuifing
1
2
2
5OO
1
2
SvaIe
Top SoiI
CIean Rivei Sand Suiound
2 Nos SingIe ModuIe
LncIosed in CeolexliIe
I.C.L I.C.L
)*1D1O1P H;>55 !:?4;
A dense pIanling of giass piovides lhe fiIleiing nechanisn iesponsilIe foi valei quaIily liealnenl in svaIes.
Theiefoie, lhe giass species chosen foi Iining of giassed svaIes nusl le sluidy, dioughl iesislanl, easy lo
eslalIish, and alIe lo spiead and deveIop a sliong luif Iayei aflei eslalIishnenl. A lhick iool sliucluie is
necessaiy lo conlioI veed giovlh and eiosion.
Ciass is ly fai lhe nosl effeclive choice of pIanl naleiiaI in svaIes, hovevei nol aII giass species aie lesl foi
vegelalive covei. The giasses ieconnended foi peinanenl seed nixes shaII le seIecled foi lhose in Annex 1.

Conpacled soiIs viII need lo le liIIed lefoie giass seeding oi pIanling. Al Ieasl 1OO nn lhick of good quaIily
lopsoiI is iequiied. CeneiaI guideIines foi eslalIishing an effeclive giass Iining shaII le in accoidance vilh
Annex 1.
)*1D1O1R ':G7M8455 !:4NN6A64895
The ioughness coefficienl, &, vaiies vilh lhe lype of vegelalive covei, IongiludinaI sIope and aveiage fIov
deplh. The & vaIue nusl le adjusled foi vaiying fIov deplhs. Mannings ioughness coefficienls foi svaIes aie
piovided in Chaplei 2 (TalIe 2.3).
)*1D1O1S 38E4;E;>68
A svaIe shouId have lhe capacily lo convey lhe peak fIovs fion lhe design ninoi ARI vilhoul exceeding lhe
naxinun peinissilIe veIocilies. If lhis is nol piaclicaI oi lheie is insufficienl space foi a svaIe, designei shouId
considei dividing lhe fIov inlo suiface and sulsuiface conduils vheie undeigiound pipediains oi diainage
noduIes can le piovided (Iiguie 14.6). Undeidiains can aIso le pIaced lenealh lhe channeI lo pievenl
ponding.

Il is inpoilanl foi liofiIlialion svaIes lo naxinise valei conlacl vilh vegelalion and lhe soiI suiface. CiaveIy
and coaise sandy soiIs viII nol piovide valei quaIily liealnenl unIess lhe lollon of lhe svaIe is Iined lo
pievenl infiIlialion. (Nole: siles lhal have ieIaliveIy coaise soiIs nay le noie appiopiiale foi sloinvalei
quanlily infiIlialion puiposes aflei iunoff liealnenl has leen acconpIished). Theiefoie, lhe led of a
liofiIlialion svaIe shaII consisl of a peinealIe soiI Iayei alove lhe undeidiain naleiiaI.

(a) Undeigiound Iipediain (l) Diainage ModuIe

Iiguie 14.6 LxanpIe of Undeidiains Iiovided in lhe Sulsuiface of a SvaIe

A conposile svaIe is a conlinalion syslen of undeigiound pipediain and svaIe. The undeidiain caleis lo lhe
ninoi sloin evenl foi lianspoiling iunoff fion ioadvay and olhei inIels lo lhe oulfaIIs and ieceiving valeis.
Diainage sunps shaII le piovided aIong svaIes vilh a naxinun inleivaI spacing of eveiy 1OO n. The design
of undeigiound pipediain syslen shouId confoin lo lhe design ciileiia as shovn in Chaplei 15.

)*1D1O1T 0:Q JC:Q $;:?656:8 !M>884C
Ioi svaIes lhal viII le suljecled lo diy vealhei fIovs, an undeidiain oi suiface inveil shouId le piovided.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-1O 062)&5 2&' "72385
)*1D1O1)U />94; VG>C69I %;4>9<489 >8E JC::E JC:Q +45678
SvaIes shouId le sized as lolh a liealnenl faciIily lo sIov lhe sloinvalei as nuch as possilIe lo encouiage
poIIulanl ienovaI, and as a conveyance syslen lo pass lhe peak hydiauIic fIovs of lhe design sloins.

92: 085);& F2*86 LC23)*4 K3+7 08D*E
The sizing caIcuIalions foi valei quaIily liealnenl design shouId check fIov veIocily, deplh and iesidence
lines duiing valei quaIily design sloin (3-nonlh ARI). To le effeclive, lhe deplh of lhe sloinvalei duiing
liealnenl nusl nol exceed lhe heighl of lhe giass. A giass heighl of 15Onn oi noie and a fIov deplh of Iess
lhan 15Onn shouId le seIecled foi lhe valei quaIily design sloin (Iiguie 14.5). Ciasses ovei lhal heighl lend
lo fIallen dovn vhen valei is fIoving ovei lhen, vhich pievenls sedinenlalion. To allain lhis heighl iequiies
ieguIai nainlenance.

Iiguie 14.5: Walei QuaIily Tiealnenl and IIood IIov Design foi SvaIe

The veIocily of iunoff shaII nol exceed O.5 n/s aIong a svaIe duiing lhe valei quaIily design sloin lo avoid
fIallening of lhe vegelalion, hovevei, Iovei veIocilies aie piefeialIe. Design caIcuIalion shouId aIIov lhe valei
quaIily sloin and capacily check foi lhe design sloin.

9<: B8&;*E
The fIov veIocily shaII nol exceed O.5 n/s aIong a svaIe of 6O n Ienglh duiing lhe valei quaIily design sloin.
SvaIes aie ieconnended lo have a nininun Ienglh of 6O n, vhich can le achieved ly specifying a vide-
iadius cuived palh vheie lhe avaiIalIe Iand is nol adequale foi a Iineai svaIe (Shaip lends shouId le avoided
lo ieduce eiosion and lo piovide foi eiosion pioleclion). If a shoilei Ienglh nusl le used, designeis shouId
inciease lhe svaIe cioss seclionaI aiea ly an anounl piopoilionaI lo lhe ieduclion in Ienglh leIov 6O n, lo
ollain lhe sane valei iesidence line. The ieconnended nininun iesidence line is 2 ninules.

)*1D1O1)) .>N49I
IulIic safely shouId le nainlained ly pioviding sufficienl conveyance capacily and appiopiiale fIov deplh
and veIocily lo salisfy design iequiienenls foi adjacenl pedesliian access, lhe safely of chiIdien and aduIls
vading in lhe svaIe shouId le consideied.

)*1D1O1)= &;:56:8 $;:94A96:8
Once lhe naxinun fIov deplh caIcuIalions have leen peifoined and safely has leen consideied, eiosion
pioleclion caIcuIalions shouId le peifoined. Ioi any design sloin evenl, lhe fIov veIocilies aie iequiied lo le
Iess lhan 2 n/s, aIlhough highei veIocilies nay le aIIoved if eiosion pioleclion is piovided.

)*1D1P +45678 $;:A4EG;4
The foIIoving design sleps aie ieconnended vhen designing giassed svaIes:

Slep 1: Lslinale lhe design dischaige, L
ninoi
lased on lhe design ARI foi conveyance vilhin lhe svaIe lased
on lhe sile specific chaiacleiislics such as calchnenl aiea, lopogiaphy and inpeivious aiea.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-11
Slep 2: Adopl a liiaI svaIe cioss seclion. CaIcuIale lhe svaIe geoneliy foi eilhei a liianguIai, liapezoidaI oi
paialoIic svaIe shape.

Slep 3: Deleinine lhe Mannings ioughness coefficienl (&) vaIue lased on lhe lype of svaIe vegelalion,
IongiludinaI sIope (S) lased on-sile condilions and aveiage deplh of fIov foi lhe design fIov iale
(L
ninoi
).

Slep 4: CaIcuIale a peak fIov (L) and deleinine lhe fIov deplh, veIocily and fIov iale foi lhe liiaI svaIe using
Mannings equalion.

Slep 5: Conpaie L vilh lhe L
ninoi
. Ieifoin ileialions lhiough Sleps 2 lo 4 ly changing fIov deplh, 0 unliI L >
L
ninoi
.

Slep 6: Check lhe nininun svaIe Ienglh (B)

Slep 7: Check lhe fIov veIocily foi lhe design fIoviale. If lhis is giealei lhan 2.O n/s, inciease lhe fIov vidlh
oi ieduce lhe deplh of fIov. AIIov highei veIocilies if eiosion pioleclion is piovided.

Slep 8: LvaIuale valei quaIily paianeleis. The valei quaIily fIov deplh shouId le a naxinun of 15O nn.
Adjusl lhe svaIe geoneliy and ie-evaIuale as needed.

Slep 9: LvaIuale lhe svaIe geoneliy foi lhe valei quaIily design sloin (4O nn iainfaII deplh ovei lhe
conliiluling calchnenl), peak dischaige veIocily and capacily.

Slep 1O: Check lhal lhe fIov veIocily does nol exceed O.5 n/s aIong lhe svaIe duiing lhe valei quaIily design
sloin foi lhe design fIov iale.

Slep 11: LslalIish a consliuclion sequence and consliuclion specificalions.

Slep 12: LslalIish nainlenance and inspeclion iequiienenls.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-12 062)&5 2&' "72385
'&J&'&-!&.
1. Chov V.T. (1959). AD8& HE2&&83 J4'62C3)?5, McCiav-HiII ook Conpany, Nev Yoik, USA.
2. Consliuclion Indusliy Reseaich and Infoinalion Associalion oi CIRIA. (2OO7). NE8 "O0" !2&C23. CIRIA
Repoil C697. London, UK.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-13
#$$&-+,W )*1# &W#@$0& X 0,-&+ +'#,-
IiolIen:
Deleinine lhe size of a Iined ieclanguIai diain lo convey a 5-yeai ARI ninoi syslen design fIov fion a
pioposed 5 heclaie lungaIov deveIopnenl in KuaIa Lunpui. The posl-deveIopnenl line of concenlialion, *
?

al lhe deveIopnenl oulIel is eslinaled lo le 2O ninules.
SoIulion:

Lqualion 2.2

TalIe 1.1

Appendix 2.
TalIe 2.2

Deleinine design fIovs foi lhe diain:

i P
iI
k
(J +0)
q

vheie:
) = lhe aveiage iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi) foi seIecled ARI (N) and sloin
duialion ('),
N = aveiage iecuiience inleivaI, ARI (yeais),
' = sloin duialion (houis), O.2O s ' s 72and
'Q xQ 0 and p = filling conslanls dependenl on lhe iaingauge Iocalion

Localion &
Slalion ID
ARI, N
Sloin
duialion
Deiived Iaianeleis
(yeais) ' k u q
Iuchong Diop, KL
(3O15OO1)
5 ! O 69.65O O.151 O.223 O.88O

RR- , -
.S. , -
p
x
%%T , -
U-
%-
: S 9 US- , UV
0: 9'
N '
)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=

=
=

=

5-yeai ARI
2O ninules

148.79 nn/h

Lqualion 2.3

TalIe 2.6

Q P
C.I.A
S6u

vheie: L = peak fIov (n
3
/s),
H = dinensionIess iunoff coefficienl,

1 = aveiage iainfaII inlensily ovei line of concenlialion, *
?

(nn/hi), and
# = diainage aiea (ha).

360
x x 0.65 5 79 148
5
.
= Q

=

=
=

=

O.65

148.79 nn/h
5 ha

1.34 n
3
/s

TalIe 2.3
CaIcuIale size of Iined diain seclion

Mannings n foi conciele Iining

Assuning:
Diain IongiludinaI sIope
Widlh, W
Side sIope, X

=

=
=
=

O.O15

O.4 (1 in 25O)
O.9O n
O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-14 062)&5 2&' "72385

Seclion

L P > Y #
vheie :
3 2 2 1
1
/ /
o
R S
n
v = ,
D . ZD)D (B A 90 0 = + =
D . Z D B P 2 90 0 1 2
2
+ = + + =

0 # @ = > L
(n) (n
2
) (n) (n) n/s (n
3
/s)
O.6O O.54O 2.1O O.26 1.7O O.921
O.7O O.63O 2.3O O.27 1.78 1.12O
O.8O O.72O 2.5O O.29 1.84 1.324
U1SO U1RPO =1PU U1=T )1SR )1*=R

Check OK

(>Q
5
=1.34n
3
/s)

14.2.4.2

AIIoving a nininun fieeloaid

Hence, iequiied deplh, 0
Z)&)ZCZ

Iiovided dinension of Iined diain (Refei lo piecasl conciele
nanufacluieis):
Widlh, W
Deplh, 0
VeIocily, >
Dischaige, L

The diain dinensions aie O.9O n vide x O.9O n deep, vhich is vilhin lhe
ieconnended Iinils.
=

=

=
=
=
=
5O nn

O.85 n

O.9O n
O.9O n
1.89 n/s
1.53O n
3
/s

Seclion
14.2.4.3
Seclion
14.2.4.1
Check fIov veIocily foi Iined diain

Deplh lelveen O.6 n and 1.2n, Iined diain shaII le coveied.

Seivice opening shaII le piovided aIong open diain vilh naxinun
inleivaI spacing al eveiy 1OO n

=

1.89 n/s
(O.6<v<2 n/s),
...OK

Diainage Reseive
L5
O.5 n
nininun
1.O n nininun foi
nainlenance access
O.9 n O.8 n
O.9 n

Iioposed Lined Diain Design Dinensions

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-15
#$$&-+,W )*1Y &W#@$0& X !2@$2.,%& +'#,-
IiolIen:
Deleinine lhe size of a conposile diain lo convey a 5-yeai ARI ninoi syslen design fIov fion a pioposed 2
heclaie lungaIov deveIopnenl in KuaIa Lunpui. The posl-deveIopnenl line of concenlialion, *
?
al lhe
deveIopnenl oulIel is eslinaled lo le 25 ninules.
SoIulion:

Lqualion 2.2

TalIe 1.1

Appendix 2.
TalIe 2.2

Deleinine design fIovs foi lhe conposile diain:

i P
iI
k
(J +0)
q

vheie:
) = lhe aveiage iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi) foi seIecled ARI (N) and
sloin duialion ('),
' = sloin duialion (houis), O.2O s ' s 72, and
'Q xQ 0 and p = filling conslanls dependenl on lhe iaingauge Iocalion.

Localion &
Slalion ID
ARI, N
Sloin
duialion
Deiived Iaianeleis
(yeais) ' k u q
Iuchong Diop, KL
(3O15OO1)
5 25 69.65O O.151 O.223 O.88O

RR- , -
.S. , -
p
x
%%T , -
U-
%S
: S 9 US- , UV
0: 9'
N '
)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=

=
=

=

5-yeai ARI
25 ninules

131.59 nn/h

Lqualion 2.3

TalIe 2.6

Q P
C.I.A
S6u

vheie: L = peak fIov (n
3
/s),
H = dinensionIess iunoff coefficienl,

?

(nn/hi), and

360
x x 0.65 2 59 131
5
.
= Q

=

=
=

=

O.65

131.59 nn/h
2 ha

O.475 n
3
/s
14.2.4.1

Ioi diy-vealhei lase fIovs and ninoi fIovs up lo a 1O nn iainfaII deplh,

Assune sloin duialion

Hence, lhe design fIovs aie:

TU-
Y%
%S[U-
.-
Y -,US
L
782*E86 '64
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

=

=

25 ninules

O.O87 n
3
/s
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-16 062)&5 2&' "72385

TalIe 2.3

CaIcuIale size of Iined diain seclion (diy-vealhei lase fIovs):


Assuning:
Diain IongiludinaI sIope
Diain vidlh, W
Side sIope, X

=

=
=
=

O.O15

O.5 (1 in 2OO)
O.6O n
O

Seclion
14.2.4.3
LP > Y #
Wheie :

T [ % % [ .
+
= "
&
.
> = ,
D . ZD)D (B A 60 0 = + =
D . Z D B P 2 60 0 1 2
2
+ = + + =

0 # @ = > L
(n) (n
2
) (n) (n) n/s (n
3
/s)
O.15 O.O9O O.9O O.1O 1.O2 O.O91
U1=U U1)=U )1UU U1)= )1)O U1)DS
O.25 O.15O 1.1O O.14 1.25 O.187
O.3O O.18O 1.2O O.15 1.33 O.24O

Iiovided dinension of Iined diain:
Diain vidlh, W
Deplh, 0
VeIocily, >
Dischaige, L

The diain dinensions aie O.6O n vide x O.2O n deep, vhich is vilhin lhe
ieconnended Iinils.

Check fIov veIocily foi Iined diain.

=
=
=
=

(>O.O87 n
3
/s)

O.6O n
O.2O n
1.15 n/s
O.138 n
3
/s

(O.6<v<2 n/s),
.OK

TalIe 2.3
CaIcuIale size of lolaI diain seclion:

Mannings n foi slone pilching

4
*

(n)

NF
(n)

WF
(n)

4
'

(n)

4
*
\4
'

(n)

#
.]T

(n
2
)

@
.]T
(n)
=
.]T

M
.]T

(n/s)
L
.]T

(n
3
/s)
O.5O 3.O O.6 O.2 O.3O O.36 2.47 O.146 O.559 O.2O1
O.45 2.6 O.6 O.2 O.25 O.25 2.O6 O.121 O.495 O.124
U1*U =1= U1P U1= U1=U U1)P )1PO U1UTR U1*=R U1UPS

4
*

(n)

NF
(n)

WF
(n)

#
%

(n
2
)

@
%
(n)
=
%

M
%

(n/s)
L
%

(n
3
/s)
L
*+*23
P L
.]T

^ L
%
(n
3
/s)

O.5O 3.O O.6 O.3O 1.OO O.3OO 2.113 O.634 O.835
O.45 2.6 O.6 O.27 1.OO O.27O 1.969 O.532 O.655
U1*U =1= U1P U1=* )1UU U1=*U )1S=) U1*DR U1OUO

=
=

O.O15
O.O35

(>Q
5
= O.475
n
3
/s), .OK

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-17

IIov Segnenls foi CaIcuIaling Conposile Roughness

Seclion
14.2.4.2


Iiovided dinension of conposile diain:
Top vidlh, NF
ollon vidlh, WF
Deplh, 4
*

Dischaige, L

=

=
=
=
=

5O nn

2.6n
O.6 n
O.45 n
O.655 n
3
/s
(>Q
5
), .OK

Conposile Diain Design Dinensions

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-18 062)&5 2&' "72385
6O 5O 4O 3O 2O 1O 5 4 3 2 1 5 1O 2O 5O 1OO 2OO
OveiIand IIov Tine (nin) Lenglh of OveiIand IIov (n)
I
a
v
e
d

S
u
i
f
a
c
e

(
n

=

O
.
O
1
5
)
a
i
e

S
o
i
I

S
u
i
f
a
c
e

(
n

=

O
.
O
2
7
5
)
I
o
o
i
I
y

C
i
a
s
s
e
d

S
u
i
f
a
c
e

(
n

=

O
.
O
3
5
)
A
v
e
i
a
g
e

C
i
a
s
s
e
d

S
u
i
f
a
c
e

(
n

=

O
.
O
4
5
)
D
e
n
s
e
I
y

C
i
a
s
s
e
d

S
u
i
f
a
c
e

(
n

=

O
.
O
6
O
)
A
v
e
i
a
g
e

S
u
i
f
a
c
e

S
I
o
p
e
O
.
2
O
.
5
1
O
2
O
#$$&-+,W )*1! &W#@$0& X ./#0&.

IiolIen:
Deleinine lhe size of a giassed svaIe lo convey a 1O-yeai ARI ninoi syslen design fIov fion lhe piojecl
Cadangan Mendiiikan Seluah KIinik Kesihalan Taiping - 2 Tingkal (}enis KK2), Daeiah Laiul & Malang,
Ieiak DaiuI Ridzuan.
SoIulion:

ReIevanl
Layoul IIan
DeveIopnenl piojecl aieaZ

Sul-calchnenl aiea, A

Type of Ianduse
=

=

=
2.51 ha

O.2325 ha

Open Spaces
Ciass

TalIe 2.1

Design Chail
2.A1

Lslinale line of concenlialion, *
?
:
OveiIand fIov line, *
+
P 9.-_,&,B
.[T
: [ "
.[%

Wheie: *
+
= OveiIand sheel fIov liaveI line (ninules),
B = OveiIand sheel fIov palh Ienglh (n),
& = Manning's ioughness vaIue foi lhe suiface, and
" = SIope of oveiIand suiface ().

Tine of liaveI ovei suiface, *
+

Say, *
+

=

=
=
=

=
=

1.1 ninules

34.4 n
O.O45
2

12.5 ninules
12.5 ninules

TalIe 1.1 Design of aveiage iecuiience inleivaI (ARI)

= 1O-yeai ARI

Lqualion 2.2

TalIe 1.1

i P
iI
k
(J +0)
q

vheie:
) = lhe aveiage iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi) foi seIecled ARI (N) and
sloin duialion ('),
'Q xQ 0 and p = filling conslanls dependenl on lhe iain gauge Iocalion

=
=

5-yeai ARI
12.5 ninules

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-19
Appendix 2.
TalIe 2.2

R`% , -
.US , -
p
x
%SR , -
U-
S- , .%
: S 9 %TU , R_
0: 9'
N '
)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=
Localion &
Slalion ID
ARI, N
Sloin
duialion
Deiived Iaianeleis
(yeais) ' k u q
ukil Laiul, Taiping
(4511111)
1O 12.5O 87.236 O.165 O.258 O.842

=

242.47 nn/h

Lqualion 2.3

TalIe 2.6

Runoff Lslinalion:

Design IIov,
360
A . I . C
Q =

Wheie: L = peak fIov (n
3
/s),
H = iunoff coefficienl,
?
(nn/hi), and

=
=
=

O.4O
242.47 nn/hi
O.2325 ha

Design IIov,
360
325 242.47x0.2 x 0.40
=
10
Q

=

O.O63 n
3
/s

Sizing foi SvaIes:

TalIe 2.3
Seclion
14.3.5.2
SvaIe cioss-seclion
Mannings ioughness coefficienl, &
SvaIe IongiludinaI sIope, "
Side sIope, X

Deplh,
0
ollon
vidlh,
WF
Side
sIope,
X
Top
vidlh,
NF
Aiea,
#
Wel.
Ieiinelei,
@
HydiauIic
iadius, =
VeIocily,
>
Dischaige,
L
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n
2
) (n) (n) (n/s) (n
3
/s)
O.1O O.6O 3 1.2O O.O9 1.23 O.O7 O.22 O.O2O
U1=U U1PU D )1SU U1=* )1SP U1)D U1D= U1URS
O.25 O.6O 3 2.1O O.34 2.18 O.15 O.37 O.124
O.3O O.6O 3 2.4O O.45 2.5O O.18 O.41 O.182
O.4O O.6O 3 3.OO O.72 3.13 O.23 O.48 O.344

=
=
=
=

TiapezoidaI
O.O35
O.2
3

(>O.O63 n
3
/s)

Seclion
14.2.4.2
Iiovide a nininun fieeloaid

Hence, iequiied svaIe deplh, 0

Iiovided dinension of svaIe: ollon vidlh, WF
Top vidlh, NF
VeIocily, >
Dischaige, L

=

=

=
=
=
=
5O nn

O.25 n

O.6 n
1.8O n
O.37 n/s
O.124 n
3
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

14-2O 062)&5 2&' "72385

Seclion
14.3.5.5
Check fIov veIocily foi svaIe =

(<2 n/s),
.OK
Walei QuaIily Sloin Design:

Appendix 2.
TalIe 2.2

Ioi valei quaIily sloin up lo a 3-nonlh ARI fIov,

O.842
O.165
O.258
6O
12.5O
87.236(5)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
+
=

) (d
T
i


36O
xO.2325 116.85 x O.4O
=
quality water
Q
Localion &
Slalion ID
ARI, N
Sloin
duialion
Deiived Iaianeleis
(yeais) ' k u q
ukil Laiul, Taiping
(4511111)
O.25 12.5O 83.3964 O.3189 O.1767 O.8166

=

=

116.85 nn/h

O.O3O n
3
/s

CaIcuIale fIov deplh and veIocily foi lhe valei quaIily fIov:

TalIe 14.5

SvaIe cioss-seclion
Manning's ioughness coefficienl, &

Deplh,
0
ollon
vidlh,
WF
Side
sIope,
X
Top
Widlh,
NF
Aiea,
#
Wel.
peiinelei,
@
HydiauIic
iadius, =
VeIocily,
>
Dischaige,
L
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n
2
) (n) (n) (n/s) (n
3
/s)
O.11 O.6O 3 1.26 O.1O 1.3O O.O8 O.23 O.O24
O.12 O.6O 3 1.32 O.12 1.36 O.O8 O.24 O.O28
U1)D U1PU D )1DS U1)D )1*= U1UT U1=P U1UDD
O.14 O.6O 3 1.44 O.14 1.49 O.1O O.27 O.O38

=
=

TiapezoidaI
O.O35

(> O.O3O n
3
/s)

Seclion
14.3.5.1O
Check valei quaIily fIov deplh, 0

Check veIocily foi valei quaIily fIov deplh, >
=

=

O.13 n
(< 15O nn),
.OK

O.26 n/s
(< O.5 n/s),
.OK

Ciassed SvaIe Design Dinensions
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

062)&5 2&' "72385 14-21
Ciassed SvaIes

Layoul IIan

LxanpIes of Ciassed SvaIes al Iiojecl Aiea
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
PIPE DRAINS
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

Pipe Drains 15-i
"#$%&'( )* %+%' ,($+-.
15.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 15-1
15.2 LOCATION AND ALICNMLNT .................................................................................... 15-1
15.2.1 Roadvay Reseives. ............................................................................................. 15-1
15.2.2 IiivaleIy Ovned Iiopeilies ............................................................................... 15-2
15.2.3 IulIic Open Space ............................................................................................... 15-2
15.2.5 CIeaiance fion Olhei Seivices .......................................................................... 15-3
15.3 HYDRAULICS IUNDAMLNTALS ................................................................................ 15-3
15.3.1 IIov Type Assunplions ..................................................................................... 15-3
15.3.2 HydiauIic Capacily .............................................................................................. 15-4
15.3.3 The Lneigy and HydiauIic Ciade Lines ........................................................... 15-5
15.3.4 Lneigy Losses ........................................................................................................ 15-6
15.3.4.1 Iiiclion Losses ...................................................................................... 15-6
15.3.4.2 Sliucluie Losses ................................................................................... 15-6
15.3.5 Iieeloaid al InIels and }unclions ...................................................................... 15-1O
15.4 DLSICN CRITLRIA ........................................................................................................... 15-1O
15.6 HCL CALCULATION IROCLDURL ............................................................................. 15-11
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 15-13
AIILNDIX 15.A DLSICN CHART, NOMOCRAIHS AND TALLS ..................................... 15-14
AIILNDIX 15. DLSICN ILOW CHARTS ................................................................................ 15-24
AIILNDIX 15.C LXAMILL - IIIL DRAINS DLSICN ............................................................ 15-25

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-1
R
o
a
d
/
S
l
i
e
e
l I
a
i
k
i
n
g
L
o
l
Olhei
InfIovs
Iils/Diop Sunps
Shopping
Cenlie
MI
Ionds
ManhoIe
Cuil &
Cullei
OulfaII
InIel
)*/) +-&(0,1"&+0-
This Chaplei piovides an inlioduclion and oulIine of lhe design iequiienenl and pioceduies foi pipe diain, a
sulsuiface conduil foi conveying ninoi sloin fIovs fion inpeivious suifaces, such as slieels, paiking Iols,
luiIdings, elc. lo najoi sloinvalei faciIilies vilhin an uilan calchnenl.

Iipe diain syslens aie ieconnended nainIy foi high densily iesidenliaI and conneiciaI/indusliiaI
deveIopnenls vheie lhe use of open diain and svaIes is nol feasilIe and unecononicaI. Since olhei seivices aie
invoIved, iequiienenl foi lhe Iocalions and aIignnenls of pipe diains viII aIso le piovided in lhe design
pioceduie.

The pipes, diffeiing in Ienglhs and sizes, aie connecled ly appuilenanl sliucluies leIov giound suiface (Iiguie
15.1) using pils, junclions oi nanhoIes and olhei nisceIIaneous sliucluies such as liansilions, lends and
lianches.

Iiguie 15.1: LIenenls of Iipe Diainage Syslen
)*/2 30"$&+0- $-, $3+4-5'-&
Slandaidised Iocalions foi sloinvalei pipeIines aie piovided lo Iinil lhe negolialions needed vhen olhei
seivices aie invoIved and peinil ieady Iocalion ly nainlenance cievs.
)*/2/) (67897: (;<;=>;</
TalIe 15.1 piovides lypicaI iequiienenls foi Iocalion of pipe diains and seivices vilhin ioad ieseives, hovevei
lhese nay le vaiied foi diffeienl aulhoiilies. The ieIevanl aulhoiily shouId le consuIled conceining ils
slandaid aIignnenls foi seivices.

In seIecling pipeIine Iocalions, il is necessaiy lo aIso considei inIel Iocalion piefeiences as oulIined in
Chaplei 13.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-2 6)78 092)&5
TalIe 15.1: AIignnenls vilhin Roadvay Reseives
Iipe Dianelei
(nn)
AIignnenl
375 lo 675 undei cuil Iine
75O lo 18OO vilhin nedian sliip, oi
cenlieIine of ioad

)*/2/2 %=?>7@;A: 09B;8 %=6C;=@?;<
Sloinvalei pipeIines aie oflen consliucled in paiaIIeI lo seveis and as lhe seveiage syslen is usuaIIy deepei,
pipes connecling lo sloinvalei lies have Iess piolIens in ciossing ovei lhe sevei.
AIignnenls shaII offsel vilh sufficienl dislance fion luiIding Iines lo aIIov voiking space foi excavalion
equipnenl.
AcceplalIe cenlieIine offsel aIignnenls fion piopeily loundaiies in iesidenliaI, conneiciaI, and indusliiaI
aieas shaII le in accoidance vilh TalIe 15.2.
TalIe 15.2: Offsel Dislance vilhin IiivaleIy Ovned Iiopeilies
Iipe Dianelei
(nn)
Reai
oundaiy
Side
oundaiy
375 lo 45O 1.8n 1.2n (see Nole)
525 lo 675 1.8n 1.5n (see Nole)
Nole: Wheie olhei hydiauIic seivices oi povei poIes aie Iocaled on
lhe sane side of a piopeily loundaiy, lhe cenlieIine of lhe
sloinvalei pipeIine shaII le Iocaled 1.8n fion lhe piopeily
loundaiy.

)*/2/D %EFA?G 0C;B .C7G;
The Iocalion of sloinvalei pipeIines vilhin pulIic Iand such as open space shaII le lioughl lo lhe allenlion of
lhe opeialing Aulhoiily foi consideialion. As a guide, unIess diiecled olheivise, sloinvalei pipeIines shaII le
Iocaled nol Iess lhan 3 n fion lhe neaiesl piopeily loundaiy.
)*/2/H ,=7?B7I; (;<;=>;<
A diainage ieseive shaII le vide enough lo conlain lhe seivice and piovide voiking space on each side of lhe
seivice foi fuluie nainlenance aclivilies. Mininun diainage ieseive vidlhs shaII le in accoidance vilh
TalIe 15.3.
IipeIines up lo and incIuding 675nn dianelei nay le Iocaled vilhin piivaleIy ovned piopeilies if salisfacloiy
aiiangenenls aie nade foi peinanenl access and nainlenance. Laigei dianelei pipeIines shaII le Iocaled
vilhin pulIic open space oi oulside piivaleIy ovned piopeilies in sepaiale diainage ieseives.
Consideialion shouId le given lo lhe nuIli-puipose use of diainage ieseives such as open space oi pedesliian
coiiidois.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-3
TalIe 15.3: Mininun Diainage Reseive Widlhs
Iipe Dianelei, 0
(nn)
Mininun Reseive Widlh
(n)
1&:89* ; <,- = '887
375 lo 45O 2.5
525 lo 675 3.O
75O lo 9OO 3.5
1O5O lo 12OO 3.5
135O lo 18OO nol Iess lhan 3 x 0
1&:89* <,- > ?,- = '887
375 lo 45O 3.5
525 lo 675 4.O
75O lo 9OO 4.5
1O5O lo 18OO nol Iess lhan 4 x 0
Nole: Wheie olhei hydiauIic seivices oi eIecliicily seivices
aie Iaid on lhe sane side of lhe piopeily loundaiy,
lhe iequiied ieseive vidlh shaII le incieased ly
5OO nn lo piovide hoiizonlaI cIeaiance lelveen
seivices.

)*/2/* "A;7=7BG; J=6K 0@L;= .;=>?G;<
Mininun cIeaiances lelveen sloinvalei pipeIines and olhei seivices shaII le in accoidance vilh TalIe 15.4.
The noninaled cIeaiance shouId nake due aIIovance foi pipe coIIais and fillings. SpeciaI pioleclion nay le
piovided lo piolecl seivice ciossings ly conciele encasing lhe sloinvalei pipe foi sufficienl Ienglh lo liidge
lhe liench of lhe olhei seivice.
TalIe 15.4: Mininun CIeaiances
Seivice CIeaiance (nn)
@+9)A+&*23
AII seivices 6OO
B89*)C23
Seveis 15O
Walei Mains 75
TeIephone 75
High Iiessuie Cas 3OO
Lov Iiessuie Cas 75
High VoIlage LIecliicily 3OO
Lov VoIlage LIecliicily 75

)*/D #M,($13+". N1-,$5'-&$3.
)*/D/) NA69 &:C; $<<EKC@?6B<
The design pioceduies piesenled in lhis chaplei assune lhal fIov vilhin pipe diain is sleady and unifoin. The
dischaige and fIov deplh in each pipe segnenl aie lheiefoie assuned lo le conslanl vilh iespecl lo line and
dislance. Ioi piisnalic conduils, lhe aveiage veIocily lhioughoul a segnenl is consideied lo le conslanl.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-4 6)78 092)&5
In acluaI sloin valei diainage syslens, lhe fIov enleiing al each pil is vaiialIe, and fIov condilions aie nol
sleady oi unifoin. Hovevei, since lhe usuaI hydioIogic nelhods enpIoyed in sloin valei diain design aie
lased on conpuled peak dischaiges al lhe leginning of each segnenl, il is geneiaIIy a conseivalive piaclice lo
design using lhe sleady unifoin fIov assunplion.
Tvo design phiIosophies exisl foi sizing sloin valei diains undei sleady unifoin fIov assunplion. The fiisl is
iefeiied lo as open channeI oi giavily fIov design. The pipe segnenls aie sized so lhal lhe valei suiface vilhin
lhe conduil ienains open lo alnospheiic piessuie and lhe fIov deplh lhioughoul lhe conduil is Iess lhan lhe
heighl of lhe conduil. The second is lhe piessuie fIov design vheie lhe fIov in lhe conduil is al a piessuie
giealei lhan alnospheiic. Undei lhis condilion, lheie is no exposed fIov suiface vilhin conduil. The piessuie
head viII le alove lhe lop of lhe conduil and viII nol equaI lhe deplh of fIov in lhe conduil. In lhis case, lhe
piessuie head iises lo a IeveI iepiesenled ly lhe HydiauIic Ciade Line (HCL).
Ioi a given fIov iale, design lased on open channeI fIov iequiies Iaigei conduil sizes lhan lhose sized lased on
piessuie fIov lul il piovides a naigin of safely ly pioviding addilionaI headioon in lhe conduil lo
acconnodale an inciease in fIov alove lhe design dischaige. Hovevei, in silualion vheie lheie is adequale
headioon lelveen lhe conduil and pil/junclion eIevalions lo loIeiale piessuie fIov, significanl cosl savings
nay le ieaIised.
)*/D/2 #:8=7EA?G "7C7G?@:
The fIoviale lhiough a sloin valei pipe depends on lhe upsliean and dovnsliean valei IeveIs, as veII as lhe
pipe chaiacleiislics. SeveiaI fIov fiiclion foinuIas, hovevei, have leen advanced vhich define lhe ieIalionship
lelveen fIov capacily and lhe pipe chaiacleiislics (size, shape, sIope and fiiclion iesislance). The nosl connon
equalions aie fion lhe Manning foinuIa and CoIeliook-While foinuIa. Ioi ciicuIai sloin valei diains
fIoving fuII, Manning foinuIa is ieduced lo iepiesenl lhe foIIovings:
B D E-,<FGH&I 0
-,?G
"
+
-,J
(15.1a)
K D E-,<.%H&I 0
%,?G
"
+
-,J
(15.1l)
0 D LEK &HE-,<.% "
+
-,J
IM
-,<GJ
(15.1c)
vheie,
B = Mean veIocily (n/s),
K = IIov iale (n
3
/s),
0 = CiicuIai pipe dianelei (n),
"
+
= SIope of HCL, and
& = Manning coefficienl.

The CoIeliook-While equalion, iepiesenling lhe fIov nean veIocily is

B D > -,NGL\E%O,0,"IM 3+O
8
LEPH<,G0I QE%,J.uH0\E%O,0,"IM (15.2)
vheie,
" = LongiludinaI sIope of pipe (n/n),
P = Iipe ioughness heighl,
0 = CiicuIai pipe dianelei (n), and
u D Kinenalic viscosily of valei (n
2
/s)
Chail 15.A1 and Chail 15.A2 in Appendix 15.A can le used iespecliveIy foi soIulion of Manning foinuIa and
CoIeliook-While foinuIa foi fIov in ciicuIai conduils. The HydiauIic LIenenls giaph Chail 15.A4 can le used
lo assisl in lhe soIulion of lhe Mannings equalion foi pail fuII fIov in sloin valei diains. TalIes foi lhe
hydiauIic design of pipe, sevei and channeI aie aIso piovided (WaIIingfoid and aii, 2OO6).
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-5
Ku.V
1
/2g
Ku.V
2
/2g
V
2
/2g V
3
/2g
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
5
HCL
LCL
Iail-fuII IIov
(HCL foIIovs
valei suiface)
Receiving
Waleis
Iil 1
Iil 2
Iil 3
Iil 4
Iil 5
VeIocily
)*/D/D &L; 'B;=I: 7B8 #:8=7EA?G 4=78; 3?B;<
The eneigy giade Iine (LCL) is a Iine lhal iepiesenls lhe lolaI eneigy aIong a channeI oi conduil caiiying valei.
TolaI eneigy incIudes eIevalion head, veIocily head and piessuie head.
The hydiauIic giade Iine (HCL) is a Iine coinciding vilh lhe IeveI of valei al any poinl aIong an open channeI.
In cIosed conduils fIoving undei piessuie, lhe hydiauIic giade Iine is lhe IeveI lo vhich valei vouId iise in a
veilicaI lule al any poinl aIong lhe pipe. The HCL is used in deleinining lhe acceplaliIily of a pioposed sloin
valei diainage syslen ly eslalIishing lhe eIevalion lo vhich valei viII iise vhen lhe syslen is opeialing
undei design condilions. The HCL can le deleinined ly sulliacling lhe veIocily head fion lhe LCL, as shovn
in Iiguie 15.2.

Iiguie 15.2: HydiauIic Ciade Line (HCL) and Lneigy Ciade Line (LCL) of Iipe Diainage
(Insl. Lngis., Ausl., 1977)
Iiessuie head is noinaIIy Iosl in lolh pipes and pils due lo fiiclion and luiluIence and lhe foin of lhe HCL is
lheiefoie a seiies of dovnvaid sIoping Iines ovei Iine Ienglhs, vilh sleepei oi veilicaI diops al nanhoIes. In
sone ciicunslances lheie nay le a piessuie gain and lheiefoie a iise in lhe HCL al a sliucluie. In lhese cases
lhe gain shouId le laken inlo accounl in lhe hydiauIic caIcuIalions.
When lhe pipe is nol fIoving fuII, such fIov is consideied as open channeI fIov and lhe HCL is al lhe valei
suiface. When pipe is fIoving fuII undei piessuie fIov, lhe HCL viII le alove lhe olveil of lhe pipe. InIel/pil
oveifIov can occui if lhe HCL iises alove lhe giound suiface.
Iipes vhich fIov undei piessuie nay le Iocaled al any giade and al any deplh leIov lhe HCL vilhoul aIleiing
lhe veIocily and fIov in lhe pipe suljecl lo lhe giade Iinilalions. Hence, pipe giade nay le fIallened lo piovide
covei undei ioads, oi cIeaiance undei olhei seivices, vilhoul saciificing fIov capacily, piovided sufficienl head
is avaiIalIe.
The HCL and lhe Walei Suiface LIevalion (WSL) nusl le leIov lhe suiface IeveI al nanhoIes and inIels, oi lhe
syslen viII oveifIov. This deplh leIov lhe suiface is leined lhe R988S+29'. Mininun fieeloaid iequiienenls
aie specified in lhe design ciileiia in Seclion 15.3.5 and 15.4 The IeveI of lhe HCL foi lhe design sloin appIied
shouId le caIcuIaled al lhe upsliean and dovnsliean side of eveiy inIel oi nanhoIe, al poinls aIong a pipe
ieach vheie olsliuclions, penelialions oi lends occui, oi vheie a lianch joinls.
Il is ieconnended lhal designeis check lhal lhe eIevalion of lhe lolaI eneigy Iine faIIs piogiessiveIy as fIov
passes dovn lhiough lhe diainage syslen. This is an inpoilanl check lhal shouId le undeilaken vheie lhe
diainage syslen is conpIex and vheie lhe configuialion of pipes and sliucluies does nol confoin lo lhe
sliucluie Ioss chails avaiIalIe.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-6 6)78 092)&5
)*/D/H 'B;=I: 36<<;<
Iiioi lo conpuling lhe HCL, aII lhe eneigy Iosses in pipe seclions and junclions nusl le eslinaled. In addilion
lo lhe piincipaI eneigy invoIved in oveiconing lhe fiiclion in each conduil seclion, eneigy oi head is iequiied
lo oveicone changes in nonenlun oi luiluIence al oulIels, inIels, lends, liansilions, junclions and nanhoIes.
)*/D/H/) N=?G@?6B 36<<;<
The head Ioss due lo fiiclion in pipes is conpuled ly lhe ieIalionship Lqualion 15.3a and foi fuII fIov pipe il is
given ly Lqualion 15.3l deiived fion Mannings foinuIa.
T
R
D "
R
U (15.3a)
"R D T
R
H U D EK&H-,<.% 0
%,?G
I
%
U (15.3l)
vheie,
T
R
= Head Ioss in pipe due lo fiiclion (n),
& D Mannings ioughness coefficienl,
U = Lenglh of lhe pipe (n),
"
R
D SIope of HCL,
0 = Dianelei of lhe pipe (n), and
K = Dischaige in lhe pipe (n
3
/s).

The Mannings ioughness coefficienls & and ioughness heighl P foi sone pipe naleiiaI aie given in TalIe 15.5.
TalIe 15.5: Iipe Roughness VaIues
Iipe MaleiiaI & P (nn)
Cosl iion - cenenl Iined O.O11 O.3
Conciele (MonoIilhic) - Snoolh foins O.O12 O.6
Conciele (MonoIilhic) - iough foins O.O15 O.6
Conciele pipe O.O11 O.3
IIaslic Iipe (snoolh) O.O11 O.3
Viliified cIay pipe O.O11 O.3

Iuilhei souices of infoinalion on ioughness vaIues can le found eIsevheie (Iiench, 1985 and Chov, 1959).
)*/D/H/2 .@=EG@E=; 36<<;<
Losses due lo olsliuclions, lends oi junclions in pipeIines nay le expiessed as a funclion of lhe veIocily of
fIov in lhe pipe innedialeIy dovnsliean of lhe olsliuclion, lend oi junclion as foIIovs:
T
5
D V B
+
%
H %O (15.4)
vheie,
T
5
= Head Ioss al sliucluie (n),
V = Iiessuie change coefficienl (dinensionIess), and
B
-
= VeIocily of fIov in lhe dovnsliean pipe (n/s).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-7
Iiessuie change coefficienls V (sonelines iefeiied lo as sliucluie Ioss coefficienls) aie dependenl on nany
faclois, foi exanpIe:
- }unclion, nanhoIe and inIel sliucluie geoneliy,
- Iipe dianeleis change,
- end iadius,
- AngIe of change of diieclion, and
- ReIalive dianelei of olsliuclion elc.

E2I U+5585 2* WX&C*)+&5
Al a junclion vilh an access sliucluie such as nanhoIe oi pil, lhe slalic head Ioss oi piessuie head change,
vhich is lhe diop of lhe HCL al lhe junclion can le caIcuIaled fion,

@ D V
X
B
+
%
H%O (15.5)
vheie,
@ = Iiessuie head change al junclion (n),
V
X
= Iiessuie change coefficienl (dinensionIess), and
B
o
= VeIocily al lhe oulIel pipe.

The vaIue of lhe head Ioss coefficienls, V
X
foi a Iiniled iange of configuialions aie piesenled ly Chail 15.A5 and
Chail 15.A6, pail of lhe 'Missouii Chails. The nain difficuIly in piesenling infoinalion on pil Iosses is lhe
aInosl infinile nunlei of configuialions vhich can occui. The Missouii Chails (Sangslei el aI., 1958) oi siniIai
infoinalion such as lhe chails in lhe QueensIand Uilan Diainage ManuaI, 2OO8 aie loo voIuninous lo piesenl
in lhis nanuaI and lhey shouId le consuIled if a gieal piecision caIcuIalion is iequiied. The design Chail
15.A7(a) and Chail 15.A7(l) is an allenpl lo sinpIify lhe pil Ioss caIcuIalion pioceduie ly MiIIs (OLoughIin
(2OO9)). The dala is giealIy sinpIified and lheiefoie is nol highIy accuiale, and il is nol inlended lhal lhe chail
le used vilh gieal piecision. Though il is nol highIy accuiale, lhe chails piovide ieaIislic head Ioss coefficienls
foi nosl cases. The inpul dala E'H0
+
Y0
X
H0
+
I can le deleinined appioxinaleIy vilhoul lhe need foi ileialion lo
give ieasonalIe vaIue vilh nininun of effoil. Ioi giealei piecision, lhe Ioss coefficienl caIcuIaled ileialiveIy as
Iayoul ly IIovchail 15.1 in Appendix 15. foi design of snaII ielicuIalion syslens vheie lhe vaIues ollained
aie seen nol lo le ciilicaI, lhe Lqualion 15.6 can le used lo eslinale pil Ioss coefficienl K.
V D -,J Q %EK
=
HK
+
I Q ZEK
O
HK
+
I (15.6)
vheie,
K
+
= OulIel fIov iale (n
3
/s),
K
O
= InfIov alove lhe valei IeveI (pipes aie assuned lo fIov fuII) (n
3
/s), and
K
=
= MisaIigned infIovs lhal enleis leIov lhe pil valei IeveI (n
3
/s).

Noles,
- Any pipe infIov lhal is aIigned vilh lhe oulIel vilhin D/4 is assuned nol lo cause Iosses,
- Sulliacl O.5 lo lhe iesuIl of Lqualion 15.6 if (i) lheie aie defIeclois, oi (ii) lhe oulIel dianelei is Iaigei
lhan lhe liggesl inIel, and
- Add 1.O foi opposed inIel.

Laige eneigy Iosses and piessuie changes can le avoided ly allenlion lo sinpIe delaiIs in lhe design and
consliuclion supeivision of pils and nanhoIes (AR & R, 1998). One piincipIe is lo ensuie lhal jels of valei
eneiging fion inconing pipes aie diiecled lo oulIel pipes, ialhei lhan inpinging on pil vaIIs.
HLC - 22 ManuaI (USIHWA, 2OO9) inlioduced ils Ialesl nelhod foi eslinaling Iosses in access hoIes (junclions)
and inIels (pils) ly cIassifying access hoIes and lheii hydiauIic condilions in a nannei anaIogous lo inIel conlioI
and fuII fIov foi cuIveils. The IHWA access hoIe nelhod foIIovs lhiee fundanenlaI sleps:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-8 6)78 092)&5
Slep 1: Deleinine an iniliaI access hoIe eneigy IeveI lased on inIel conlioI (veii and oiifice) oi oulIel conlioI
(pailiaI and fuII fIov) equalions.
Slep 2: Adjusl lhe iniliaI access hoIe eneigy IeveI lased on lenching, infIov angIe (s), and pIunging fIovs lo
conpule lhe finaI caIcuIaled eneigy IeveI.
Slep 3: CaIcuIale lhe exil Ioss fion each infIov pipe and eslinale lhe eneigy giadeIine, vhich viII lhen le used
lo conlinue caIcuIalions upsliean.
Ioi delaiI accounl of lhe nelhod, ieadeis and designeis aie iefeiied lo lhe pulIicalion.
ESI 1&38*5 2&' [X*38*5
Wheie lhe inIel sliucluies is an endvaII (vilh oi vilhoul vingvaIIs) lo a pipe oi cuIveil, an aIIovance foi head
Ioss shouId le nade. TalIe 15.A1 in Appendix 15.A piovides Ioss coefficienls V
8
lo le appIied lo lhe veIocily
head.
T
8
D V
8
B
+
%
H%O (15.7)
vheie,
T
8
= Head Ioss al enliy oi exil (n),
V
8
= Lnliy oi exil Ioss coefficienl, and
V
O
= VeIocily in pipe (n/s).

ECI \8&'5
Undei ceilain ciicunslances il nay le peinissilIe lo defIecl a pipeIine (eilhei al lhe joinls oi using piecasl
nilied seclions) lo avoid lhe cosl of junclion sliucluies and lo salisfy funclionaI iequiienenls. Wheie pipeIines
aie defIecled an aIIovance foi eneigy Ioss in lhe lends shouId le nade. The eneigy Ioss is a funclion of lhe
veIocily head and nay le expiessed as:
T
S
D V
S
B
+
%
H%O (15.8)
vheie,
T
S
= Head Ioss lhiough lend (n), and
V
S
= end Ioss coefficienl = O.OO33 A, vheie A is lhe angIe of cuivaluie in degiees.

VaIues of lend Ioss coefficienls foi giaduaI and nilied lends aie given in lhe Design Chail 15.A8 and TalIe
15.A2 iespecliveIy in Appendix 15.A.
E'I [S5*9XC*)+&5 +9 68&8*92*)+&5
An olsliuclion oi penelialion in a pipeIine nay le caused ly a liansveise (oi neai liansveise) ciossing of lhe
pipe ly a seivice oi conduil e.g. sevei oi valei suppIy. Wheie possilIe, such olsliuclions shouId le avoided as
lhey aie IikeIy souices of lIockage ly deliis and danage lo lhe seivice. To faciIilale lhe ienovaI of deliis, a
nanhoIe shouId le piovided al lhe olsliuclion oi penelialion.
The piessuie change coefficienl V
6
al lhe penelialion is a funclion of lhe lIockage ialio. Design Chail 15.A9 in
Appendix 15.A shouId le used lo deiive lhe piessuie change coefficienl, vhich is lhen appIied lo lhe veIocily
head.
@ D V
7
B
-
%
H %O (15.9)
vheie,
T
7
= Head Ioss al penelialion (n), and
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-9
V
7
= Iiessuie change coefficienl of lhe penelialion.
Wheie a junclion is piovided al an olsliuclion oi penelialion il is necessaiy lo add lhe sliucluie Ioss and lhe
Ioss due lo lhe olsliuclion oi penelialion lased upon lhe veIocily, B in lhe dovnsliean pipe.
E8I 6)78 \92&CT 3+5585
A pipe lianch is lhe conneclion of a IaleiaI pipe lo a Iaigei liunk pipe vilhoul lhe use of junclion (Iiguie 15.3).
The Ioss foi a pipe lianch can le eslinaled ly Lqualion 15.8. AIleinaliveIy lhe foinuIa ieIaling lhe piessuie
Ioss coefficienls and veIocily head al lhe lianch Iines nay pioduce eslinale of Iosses. Design Chail 15.A1O in
Appendix 15.A piovides lhe piessuie Ioss coefficienls.
@
]
D ^LEK
+
B
+
I>EK
X
B
X
I>EK
U
B
U
C+5 0IMHL-,JOE#
+
>#
X
IM_ Q T
X
>T
+
(15.1O)
vheie:
@
]
= ianch Ioss (n),
K
+
Y K
X
YY K
U
= OulIel, inIel, and IaleiaI fIovs iespecliveIy (n
3
/s),
B
+
Y B
XY
B
U
= OulIel, inIel, and IaleiaI veIocilies iespecliveIy (n/s),
T
+Y
T
X
= OulIel and inIel veIocily heads (n),
#
+Y
Y #
X
= OulIel and inIel cioss seclionaI aieas (n
2)
, and
0 = AngIe lelveen lhe infIov liunk pipe and infIov IaleiaI pipe.

Iiguie 15.3: ianch /junclion Line

ERI `92&5)*)+& 3+5585 E(a72&5)+& 2&' b+&*92C*)+&5I
Sudden expansions oi conliaclions in sloinvalei pipeIines shouId noinaIIy le avoided. They nay hovevei
need lo le inslaIIed as pail of a lenpoiaiy aiiangenenl in a syslen leing nodified oi upgiaded, oi in a ieIief
diainage schene.
Lxpansions and conliaclions aIso occui al lhe oulIel and inIel, iespecliveIy, of sloinvalei pipeIines The eneigy
Ioss in expansions oi conliaclions in non-piessuie fIov can le evaIualed using Lqualion 15.11a foi a sudden
conliaclion and Lqualion 15.11l foi sudden expansion,
@
C
D b
X
EB
%
%
H%O cB
.
%
H%OI (15.11a)
@
8
Db
X
EB
.
%
H%O cB
%
%
H%OI (15.11l)
vheie,
b
X
= Lxpansion oi conliaclion coefficienl (Chail 15.A11, Appendix 15.A),
B
.
Y B
%
= VeIocily upsliean and dovnsliean iespecliveIy (n/s), and
O = AcceIeialion due lo giavily, 9.81 n
3
/s.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-1O 6)78 092)&5
The piessuie change due lo lhe expansion oi conliaclion can le deiived using lhe eneigy Ioss coefficienls
deleinined fion lhe Design Chails 15.A11, in Appendix 15.A. The enliance Ioss coefficienl shouId le appIied
lo lhe alsoIule vaIue of lhe diffeience lelveen lhe lvo veIocily heads.
)*/D/* N=;;F67=8 7@ +BA;@< 7B8 OEBG@?6B<
Ioi lhe design of undeigiound diainage syslens a fieeloaid shouId le piovided alove lhe caIcuIaled valei
suiface eIevalion (WSL) lo pievenl suichaiging and lo ensuie lhal uninpeded infIov can occui al guIIy inIels.
The naxinun peinilled WSL shouId aIIov foi lhe head Ioss iesuIling fion suiface infIov lhiough giales elc.
inlo lhe sliucluie leing consideied.
Wheie an appiopiiale chail is nol avaiIalIe il is ieconnended lhal lhe WSL le aililiaiiIy adopled al lhe heighl
alove lhe caIcuIaled HCL (as desciiled in Seclion 15.5) in accoidance vilh Lqualion 15.12:
d"( c @eU D -,< B
X
%
H %O (15.12)
vheie,
B
X
= Upsliean veIocily (n/s).
The fieeloaid ieconnendalions shouId le appIied as delaiIed in TalIe 15.6.
TalIe 15.6: Mininun Iieeloaid Reconnendalions foi InIels and }unclions
Iil Types Iieeloaid
CuIIy pil on Ciade
O.15n leIov inveil of cuil and channeI.
(See Noles 1 and 2).
CuIIy pil in Sag
O.15n leIov inveil of cuil and channeI.
(See Nole 1)
IieId pil O.15n leIov lop of giale oi Iip of pil
}unclion Sliucluie (See Nole 3) O.15n leIov lop of Iid.
Noles:
1. Wheie lhe channeI is depiessed al a guIIy inIel lhe fieeloaid shouId le neasuied fion lhe
lheoielicaI oi piojecled inveil of lhe channeI.
2. Wheie an inIel is Iocaled on giade lhe fieeloaid shouId le neasuied al lhe cenlieIine of lhe guIIy
inIel chanlei.
3. Wheie il is necessaiy foi lhe HCL lo le alove lhe lop of a nanhoIe oi junclion sliucluie, a loIl-
dovn Iid shouId le piovided. This viII, of couise, pievenl lhe use of lhe nanhoIe as an inIel.
)*/H ,'.+4- "(+&'(+$
The design of pipe diainage syslen shouId confoin lo lhe foIIoving ciileiia:
- Iipe aie designed ly a 'HydiauIic Ciade Line (HCL) nelhod using appiopiiale pipe fiiclion Ioss and
sliucluie head Ioss,
- If lhe polenliaI valei suiface eIevalion (in junclion/pil) exceeds O.15n leIov giound eIevalion foi lhe
design fIov, lhe lop of lhe pipe, oi lhe gullei fIov Iine, vhichevei is Iovesl, adjuslnenls aie needed in
lhe syslen lo ieduce lhe eIevalion of lhe hydiauIic giade Iine,
- The naxinun hydiauIic giadienl shouId nol pioduce a veIocily lhal exceeds 6n/s and lhe nininun
desiialIe pipe sIope shouId le 1.O lo piovide seIf cIeansing and fiee fion accunuIalion of siIl,
- Mininun dianelei foi pipe diaining a sloinvalei inIel and ciossing a foolpalh aIignnenl shaII le no
Iess lhan 3OOnn,
- To aIIov foi passage of deliis, lhe nininun dianelei shaII nol le Iess lhan 381nn,
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-11
- Ioi a non-seIf diaining undeipass, lhe pipe shaII le sized foi 1O yeai ARI and shaII nol le Iess lhan
45Onn,
- The naxinun pipe dianelei lo le used depends on lhe avaiIaliIily of pipe fion nanufacluieis.
CuIveils oi nuIlipIe pipes shouId le used in silualion vheie Iaige pipe inleifeiing vilh cIeaiance foi
olhei seivices,
- Cuived sloinvalei pipeIines aie onIy peinilled foi dianeleis 12OOnn and alove, and
- Sloinvalei pipeIines shaII le designed foi a nininun effeclive seivice Iife of 5O yeais.
- The nosl connonIy used design ARI vaIues foi ninoi diainage syslens aie piovided in TalIe 1.1.

The HCL is used lo deleinine lhe acceplaliIily of a pioposed sloinvalei diainage syslen ly eslalIishing lhe
eIevalion lo vhich valei IeveI viII iise vhen lhe syslen is opeialing undei design condilions.
)*/* ,'.+4- %(0"',1('
The sleps geneiaIIy foIIoved in lhe design of pipe diains aie Iisled as foIIovs:
Slep 1: Iiepaie a lenlalive Iayoul pIan foi lhe sloinvalei pipe diainage syslen vhich coveis:
- Localion of sloinvalei diains and inIels oi pils,
- Diieclion of fIov,
- Localion of nanhoIes oi junclion lox, and
- Localion of exisling faciIilies such as valei, gas, oi undeigiound calIes.

The sIope and lhe Ienglh of pipe segnenls aie deleinined. The pipe Ienglhs foi each segnenl aie
enleied in CoIunn 2 in TalIe 15.C3 HydiauIic Design Sheel.
Slep 2: Deleinine diainage aieas, and ly using lhe RalionaI Melhod lhe pil inIel capacilies and lhe design
dischaiges in each pipe in lhe syslen aie eslalIished and enleied inlo CoIunn 3 in TalIe 15.C3.
Assune a liiaI pipe dianelei and caIcuIale lhe fuII pipe veIocily as in CoIunn 5 TalIe 15.C3. CaIcuIale
lhe fiiclion Ioss in pipe segnenl and lhe piessuie/head Ioss in lhe pil (CoIunn 1O TalIe 15.C3).
The pioceduie of ollaining lhe pil inIel capacilies have leen addiessed in Chaplei 13 and lhe RalionaI
Melhod have leen desciiled in Chaplei 2.
Slep 3: Caiiy oul lhe HCL evaIualion pioceduie (Seclion 15.6) foi lhe syslen slailing al a poinl vheie lhe HCL
nay le ieadiIy deleinined, eilhei voiking upsliean fion lhe oulIel oi pioceeding dovnsliean fion a
slailing peinissilIe valei IeveI depending on lhe fIov condilions of lhe syslen.
Slep 4: Check vhelhei lhe design ciileiia in Seclion 15.4 (nininun veIocily/sIope and fieeloaid) aie
conpIied vilh, and caiiy oul lhe necessaiy adjuslnenls.

Slep 5: Il is a good piaclice lo lesl lhe adopled configuialion and pipe sizing vilh dischaige of highei ARI. The
iisk facloi is lheiefoie defined.
)*/P #43 "$3"13$&+0- %(0"',1('
A slep-ly- slep pioceduie foi nanuaI caIcuIalion of lhe HCL using lhe eneigy Ioss nelhod is piesenled in lhis
seclion. HydiauIic Design Sheel TalIe 15.C3 in Appendix 15.C is used in lhe oiganisalion of dala and
caIcuIalions. A singIe Iine on lhe conpulalion sheel is used foi each junclion oi sliucluie and ils associaled
oulIel pipe.
CoIunns 1 lo 6 in TalIe 15.C3 piesenl lhe lasic design infoinalion, vhiIe CoIunns 7 lo 16 aie foi caIcuIalion of
HCL posilion. The ienaining coIunns aie used lo deleinine pipe inveil IeveIs, aIIoving foi hydiauIic
consideialions, covei and posilions of upsliean pipes. Iipes sIope aie caIcuIaled lo check foi sedinenlalion
piolIen. The lalIe ends vilh ienaiks and aclions laken.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-12 6)78 092)&5
Heie lhe sloin diain syslens aie designed lo funclion in a sulciilicaI fIov iegine. In sulciilicaI fIov, pipe and
lhe junclion Iosses aie sunned lo deleinine lhe upsliean HCL IeveIs oi sulliacled lo deleinine lhe
dovnsliean HCL depending vheie ve legin conpulalion.
If supeiciilicaI fIov occuis, pipe and junclion Iosses aie nol caiiied upsliean. When a sloin diain seclion is
idenlified as leing supeiciilicaI, lhe designei shouId advance lo lhe nexl upsliean pipe seclion lo deleinine ils
fIov iegine. The piocess conlinues unliI lhe sloin diain syslen ieluins lo a sulciilicaI fIov iegine (Hec-22,
2OO9). The fIov is supeiciilicaI vhen lhe Iioude Nunlei of lhe fIov is giealei lhan one Ef9g.I oi vhen lhe
noinaI deplh E4
+
I of fIov is Iess lhan ils ciilicaI deplh E4
C
I. Ioi iIIuslialion, lhe HCL conpulalions legin al lhe
oulfaII and aie voiked upsliean laking each junclion inlo consideialion. The HCL al lhe oulfaII, in nosl cases
aie ieadiIy deleinined. Iuilheinoie, lhe head Iosses in pils and junclion aie expiessed as a funclion of lhe
veIocily in lhe dovnsliean pipe.
The HCL conpulalion foi pipe fIov is in accoidance vilh lhe foIIovings:
Slep 1: Idenlify lhe laiIvalei eIevalion E`dI al lhe dovnsliean sloin diain oulIel. If lhe oulIel is sulneiged,
lhe HCL viII coiiespond lo lhe valei IeveI al lhe oulIel. If lhe oulIel is nol sulneiged, lhe HCL aie
conpuled as foIIovs:
- If lhe TW al lhe pipe oulIel is gi ealei lhan E'
C
Q 0IH%, lhe `d eIevalion laken as lhe HCL, and
- If lhe TW al lhe pipe oulIel is Iess lhan E'
C
Q 0IH%, use E'
C
Q 0IH% pIus lhe inveil eIevalion as HCL.
Wheie d
c
is lhe ciilicaI deplh deleinine fion Chail 15.A3 foi ciicuIai conduil.
Slep 2: CaIcuIale fuII fIov veIocily EBI, and hence lhe veIocily head EB
%
H%OI,
Slep 3: Conpule lhe fiiclion sIope E"
R
I foi lhe pipe using Lqualion 15.2l.
Slep 4: Conpule lhe fiiclion Ioss E@
R
I ly nuIlipIying lhe Ienglh EUI ly lhe fiiclion sIope.
Conpule olhei Iosses aIong lhe pipe iun such as lend Iosses ET
S
I, liansilion Conliaclion E@
C
I and
expansion E@
8
I, and junclion Iosses E@
]
I using Lqualions 15.5 lo 15.11, oi use Chails 15.A9 lo 15.A11 in
Appendix 15.A.
Slep 5: Conpule lhe LCL al lhe upsliean end of lhe oulIel pipe as lhe HCL pIus lhe lolaI pipe Iosses pIus lhe
veIocily head.
Slep 6: Lslinale lhe deplh of valei in lhe access hoIe as lhe deplh fion lhe oulIel pipe inveil lo HCL in pipe al
oulIel. Il aIso can le conpuled as LCL ninus lhe pipe veIocily head ninus lhe pipe inveil.
Slep 7: If lhe infIov sloin diain inveil is sulneiged ly lhe valei IeveI in lhe access hoIe, conpule lhe access
hoIe Iosses using Lqualion 15.3 and 15.4. The vaIue of piessuie change coefficienls EV
X
I foi vaiious
configuialions can le ollained fion Chails 15.A5 lo 15.A7 oi Lqualion 15.5. Ileialive caIcuIalion nay
le iequiied in high piecision case lo ollain lhe piessuie change coefficienl, since piessuie Ioss depends
on deplh, IIovchail 15.1 in Appendix 15..
If lhe infIov sloin diain inveil is nol sulneiged ly lhe valei IeveI in lhe access hoIe, lhe head in lhe
nanhoIe is conpuled using cuIveil lechniques, depending vhelhei lhe oulfIov pipe undei oulIel oi
inIel conlioI. Ioi oulIel conlioI, coefficienl ollained fion TalIe 15.A12 in Appendix 15.A.
Slep 8: Conpule lhe LCL al lhe sliucluie ly adding lhe sliucluie Iosses lo LCL al lhe upsliean end of lhe
oulIel pipe (slep 5).
Slep 9: Conpule lhe HCL al lhe sliucluie ly sulliacling lhe veIocily head fion lhe LCL (Slep 8).
TalIe 15.C3 in Appendix 15.C sunnaiised lhe caIcuIalion sleps.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-13
('N'('-"'.
1. Aneiican Sociely of CiviI Lngineeis, ASCL (1992). 085)O& 2&' b+&5*9XC*)+& +R h9S2& "*+9=i2*89 !2&2O8=8&*
"45*8=, ManuaI and Repoil of Lngineeiing Iiaclice No. 77, Nev Yoik.
2. Aigue }.R (196O). j8i "*9XC*X98 R+9 k+2'i24 6)78 bX3:89*, }ouinaI of Inslilule of Lngineeis, AusliaIia, Sydney,
NSW.
3. Iack R.C (1987). @82' U+55 0X8 *+ 2 6)78 1&*8978&8*92*)&O #&+*T89 6)78.
4. ulIei D and Davies }.W (2OO6). h9S2& 092)&2O8 Y 2
nd
Ldilion, Spon Iiess.
5. Chov V.T. (1959). [78& bT2&&83 @4'92X3)C5Y McCiav-HiII ook Conpany, Nev Yoik.
6. D.I.D MaIaysia (2OOO). h9S2& "*+9=i2*89 !2&2O8=8&* !2&X23 f+9 !23245)2,
7. Iiench Richaid H (1985). [78&>CT2&&83 T4'92X3)C5, McCiav-HiII ook Conpany, Nev Yoik.
8. Haie C.M. (1983). (&89O4 U+5585 )& 6)78 "45*8=5 Y Advances in Uilan Diainage Design, Inseaich Lld., NSW
Inslilule of TechnoIogy, Sydney, AusliaIia.
9. Inslilulion of Lngineeis, AusliaIia (1977). #X5*923)2& k2)&R233 2&' kX&+RR>R3++' 2&2345)5 2&' '85)O&Y Canleiia,
ACT.
1O. Inslilulion of Lngineeis, AusliaIia (1998). #X5*923)2& k2)&R233 2&' kX&+RRY Repiinled Ldilion, Canleiia, ACT.
11. MiIIs S.}. and OLoughIin C. (1998). d+9P5T+7 +& h9S2& 6)78' 092)&2O8 "45*8=5, Svinluine Univeisily of
TechnoIogy and Univeisily of TechnoIogy, Sydney.
12. O LoughIin L.M (196O). bX3:89* 1&:85*)O2*)+&5 S4 @4'92X3)C !+'835Y Hailouis and Rivei ianch HydiauIics
Laloialoiy, Depailnenl of IulIic Woiks, Sydney, NSW.
13. OLoughIin C (2OO9). # eX)'8 *+ #X5*923)2& h9S2& "*+9=i2*89 092)&2O8 692C*)C8 Ed+9P5T+7 j+*85I, Anslad Ily
Lld, iislane, AusliaIia.
14. QueensIand Depailnenl of NaluiaI Resouices and Walei (2OO8). KX88&532&' h9S2& 092)&2O8 !2&X23Y %
&'

(')*)+&Y iislane. (1992).
15. Sangslei W.M., Wood H.W., Sneidon L.T., and ossy H.C. (1958). 69855X98 bT2&O85 2* "*+9= 092)& WX&C*)+&5Y
Lngineeiing Seiies uIIelin No.41, Lngineeiing Lxpeiinenl Slalion, Univeisily of Missouii.
16. U.S. IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion (2OO9). h9S2& 092)&2O8 085)O& !2&X23, HydiauIic Lngineeiing
CiicuIai No. 22, 3
id
Ldilion, (S.A. iovn, }.D. SchaII, }.L. Moiiis, C.L. Doheily, S.M. Slein and }.C. Wainei),
NalionaI Highvay Inslilule, AiIinglon, VA and IHWA Office of iidges, Washinglon, DC.
17. WaIIingfoid H.R and aii D.I.H (2OO6). `2S38 R+9 `T8 @4'92X3)C 085)O& +R 6)785Y "8i895 2&' bT2&&835.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-14 6)78 092)&5
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.8
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O8
O.O6
O.O5
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.O1
O.OO8
O.OO6
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

i
n

n

p
e
i

s
6OOO
45OO
3OOO
27OO
24OO
21OO
18OO
15OO
135O
12OO
1O5O
9OO
75O
6OO
525
45O
375
3OO
25O
2OO
15O
1OO
D
i
a
n
e
l
e
i

o
f

I
i
p
e

i
n

n
n
T
u
i
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
O.1O
O.O8
O.O6
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
O.O1
O.OO6
O.OO2
M
a
n
n
i
n
g
'
s

R
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
l
.

n
O.15
O.2
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.7
O.8
O.9
1
2
3
4
5
V
e
I
o
c
i
l
y

i
n

n

p
e
i

s
O.4
O.2
O.1
O.O8
O.O6
O.O4
O.O2
O.O1
O.OO8
O.OO6
O.OO4
O.OO2
O.OO1
O.OOO8
O.OOO6
O.OOO4
O.OOO2
O.OOO1
O.OOOO8
O.OOOO6
O.OOOO4
O.OOOO2
O.OOOO1
O.OOOOO6
O.OOOOO4
S
I
o
p
e

i
n

n

p
e
i

n
$%%'-,+Q )*/$ ,'.+4- "#$(&R -0504($%#. $-, &$S3'.

Chail 15.A1: HydiauIic Design of Iipe- Manning IoinuIa
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-15
1
.
O
O
O
O
.
9
O
O
O
.
8
O
O
O
.
7
O
O
O
.
6
O
O
O
.
5
O
O
O
.
4
O
O
O
.
3
O
O
O
.
2
O
O
O
.
1
6
O
O
.
1
2
O
O
.
1
O
O
O
.
O
9
O
O
.
O
8
O
O
.
O
7
O
O
.
O
6
O
O
.
O
5
O
O
.
O
4
O
O
.
O
3
O
O
.
O
2
O
O
.
O
1
6
O
.
O
1
2
O
.
O
1
O
O
.
O
O
9
O
.
O
O
8
O
.
O
O
7
O
.
O
O
6
O
.
O
O
5
O
.
3
O
O
O
.
O
O
3
O
.
O
O
2
2
5
O
O
O
2
O
O
O
O
1
8
O
O
O
1
6
O
O
O
1
4
O
O
O
1
2
O
O
O
1
O
O
O
O
9
O
O
O
8
O
O
O
7
O
O
O
6
O
O
O
5
O
O
O
4
O
O
O
3
O
O
O
2
O
O
O
1
8
O
O
1
6
O
O
1
4
O
O
1
2
O
O
1
O
O
O
9
O
O
8
O
O
7
O
O
6
O
O
5
O
O
4
O
O
3
O
O
2
O
O
1
8
O
1
6
O
1
4
O
1
2
O
1
O
O
9
O
8
O
7
O
6
O
5
O
4
O
3
O
2
O
1
8
1
6
1
4
1
2
1
O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
65432
1
O
O
9
O
8
O
7
O
6
O
5
O
4
O
3
O
2
25
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
1OO
12O
14O
16O
18O
2OO
3OO
4OO
5OO
6OO
7OO
8OO
9OO
1OOO
12OO
14OO
16OO
18OO
2OOO
25OO
O
.9
O
.8
O
.7
O
.6
O
.5
O
.4
O
.3
O
.2
1
.
2
1
.
6
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
O
1
2
1
6
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
1
2
O
1
6
O
HYDRAULIC CRADILNT ()
D
I
S
C
H
A
R
C
L
,

Q

(
L
/
s
)
D
I
A
M
L
T
L
R
,

D

(
n
n
)
2
VLLOCITY, V (n/s)

Chail 15.A2: HydiauIic Design of Iipes - CoIeliook-While IoinuIa - P = O.3O nn
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-16 6)78 092)&5
1.22n
1.O7n
O.9On
O.76n
O.6On
O.45n
O.3On
dc Cannol Lxceed Top of Iipe
O.9
O.6
O.3
O
O 1 2
3
C
i
i
l
i
c
a
I

D
e
p
l
h
,
d
c

(
n
)
Dischaige, Q (n/s)
2.74n
2.44n
2.13n
1.83n
1.52n
1.22n
2.74n
2.44n
2.13n
C
i
i
l
i
c
a
I

D
e
p
l
h
,
d
c

(
n
)
C
i
i
l
i
c
a
I

D
e
p
l
h
,
d
c

(
n
)
1.8
1.5
1.2
O.9
O.6
O 1O 2O 3O
Dischaige, Q (n/s)
Dischaige, Q (n/s)
4.2
3.6
3.O
2.4
1.8
1.2
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O
4.57n
3.96n
3.35n
2.74n
2.4
2.1
1.2
O.9
O.6

Chail 15.A3: CiilicaI Deplh in CiicuIai Iipe
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-17
1OO
9O
8O
7O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
O
O 1O 2O 3O 4O 5O 6O 7O 8O 9O 1OO 11O 12O 13O
W
e
l
l
e
d

I
e
i
i
n
e
l
e
i
A
i
e
a
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
H
y
d
i
a
u
I
ic
R
a
d
iu
s
V
e
I
o
c
i
l
y
D
e
p
l
h

O
f

I
I
o
v

(
I
e
i
c
e
n
l
)
Ieicenl Of VaIue Ioi IuII seclion (appiox.)
O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O 1.1 1.2
O.6
O.3
O
-O.2
O
O.2
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
d/Do=1.5
d/Do=2.O
d/Do=3.O
SuppIenenlaiy Chail foi Modificalion of Ku
foi Deplh in InIel olhei lhan 2.5Do
Q
g
/Qo
I
n
c
i
e
n
e
n
l

o
f

K
u
any Do
Du/Do
2.O
1.5
1.O
O.5
O
-O.5
-1.O
-1.5
-2.O
-2.5
O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O 1.1 1.2
Q
g
/Qo
Du/Do
O.5
O.5
O.4
O.6
O.3
O.7
O.2
O.8
O.1
O.9
O.O
1.O
D
u
Do
Q
g
Iiessuie Change
Coefficienls foi
d/Do =2.5 & A/Du =2.O
A
LIevalion
d
I
i
e
s
s
u
i
e

C
h
a
n
g
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
l

K
u
I
o
s
i
l
i
v
e
N
e
g
a
l
i
v
e
Ralio Dianelei Upsliean Iipe lo Dianelei OulfaII Du/Do
See alove foi olhei d/Du
Olhei vaIues of A/Du
have IillIe effecl on Ku
H
Qu
Qo
Q
g
/Qo

Chail 15.A4: HydiauIic LIenenl Chail

Chail 15.A5: Iiessuie Change Coefficienl foi ReclanguIai InIel vilh Thiough Iipe and Ciale IIov
(Sangslei el aI, 1958)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-18 6)78 092)&5
1.O
O.5
O
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
d
/
D
o

=
1
.
5
Q
g
/Qo
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
Q
g
/Qo
1.O
O.5
O
d
/
D
o
=
2
.
O
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
Q
g
/Qo
O.2
O.4
O
d/Do=2.5 oi noie
O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O 1.1 1.2 1.3
Du/Do
SuppIenenlaiy Chail foi Modificalion
of Ku & K
L
foi Ciale IIov
2.O
1.5
1.O
O.5
O
-O.5
-1.O
-1.5
O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O 1.1 1.2 1.3
Qu /Qo
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.7
O.8
O.9
Qu + Q
L
+ Q
C
= Qo
Q
C
Qu
Q
L
Qo
Ralio Dianelei Upsliean Iipe lo Dianelei OulfaI Du/Do
I
n
c
i
e
n
e
n
l
s

o
f

K
u

&

K
L
I
i
e
s
s
u
i
e

C
h
a
n
g
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
l
s

K
u

&

K
L
Iiessuie coefficienl
foi no fIov lhiu giale.
Ioi giale fIov add vaIues
fion appiopiiale
cuive alove.
h
L
=hu=KuUo
2
2
g

Chail 15.A6: Iiessuie Change Coefficienls foi ReclanguIai InIels vilh In-Iine Upsliean Main and 9O
o
LaleiaI Iipe (vilh oi vilhoul giale fIov), (Sangslei el aI, 1958)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-19
2g
D
O
Q
O
Du
K
usj
O.2
O
-1
-2
-3
O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1
D
O
=Du+75:Du 15O 225 375 6OO
Du
D
O
D
O
=Du+15O:Du 3OO 45O 75O 12OO
Ciaph 2 K
usj
Wilh giale: add 6Q
g
/Q
O
K
L
=1.8 K
L
=1.3
VeilicaI defIecloi
Wilh diop: K
L
=2
Wilh giale: add Q
g
/Q
O
if d/D
O
>2
add 2Q
g
/Q
O
if d/D
O
<2
If D
O
=D
L
: K
L
=1.1
If D
O
=D
L
: K
L
=1.1 + 1/2(K
usj
)
Q
g
Nolalion
SynloIs
Q dischaige
D dianelei
d deplh
v veIocily
K headIoss coefficienl
H slalic headIoss = KV/2g
l pipe diop (al alveil)
O
Sulciipls
o oulIel
u upsliean
L IaleiaI
g gialing oi
cuil inIel
hv highei veIocily
Iv Iovei veIocily
n neai (lo oulIel)
f fai
sj sliaighl junclion
Ciale Oi InIel
Alove Iil
Walei LeveI
(iadius > D
O
/8)
If K>O.5, ieduce ly O.2
D
O
iadius
Sliaighl }unclion
Wilh Diop:
9O }unclion
Rounded OulIel-Iipe Lnliance
Du=
K
g
Q
O
2
2g
d
H
C
L
D
O
Q
O
K
g
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
d/D
O
Ciaph 1 K
g
D
O
l
D
O
Ku
2
1
2 4
l/D
O
WeII-AIigned:
Ku
V
O
2

Chail 15.A7(a): Iil Slalic Head Loss Coefficienls

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-2O 6)78 092)&5
45 }unclion
Ku = O.6 +
1
2
K
usj
Ku = 2.1
Wilh giale: add Q
g
/Qo if d/Do>2
add 2Q
g
/Qo if d/Do<2
Sliaighl }unclion Wilh 9O LaleiaI
Opposed InIels
Opposed Offsel InIels
Conpound 9O Milie end (SpIayed) Milie end
VeilicaI
defIecloi
D
L
Do
Du
Qu/Qo
If Do>Du : add
1
2
(Qu/Qo)(K
usj
)
(acluaIIy ieduces K)
Wilh giale: add Q
g
/Qo if d/Do>2
add 2Q
g
/Qo if d/Do<2
VeilicaI
defIecloi
Do K
hv
=1.8
Wilh giale : no change.
Wilh defIecloi : sulliacl O.3, and
VeilicaI defIecloi
Dn
D
O
D
f
Dn +D
f
Qn is Q
hv
:
Kn
1.6
K
f
1.9
Qn is Q
1v
: 1.6 2.4
Wilh giale : add O.2
Wilh defIecloi : sulliacl O.3
D d
3x3O
4x22
5x18
elc.
K
-4
-2
2 4
a/D
K
1.5
1.O
-5
45 9O
2
K
1v
>2
Qo=Qu
.3 .6 .9 1.O
1.8 1.3 .5 .2 no defIecloi: Ku=K
L
=
1.4 1.O .4 .2 vilh defIecloi: Ku=K
L
=
Q
hv
/Qo .3 .6 .9
1.5 2.O 3.O Do=D
hv
:K
1v
=
1.5 3.O 4.5 Do>D
hv
:K
1v
=
1

Chail 15.A7(l): Iil Slalic Head Loss Coefficienl

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-21
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O O.2 O.4 O.6 O.8 1.O
O
.
1
O
.
2
O
.
3
O
.
4
O
.
5
O
.
6
O
.
7
d
/
D

V
a
I
u
e
s
D
d
hc
D
d
hc
(
h
c
/
D
)
Iockage Ralio
1OO.O
1O.O
1.O
O.1O
O.O1
O O.2 O.4 O.6 O.8 1.O
Iockage Ralio
H
e
a
d

L
o
s
s

&

I
i
e
s
s
u
i
e

C
h
a
n
g
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
e
n
l

(
K
p
)

Chail 15.A8: end Loss Coefficienls Souice( D.O.T., 1992)

Chail 15.A9: Ienelialion Loss Coefficienls (Iack, 1987)

R
a
d
i
u
s

o
f
C
u
i
v
a
l
u
i
e

(
i
)
i
/
D
=
2
i
/
D
>
6
D
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 9O 1OO
L
o
s
s

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
l
DefIeclion AngIe in Degiees
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-22 6)78 092)&5
d
D
Sudden
Lxpansion
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
L
n
e
i
g
y

L
o
s
s

C
o
e
f
f
i
e
n
l

C
u
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O
1.O O.8 O.6 O.4 O.2 O.O
Lxpansion & Conliaclion Ralio d/D
O.4
d
D
Sudden
Conliaclion
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O
O.O O.1 O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O
9O
U
O
9
.O
8
O 7
.O
6
.O
5
.O
4
.O
3
.O
2
.5
2
.O
1
.
5
O
.
8
O
.
8
O
.
6
O
.
4
O
.
2
O
.
O
-
O
.
2
-
O
.
4
-
O
.
5
IIov Ralio Q
L
/Qo
A
L
/
A
o

o
i

(
D
L
/
D
o
)
K
L
O
.
2
O
.
3
O
.
4
O
.
5
O
.5
5
O.6
O.7
O.8
O.9
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O
O.O O.1 O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O
9O
U O
K
u
IIov Ralio Q
L
/Qo
A
L
/
A
o

o
i

(
D
L
/
D
o
)

Chail 15.A1O: Iiessuie Loss Coefficienls al ianch Lines Souice

Chail 15.A11: Lxpansion and Conliaclion Loss Coefficienls
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-23

TalIe 15.A1: Lnliance Loss Coefficienls

Nole : Refei Aigue (196O) and OLoughIin (196O)

TalIe 15.A2: Iiessuie Loss Coefficienl al Milied Iillings (ARR, 1987)
Type V
S

9O
o
doulIe nilied lend
6O
o
doulIe nilied lend
45
o
singIe nilied lend
22.5
o
singIe nilied lend
O.47
O.25
O.34
O.12

Type of Sliucluie and Lnliance Design Coefficienl V
8

Conciele Iipe
Iiojecling fion fiII, sockel end (gioove end)
Iiojecling fion fiII, squaie cul end
HeadvaII oi headvaII and vingvaIIs:
Sockel end of pipe (gioove end)
Squaie edge
Rounded (iadius = D/12)
Milied lo confoining lo fiII sIope
Lnd seclion confoining lo fiII sIope
Hooded inIel piojecling fion headvaII

O.2
O.5

O.2
O.5
O.2
O.7
O.5
See nole
Coiiugaled MelaI Iipe
Iiojecling fion fiII (no headvaII)
HeadvaII oi headvaII and vingvaII squaie edge
Milied lo confoin lo fiII sIope
Lnd seclion confoining lo fiII sIope

O.9
O.5
O.7
O.5
Reinfoiced Conciele ox
HeadvaII paiaIIeI lo enlanknenl (no vingvaIIs)
Squaie edges on 3 edges
Rounded on 3 edges lo iadius of 1/12 laiieI dinension
WingvaIIs al 3O
o
lo 75
o
lo laiieI
Squaie edged al ciovn
Ciovn edge iounded lo iadius 1/12 laiieI dinension
WingvaIIs al 1O
o
lo 25
o
lo laiieI
WingvaIIs paiaIIeI (exlension of sides)

O.5
O.2

O.4
O.2

O.5

O.7
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-24 6)78 092)&5
$%%'-,+Q )*/S ,'.+4- N30T "#$(&.

IIovchail 15.1: Iioceduie foi K
u
and K
v
CaIcuIalion

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-25
Ciass O.1O4ha Veige O.O48ha
O.1O4ha
ScaIe 1:1OOO
O 1O 2O 3O 4O 5O
O.162ha
O.O97ha O.O97ha O.O62ha
O.O97ha
Seivice Slalion
O.35ha
Houses O.39ha
IIals
O.456ha
O.456ha
IIals
O.48Oha
IIals
29.6O
29.66
24.65
C
u
I
v
e
i
l
O.O19
ha
S
T
.
2
4
.
8
2
2
O
.
9
5
1
2
3
4
6
5
2
9
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8 2
9
3
O 3
1 3
2
T
i
u
n
k

D
i
a
i
n
$%%'-,+Q )*/" 'Q$5%3' U %+%' ,($+-. ,'.+4-
IiolIen:
Il is iequiied lo eslinale lhe size and sIope of lhe pioposed pipe syslen lo dischaige lhe suiface iunoff fion an
uilan aiea as shovn in Iiguie 15.C1. The Ianduses of lhe aiea conpiise of high densily iesidenliaIs, ioads, open
space and a seivice slalion. Thiough hydioIogic dala anaIysis peifoined fion each pils lhe fIov iales in lhe
pioposed pipeIines aie eslinaled foi design use. Iils IeveI and pipe segnenl fIov iales aie given in TalIe 15.C1
and 15.C2, iespecliveIy.
TalIe 15.C1: The Iioposed LeveIs al Iils.
Iil No. Suiface LeveI (n)
1
2
3
4
5
6
28.O2
26.23
24.51
24.48
24.38
24.38

TalIe 15.C2: Lslinaled IIov Rales
Iipe Segnenl IIov Rales (L/s)
1 - 2
2 - 4
3 - 4
4 - 5
5 - 6
167
243
56
375
451

Iiguie 15.C1: Iioposed Iipe Diains Layoul
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-26 6)78 092)&5
Lenglh L |2j
Iil
Iiessuie
Change
Ku V
O
2
/2g |1Oj
Suiface
LIevalion |7j
Q
C
Iieeloaid
Iil Walei
LeveI |8j
HCL LeveI
al U/S Iil
|11j Iiiclion SIope
S
f
|12j
V
O
2
/g |6j
Dianelei
D
O
|4j
Iipe SIope
S
O
|24j
Covei Deplh
(lo inveil)
Iil Diop
Iil Lneigy
Loss
Iiiclion Loss
f L/D V
O
2
oi S
f
L
|13j
|23j
|14j
|16j
|15j
|2Oj
Qu
Q
O
|3j
V
O
|5j
H
C
L
T
L
L
Olveil
Inveil
Nunlei In iackel
ReIale lo CoIunns
In TalIe 15.C4
Suiface
LIevalion
SoIulion:
The caIcuIalion slails al lhe upsliean pil and noves dovnsliean. Iiguie 15.C2 shovs a pipe ieach on vhich
fealuies aie idenlified and Iinked lo vaiious coIunn of lhe caIcuIalion sheel in TalIe 15.C3. CoIunn 1 lo 6
piesenl lhe lasic design infoinalion, vhiIe CoIunn 7 lo 16 aie foi caIcuIalion of lhe hydiauIic giade Iine (HCL)
posilion. The ienaining coIunns aie used lo deleinine pipe inveil IeveIs, aIIoving foi hydiauIic
consideialions, covei and posilions of upsliean pipes. Iipes sIopes aie caIcuIaled lo check foi sedinenlalion
piolIens. The caIcuIalion sleps aie given leIov.
The caIcuIalion slail al lhe upsliean pil vilh a liiaI pipe dianelei of 381 nn leing seIecled. This dianelei is
noinaIIy specified as nininun dianelei lo aIIov foi passage of deliis. The fieeloaid of O.15n leIov lhe
suiface IeveI is adopled foi valei IeveIs in pils.

Iiguie 15.C2: Iipe Reach Shoving Iealuies Idenlified in CaIcuIalions

Refeiences CaIcuIalion Oulpul

Rov 1
CoIunn 1 : IipeIine 1-2

CoIunn 2 : Iipe Ienglh U = 54.8 n

CoIunn 3 : Design IIov iale
K
.>%
= O.167 n
3
/s

CoIunn 4 : TiiaI dianelei
0
.>%
= O.381 n

CoIunn 5 : IuII pipe veIocily
B D KH# = O.167/ O.114

A=
: D
2
4
=
:x(O.381)
2
4
=O.114n
2

B = 1.465n/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-27

Chail 15.A7(a)

Lqualion 15.4

Lqualion 15.2

CoIunn 6 : V
2
/2g = 1.465
2
/2g

CoIunn 7 : u/s Iil Suiface = 28.O2 n

CoIunn 8 : AIIovalIe valei IeveI in u/s Iil
(CoIunn 7 - fieeloaid) = u/s Iil
Suiface - Iiee loaid (O.15 n) = 28.O2 - O.15

CoIunn 9 : To find Iiessuie change
coefficienl V
X

Assune deplh in pil, d = 1.O

d/D
O
= 1/O.381 = 2.63

CoIunn 1O: H = AI/= K
u
V
2
/2g = 4.O x O.1O9
HeadIoss in pil, H = O.438n

CoIunn 11: HCL = CoIunn 8 - CoIunn 1O
= 27.87 - O.438

CoIunn 12: HCL SIope (S
f
) foi unifoin
sulciilicaI fIov fion Mannings oi
CoIeliook-While equalion oi
chails.

Using Lqualion 15.2, P = O.3nn, K = 167 L/s
B = 1.465 n/s
0 = 381 nn

CoIunn 13: Iiiclion eneigy Ioss
T
R.>% D
"
R
a U = O.OO553 x 54.8

CoIunn 14: HCL al lhe d/s pil
= HCL al Iil 1 - h
f

= 27.432 - O.3O3

CoIunn 15 : Suiface IeveI al lhe d/s pil

CoIunn 16 : AIIovalIe valei suiface in d/s
pil
(Iil 2) is lhe Iovei of
(i) Suiface IeveI - fieeloaid =
26.23 - O.15 = 26.O8n oi
(ii) HCL al pil = 27.129n

CoIunn 17 : CaIcuIalion of pipe inveil IeveI
foi lhe u/s Iil (Iil 1) ly
hydiauIic iequiienenl,
coIunn 11 - coIunn 4
= 27.432 - O.381 = 27.O51n

CoIunn 18: CaIcuIalion of inveil IeveI foi
lhe u/s Iil (Iil 1) ly covei
iequiienenl, CoIunn 7- covei
deplh

B
%
H%O = O.1O9n

u/s Iil Suiface = 28.O2 (Iil 1)

WL in Iil 1 = 27.87n

K = K
g
= K
u
= K
v
= 4.O

@ = O.438n

HCL = 27.432n al Iil 1

"
R
= O.553
= O.OO553n/n

T
R.>%
= O.3O3n

HCL al Iil 2 = 27.129n

d/s Iil Suiface = 26.23n

WL al pil 2 = 26.O8n

u/s inveil IeveI (Iil 1)
HydiauIic iequiienenl =
27.O51n

u/s inveil IeveI (Iil 1) covei
iequiienenl = 27.OO7n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

15-28 6)78 092)&5

(Nole : covei deplh = deplh fion suiface lo
pipe ciovn + pipe lhickness + inleinaI
dianelei)

= 28.O2 - O.6 - O.O32 - O.381
= 27.OO7n

CoIunn 19 : u/s Iil inveil IeveI ninus any
aIIovance foi sIope acioss lhe
Iil, (diop)
|Nole : Reconnended diop acioss pil = O.O3nj

CoIunn 2O : Adopled u/s Iil inveil, ie lhe
Iovesl of |17j, |18j and |19j

CoIunn 21 : d/s pil inveil IeveI lased on
hydiauIic iequiienenl.
CoIunn 16 - CoIunn 4
= 26.O8 - O.381
= 25.699 n

CoIunn 22 : d/s pil inveil IeveI lased on
covei iequiienenl.
CoIunn 15 - covei
= 26.23 - O.6 - O.O32 - O.381
= 25.217 n

CoIunn 23 : Adopled d/s pil inveil IeveI, i.e
lhe Iovei of lhe vaIues in CoIunns 21 & 22

CoIunn 24 : CaIcuIale lhe pipe
1-2
SIope
= (CoIunn 2O-CoIunn 23)
/Lenglh
= (27.OO7 - 25.217)/54.8
= O.O327

CoIunn 25 : Renaiks

Nole :
(1) The piocess aie iepealed foi Iipe 2-4,
3-4,4-5 and 5-6 and lhe iesuIls aie
shovn in TalIe 15.C3.

(2) The assunplions nade duiing
caIcuIalion shouId nov le ie-checked.
The assuned vaIues of S and S/D
o
in
lhis exanpIe veie ieasonalIe. If nol,
lhey shouId le anended and lhe
caIcuIalions iepealed.

no diop on sIope of Iil 1

Adopled u/s Iil inveil IeveI
(Iil 1) = 27.OO7n

d/s Iil inveil IeveI ly
hydiauIic iequiienenl =
25.699n

d/s pil inveil IeveI ly covei
iequiienenl = 25.217n

Adopled d/s inveil IeveI (Iil
2) = 25.217n

Iipe
1-2
SIope = O.327n/n

Iipe IeveIs sel ly covei
consideialions

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)78 092)&5 15-29
TalIe 15.C3: HydiauIic Design Sheel

|1j |2j |3j |4j |5j |6j |7j |8j |9j |1Oj |11j
Iipe
Lenglh
L
(n)
Design
IIov-
iale
Q
(L/s)
TiiaI Iipe
Dianelei
D
(n)
IuII
Iipe
VeIocily
V
(n/s)
V
2
/2g
(n)
U/S
Suiface
LeveI
(n)
U/S Iil
Walei
LeveI
Linil*
(n)
Iil
Iiessuie
Change
Coeff.
k
u
oi k
v

k.V
2
/2g
(n)
|9j x |6j
HCL
Al U/S
Iil
(n)
|8j - |1Oj
1-2 54.8 167 O.381 1.465 O.1O9 28.O2 27.87O 4.O O.438 27.432
2-4 55.O 243 O.381 2.131 O.232 26.23 26.O8O O.2 O.O46 26.O34
3-4 18.4 56 O.381 O.491 O.O12 24.51 24.36O 4.5 O.O55 24.3O5

4-5 56.2 375 O.381 3.289 O.552 24.48 24.292 O.5 O.276 24.O16

O.457 2.286 O.267 24.48 24.292 O.3 O.O8O 24.212
5-6 17.O 451 O.457 2.75O O.386 24.38 23.615 1.7 O.656 22.959

O.533 2.O21 O.2O8 24.38 23.615 1.5 O.313 23.3O2

TalIe 15.C3: HydiauIic Design Sheel (Conl.)

TalIe 15.C3: HydiauIic Design Sheel (Conl.)

|1j |12j |13j |14j |15j |16j |17j |18j |19j |2Oj
Iipe
HCL
SIope
S
f
(n/n)
Iipe
Iiiclion
Loss
S
f
. L
|12j x |2j
HCL
Al D/S
Iil (n)
|11j-|13j
D/S
Iil
Suiface
LeveI
(n)
D/S
Iil
Walei
LeveI
Linil**
(n)

HydiauIic
|11j-|4j

Covei
|7j - covei

U/S
Iipe
|23j - diop
(O.O3n)

Adopled
Lovesl
of
|17j|18j
& |19j
1-2 O.OO553 O.3O3 27.129 26.23 26.O8O 27.O51 27.OO7 - 27.OO7
2-4 O.O1158 O.637 25.397 24.48 24.33O 25.653 25.217 25.187 25.187
3-4 O.OOO66 O.O12 24.292 24.48 24.292 23.924 23.497 - 23.497

4-5 O.O273O 1.536 22.48O 24.38 22.48O 23.635 23.467 23.283 23.283
O.O1O63 O.597 23.615 24.38 23.615 23.755 23.385 23.283 23.283
5-6 O.O1531 O.26O 22.699 24.38 22.699 22.5O2 23.285 22.691 22.5O2
O.OO69O O.117 23.185 24.38 23.185 23.769 23.2O5 22.691 22.691
** Lovei of |14j oi (|15j - Iieeloaid)
|1j |21j |22j |23j |24j |25j

Iipe

HydiauIic
|16j-|4j
Covei
|15j- covei

Adopled
Lovei of
|21j & |22j

Iipe
SIope S
o
|2Oj-|23j
|2j
Renaiks
1-2 25.699 25.217 25.217 O.O327 Iipe IeveIs sel ly covei consideialion
2-4 23.949 23.467 23.467 O.O313 Covei sliII conlioIs
3-4 23.911 23.467 23.467 O.OO16 Too fIal - adjusl lo 1 sIope

23.313 O.O1OO

4-5 22.O99 23.367 22.O99 O.O211 Use 457nn, lul adjusl lo 1 sIope
23.158 23.285 23.158 O.OO22

22.721 O.O1OO

5-6 22.242 23.285 22.242 O.O153 Use 533nn and adjusl lo 1 sIope
22.652 23.2O5 22.652 O.OO23

22.521 O.O1OO

U/S Inveil LeveIs (n)
D/S Inveil LeveIs (n)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
ENGINEERED CHANNEL
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

16-i
!"#$%&' )* &+,-+&&'&. !"#++&/
16.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 16-1
16.1.1 Advanlages ........................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.2 Disadvanlages ...................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.3 Lngineeied ChanneI Types ................................................................................ 16-1
16.2 DLSICN CONSIDLRATIONS AND RLQUIRLMLNTS ............................................... 16-1
16.2.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.2.2 Localion ................................................................................................................. 16-2
16.3 DLSICN CRITLRIA ........................................................................................................... 16-3
16.3.1 Design Sloin ........................................................................................................ 16-3
16.3.2 Reseive .................................................................................................................. 16-3
16.3.3 Iieeloaid .............................................................................................................. 16-4
16.3.4 Access Requiienenls ........................................................................................... 16-4
16.3.5 LongiludinaI SIope .............................................................................................. 16-4
16.3.6 Design VeIocily .................................................................................................... 16-4
16.3.7 Side SIope .............................................................................................................. 16-4
16.3.8 Diop Sliucluies .................................................................................................... 16-4
16.3.9 Roughness Coefficienl ......................................................................................... 16-5
16.3.1O Safely Requiienenls ............................................................................................ 16-5
16.4 NATURAL CHANNLL ..................................................................................................... 16-5
16.5 CRASSLD CHANNLL ...................................................................................................... 16-7
16.5.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 16-7
16.5.2 Ceoneliy .............................................................................................................. 16-7
16.5.3 Ciass Covei .......................................................................................................... 16-8
16.5.4 Lov IIov Iiovision ............................................................................................ 16-8
16.6 LINLD AND COMIOSITL CHANNLL ......................................................................... 16-9
16.6.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 16-9
16.6.2 Ceoneliy .............................................................................................................. 16-9
16.6.3 SupeieIevalion...................................................................................................... 16-9
16.7 LROSION AND SCOUR IROTLCTION ........................................................................ 16-1O
16.7.1 CeneiaI .................................................................................................................. 16-1O
16.7.2 The Iioude Nunlei ............................................................................................ 16-11
16.7.3 Iioleclion Measuies ............................................................................................ 16-11
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 16-13
AIILNDIX 16.A LXAMILL - CRASSLD CHANNLL ............................................................. 16-15

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(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-1
)*0) -+%'1.2!%-1+
Diainage shouId le designed in an enviionnenlaIIy iesponsilIe vay lo nininise disiuplion of lhe naluiaI
enviionnenl of lhe nalions slieans and channeIs.
Lngineeied channeIs aie a piefeiied neans of neeling lhe alove oljeclive ly pioviding a diainage syslen lhal
is noie cIoseIy iesenlIes naluiaI slieans. The void engineeied in lhe lilIe indicales lhal lhe channeIs aie
caiefuIIy designed lo achieve lhis condilion.
Lngineeied channeIs is one of lhe conponenls foi lhe najoi diainage syslen designed lo coIIecl and convey
fIovs fion lhe ninoi diainage syslen and lo piovide foi lhe safe passage of Iaigei fIovs up lo lhe najoi
design sloin.
)*0)0) #34567589:
In uilan sellings, a vide vaiiely of oplions aie used foi Iining engineeied channeIs. AIlhough lhese engineeied
channeIs aie noie coslIy lhan lhe use of vegelalion, lul lhey do offei advanlages such as slaliIily undei highei
veIocilies and can accepl iunoff innedialeIy aflei consliuclion.
)*0)0; .<:534567589:
Lngineeied channeIs vilh a noie naluiaI foin viII convey fIovs Iess efficienlIy lhan liadilionaI sliaighl-Iined
channeIs. As a iesuIl, a naluiaI-foin engineeied channeI viII iequiie a Iaigei cioss-seclionaI aiea lo convey lhe
sane fIov. Ciassed channeIs geneiaIIy need suilalIe soiIs foi vegelalion and adequale aiea foi inslaIIalion. Il is
ciilicaI duiing lhe vegelalive eslalIishnenl peiiod lo iesliicl oulside valei fion fIoving lhiough lhe channeI.
Theiefoie, il nay le necessaiy lo deIay consliuclion unliI lhe engineeied channeI is veII eslalIished. Ciassed
valeivays aie aIso used as fiIleis lo ienove sedinenl, lul nay sonelines Iose lheii effecliveness vhen lheie is
excessive sedinenl luiId up in lhe engineeied channeI.
)*0)0= &68<699>93 !?5669@ %AB9:
The lypes of engineeied channeIs avaiIalIe foi uilan diainage syslens aie aInosl infinile, depending onIy
upon good hydiauIic piaclices, enviionnenlaI design, socioIogicaI inpacl, and lasic piojecl iequiienenls.
Hovevei, fion a piaclicaI slandpoinl, lhe lasic choice lo le nade iniliaIIy is vhelhei oi nol lhe engineeied
channeI is lo le a haid-Iined one foi highei veIocilies, a giassed channeI, oi a naluiaI channeI aIieady exisling.
The foIIoving lypes shovn in TalIe 16.1 aie appIicalIe in uilan aieas.
)*0; .&C-,+ !1+C-.&'#%-1+C #+. '&D2-'&E&+%C
)*0;0) ,969>5@
The design of consliucled engineeied channeIs shouId, vheievei piaclicalIe, ninic lhe naluiaI sliean foins in
lhe innediale iegion. The foIIoving shaII le consideied foi lhe successfuI nanagenenl of aqualic, epheneiaI
and leiiesliiaI enviionnenls aIong consliucled channeIs (MeIlouine Walei, 2OO9):

lhe capacily and hydiauIic funclions of lhe channeI,
an inlegialed appioach lo pIanling and hydiauIic pIanning lo pievenl oi ieduce fIooding,
consideialion of ioughness issues and polenliaI inpacls on IocaIised fIooding vheie Mannings & vaIues
aie incieased due lo excessive use of shiuls in ievegelalion,
pIanling foi lhe puipose of niligaling piolIens associaled vilh incieased fIovs iesuIling fion giealei
inpeivious suifaces due lo uilan deveIopnenl (i.e. foi eiosion and lank slaliIisalion conlioI), and
ievegelalion design aIso needs lo considei lhe inpacl of hydiauIic ioughness and polenliaI laiiieis lo
fIov. The incieased iesislance lo fIov fion densei vegelalion giovlh lends lo sIov lhe passage of fIood
valei, lheiely ieducing channeI conveyance and iaising valei IeveIs foi a given fIov.

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16-2 (&6)&7787' 9:2&&73
TalIe 16.1: Lngineeied ChanneI Types AppIicalIe in Uilan Aieas in MaIaysia
Types and Desciiplions LxanpIe
NaluiaI ChanneIs: These aie engineeied channeIs caived oi shaped
ly naluie lefoie uilanisalion occuis and aie lhe nosl desiialIe of
lhe vaiious lypes of consliucled oi nodified channeIs. They oflen,
lul nol aIvays, have niId sIopes and aie ieasonalIy slalIe. As lhe
liilulaiy calchnenl uilanises, naluiaI channeIs oflen expeiience
eiosion and nay need giade conlioI checks and IocaIised lank
pioleclion foi channeI slaliIisalion.

Ciassed ChanneIs: These aie sofl-Iined engineeied channeIs designed
lo Iovei fIov veIocilies, piovide channeI sloiage, and offei vaiious
nuIlipIe use lenefils. Lov fIov aieas geneiaIIy need lo le conciele
oi iock Iined lo nininise eiosion and nainlenance piolIens.
CeneiaIIy, giassed channeIs shouId le Iocaled lo confoin vilh and
use lhe naluiaI diainage syslen. Ciassed channeIs nay aIso le
deveIoped aIong ioadvays and piopeily Iines lul shouId avoid
shaip changes in fIov diieclion and IongiludinaI sIope.

Conciele Lined ChanneIs: Conciele Iined channeIs aie high veIocily
ailificiaI channeIs lhal aie nol encouiaged in uilan aieas. Hovevei,
in ieliofil silualions vheie exisling fIooding piolIens need lo le
soIved and vheie a diainage ieseives aie Iiniled, conciele channeIs
nay offei advanlages ovei olhei lypes of engineeied channeIs.

Olhei ChanneI Lineis: A vaiiely of ailificiaI channeI Iineis nay le
used lo piolecl lhe channeI vaIIs and lollon fion eiosion al highei
veIocilies. These incIude galions, inleiIocked conciele lIocks,
conciele ievelnenl nals foined ly injecling conciele inlo doulIe
Iayei faliic foins, and vaiious lypes of synlhelic filie Iineis. As vilh
iock and conciele Iineis, aII of lhese lypes aie lesl consideied foi
heIping lo soIve exisling uilan fIooding piolIens, lul aie nol
ieconnended foi nev deveIopnenls. Lach lype of Iineis has lo le
sciulinised foi ils neiils, appIicaliIily, hov il neels olhei
connunily needs, ils Iong-lein inlegiily, nainlenance needs and
cosls.

)*0;0; /FG57<F6
Conlinuous designaled oveiIand fIov palhs shaII le piovided fion lhe lop of lhe calchnenl lhiough lhe enliie
uilan aiea.

Lngineeied channeIs nay le Iocaled vilhin designaled diainage ieseives, ioadvays, paikIand and open space
aieas, and pedesliian vays. AII engineeied channeIs shaII le Iocaled vhoIIy oulside of piivaleIy ovned Iols. If
ciicunslances aiise vheie lhis aiiangenenl cannol le piovided, piioi agieenenl lo Iocale engineeied channeIs
vilhin piivaleIy ovned aieas nusl le ollained fion lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily and lhe affecled piivale
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(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-3
Iandovneis. Lngineeied channeIs aie geneiaIIy nol ieconnended foi consliuclion vilhin iivei fIoodpIains. In
lhese silualions lhe ain is lo ensuie lhal fIood fIovs spiead acioss lhe fIoodpIain as lhey vouId undei naluiaI
condilions (NRW, 2OO4).

Lngineeied channeIs shaII le piovided aIong lhe aIignnenl of exisling valeicouises and diainage depiessions.
Diveision of engineeied channeIs avay fion lheii naluiaI palhs viII onIy le peinilled in exceplionaI
ciicunslances and onIy vilh lhe appiovaI of lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily.

Wheievei possilIe, Ianduse vilhin engineeied channeI coiiidois shouId le designaled as pulIic open space.
Olhei lypes of Ianduse nay le consideied, lul lhey nusl le fuIIy conpalilIe vilh lhe piinaiy ioIe of lhe
channeI lo convey fIood fIovs up lo and incIuding lhe design sloin.

)*0= .&C-,+ !'-%&'-#
)*0=0) .9:<86 C7F>H
Lngineeied channeIs shaII le designed lo calei lo fIovs up lo and incIuding lhe najoi syslen design ARI. AII
nev uilan deveIopnenls shaII le piovided vilh najoi diainage syslens designed vilh sufficienl capacily and
fieeloaid lo ensuie lhal fIood fIovs up lo 1OO-yeai ARI do nol encioach upon piivale Ieases. Lxliene fIood
evenls shouId aIso le consideied lo aIIov foi lhe invesligalion of lhe channeI slaliIily and peifoinance undei
unusuaIIy Iaige fIood evenls. Al lines, il nay le necessaiy lo adjusl design fIovs lo nalch noie ieaIislic
olseived oi hisloiicaI fIovs (ACT Coveinnenl, 1992).
Adjoining Iov-Iying Iand nay need lo le acquiied and/oi iecIained lo ensuie effeclive suiface diainage and
conlainnenl of lhe design ARI fIov vilhin an engineeied channeI.
)*0=0; '9:9>49
Reseives aie iequiied foi aII engineeied channeIs. These nusl le cIeaiIy defined on aII deveIopnenl pIans lo
ensuie lhal fuluie deveIopnenls do nol encioach upon Iand inundaled ly fIovs up lo and incIuding lhe design
sloin.

The piine funclion of ieseives is lo give ieady access lo peisonneI, pIanl and naleiiaIs, vhich nay, fion line
lo line, le iequiied foi channeI and lein nainlenance. No encioachnenl, especiaIIy eailh fiII lhal nay inhilil
such access oi nake such nainlenance unduIy difficuIl, shaII le aIIoved on ieseives.

Lngineeied channeI easenenl shaII le vide enough lo conlain lhe seivice and piovide voiking space on each
side of lhe seivice foi fuluie nainlenance aclivilies. The nininun channeI ieseive vidlh shaII le lhe lop
channeI vidlh foi lhe najoi sloin ARI fIov pIus a 3OO nn fieeloaid iequiienenl. Mainlenance vidlh
iequiienenls nay le incoipoialed vilhin lhis ieseive vidlh ly lenching. If lhis cannol le achieved, lhe
ieseive vidlh nusl le incieased lo incIude nainlenance vidlh iequiienenls. Mininun vidlhs lo le piovided
foi nainlenance access shaII le in accoidance vilh TalIe 16.2.

TalIe 16.2: Mininun Requiienenls foi Mainlenance Access
Top Widlh of Lngineeied ChanneI
Mininun Requiienenls foi
Mainlenance Access
W < 6n One side 3.7 n, olhei side 1.O n
W > 6n olh sides 3.7 n

Wheie olhei hydiauIic seivices oi eIecliicaI seivices aie Iocaled vilhin lhe sane ieseive, lhe iequiied ieseive
vidlh shaII le incieased lo piovide adequale cIeaiance lelveen lhe seivices.

When pIanning deveIopnenl aIong an engineeied channeI foi vhich a naslei pIan is nol yel avaiIalIe, a
diainage ieseive vidlh shaII le eslinaled lased on lhe pienise lhal lhe design sloin fIov viII le caleied lo ly
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16-4 (&6)&7787' 9:2&&73
a giassed channeI. This pienise ensuies lhal sufficienl Iand viII le avaiIalIe foi lhe design of lhe engineeied
channeI vhen caiiied oul in conjunclion vilh delaiIed Ianduse pIanning al a Ialei dale.

)*0=0= I>99JF5>3
The fieeloaid alove lhe design sloin valei IeveI foi aII engineeied channeIs shaII le a nininun of 3OO nn, as
shovn in TalIe 16.3 unIess suggesled olheivise ly lhe IocaI ieguIaloiy aulhoiily. A highei fieeloaid shouId le
consideied al Iocalions vheie supeieIevalion oi hydiauIic junps aie anlicipaled.
)*0=0K #GG9:: '9LM<>9H967:
Ioi engineeied channeIs Iined vilh conciele, slone pilching and iock nalliesses, access ianps shaII le
piovided foi nainlenance nachineiy lo gain access lo lhe channeI lollon vhen necessaiy. Ranps shaII le a
nininun of 3.5 n vide vilh a IongiludinaI sIope nol sleepei lhan 1O(H):1(V) and have a non-sIip suiface.
)*0=0N /F68<7M3<65@ C@FB9
Lngineeied channeIs shaII le consliucled vilh sufficienl IongiludinaI sIope lo ensuie lhal ponding and/oi lhe
accunuIalion of siIl does nol occui, pailicuIaiIy in Iocalions vheie siIl ienovaI vouId le difficuIl.
The nininun IongiludinaI sIope foi engineeied channeIs shaII le as shovn in TalIe 16.3. The IongiludinaI
sIope shaII nol pioduce veIocilies Iess lhan O.6 n/s if Iov fIov inveils fIoving fuII.
)*0=0* .9:<86 O9@FG<7A
Lngineeied channeIs, eilhei laie oi Iined vilh vegelalion, shouId caiiy lhe design dischaige al noneiosive
veIocilies. Lngineeied channeIs aIso shaII le designed vilh IongiludinaI giades lhal nininise lhe incidence of
hydiauIic junps, dangeious condilions foi lhe pulIic, and eiosion of suiface Iinings and/oi lopsoiI.
LongiludinaI sIopes shaII le chosen such lhal lhe design sloin aveiage fIov veIocily viII nol exceed lhe Iinils
shovn in TalIe 16.3.
)*0=0P C<39 C@FB9
The ieconnended naxinun side sIopes foi engineeied channeI is indicaled in TalIe 16.3.

TalIe 16.3 Lngineeied ChanneI Types Design Ciileiia
ChanneI Type
Mininun
Iieeloaid
(nn)
Mininun
LongiludinaI
Ciade ()
Maxinun
Aveiage IIov
VeIocily (n/s)
Maxinun Side
SIope
NaluiaI channeIs 3OO O.1 2 1V:3H
Ciassed channeIs 3OO O.1 2 1V:3H
Sofl Iined channeIs vilh luif
ieinfoicenenl nals (TRM)
3OO O.1 4 1V:2H
Conposile channeIs 3OO O.4 4 1V:1.5H
Haid Iined channeIs 3OO O.4 4 VeilicaI

)*0=0Q .>FB C7>MG7M>9:
Diop sliucluies shouId le piovided lo ieduce channeI IongiludinaI sIopes such lhal lhe design sloin aveiage
fIov veIocilies do nol exceed lhe Iinils specified in lhe pievious seclion. Diop sliucluies shaII le designed lo
ensuie lhal lhe sliucluies do nol gel 'diovn oul' due lo high laiIvalei IeveIs undei lhe najoi syslen design
fIov pIus fieeloaid. Design iequiienenls foi diop sliucluies aie piovided in Chaplei 2O.
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(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-5
)*0=0R 'FM8?69:: !F9SS<G<967
The Mannings ioughness coefficienl is dependenl on a nunlei of vaiialIes incIuding suiface ioughness,
channeI iiieguIaiily, lhe piesence of olsliuclions, channeI aIignnenl, and lhe IikeIihood of sedinenlalion oi
scoui. Mannings ioughness coefficienls foi lhe vaiious lypes of engineeied channeIs aie piovided in TalIe
16.4. The choice of an appiopiiale vaIue foi lhe ioughness coefficienl of an engineeied channeI is oflen ciilicaI
in lhe oveiaII design pioceduie and iequiies a consideialIe degiee of judgnenl.
Lslinalion of an equivaIenl oi conposile Mannings ioughness coefficienl in a channeI of vaiying ioughness is
oflen iequiied vhen lheie is a naiked vaiialion in lhe loundaiy ioughness acioss a cioss seclion. In lhe case of
an engineeied channeI designed vilhin a lypicaI uilan enviionnenl, exanpIes of lhis silualion incIude a
giassed channeI conlaining a conciele Iov fIov inveil, oi a channeI conlaining a Iov IeveI access ioad aIong
one side of lhe channeI. Lqualion 16.1 nay le used lo eslinale lhe oveiaII ioughness coefficienl in engineeied
channeIs of conposile ioughness. Il is inpoilanl foi lhe designei lo check if lhe conposile Mannings
ioughness coefficienl vaIue ollained using Lqualion 16.1 is ieasonalIe. A disloiled oi inaccuiale vaIue viII
iesuIl in inaccuiale piediclions of channeI fIov condilions.

=
=
=
;
. )
< = %
)
< = >
)
;
. ) < = %
)
< = >
) )
?
@
#
@
# &
& (16.1)
vheie,

&
?
= equivaIenl Mannings ioughness coefficienl foi lhe vhoIe cioss seclion,
&
)
= Manning's ioughness coefficienl foi segnenl ),
#
)
= fIov aiea of segnenl ) (n
2
),
@
)
= velled peiinelei of segnenl ) (n), and
; = lolaI nunlei of segnenls.
)*0=0)T C5S97A '9LM<>9H967:
Wheie lhe design sloin fIov deplh vilhin a Iined channeI exceeds O.9 n, a 1.2 n high handiaiI fence shaII le
piovided on lolh sides of lhe channeI lo discouiage pulIic access. HandiaiI fencing shouId le paiaIIeI lo lhe
channeI as fai as piaclicalIe and shouId le Iocaled vilhin 1 lo 3 n fion lhe channeI edge. LockalIe gales shaII
le pIaced al appiopiiale Iocalions lo peinil access foi nainlenance.
Wheie a Iined channeI is adjacenl lo a pulIic ioad oi siled cIose lo caiiiagevay and housing Iols, guaid iaiIing
shaII le piovided inslead of a handiaiI fence. Cuaid iaiIs shaII le piovided in accoidance vilh lhe
iequiienenls of lhe ieIevanl Aulhoiily and/oi lhose foi lhe IulIic Woiks Depailnenl (}KR) Roads.
AIleinaliveIy, piecasl ieinfoiced conciele coveis nay le aIso piovided foi lhe conciele Iined channeIs. Seivice
opening shaII le piovided aIong lhe channeI vilh naxinun inleivaI spacing of 1OO n.
Laddei-lype sleps oi slep iions shouId le piovided vheie lhe channeI side sIope is sleepei lhan 2(H):1(V), oi
vheie lhe channeI deplh exceeds 1.2 n. These shouId le inslaIIed no noie lhan 12O n apail on aIleinaling
sides of lhe channeI. The lollon iung of lhe Iaddei oi lollon slep iion shaII le pIaced appioxinaleIy 3OO nn
veilicaIIy alove lhe channeI inveil. Sleps of slep iions shaII le piovided lo lhe lop of lenching and loe hoIes
piovided in lhe lenching.
)*0K +#%2'#/ !"#++&/
NaluiaI channeIs aie eilhei in lhe foin of sleepIy lanked slieans, vhich have eiodilIe lanks and lollons, oi
niId channeIs, vhich aie ieasonalIy slaliIised. Ioi eilhei lype of channeI, if il is lo le used foi caiiying sloin
iunoff fion an uilanised aiea, il can le assuned iniliaIIy lhal lhe changed iunoff iegine viII iesuIl in highIy
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16-6 (&6)&7787' 9:2&&73
aclive eiosionaI lendencies. In neaiIy aII cases, sone foin of nodificalion of lhe channeI viII le iequiied lo
cieale a noie slaliIised condilion foi lhe channeI (ACT Coveinnenl, 1992).

The design guideIines foi giassed channeIs do nol necessaiiIy appIy lo naluiaI channeIs, lul such ciileiia can le
uliIised in gauging lhe adequacy of a naluiaI channeI foi fuluie changes in iunoff iegine. Design ciileiia and
lechniques, vhich shouId le used in lhe design of naluiaI channeIs, incIude lhe foIIoving:
- channeI and oveilank capacily shaII le adequale foi lhe design sloin,
- channeI veIocily shaII nol exceed lhe Iessei of 2 n/s oi lhe ciilicaI veIocily foi any pailicuIai seclion.
Mannings ioughness coefficienl, & , vhich aie iepiesenlalive of nainlained channeI condilions shaII le
used foi deleinining ciilicaI channeI veIocilies,
- valei suiface Iinils shaII le defined so lhal lhe fIoodpIain can le zoned and piolecled. Mannings
ioughness coefficienl, & , vhich iepiesenl unnainlained channeI condilions shaII le used foi lhe
anaIysis of valei suiface piofiIes, and
- diop sliucluies oi check dans shouId le consliucled lo Iinil fIov veIocilies and conlioI valei suiface
piofiIes, pailicuIaiIy foi lhe iniliaI sloin iunoff.
TalIe 16.4 Suggesled VaIues of Mannings Roughness Coefficienl, &
Suiface Covei Suggesled & VaIues

NaluiaI ChanneIs
SnaII slieans
Sliaighl, unifoin and cIean O.O33
CIean, vinding vilh sone pooIs and shoaIs O.O45
SIuggish veedy ieaches vilh deep pooIs O.O8O
Sleep nounlain slieans vilh giaveI, collIes, and louIdeis O.O7O
Laige slieans
ReguIai cioss-seclion vilh no louIdeis oi liush O.O6O
IiieguIai and iough cioss-seclion O.1OO
Oveilank fIov aieas
Shoil pasluie giass, no liush O.O35
Long pasluie giass, no liush O.O5O
Lighl liush and liees O.O8O
Mediun lo dense liush O.16O
Dense giovlh of liees and liush O.2OO

Ciassed ChanneIs
Ciass covei onIy
Shoil giass (< 15O nn) O.O35
TaII giass (> 15O nn) O.O5O
Shiul covei
Scalleied O.O7O
Mediun lo dense O.16O
Tiee covei
Scalleied O.O5O
Mediun lo dense O.12O

Lined ChanneIs and Lov IIov Inveils
Conciele O.O15
Sholciele O.O25
Slone Iilching
Diessed slone in noilai O.O17
Randon slones in noilai oi iullIe nasoniy O.O35
Rock Ripiap O.O3O

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-7
)*0N ,'#CC&. !"#++&/
)*0N0) ,969>5@
Ciassed channeIs aie engineeied channeIs incIuded in lhe sofl-Iined calegoiy. Lngineeied channeIs of lhis lype
aie geneiaIIy iegaided as noie aeslhelicaIIy pIeasing lhan lhe haid-Iined channeIs and lhey can le designed lo
lIend inlo lhe suiiounding naluiaI enviionnenl. Ciassed channeIs can le used in silualions vheie,
- fIov veIocilies aie insufficienl lo pioduce scoui,
- lhe diainage ieseive vidlh is nol a piolIen, and
- aeslhelics is an inpoilanl design consideialion.

WhiIsl giassed channeIs geneiaIIy have significanl consliuclion cosl advanlages ovei haid-Iined channeIs, lhis
lenefil is in sone cases offsel ly lheii addilionaI Iand-lake iequiienenls. Hovevei, lhe effecl of lhis addilionaI
Iand-lake can le nininised ly designing lhe channeI foi nuIli-puipose use. When a giassed channeI is lo le
consliucled in a pooiIy diained aiea, a diy peiiod nusl le chosen in vhich lo do lhe voik. In sone inslances, il
nay le necessaiy lo diiecl valei avay fion a nev channeI unliI aII lhe voik has leen conpIeled and lhe
vegelalive covei slaliIized.

Ciassed channeIs shaII confoin lo lhe foIIoving geneiaI iequiienenls:
channeIs shaII le giassed vilh piovision foi Iov fIovs, and
access ioad and foolpalh paving vilhin a channeI shaII le designed lo vilhsland lhe design dischaige in
aieas of high veIocily such as adjacenl lo liidges and undeipasses.
)*0N0; ,9FH97>A
Side sIopes foi giassed channeIs aieas nusl le adequale lo ensuie diainage vilhoul IocaIised ponding
occuiiing. allei side sIopes shouId nol le niIdei lhan 6(H):1(V) foi ieasons of pulIic safely. Hovevei, sleepei
side sIopes up lo a naxinun of 3(H):1(V) nay le piovided in speciaI ciicunslances, such as lo pieseive
exisling liees and olhei naluiaI fealuies, oi in exisling aieas vheie lhe Iand avaiIalIe foi a giassed channeI is
Iiniled.

The lase vidlh of a giassed channeI shouId le designed lo acconnodale lhe hydiauIic capacily of lhe
fIoodvay vilh due consideialion given lo Iinilalions on fIov veIocily. The vidlh nusl le sufficienl lo aIIov
access lo lhe lase foi nainlenance puiposes. The channeI lase side sIopes shaII nol le Iess lhan 5O(H):1(V).
AIleinalive aiiangenenls nay le piovided lo viden a giassed channeI adjacenl lo pulIic open space oi
ieciealionaI aieas. In such cases, lhe nininun side sIope foi lhe channeI shaII le 5O(H):1(V).

The piefeiied cioss-seclion foi giassed channeIs is shovn in Iiguie 16.1.

Iiguie 16.1: TypicaI Ciassed ChanneI Cioss-Seclion (Modified fion ACT Coveinnenl, 1992)

Teiiacing, as indicaled in Iiguie 16.2, nay le inlioduced acioss lhe giassed channeI lo conlain noie fiequenl
fIood fIovs and lo IocaIize nuch of lhe nainlenance lo lhe fiequenlIy fIooded zone. Teiiaces nay le adjacenl
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

16-8 (&6)&7787' 9:2&&73
pulIic open space and ieciealionaI aieas oi dedicaled iighl of vay. This lype of seclion piovides foi fIood
sloiage and lo ieduced dovnsliean fIood IeveIs and Iovei aveiage veIocilies foi lhe najoi syslen design fIov
and noie naluiaI gieen space foi viIdIife and pulIic ieciealion. IIooding of lhe adjacenl open space and
ieciealionaI aieas shouId onIy le incoipoialed in such aieas vheie fIood pioleclion Iess lhan lhe design sloin
is salisfacloiy. The nininun side sIope foi lhe leiiace lase shaII le 5O(H):1(V).

Iiguie 16.2: TypicaI Ciassed ChanneI Teiiacing (Modified fion ACT Coveinnenl, 1992)

)*0N0= ,>5:: !F49>
The giass species chosen foi Iining of channeIs nusl le sluidy, dioughl iesislanl, easy lo eslalIish, and alIe lo
spiead and deveIop a sliong luif Iayei aflei eslalIishnenl. A lhick iool sliucluie is necessaiy lo conlioI veed
giovlh and eiosion.
A pioleclive covei consisling of nuIch and giass seeding is necessaiy lo piolecl nevIy consliucled engineeied
channeIs innedialeIy aflei consliuclion. If possilIe, disluiled aieas shouId le seeded vilh a peinanenl giass
seed nix. Ieinanenl giassing foi channeIs and pIanling pIan shaII le in accoidance vilh Annex 1.
)*0N0K /FU I@FU $>F4<:<F6
The piinaiy funclion of Iov-fIov channeIs vilhin open channeIs is lo (NRW, 2OO7):
aIIov efficienl diainage of lhe giealei channeI oi fIoodvay aiea lo nininise lhe iisk of undesiialIe
valeiIogging of lhe soiI,
conlioI eiosion aIong lhe inveil of Iaige diainage channeIs,
piovide a hydiauIic iegine lhal aIIovs lhe fIushing of ieguIai sedinenl,
fIovs lovaids specified insliean sedinenl liaps, and
piovide necessaiy ecoIogicaI fealuies (e.g. halilal and passage) vilhin channeI halilals.
A giassed channeI oi fIoodvay nusl le piovided vilh a Iov fIov syslen lo faciIilale diainage, pesl conlioI,
and nainlenance. Uilan engineeied channeIs noinaIIy have a conlinuous diy-vealhei lase fIov nainIy due lo
iunoff fion doneslic valei usage. Conlinuous fIov ovei lhe giass Iining in lhe valeivay inveil viII deslioy
lhe giass sland and pionole veed giovlh. The inveil nay aIso lecone eioded and foin pooIs of valei, vhich
nay cause soggy giound condilions, a lieeding giound foi nosquiloes.
A2B 075)6& 92C2D)*4
Lov fIov inveils shaII le sized foi a nininun capacily of lhe 3-nonlh ARI fIov.
AEB 1&F78*
CaiefuI consideialion shaII le given lo nininising lhe possiliIily of scoui al lhe inleiface lelveen lhe inveil
edge and lhe giassed suiface of lhe channeI. Il nay le necessaiy lo piovide a liansilion zone using a
slaliIisalion syslen such as ieinfoiced giass.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-9
)*0* /-+&. #+. !1E$1C-%& !"#++&/
)*0*0) ,969>5@
Lngineeied channeI Iined vilh conciele, slone pilching, and iock nalliesses aie lypicaI of lhe lype of channeI
incIuded in lhis calegoiy. Lined channeIs of lhis lype shouId onIy le used foi upgiading voiks in exisling aieas
vheie:
lhe fIov veIocily vouId cause scoui in a giassed channeI,
lhe diainage ieseive vidlh is iesliicled,
conlinuaI nainlenance of lhe channeI is a piolIen, and
olhei faclois diclale lhal a giassed channeI is nol piaclicalIe.
)*0*0; ,9FH97>A
The sIope of lhe conposile channeI sides shaII le no sleepei lhan 1.5(H):1(V) unIess designed lo acl as a
sliucluiaIIy ieinfoiced vaII lo vilhsland soiI and gioundvalei foices.

The inveils of Iined channeIs shouId have a noninaI inveil 'vee' of al Ieasl 1O(H):1(V) oi a piecasl 'pudu-cul'
seclion, such lhal Iov fIovs ienain concenlialed aIong a singIe Iocalion vilhin lhe channeI inveil (Iiguie 16.3).
The Iov fIov inveil nay le eilhei cenliaIIy Iocaled oi offsel lo one side of lhe channeI. ChanneIs Iined vilh
iock nalliesses shouId le piovided vilh a casl-in-silu oi piecasl conciele Iov fIov diain Iocaled vilhin lhe
channeI inveil. The iequiienenls foi lhis Iov fIov diain aie lhe sane as lhose foi giassed channeIs.

Iiguie 16.3: TypicaI Conposile ChanneI
)*0*0= CMB9>9@9457<F6
When fIov noves aiound a channeI lend, a iise in lhe valei suiface eIevalion occuis aIong lhe oulei iadius of
lhe lend, vhiIsl a coiiesponding Ioveiing in lhe valei suiface eIevalion occuis aIong lhe innei iadius of lhe
lend. This diffeience in valei IeveIs is knovn as lhe supeieIevalion, and in sone cases nay le an inpoilanl
facloi in channeI design (NRW, 2OO7).

SupeieIevalion of lhe valei suiface nusl le deleinined al hoiizonlaI cuives and lhe design of lhe channeI
cioss-seclion adjusled accoidingIy. An appioxinalion of lhe supeieIevalion can le ollained fion lhe foIIoving
equalion:

D
G
%
8 6
H I
: = (16.2)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

16-1O (&6)&7787' 9:2&&73
vheie,
: = iequiied supeieIevalion (n),
I = veIocily (n/s),
8
D
= cenlieIine iadius of cuivaluie (n),
HG = lop vidlh of channeI (n), and
6 = acceIeialion due lo giavily (9.81 n/s
2
).

)*0P &'1C-1+ #+. C!12' $'1%&!%-1+
)*0P0) ,969>5@
The design aveiage fIov veIocily Iinils specified in Seclion 16.3.5.2 have leen seIecled lo pievenl eiosion and
scoui of channeI suifaces undei noinaI condilions. Hovevei, engineeied channeIs nay le suljecl lo inlense
IocaI eiosion oi scoui al olsliuclions (e.g. liidge pieis, pipe headvaIIs), sudden changes in engineeied channeI
cioss-seclions, diops, iegions of changes in engineeied channeI led naleiiaIs, and olhei siniIai condilions
(ACT Coveinnenl, 1992). The foIIoving faclois shouId le consideied vheievei significanl changes in fIov
iegine occui and appiopiiale neasuies piovided lo piolecl lhe engineeied channeI suiface fion IocaI scoui.

The nain faclois lhal piovide favouialIe condilions foi eiosion and scoui in a engineeied channeI aie high
fIov veIocilies, pailicuIaiIy al shaIIov deplhs, and sofl and/oi fine led naleiiaIs. VeIocilies aie highei in sleep
valeivays, al changes in engineeied channeI configuialion, in snoolh valeivays, and al highei dischaiges.
SoiI lype IaigeIy deleinines lhe eiosion polenliaI of led naleiiaIs.

LocaI scoui occuis in non-unifoin fIov iegions vheie piessuie foices, Iifl foices, and sheai foices fIucluale. Ioi
exanpIe, IocaI scoui aiound liidge pieis is caused ly lhe voilex iesuIling fion valei piIing up on lhe
upsliean edge and sulsequenl acceIeialion of fIov aiound lhe nose of lhe piei. LocaI scoui is a funclion of a
conlinalion of seveiaI of lhe foIIoving faclois:

sIope of lhe engineeied channeI,
chaiacleiislics of lhe led naleiiaIs,
chaiacleiislics of lhe fIood hydiogiaph,
diieclion of lhe fIov in ieIalion lo ils deplh,
diieclion of lhe fIov in ieIalion lo ils sliucluies, and
chaiacleiislics of lhe lianspoiled naleiiaIs.

The foIIoving Iocalions aie lhe nosl connon aieas vheie IocaIised eiosion can occui and viII iequiie caiefuI
consideialion of lhe need foi eiosion pioleclion neasuies (ACT Coveinnenl, 1992):

Tiansilions: Any changes in cioss-seclion oi changes in engineeied channeI Iining naleiiaI. IailicuIai
allenlion shouId le paid lo lhe iegion innedialeIy aIongside Iov fIov inveils,
ends: The oulside lank of lends viII le suljecl lo highei fIov veIocilies,
Diain liilulaiies: Lngineeied channeIs usuaIIy have nany snaII capacily liilulaiy diain and pipe
conneclions. IIovs fion lhese liilulaiy conneclions viII noinaIIy le of ieIaliveIy high veIocily and lhe
angIe of enliy viII cause luiluIence in lhe engineeied channeI,
Lngineeied channeI liilulaiies: Olhei engineeied channeIs enleiing lhe nain channeI syslen nay cause
luiluIence and eiosion of lhe engineeied channeI lollon and opposing lank,
Lneigy dissipalei sliucluies: Changes in lhe fIov iegine viII usuaIIy occui innedialeIy upsliean and
dovnsliean of diop sliucluies and eneigy dissipalion lasins,
CuIveils: Lxil veIocilies fion cuIveil ciossings viII noinaIIy le supeiciilicaI,
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-11
iidges: IIov veIocilies aiound liidge pieis and alulnenls nay le highei lhan lhe engineeied channeI
Iinil, and
LocaIised scoui oi geneiaI degiadalion can quickIy Iovei lhe lollon of a channeI. Liosion pioleclion
faciIilies nusl have deep loe pioleclion oi lhey can faiI ly leing undeinined.
)*0P0; %?9 I>FM39 +MHJ9>
The Iioude Nunlei (Ii) chaiacleiises lhe condilions in fIoving valei in leins of ils veIocily and deplh. An
undeislanding of ciilicaI fIov condilions and lhe appiecialion of Iioude Nunleis can assisl in lhe design of
channeIs lo pievenl eiosive danage lo lhe channeI does nol occui. The Iioude Nunlei piovides a neans foi
deleinining vhelhei a given fIov is sulciilicaI, ciilicaI oi supeiciilicaI.
In naluiaI and giassed channeIs, channeIs lecone unslalIe vhen a Iioude Nunlei of 1.O is appioached. IIovs
al Iioude nunleis lelveen O.8 and 1.2 aie unslalIe and unpiediclalIe and shouId le avoided (UDICD, 2OO8).
Ioi safe design of vegelaled channeIs, lhe Iioude Nunlei of lhe design fIov shouId le Iess lhan O.8 (sulciilicaI
fIov) depending on lhe degiee of eiosion iesislance piovided ly lhe vegelalion. Wheie vaIues exceed unily il
vouId le necessaiy lo ensuie lhal lhe channeI Iining had a veiy high degiee of eiosion iesislance (iefei lo
Chaplei 2O).
)*0P0= $>F79G7<F6 E95:M>9:
Lngineeied channeI pioleclion nusl le piovided lo suil lhe IocaI physicaI and scoui chaiacleiislics. Liosion
pioleclion is iequiied foi valeivay Iinings in ieaches vheie lhe naxinun peinissilIe fIov veIocilies oi
ciilicaI liaclive foices aie exceeded undei lhe design sloin fIov condilions.
Waleivay vegelalion is peihaps lhe sinpIesl eiosion and scoui conlioI neasuie. Hovevei, vheie lhe fIov
veIocilies viII exceed lhe veIocilies al vhich lhe vegelalion is effeclive, olhei eiosion pioleclion neasuies viII
need lo le consideied (see Chapleis 17 and 2O).
)*0Q .&C-,+ $'1!&.2'&
Aflei an engineeied channeI lype has leen seIecled, lhe geneiaI pioceduie oulIined in Iiguie 16.4 nay le used
foi Iocaling and sizing lhe engineeied channeI.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

16-12 (&6)&7787' 9:2&&73
Deleinine design ARI and dischaige
SeIecl aIignnenl
SeIecl led sIope ("+)
Conpule aveiage
fIov veIocily
Conpule iequiied engineeied channeI ieseive vidlh
(Design fIov vidlh + fieeloaid)
Yes
Conpule naxinun deplh (4) and lop
valei vidlh (H
G
)
Lovei engineeied channeI inveil
and adjusl ieseive vidlh
No
Reduce lase vidlh (J)
and/oi
inciease led sIope ("+)
Check fIov veIocily and deplh using
nininun and naxinun expecled & vaIues
SeIecl engineeied channeI cioss seclion
Yes
Yes
No
No
Is
fIov veIocily
acceplalIe`
Is
ieseive vidlh
acceplalIe`
Is
deplh
sufficienl`
Inciease lase vidlh (J)
and/oi
ieduce led sIope ("+)

Iiguie 16.4: CeneiaI Design Iioceduie foi Lngineeied ChanneIs

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-13
'&I&'&+!&C
1. ACT Coveinnenl. (1992). 075)6& "*2&'28' K+8 L8E2& 1&K825*8MD*M87N 075)6& "*2&'28' .O "*+8;P2*78.
Depailnenl of Teiiiloiy and MunicipaI Seivices, AusliaIia.
2. Aneiican Sociely of CiviI Lngineeis, ASCL (1992). ManuaI and Repoils of Lngineeiing Iiaclice No. 77:
Design and Consliuclion of Uilan Sloinvalei Managenenl Syslens. ASCL, Nev Yoik, USA.
3. MeIlouine Walei. (2OO9). 9+&5*8MD*7' H2*78P245 )& L8E2& 07F73+C;7&*5 QM)'73)&75. MeIlouine Walei
Coipoialion, MeIlouine Vicloiia, AusliaIia.
R, NaluiaI Resouices and Walei, NRW. (2OO4). SM77&532&' L8E2& 082)&267 !2&M23 T I+3M;7 .. second edilion,
Coveinnenl of QueensIand, AusliaIia.
>, NaluiaI Resouices and Walei, NRW. (2OO7). "+)3 9+&578F2*)+& !725M875 - 075)6& !2&M23 K+8 SM77&532&',
NaluiaI Resouices and Walei, Coveinnenl of QueensIand, AusliaIia.
6. Uilan Diainage and IIood ConlioI Disliicl, UDICD (2OO8). L8E2& "*+8; 082)&267 98)*78)2 !2&M23
AL"09!B. Denvei, CoIoiado, USA.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-15
#$$&+.-V )*0# &V#E$/& W ,'#CC&. !"#++&/
IiolIen:
Deleinine lhe size of a giassed channeI al lhe dovnsliean end of a pioposed 15O heclaie iesidenliaI aiea (Iink
and leiiace house) in Ipoh, Ieiak lased on lhe foIIoving assunplions:
- lhe engineeied channeI is lo le designed lo caiiy lhe 1OO-yeai ARI fIov vilh no fieeloaid,
- lhe posl-deveIopnenl line of concenlialion *
D
is eslinaled lo le 1OO ninules, and
- lhe engineeied channeI viII le veII nainlained vilh an eslinaled design Mannings ioughness
coefficienl of O.O35.
SoIulion:

Lqualion 2.2

TalIe 1.1

Appendix 2.
TalIe 2.2

Deleinine design fIovs foi lhe engineeied channeI:

i U
iI
k
(J +0)
q

vheie:
) = lhe aveiage iainfaII inlensily (nn/hi) foi seIecled ARI (G) and sloin
duialion ('),
G = aveiage iecuiience inleivaI, ARI (yeais),
'N xN 0 and p = filling conslanls dependenl on lhe iaingauge Iocalion

Localion &
Slalion ID
ARI, G
Sloin
duialion
Deiived Iaianeleis
(yeais) ' k u q
IoIileknik Ungku Onai
(44O9O91)
1OO 1OO 7O.238 O.164 O.288 O.872

VW% , -
.XR , -
p
x
%VV , -
X-
.--
B .-- A %<V , W-
0B A'
G '
)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=

=
=

=

1OO-yeai ARI
1OO ninules

83.32 nn/h

Lqualion 2.3

TalIe 2.6

Appendix 2.
TalIe 2.2

S U
9,1,#
<X-

vheie: S = peak fIov (n
3
/s)
9 = dinensionIess iunoff coefficienl

D

(nn/hi), and
# = diainage aiea (ha)

360
150 x 8 x 0.90 32 3
100
.
= Q

Localion &
Slalion ID
ARI, G
Sloin
duialion
Deiived Iaianeleis
(yeais) ' k u q
IoIileknik Ungku Onai
(44O9O91)
O.25 1OO 62.9315 O.3439 O.17O3 O.8229

=

=
=

=

O.9O

83.32 nn/h
15O ha

31.25 n
3
/s

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

16-16 (&6)&7787' 9:2&&73

TalIe 16.6

8229 0
3439 0
1703 0
60
100
100 9315 62
.
.
.
) ( .
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
+
=

) (d
T
i
360
150 69 23 90 0 Y Y . .
=
low flow
Q

SeIecl giassed channeI cioss seclion:

The Iov fIov inveil cioss seclion

CaIcuIale size of Iov fIov inveil:

Assuning:
ChanneI IongiludinaI sIope
Widlh,
Side sIope, Z

S U F Y #
vheie :
3 2 2 1
1
/ /
o
R S
n
v = ,

2
y y . Zy)y (B A 3 50 2 + = + =
10 2 50 2 1 2
2
y . Z y B P + = + + =

Iiovided dinension of Iov fIov inveil:
ollon vidlh, JH
Deplh, 4
Top vidlh, GH
VeIocily, F
Dischaige, S

Check fIov veIocily foi Iined diain.

Deplh,
4
ollon
vidlh,
JH
Side
sIope,
Z
Top
Widlh,
GH
Aiea,
#
Wel.
peiinelei,
@
HydiauIic
iadius, [
VeIocily,
F
Dischaige,
S
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n
2
) (n) (n) (n/s) (n
3
/s)
O.8O 2.5 3 7.3O 3.92 7.56 O.52 1.65 6.466
O.85 2.5 3 7.6O 4.29 7.88 O.55 1.7O 7.319
O.9O 2.5 3 7.9O 4.68 8.19 O.57 1.76 8.234
T0RN ;0N = Q0;T N0TQ Q0N) T0*T )0Q) R0;);

=

=

=
=

=
=
=

=
=
=
=
=

23.69 nn/h

8.88 n
3
/s

TiapezoidaI
O.O35

O.8 (1 in 125)
2.2O n
3

>Q
Iov fIov
(=9.O5 n
3
/s)

2.5O n
O.95 n
8.2On
1.81 n/s
9.212 n
3
/s

(O.6<v<2 n/s),
...OK

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

(&6)&7787' 9:2&&73 16-17

IIov Segnenls

TalIe 16.6

CaIcuIale size of giassed channeI seclion:


4
*

(n)
4
*
\4
'

(n)
GH
.
(n)
JH
%

(n)
Side
sIope,
Z

4
'

(n)
GH
%

(n)
#

(n
2
)
@
(n)
[
(n)
F
(n/s)
S
(n
3
/s)
1.4O O.95 8.2O 14.2O 6 O.45 19.6O 12.69 19.98 O.63 1.89 23.95
1.5O O.95 8.2O 14.2O 6 O.55 2O.8O 14.71 21.2O O.69 2.OO 29.46
)0*T T0RN Q0;T )K0;T * T0*N ;;0TT )*0QN ;;0K; T0PN ;0)) =N0NR
1.9O O.95 8.2O 14.2O 6 O.95 25.6O 23.99 26.O7 O.92 2.42 57.99

=

O.O35

>Q
1OO

(= 31.25 n
3
/s),
.OK

Seclion
16.3.2


Iiovided dinension of giassed channeI:
Top vidlh, GH
%

Deplh, 4
*

Dischaige, S

=

=
=
=

3OO nn

25.6O
1.9O
57.99 n
3
/s
Seclion
16.8.2

Check Iioude Nunlei foi giassed channeI:

]8 =
<
%
6#
J S
=
( )
( )
3
59 35
.X,V> ^,V.
%%,--
%
.

=

O.77 (< O.8,
.OK)
(SulciilicaI
IIov)

1
6
1
5O
1
6
1
5O
(l) Lov IIov Inveil
1
3
2.5O n
8.2O n
1
1O
1
3
1
1O
(a) Ciassed ChanneI
Mininun giassed channeI vidlh = 25.6O n
IIov vidlh = 22.OO n
ase vidlh = 14.2O n
O.95 n
S.--
O.65n 1.6O n
Iieeloaid = 3OO nn

Ciassed ChanneI and Lov IIov Inveil Dinensions

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
BIOENGINEERED CHANNEL
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

17-i
!"#$%&' )* +,-&./,.&&'&0 !"#..&1
17.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 17-1
17.2 RIIARIAN MANACLMLNT ........................................................................................... 17-1
17.2.1 Appioach .............................................................................................................. 17-1
17.2.2 Oljeclives .............................................................................................................. 17-1
17.3 RIIARIAN ZONLS ............................................................................................................ 17-1
17.3.1 ank SlaliIily and ChanneI Inlegiily ................................................................ 17-1
17.3.2 Halilal VaIues ...................................................................................................... 17-3
17.3.3 Inpoilance of Diveise NaluiaI Vegelalion ...................................................... 17-3
17.3.4 uffei IiIleis ......................................................................................................... 17-3
17.3.5 uffei Widlh ......................................................................................................... 17-4
17.3.6 IIov Managenenl ............................................................................................... 17-5
17.4 STRLAM IROCLSSLS ....................................................................................................... 17-5
17.5 WATLRCOURSL MANACLMLNT TYILS ................................................................... 17-7
17.5.1 ed Scoui (Degiadalion) ..................................................................................... 17-7
17.5.2 ank Alliilion ....................................................................................................... 17-7
17.5.3 ank Undeinining (Iielling)............................................................................. 17-8
17.5.4 Iiping .................................................................................................................... 17-8
17.5.5 ank SIunping ..................................................................................................... 17-9
17.5.6 ank RolalionaI IaiIuie....................................................................................... 17-1O
17.5.7 LaleiaI ank Liosion ........................................................................................... 17-1O
17.6 WATLRCOURSL MANACLMLNT TLCHNIQULS ..................................................... 17-11
17.7 CHANNLL DLSICN CONSIDLRATION ...................................................................... 17-12
17.7.1 DeveIoping a ChanneI Design ........................................................................... 17-14
17.7.2 SlalIe ChanneI Design ........................................................................................ 17-15
17.7.3 Linilalions ............................................................................................................ 17-18
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 17-19

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NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73 17-1
)*2) ,.%'-03!%,-.
One of lhe looIs avaiIalIe foi piolecling sliean lanks and channeIs in an enviionnenlaIIy sensilive aiea fion
lhe negalive consequences of lank eiosion and sIoughing is lhe appIicalion of lioengineeiing lechniques.
ioengineeiing is lhe conlinalion of lioIogicaI, nechanicaI, and ecoIogicaI concepls lo conlioI channeI
degiadalions and lank eiosion lhiough lhe use of vegelalion oi a conlinalion of vegelalion and consliuclion
naleiiaIs.
)*24 ',$#',#. 5#.#/&5&.%
Ripaiian vegelalion pIays an inpoilanl ioIe in lhe nainlenance of slalIe valeicouise noiphoIogy as veII as in
lhe pieseivalion of ecoIogicaI vaIues such as leiiesliiaI and avian viIdIife halilal. Ioi lhese ieasons lhe
pieseivalion iipaiian zones aIong valeicouises needs lo le a pail of sloinvalei nanagenenl pIanning
)*242) #66789:;
The piincipaI appioaches lo nanaging iipaiian and fIoodpIain vegelalion aie ielenlion and iepIanling vilh
appiopiiale nalive species lhal aie indigenous lo lhe aiea. In piaclicaI leins a iipaiian zone al eilhei side of lhe
channeI shouId le ieseived foi ielenlion of exiling vegelalion oi iepIanling vhen il is disluiled. The vidlh of
lhis zone is infIuenced ly a nunlei of faclois incIuding channeI vidlh, lhe naluie of exisling deveIopnenl, lhe
inpoilance of IocaI fIoia and fauna lio-diveisily and lhe need lo nainlain viIdIife coiiidois. The naluie and
size of iipaiian ieseives shouId le deleinined eaiIy duiing lhe pIanning piocess.

)*2424 -<=>:?@A>B
2< =787*2*)+& >7*7&*)+&
The nosl inpoilanl piincipIe is lo nainlain exisling indigenous iipaiian vegelalion vheie possilIe.

?< =787*2*)+& >7@32A7B7&*
Resloialion of iipaiian zones can geneiaIIy le undeilaken ly pIanling indigenous vegelalion. If indigenous
vegelalion is scaice oi Iiniled in nunleis, appiopiiale species can le inpoiled fion neaily calchnenls vilh
siniIai cIinalic and soiI condilions. In sone ciicunslances, changed condilions such as incieased vind
exposuie, lenpeialuie fIuclualions (due lo ienovaI of adjacenl vegelalion) and Ioss of lopsoiI nay piecIude lhe
use of indigenous vegelalion. In lhese cases lhe use of non-invasive and easy lo nainlain species fion olhei
MaIaysian calchnenls nay le necessaiy al Ieasl in lhe iniliaI slages. A diveisily of species is ieconnended lo
iepIicale lhe pie-deveIopnenl condilion of lhe iipaiian zone and lo encouiage leiiesliiaI and aqualic lio-
diveisily.
)*2C ',$#',#. D-.&E
The iipaiian zone (Iiguie 17.1) is lhe aiea of Iand (incIuding fIoodpIains) adjacenl lo a valeicouise. Ripaiian
vegelalion can incIude eneigenl aqualic and seni-aqualic pIanls, leiiesliiaI ovei sloiey (canopy) and leiiesliiaI
undei sloiey (covei). The iipaiian zones conliilule lo lhe ecoIogicaI vaIue and geonoiphoIogic slaliIily of a
valeicouise lhiough a nunlei of piocesses. These vaIues and piocesses aie discussed in lhe foIIoving seclions.
)*2C2) +9FG E?9<@H@?I 9FJ !;9FF>H ,F?>K7@?I
Vegelalion can exeil a significanl conlioI ovei fIuviaI piocesses lhiough lvo nain nechanisns: iesislance lo
fIov (lhiough lhe vegelalion incieasing ioughness) and lank slienglh (lhiough lhe linding of soiI ly iool
syslens). ank vegelalion disluilances can incIude uniesliicled access ly peopIe and aninaIs. Hunan
disluilance in iipaiian zone incIudes ienovaI of vegelalion oi Iogging, agiicuIluiaI deveIopnenl oi
cuIlivalion, and uilan deveIopnenl. These aclivilies can Iead lo lank deslaliIisalion, soiI conpaclion and
highei oveilank fIov veIocilies.

LxanpIes of lank slaliIily piojecl foi sliean channeI using lioengineeiing lechniques aie shovn in TalIe 17.1.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

17-2 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
Ripaiian Walei Zone
High Lvapoialion and
Uplake of Nuliienls
RainfaII
Ciopped Land
Runoff VeIocily
Reduced
Runoff and
Liosion
Sliean
Rools Reinfoice
ank SoiI
InfiIlialion
Cioundvalei
and SoIules
Ciass IiIlei Sliip

Iiguie 17.1: LxanpIe of Ripaiian uffei Zone (DID, 2OO9)

TalIe 17.1: ioengineeiing Technique Iiojecls
ioengineeiing
Techniques
ank SlaliIily Iiojecls
Duiing InslaIIalion Aflei InslaIIalion

TRM Reinfoiced Ciass

Sand IiIIed Malliess
Reinfoiced Ciass

Calion Malliess
Reinfoiced Ciass

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73 17-3
MannaIs
Iish
Anphilians
iids
Aqualic
Inveileliales
Aqualic IIanls
TeiiesliiaI IIanls
TeiiesliiaI
Inveileliales
)*2C24 "9<@?9? L9HM>B
ioadIy, iipaiian ieseives can le desciiled as having a nunlei of halilal funclions:

- halilal isIand. This is a zone lhal has an adequale vidlh of ielenlion of naluiaI vegelalion lo le alIe lo
peinanenlIy suslain connunilies of naluiaI leiiesliiaI fauna,
- viIdIife coiiidoi. This is a zone lhal has an adequale vidlh of ielenlion of naluiaI vegelalion lo
faciIilale lhe novenenl of naluiaI fauna fion one halilal isIand lo lhe nexl,
- food souice. Ripaiian vegelalion conliilules lo lhe ecoIogy of fieshvalei connunilies ly pioviding
food in lhe foin of faIIen oiganic naleiiaI and faIIen insecls and inveileliales (Iiguie 17.2), and
- aqualic halilal. Tiees and lianches lhal faII inlo lhe sliean and exposed liee iools piovide sheIlei fion
high veIocily fIov, piedalois and sunIighl.

Iiguie 17.2: Ripaiian Iood Chain
)*2C2C ,N687?9F:> 8O 0@A>7B> .9?M79H L>K>?9?@8F
The lasis foi nainlaining a naluiaI food chain is naluiaI vegelalion. Mainlaining naluiaI vegelalion is aIso
inpoilanl in nainlaining appiopiiale IeveIs of shading foi lhe valeicouise. This diieclIy affecls valei
lenpeialuie, lhe iale of pholosynlhesis and sheIlei fion piedalois such as liids.
)*2C2P +MOO>7 Q@H?>7B
The iipaiian zone piovides a luffei sliip lelveen Iand use and valeicouises. This luffei can piovide a fiIlei
zone foi sedinenls, nuliienls and lo sone degiee poIIulanls. uffei zone vidlh as veII as lhe lype and
nagnilude of poIIulanl Ioads viII deleinine lhe Iong-lein effecliveness of lhe luffei. The fiIlei luffei voiks ly
sIoving suiface sheel iunoff, inleicepling sedinenl pailicIes and liapping lhen aiound slens and iools.
Nuliienls in sedinenls can le laken up inlo lhe iipaiian vegelalion, vhiIsl non-oiganic poIIulanls nay le
lound inlo lhe soiI syslen. The effecliveness of iipaiian fiIlei luffeis can aIso depend on sile-specific faclois
such as soiI lype, peinealiIily, vegelalion lype and densily, and leiiain sIope. Wilhoul such funclion,
sedinenls and poIIulanl Ioads can have Iong lein degiading effecls on lhe oveiaII veII leing of lhe
valeicouise.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

17-4 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
)*2C2R +MOO>7 S@J?;
The iequiied vidlh of iipaiian vegelalion luffeis zones is dependenl on aII of lhe faclois oulIined alove and is
a najoi deleininanl in lhe effecliveness of lhe luffei. The piinaiy funclion of lhe luffei depends on ils vidlh.
Mininun vidlhs suggesled foi diffeienl funclions aie shovs in TalIe 17.2.

TalIe 17.2: Reconnended Widlhs foi Ripaiian uffei Zones (Iischei and Iischenich, 2OOO, Iiice,
Lovell and Lovell, 2OO5)
Managenenl
Oljeclives
Reconnended
Widlh
Renaiks
Iiolecl Walei QuaIily 5 - 3O n Lov sIope (O-1O) - Dense giassy oi heilaceous luffeis
inleicepl iunoff, liap sedinenls, ienove poIIulanls and
pionole giound valei iechaige. Modeiale sIope (1O-2O) -
nosl fiIleiing occui vilhin lhe fiisl 1O n. Ciealei vidlhs aie
iequiied foi: sleepei sIopes, vheie lhe luffei conpiise
nainIy liees and shiuls, vheie soiIs have Iov peinealiIily,
oi vheie non-poinl souice poIIulions aie significanl.
Reduce ank Liosion 1O - 2O n Ripaiian vegelalion enhances lank slaliIily ly nodeialing
soiI noisluie and pioviding lensiIe slienglh lhiough lhe iool
syslen. Ciealei vidlh nay le necessaiy vheie lheie is
aclive lank eiosion.
Iiovide Iood
Inpul/Aqualic Halilal
and Mainlain
Lighl/Tenpeialuie
LeveI
5 - 1O n IaIIen Ieaves, lvigs and lianches aie inpoilanl souices of
nuliienls and aqualic halilals. Nalive iipaiian vegelalion
piovides shade vhich is ciuciaI foi nainlaining naluiaI
IeveIs of Iighl inlensily and lenpeialuie foi heaIlhy in-
sliean ecosyslen.
Iiovide TeiiesliiaI
Halilal
3O - 5OO n uffeis conpiising diveise slands of shiuls and liees
piovide food and sheIlei foi a vide iange of iipaiian and
aqualic viIdIife.
LnalIe AgiicuIluie
Iioduclion
1O - 3O n Ripaiian Iand is oflen a highIy pioduclive pail of lhe
Iandscape. Il can le nanaged diieclIy foi conneiciaI
pioducls such as linlei oi honey, oi indiieclIy so lhal il
inpioves pioduclion ly pioviding halilal foi poIIinalois oi
acling as vindlieak foi conneiciaI ciops and doneslic
slock. When acling as vindlieak, lhe Ienglh shouId le al
Ieasl 2O lines lhe vidlh.
Dovnsliean IIood
Allenualion
2O - 15O n Ripaiian luffeis pionole fIoodpIain sloiage lhiough
lackvalei effecls. They inciease valei fIov line ly
inleiceplion, iesuIling in ieduced fIood peaks.

The olheis ciileiia lo le consideied aie:

- lhe sIope of lhe sile and lhe eiodiliIily of lhe soiIs aie lhe faclois having lhe Iaigesl infIuence in
deleinining luffei vidlhs foi lhe puipose of sedinenl conlioI,
- sile specific invesligalions viII need lo lake inlo accounl faclois such as channeI and fIoodpIain
geoneliy, vegelalion, fIoia and fauna iequiienenls, adjacenl Iand uses and soiI eiodiliIily, and
- indigenous species viII inhilil veed giovlh, aIlhough veed nanagenenl nay le iequiied unliI lhe
indigenous vegelalion is eslalIished and vindlieak pIanlings nay aIso le necessaiy lo assisl vilh
iipaiian vegelalion eslalIishnenl in exposed aieas.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73 17-5
)*2C2T QH8U 59F9K>N>F?
Managenenl of fIov veIocilies and fIov deplhs, in addilion lo lhe fiequency and exlenl of inundalion viII
enhance lhe vialiIily of iipaiian vegelalion. CeneiaIIy, naluiaI vegelalion has adapled lo lhe naluiaI cycIes of
iunoff and lhe fiequency of inundalion. The aIleialions lo lhe hydioIogicaI iegine Ieads lo lhe dispIacenenl of
iipaiian vegelalion fion ils naluiaI IeveI on lhe sliean lank and nay Iead lo eiosion and ieduced lank
slaliIily.

)*2P E%'&#5 $'-!&EE&E
2< 1&*9+'CA*)+&
Sliean nanagenenl piolIens nay aiise fion eilhei undeiIying piocesses of change in lhe iivei syslen oi
IocaIised peiluilalions. Sliean inslaliIily can le lhe iesuIl of naluiaI piocesses oi hunan aclivilies. Il is
lheiefoie inpoilanl lo idenlify lhe doninanl sliean piocesses piesenl if sliean nanagenenl slialegies aie lo
le inpIenenled, vhich aie appiopiiale and unIikeIy lo cause adveise iesponses eIsevheie in lhe syslen.
Sliean inslaliIily can le inilialed ly naluiaI and hunan induced causes such as:
- Iong lein aIleialion lo lhe hydioIogic and/oi sedinenl iegine,
- a calasliophic fIood oi sequence of najoi fIoods,
- ciossing of a geonoiphic lhieshoId, and
- diiecl oi indiiecl hunan inleifeience.

?< 62&D (9+5)+& E9+A75575
ank eiosion can le lhe effecl of noiphoIogicaI piocesses such as:
- neandei piocesses,
- channeI avuIsion, and
- led degiadalion, oi
- conlinalion of lhe alove, oi
- lhe pioducl of IocaIised piocesses unieIaled lo lhe noie geneiaI noiphoIogicaI changes in lhe iivei
syslen.

The nechanisn of lank faiIuie viII geneiaIIy invoIve noie lhan one faiIuie nodes. Il noinaIIy invoIves nass
faiIuie such as coIIapse caused ly undeinining and sIunping (sIoughing), iolalionaI oi sIip ciicIe faiIuie, and
iniliaI delachnenl of individuaI pailicIes invoIving alliilion oi fielling. Olhei nodes of faiIuie incIude eiosion
ly oveiIand fIov enleiing oi Ieaving lhe nain channeI ciealing a headvaid eiosion guIIy and lunneI eiosion
(piping faiIuie).

A< :2C575 +F 62&D (9+5)+&
TypicaI faclois, vhich nay conliilule lo lank eiosion, incIude:
- aIleied valei-sedinenl ialio in lhe valeicouise,
- aIleied fIov palleins incIuding lidaI cuiienls and heighls,
- geneiaI oi IocaI slean led degiadalion (i.e., Ioveiing) iesuIling fion aIleied fIovs,
- changes in sliean fIov veIocilies,
- Ioss of lank vegelalion,
- vave aclion, and
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

17-6 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
LocaIIy sleepei sliean led (nick poinl).
Sleepening nay occui Ovei a Iev neleis
oi ovei a dislance of noie lhan 1OO lines
lhe upsliean sliean vidlh.
Dovnsliean of lhe nick poinl lhe sliean vidlh is oflen nolicealIy videi.
Teiiaces oi nid-sliean lais nay foin as eioded naleiiaI diops oul of
suspension due lo lhe sIovei sliean veIocily in lhe videned channeI.
- soiI poie valei piessuie.

Sone lypicaI faiIuie nodes aie iIIuslialed in Iiguies 17.3 and 17.4.

Iiguie 17.3: TypicaI Chaiacleiislics of ed Scoui

Iiguie 17.4: ank IaiIuies ly Alliilion and Iielling
fIoving valei
ly enliainnenl inlo lhe
Diiecl ienovaI of naleiiaI
fion lhe face of lhe lank
Diiecl ienovaI of naleiiaI
ConlinuaI vave aclion againsl
vuIneialIe naleiiaI Ieads lo
vashing a scaif inlo lhe lank
aclion, oi Ienses of noie ieadiIy
conslanl valei IeveIs, vave
Oflen associaled vilh pioIonged
eiodilIe naleiiaI in lhe lank.
May Iead lo nass faiIuie.
(a) LaleiaI ank Liosion
(l) ank Undeiculling
CoIIapsed naleiiaI ienoved
ly fIov
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73 17-7
)*2R S#%&'!-3'E& 5#.#/&5&.% %V$&E
Liosion nechanisns incIude led scoui, lank alliilion and lank coIIapse caused ly undeinining, piping,
sIunping, oi iolalionaI faiIuie.
)*2R2) +>J E:8M7 W0>K79J9?@8FX
2< 075A9)@*)+&
A deepening of lhe sliean led lhal piopagales in an upsliean diieclion. The deepening noves upsliean ly an
advancing eiosion head lhal nay lake lhe foin of a snaII valeifaII oi IocaIIy sleepei seclion of sliean led
(head cul oi nick poinl) (Iiguie 17.3). In sone cases lhe Iocalion of lhe eiosion head is nol easy lo idenlify.

?< 1&')A2*+95G "4B@*+B5
- a visilIe valeifaII,
- sleep seclion of sliean led al head of scoui hoIe,
- leII shaped scoui hoIe innedialeIy dovnsliean of eiosion head,
- exposuie of foundalions on sliucluies such as liidge pieis and cuIveils,
- sleep iav lanks caused ly Ioveiing of lhe led and lhe consequenliaI coIIapse of lhe adjacenl lanks,
- ieIaliveIy sudden deciease in lank heighl in upsliean diieclion,
- choking of dovnsliean ieaches ly sedinenl deposils,
- sleep lanks, and
- dovnsliean fIooding lhiough Ioss of fIood sloiage iesuIling fion concenlialion of slieanfIov vilhin
lhe incised sliean channeI.

A< E+55)?37 :2C575
- CIeaiing and/oi uilanisalion of lhe calchnenl iesuIling in an inciease in fIov enleiing lhe sliean al
lhe oiiginaI head cul Iocalion, oi
- Diiecl hunan nodificalion lo lhe sliean such as:
- channeIisalion voiks causing a sudden inciease in nean fIov veIocily vhich has a knock on
upsliean effecl,
- in-sliean giaveI and sand nining opeialions,
- de-snagging, and
- unslalIe diop inIels upsliean of cuIveils.

)*2R24 +9FG #??7@?@8F
2< 075A9)@*)+&
ank alliilion is lhe diiecl ienovaI of naleiiaI fion lhe face and loe of lhe lank ly enliainnenl inlo lhe sliean
fIov (Iiguie 17.4). Il nay le caused ly channeI fIov and/oi iunoff fion lhe suiiounding aiea fIoving dovn
lhe face of lhe lank.

?< 1&')A2*+95G "4B@*+B5
- sleepening of lhe sliean lanks,
- alsence of lank vegelalion,
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17-8 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
- IaleiaI guIIies and/oi coIunnisalion (lhis is a speciaI case, iefei lo Seclion 17.5.7),
- videning of lhe sliean,
- neandei nigialion, and
- dovnsliean sedinenlalion.

A< E+55)?37 :2C575
High veIocily fIov in conlacl vilh lhe lank vhich nayle lhe iesuIl of one oi noie of lhe foIIoving:

- inciease in lhe iale and voIune of fIov enleiing lhe sliean caused ly Iand cIeaiing and/oi
uilanisalion of lhe calchnenl,
- olsliuclions in lhe sliean channeI such as faIIen liees, dunped naleiiaI oi liidge pieis, and
- a Iack of vegelalion on lhe lank due lo shading, lianpIing fion aninaIs oi hunans, vave aclion, oi
diiecl ienovaI ly hunan aclivilies.

)*2R2C +9FG 3FJ>7N@F@FK WQ7>??@FKX
2< 075A9)@*)+&
Iielling is lhe diiecl ienovaI of naleiiaI fion an exposed undeiIying vuIneialIe soiI Iayei ly lhe conlinuaI
novenenl of valei (fIov oi vaves) againsl lhe Iayei (Iiguie 17.4). An eiosion scaif is foined vhich can Iead lo
nass faiIuie of lhe oveihanging lank naleiiaI.

?< 1&')A2*+95G "4B@*+B5
- oveihanging lank, and
- a shaip sleeping of lhe lank vilh a neai veilicaI face cIose lo lhe valeiIine.

A< E+55)?37 :2C575
- inciease in valei IeveI lhal nakes conlinuaI oi fiequenl conlacl vilh an exposed and highIy eiodilIe
soiI Iayei, and
- incieased vave aclion due lo loaling, oi change in lhe pievaiIing vind diieclion due lo lhe ienovaI oi
addilion of neaily olsliuclions incIuding liees oi luiIdings.

)*2R2P $@6@FK
2< 075A9)@*)+&
Liosion lunneIs oi pipes aie foined vheie suiface fIovs seep inlo lhe giound lehind lhe lank and dayIighl al
lhe lank face. The seepage fIovs dissoIve and/oi disIodge soiI pailicIes fion lhe soiI naliix and lianspoil
lhen lo lhe face of lhe lank vheie lhey aie ienoved ly sliean fIov. On occasions, piping can le iniliaIised ly
aninaI luiiovs oi ly decaying iools of dead liees, vhich Ieaves sulsuiface cavilies.

?< 1&')A2*+95G "4B@*+B5
- sink hoIes on lhe fIoodpIain and especiaIIy vhen cIose lo lhe sliean lank,
- lienches oi naiiov Iine(s) of coIIapsed naleiiaI exlending IaleiaIIy acioss lhe fIoodpIain,
- concenlialed seepage fIovs appeaiing on lhe lank, and
- luiiovs oi lunneIs on lhe lank.

A< E+55)?37 :2C575
- pooiIy diained fIoodpIain aieas,
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CoIIapsed naleiiaI
ienoved ly IIov
(a) CoIIapse IoIIoving Undeinining
(l) SIunping (SIoughing)
(c) RolalionaI oi SIip CiicIe IaiIuie
vilh high noisluie
UsuaIIy associaled
conlenl, seepage oi
diavdovn condilions
naleiiaI sIunps
disinlegiales and
Sliucluie of lank naleiiaI
RolalionaI faiIuie aIong
sIip ciicIe pIane
Suichaige incieases iisk of faiIuie
IaiIuie oflen inilialed
ly eiosion of loe
Tension ciacks
Undeinining ly diiecl alliilion
SoiI nass sIips oi lips
ienoved ly fIov
CoIIapsed naleiiaI
CoIIapsed naleiiaI
ienoved ly fIov
efoie Aflei
- aninaI luiiovs,
- decaying iools of dead liees cIose lo lhe lop of lank, and
- adveiseIy oiienlaled dispeisive soiI Iayei.

)*2R2R +9FG EHMN6@FK
2< 075A9)@*)+&
ank sIunping (Iiguie 17.5) is lhe nass faiIuie of lhe lank naleiiaI due lo eilhei:
- deepening of lhe sliean led al lhe loe of lhe lank iesuIling in lhe lank leconing unslalIe and
sIunping inlo lhe sliean undei ils ovn veighl (oi undei sone suichaige veighl on lhe lop of lhe
lank), and
- high poie valei piessuie in lhe lank naleiiaI nol leing laIanced ly adjacenl hydioslalic piessuies in
lhe sliean. The high poie valei piessuie veakens lhe sliucluie of lhe lank naleiiaI causing il lo
sIunp inlo lhe sliean.

Iiguie 17.5: Mass ank IaiIuie Modes

?< 1&')A2*+95G "4B@*+B5
- IaleiaI novenenl oi videning of lhe sliean lanks,
- lension ciacks in oveilank naleiiaI iunning paiaIIeI lo lop of lhe lank,
- Iaige dunps of vegelaled lank sIunped leIov lhe olvious oiiginaI Iocalion of lhe vegelalion,
- significanl gioundvalei seepage fion lhe face of lhe sliean lank,
- neai veilicaI, unvegelaled lanks, and
- lhe piesence of naluie vegelalion lypes nol noinaIIy associaled vilh ieguIai and pioIonged
inundalion al lhe loe of lhe lank.
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17-1O 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
A< E+55)?37 :2C575
- high veIocily slieanfIov (oflen on lhe oulside of sliean lends) iesuIling in led scoui al lhe loe of lhe
lank. This can le nade voise ly Iand cIeaiing and/oi uilanisalion of lhe calchnenl,
- iapid diavdovn of sliean valei IeveI foIIoving a pioIonged peiiod of high fIovs, vhich have
saluialed lhe lank naleiiaI. This is nol connon in uilan slieans and is noie pievaIenl in ieguIaled
iuiaI slieans and iiiigalion channeIs,
- suichaige Ioading on lhe lop of lhe lank, and
- Iack of linding lank vegelalion.

)*2R2T +9FG '8?9?@8F9H Q9@HM7>
2< 075A9)@*)+&
ank iolalionaI faiIuie (aIso knovn as sIip ciicIe faiIuie) is lhe faiIuie of an enlanknenl aIong a cuived
suiface, vhich appioxinales lo lhe pIane of Ieasl iesislance vilhin lhe soiI nass (Iiguie 17.5).

?< 1&')A2*+95G "4B@*+B5
- lIock sIippage of lhe lank exposing a cuived faiIuie suiface on lhe lank. The sIunped naleiiaI nay oi
nay nol le piesenl depending on vhelhei sliean fIovs have ienoved lhe naleiiaI fion lhe lase of
lhe lank,
- IaleiaI novenenl oi videning of lhe sliean lanks,
- alsence of lank vegelalion, and
- lhe piesence of naluie vegelalion lypes nol noinaIIy associaled vilh ieguIai and pioIonged
inundalion al lhe loe of lhe lank.

A< E+55)?37 :2C575
- deepening of lhe sliean led al lhe loe of lhe lank iesuIling in lhe lank leconing unslalIe,
- suichaige veighl on lhe lop of lhe lank (vehicIes, luiIdings),
- high poie valei piessuie in lhe lank naleiiaI nol leing laIanced ly adjacenl hydioslalic piessuies in
lhe sliean, and
- ienovaI of linding vegelalion.
)*2R2* 19?>79H +9FG &78B@8F
2< 075A9)@*)+&
LaleiaI lank eiosion is nosl pievaIenl al Iocalions vheie iunoff fion adjacenl Iand is concenlialed vilhin
cuIveils, ioadvays and diainage Iines and depiessions piioi lo enleiing lhe nain sliean. The eiosion lakes lhe
foin of an upsliean piogiessing eiosion head lhal piopagales IaleiaIIy fion lhe nain sliean channeI. Wheie
lhe iunoff ieaches lhe lop of lank as sheel fIov lhe lank nay dispIay a coIunnai oi veilicaI foId foinalion
(Iiguie 17.4).

?< 1&')A2*+95G "4B@*+B5
- epheneiaI guIIies oi iiIIs enleiing lhe iivei lank alove lhe noinaI valei IeveI,
- coIunns oi veilicaI eiosion foIds in lhe lank, and
- lension ciacks in lhe lank and ciunlIing of lhe uppei soiI hoiizons.

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c) IossilIe Causes
- cuIveils, ioadvays, diainage svaIes elc. dischaiging concenlialed sloinvalei iunoffs inlo lhe sliean
channeI vilhoul piopei oulIel pioleclion neasuies,
- iediieclion of lhe sliean channeI due lo uilanisalion of lhe calchnenl and/oi cIeaiing of fiinging lank
vegelalion (pailicuIaiIy vheie lhis occuis on lhe inside of a neandei),
- eiosion pione naleiiaI al lhe lop of lhe lank such as dispeisive cIays, sofl siIls, and unconsoIidaled
sands and giaveIs, and
- Iack of vegelalion (especiaIIy giound covei) on lhe lank.

)*2T S#%&'!-3'E& 5#.#/&5&.% %&!".,Y3&E
The lechniques Iisled in TalIe 17.3 aie nol an exhauslive Iisl lul iepiesenl lhe nosl connonIy appIied
lechniques suilalIe foi uilan slieans and iiveis. Hovevei nol aII lechniques desciiled vouId le suilalIe in an
uilan enviionnenl due lo sile specific consliainls. IulIic safely, aeslhelics, and cosl viII oflen deleinine lhe
adoplion of a lechnique.

Iiguies 17.6 and 17.7 piovide exanpIes of sIighlIy inpioved naluiaI channeIs. SlaliIisalion neasuies in
Iiguie 17.6(a) incIude check sliucluies, iipiap, ninoi giading, and shoil seclions of ielaining vaIIs. In geneiaI,
IillIe oi no channeI capacily inpiovenenls aie incIuded. In Iiguie 17.6(l), channeI capacily has leen incieased
lo Iovei oi confine lhe design sloin fIov ly excavaling oulside of lhe enviionnenlaIIy sensilive aiea and
consliucling ielaining vaIIs. Iiguie 17.7 shovs possilIe diainage inpiovenenls foi conposile channeIs.
SlaliIisalion neasuies in Iiguie 17.7(a) incIude check sliucluies, iipiap, giading, and ielaining vaIIs.
Inpiovenenls lo lhe nain channeI inciease capacily foi ninoi fIood fIovs and nay confine oi ieduce lhe
deplh of lhe design fIood. In Iiguie 17.7(l), lhe nain channeI aiea has leen Iefl undisluiled (i.e. lhal aiea
conlaining lhe lase fIov pIus lhe innediale vegelalion aiea) and lhe oveilank conveyance capaliIilies
inpioved ly excavaling lhe fIoodpIain aiea. This 'inpioved naluiaI channeI has incieased capacily lo safeIy
convey lhe najoi syslen design fIov. Iiovision shouId le piovided foi nainlenance access lo lhe channeI. In
slaliIising lhe nain channeI and oveilank, vegelalion shouId le ielained as nuch as possilIe lo neel lhe
oljeclives of enhancing slaliIily and capacily. MuIlipIe uses of lhe oveilank fIooding aiea shouId le
encouiaged, especiaIIy if lhe nain channeI capacily is sulslanliaI, i.e. oveilank fIooding is infiequenl.

Iiguie 17.6: TypicaI ChanneI (ASCL, 1992)

Majoi syslen ARI
design valei IeveI
voik
Oveilank
fIooding
Vege-
lalion
"Main ChanneI"
eioding led and
lanks inadequale
capacily
Vege-
lalion
Oveilank
fIooding
IIoodpIain
Minoi syslen ARI Design
ienove vegelalion
slaliIisalion neasuies
inciease capacily
Mainlenance access
and fIoodpIain
Aiea of
enviionnenlaI sensilivily
Minoi
syslen ARI design Majoi channeI Majoi channeI
voik SeIecliveIy ienoved
vegelalion
slaliIisalion neasuies
inciease capacily
(Oveilank fIooding
zone)
SeIecliveIy IIanled
Tiees IiefeialIy vilh
High Canopy
Aiea of
LnviionnenlaI sensilivily
Majoi syslen ARI
design valei IeveI
collIe lollon
Conciele oi
v
e
g
e
l
a
l
i
o
n
I
i
e
s
e
i
v
e
v
e
g
e
l
a
l
i
o
n
I
i
e
s
e
i
v
e
(l) Wilh Incieased Capacily (a) Wilh SlaliIisalion Measuies
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17-12 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
asefIov
Lighl
lo dense
vegelalion
Meandeiing
eioding led
and lanks
Vegelalion
Spaise vegelalion and / oi
deveIopnenl encioachnenl
No
inpiovenenls
No
inpiovenenls
Lighl lo dense
vegelalion
design valei IeveI
Lxcavalion foi
capacily
SlaliIisalion
neasuie
Lxcavalion foi
capacily
High enviionnenlaI sensilivily
Lxisling valei IeveI
Lxisling sIope
IinaI sIope
Relaining WaII Relaining WaII
(l) Wilh Incieased Capacily
(a) Wilh SlaliIisalion Measuies
IIoodpIain
SlaliIisalion
neasuies
IIoodpIain
Spaise vegelalion
(lo inciease
caiiying capacily)
Lighl lo dense
vegelalion
Meandeiing and
eioding led
and lanks
High enviionnenlaI sensilivily
Spaise vegelalion
(lo inciease caiiying
capacily)
Majoi syslen
valei IeveI
Nev valei IeveI

Iiguie 17.7: Conposile ChanneI (ASCL, 1992)
)*2* !"#..&1 0&E,/. !-.E,0&'#%,-.
The design of 'naluiaI channeIs' invoIves lhe ciealion of channeIs vilh lhe alliilules of naluiaI valeicouises
peilinenl lo lhe Iocalion vilhin lhe valeished and shouId le lased on a sound undeislanding of fIuviaI
geonoiphic piincipIes. CuideIines on naluiaI channeI design nelhodoIogy aie piovided ly OMNR (1994). The
suggesled design sleps aie:
a) Define Design Oljeclives - Idenlify lhe oljeclives lo le nel foi lhe design. MuIlipIe oljeclives iegaiding
conveying fIood fIovs, aqualic halilal, ieciealion, aeslhelics and nainlenance nay exisl and fiequenlIy
viII appeai lo le in confIicl.
l) Define Lxisling Condilions - The exisling fIov iegine, sedinenl Ioad, channeI, vaIIey and calchnenl
condilions can le ollained oi eslinaled.
c) Define lhe Lxpecled Condilions - The expecled fIov, sedinenl Ioading and channeI sIope condilions can
le eslinaled oi caIcuIaled.
d) Idenlify Inconsislencies - Any inconsislencies lelveen lhe exisling and expecled condilions shouId le
idenlified and iesoIved.
e) Design Iaianeleis - The design paianeleis foi lhe channeI foi unconsliained design condilions shouId le
deveIoped lo salisfy lhe oljeclives.
f) Idenlify Consliainls - Consliainls lo lhe channeI design aie lo le idenlified. Sone of lhe noie connon
consliainls incIude funding, piopeily loundaiies, ioads, seivices, fIooding, and slakehoIdeis oi
nanagenenl dispules.
g) Idenlify Conpionises - Conpionises nay le iequiied lo deleinine lhe oplinun design condilions ly
consideiing aII lhe sile consliainls.
h) DeveIop Design - The design of lhe channeI syslen shouId enphasise on ciealing a channeI in dynanic
equiIiliiun vilh appiopiiale halilal fealuies.
i) LvaIuale Design - The iesuIling design shouId le conpaied lo lhe oplinun design and lhe exlenl of any
disciepancies (lheie aie usuaIIy sone) aie lo le idenlified and assessed as lo lheii inpoilance in achieving
lhe oveiaII design oljeclives.

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TalIe 17.3: Waleicouise Managenenl Techniques SuilalIe foi Uilan Slieans and Riveis
Techniques AppIicalion Linilalion
ank ainouiing
- Rock iip-iap
Diiecl pioleclion againsl eiosion Requiies a suppIy of haid sound
iock.
ank ainouiing
- AilicuIaled conciele
lIock nalliess
Iiovides pioleclion and slaliIily lo eioding
lanks. SuilalIe foi a iange of lank condilions
incIuding fielling and diiecl alliilion.
a) Toe apion iequiies anchoiing.
l) Wheie lhe sliean is pione lo
led scoui an exlensive loe apion
is iequiied.
ank ainouiing
- Rock fiIIed viie laskels
and nalliesses
Iiovides pioleclion and slaliIily lo eioding
lanks.

UsuaIIy faiI ly viie lieakage due lo
high sedinenl Ioads caiiied ly
sliean oi ly vandaIisn oi ly
undeinining.
ank ainouiing
- iushing

Iiovides lank pioleclion foi a Iiniled line lo
enalIe peinanenl vegelalion lo lecone
eslalIished on lhe lank. The lechnique is
effeclive againsl fielling and alliilion eiosion.
Il nay aIso conliilule lo Ioveiing lhe iisk of
nass faiIuie ly ieducing lhe iisk of naleiiaI
leing ienoved fion lhe loe of lhe lank.
OnIy piovides shoil lein pioleclion.

ank slaliIisalion
- alleiing

Reduce pulIic safely hazaid caused ly sleep
lanks, ieduce eiosion hazaid caused ly fasl
fIoving oveiIand fIov, inciease lank slaliIily
againsl iolalionaI faiIuie oi nass faiIuie, and
cieale conducive enviionnenl foi vegelalion
eslalIishnenl.
Land lake lehind lhe lank Iine nay
le iequiied if fIal sIopes aie lo le
appIied.

ank slaliIisalion
- Reinfoiced vegelalion

Acl as a sepaialing Iayei lelveen iivei fIovs
and an eioding lank. Oflen conlined vilh
lank lalleiing.
Liniled effecliveness leIov noinaI
iivei IeveI.

ank slaliIisalion
- Relaining and liaining
vaIIs

NoinaIIy used as an aIignnenl liaining
lechnique lul aIso piovides pioleclion and
slaliIily lo eioding lanks. SuilalIe foi lank
condilions invoIving:
a) fielling, and
l) diiecl alliilion.
a) Wheie lhe sliean is pione lo
led scoui lhe vaII nay le de-
slaliIised ly undeinining.
l) IiIe diiving equipnenl nay le
iequiied.
ank slaliIisalion
- io-ieinfoiced
enlanknenls

Iiovides lank pioleclion againsl
undeinining, piping, iolalionaI, and
sIunping faiIuie nodes.

Requiies a suppIy of suilalIe
vegelalive naleiiaI. Toe scoui nay
occui especiaIIy vheie lhe
ieinfoiced lank is leininaled alove
lhe Iov valei Iine.
ank slaliIisalion
- Reinfoiced eailh
piopiielaiy pioducls
Used lo ie-eslalIish an eioded iivei lank oi
lo ieinfoice an exisling lank.
Requiies a facing lo Iinil lhe iisk of
conlinued scoui.
Ciade conlioI sliucluies
- Check veiis

Used lo ieduce lhe effeclive hydiauIic giade
and conlioI sliean led degiadalion
(deepening) ly pionoling conlioIIed
sedinenlalion upsliean of lhe veii. When
lhe upsliean ponding aiea is fuII of sedinenl
lhe check veii lehaves in lhe sane nannei
as a Rock Chule.
Mayle suljecl lo danage undei
ceilain deplhs of inundalion.
Disluilance of lhe lank is necessaiy
lo anchoi lhe veii and pievenl
oulfIanking.
Land and valei nanagenenl
- Iish iefuges

Used lo cieale vaiialion in fish halilal lhal
piovides a vaiialion in valei lenpeialuie
and veIocily as veII as pioleclion fion
piedalois.

Sliean nusl le sufficienlIy vide if
jellies oi loaidvaIks aie
conlenpIaled. A good fishing
Iocalion nay le inadveilenlIy
ciealed if lheie is a high IeveI of
peopIe access aIong lhe sliean.

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17-14 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
)*2*2) 0>A>H86@FK 9 !;9FF>H 0>B@KF
Lveiy valeicouise is uniqueIy defined ly lhe calchnenl hydioIogy, geoIogy and soiIs, cIinale, vegelalion,
Ianduse, sliean use, and ils geoIogicaI age (sliean naluiily). In designing an aIIuviaI channeI consideialion
shouId le given lo lhe foIIoving ciileiia.

2< E32&F+9B

This iefeis lo lhe shape oi sliean configuialion vhen vieved on a pIan. Il coveis chaiacleiislics such as sliean
sinuosily (a neasuie of neandei shape, size and fiequency), neandei Ienglh and anpIilude, channeI pallein
(sliaighl, nuIli-channeI, liaided), and piesence of ox-lov Iakes, neandei culoffs, elc. An exaninalion of a
sliean's pIanfoin can give an indicalion of vhelhei lhe neandeis aie nigialing, incieasing oi decieasing, oi
vhelhei diffeienl ieaches of lhe sliean aie aggiading (aieas of deposilion) oi degiading (eioding).

?< 67'F+9B

edfoins can piovide inpoilanl cIues lo lhe sliean piocesses lhal aie laking pIace. The piesence of iecenlIy
foined oi gioving nid-sliean lai(s) viII geneiaIIy indicale an aiea of deposilion, vhich nay have
ianificalions on lhe slaliIily of lhe lanks opposile lhe lais. The piesence of pooIs and iiffIes viII usuaIIy
confoin lo a naluiaI fiequency of occuiience aIong a ieach. In sand led slieans lhey aie haidIy nolicealIe,
oflen onIy leing defined ly ieguIai aIleinaling deposils of coaisei and finei led deposils.

A< H3+I 975)5*2&A7

This design chaiacleiislic infIuences lhe veIocily piofiIe lolh veilicaIIy and hoiizonlaIIy acioss a seclion. Il is
affecled ly ledfoin, led and lank naleiiaI, vegelalion and naluiaI oi ailificiaI olsliuclions in lhe channeI oi
on lhe fIoodpIain. The ienovaI of lank vegelalion viII usuaIIy Iovei lhe suiface iesislance lo fIov lhus
incieasing lhe neai lank fIov veIocily. If lhe veIocily incieases alove lhe scoui lhieshoId vaIue foi lhe lank
naleiiaI eiosion viII occui.

'< "*972B 53+@7

This is a neasuie of lhe IongiludinaI sIope of lhe sliean lhaIveg (Iine liaced ly lhe Iovesl poinl on successive
cioss seclions). An exaninalion of lhe sliean sIope can assisl in idenlifying any sudden changes in sIope, vhich
nay indicale lhe piesence of sliean inslaliIily due lo liidge, dan oi olhei in-sliean sliucluie. The causes of
sIope change can le naluiaI oi ailificiaI (i.e. liidges, dans, oi olhei in-sliean sliucluie oi aclivily such as
giaveI oi sand exliaclion). Changes in sIope nay le sudden (i.e. a valeifaII oi iiffIe) oi giaduaI and onIy
nolicealIe ovei a consideialIe dislance.

7< "*972B I)'*; 2&' '7@*;

When sliean vidlh is usuaIIy consideied logelhei vilh deplh and lhe ialio of lhe lvo dinensions can piovide
fuilhei cIues as lo lhe doninanl sliean piocesses in lhe ieach. In an aIIuviaI sliean a high vidlh lo deplh ialio
viII oflen indicale lhal lhe sliean is in a deposilion slage vheie lhe Ioad caiiying capacily of lhe sliean is
giealei lhan lhe sedinenl inpul al lhe lop of lhe ieach. Uilan valeicouises aie oflen ieIaliveIy deep and
naiiov vhich is a iefIeclion on lhe incieased valei suppIy foIIoving uilanisalion of lhe calchnenl.

F< =787*2*)+&

When specifying lhe vegelalion foi a channeI design an assessnenl of lhe heighl and exlenl of fIooding foi a
iange of fIood fiequencies and duialions shouId le nade. The pIanls shouId le seIecled accoiding lo lhe
expecled fIooding iegine, Iighl condilions and soiI lypes piesenl. UnIess lhe sliean lank is pailicuIaiIy slalIe,
caie shouId le exeicised vhen pIanling Iaige liees cIose lo lhe lop of lhe lank vheie lhey nayle suljecl lo
undeinining fion sliean fIov oi high vinds vhich nay cause lhen lo faII inlo lhe sliean and expose lhe
lank. NaluiaI vegelalion is oflen unalIe lo cope vilh lhe expecled hydiauIic Ioading and consideialion can le
given lo ieinfoicing lhe vegelalion vilh eilhei lenpoiaiy oi peinanenl nalling oi olhei piopiielaiy pioducls.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73 17-15
)*2*24 E?9<H> !;9FF>H 0>B@KF
The slaliIily of a channeI oi lhe suilaliIily of vaiious channeI Iinings can le deleinined ly fiisl caIcuIaling lolh
lhe nean veIocily and liaclive sliess. AIIovalIe liaclive sliesses foi vaiious lypes of soiI, Iinings, giound
coveis, and slaliIizalion neasuies incIuding soiI lioengineeiing liealnenls, aie Iisled in TalIe 17.4.
AddilionaIIy, pioducl Iileialuies fion nanufacluieis can piovide infoinalion on aIIovalIe liaclive sliesses oi
veIocilies foi vaiious lypes of eiosion conlioI pioducls. TalIe 17.5 shovs lhe faclois infIuencing eiosion. A
geneiaI pioceduie foi lhe appIicalion of infoinalion piesenled ly Iischenich (2OO1) is oulIined in lhe foIIoving
paiagiaphs.
Slep 1 - Lslinale Mean HydiauIic Condilions

IIov of valei in a channeI is goveined ly lhe dischaige, hydiauIic giadienl, channeI geoneliy, and ioughness
coefficienl. This funclionaI ieIalionship is nosl fiequenlIy evaIualed using noinaI deplh oi lackvalei
conpulalions lhal lake inlo accounl piincipIes of Iineai nonenlun conseivalion. The Iallei is piefeialIe
lecause il accounls foi vaiialions in nonenlun sIope, vhich is diieclIy ieIaled lo sheai sliess.
Slep 2 - Lslinale LocaI/Inslanlaneous IIov Condilions

The conpuled vaIues foi veIocily and sheai sliess nay le adjusled lo accounl foi IocaI vaiialiIily and
inslanlaneous vaIues highei lhan nean. A nunlei of pioceduies aie avaiIalIe lo seive lhis puipose. Mosl
connonIy appIied aie enpiiicaI nelhods lased upon channeI foin and iiieguIaiily. Ioi sliaighl channeIs, lhe
IocaI naxinun sheai sliess can le caIcuIaled fion lhe foIIoving sinpIe equalion:

mux
= 1.S (17.1)
Ioi sinuous channeIs, lhe naxinun sheai sliess shouId le deleinined as a funclion of lhe pIanfoin
chaiacleiislics using Lqualion 17.2:

:
B2J
K %,LM: [
>
A
N
O-,M
(17.2)

vheie,
>
A
= Radius of cuivaluie (n), and
N = Top vidlh of lhe channeI (n).
Lqualions 17.1 and 17.2 adjusl foi lhe spaliaI disliilulion of sheai sliess, hovevei, lenpoiaI naxinun in
luiluIenl fIovs can le 1O lo 2O peicenl highei, so an adjuslnenl lo accounl foi inslanlaneous naxinun shouId
le added as veII. A facloi of 1.15 is usuaIIy appIied.
Slep 3 - Deleinine Lxisling SlaliIily

Lxisling slaliIily shouId le assessed ly conpaiing eslinales of IocaI and inslanlaneous sheai and veIocily lo
vaIues piesenled in TalIe 17.4. olh lhe undeiIying soiI and lhe soiI oi vegelalion condilion shouId le assessed.
If lhe exisling condilions aie deened slalIe and aie in consonance vilh olhei piojecl oljeclives, lhen no fuilhei
aclion is iequiied. Olheivise, pioceed lo slep 4.
Slep 4 - SeIecl ChanneI Lining MaleiiaI

If exisling condilions aie unslalIe, oi if a diffeienl naleiiaI is needed aIong lhe channeI peiinelei lo neel
piojecl oljeclives, a Iining naleiiaI oi slaliIizalion neasuie shouId le seIecled fion TalIe 17.4, using lhe
lhieshoId vaIues as a guideIine in lhe seIeclion. OnIy naleiiaI vilh a lhieshoId exceeding lhe piedicled vaIue
shouId le seIecled. The olhei piojecl oljeclives can aIso le used al lhis poinl lo heIp seIecl fion anong lhe
avaiIalIe aIleinalives. Iischenich and AIIen (2OOO) chaiacleiize alliilules of vaiious pioleclion neasuies lo heIp
in lhe seIeclion.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

17-16 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
TalIe 17.4: IeinissilIe Sheai and VeIocily foi SeIecled Lining MaleiiaIs (Iischenich, 2OO1)
oundaiy Calegoiy oundaiy Type
IeinissilIe
Sheai Sliess
(N/n
2
)
IeinissilIe
VeIocily
(n/s)
Cilalion (s)
SoiIs
Iine coIIoidaI sand O.96 - 1.44 O.46 A
Sandy Ioan (noncoIIoidaI) 1.44 - 1.92 O.53 A
AIIuviaI siIl (noncoIIoidaI) 2.15 - 2.39 O.61 A
SiIly Ioan (noncoIIoidaI) 2.15 - 2.39 O.53 - O.69 A
Iiin Ioan 3.59 O.76 A
Iine giaveIs 3.59 O.76 A
Sliff cIay 12.45 O.91 - 1.37 A, I
AIIuviaI siIl (coIIoidaI) 12.45 1.14 A
Ciaded Ioan lo collIes 18.19 1.14 A
Ciaded siIls lo collIes 2O.59 1.22 A
ShaIes and haidpan 32.O8 1.83 A
CiaveI/ColIe
25 nn 15.8O O.76 - 1.52 A
5O nn 32.O8 O.91 - 1.83 A
15O nn 95.76 1.22 - 2.29 A
3OO nn 191.52 1.68 - 3.66 A
Vegelalion
CIass A luif 177.16 1.83 - 2.44 L, N
CIass luif 1OO.55 1.22 - 2.13 L, N
CIass C luif 47.88 1.O7 L, N
Long nalive giasses 57.46 - 81.4O 1.22 - 1.83 C, H, L, N
Shoil nalive and lunch giass 33.52 - 45.49 O.91 - 1.22 C, H, L, N
Reed pIanlings 4.79 - 28.73 N/A L,N
Haidvood liee pIanlings 19.63 - 119.7O N/A L,N
Tenpoiaiy DegiadalIe
RLCIs
}ule nel 21.55 O.3O - O.76 L, H, M
Sliav vilh nel 71.82 - 79.OO O.3O - O.91 L, H, M
Coconul filei vilh nel 1O7.73 O.91 - 1.22 L, M
IileigIass ioving 95.76 O.76 - 2.13 L, H, M
Non-DegiadalIe
RLCIs
Unvegelaled 143.64 1.52 - 2.13 L, C, M
IailiaIIy eslalIished 191.52 - 287.28 2.29 - 4.57 L, C, M
IuIIy vegelaled 383.O4 2.44 - 6.4O I, L, M
Ripiap
d
5O
=

15O nn 119.7O 1.52 - 3.O5 H
d
5O
=

225 nn 181.94 2.13 - 3.35 H
d
5O
=

3OO nn 244.19 1.52 - 3.96 H
d
5O
=

45O nn 363.89 1.68 - 4.88 H
d
5O
=

6OO nn 483.59 4.27 - 5.49 L
SoiI ioengineeiing
WallIes 9.58 - 47.88 O.91 C, I, }, M
Reed fascine 28.73 - 59.85 1.52 L
Coii ioII 143.64 - 239.4O 2.44 L, M, N
Vegelaled coii nal 191.52 - 383.O4 2.9O L, M, N
Live liush nalliess (iniliaI) 19.15 - 196.31 1.22 , L, I
Live liush nalliess (giovn) 186.73 - 392.62 3.66 , C, L, I, N
iush Iayeiing (iniliaI/giovn) 19.15 - 299.25 3.66 L, I, N
Live fascine 59.85 - 148.43 1.83 - 2.44 C, L, I, }
Live viIIov slakes 1OO.55 - 148.43 O.91 - 3.O5 L, N, O
Haid Suifacing
Calions 478.8O 4.27 - 5.79 D
Conciele 598.5O > 5.49 H
1
Ranges of vaIues geneiaIIy iefIecl nuIlipIe souices of dala oi diffeienl lesling condilions.
A. Chang, H.H. (1988). I. SchiechlI, H.M. and R. Slen. (1996).
. IIoiinelh. (1982). }. SchokIilsch, A. (1937).
C. Ceislgiasei, C. (1998). K. Spiague, C.}. (1999).
D. Coff, K. (1999). L. TenpIe, D.M. (198O).
L. Ciay, D.H., and Solii, R.. (1996). M. TXDOT (1999).
I. }uIien, I.Y. (1995). N. Dala fion Aulhoi (2OO1).
C. Kouven, N., Li, R.M., and Sinons, D.., (198O). O. USACL (1997).
H. Noinan, }.N. (1975).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73 17-17
TalIe 17.5: Iaclois InfIuencing Liosion (Iischenich, 2OO1)
Iacloi ReIevanl chaiacleiislics
IIov piopeilies
Magnilude, fiequency and vaiialiIily of sliean dischaige,
Magnilude and disliilulion of veIocily and sheai sliess, Degiee of
luiluIence
Sedinenl conposilion Sedinenl size, giadalion, cohesion and slialificalion
CIinale
RainfaII anounl, inlensily and duialion, Iiequency and duialion of
fieezing
Sulsuiface condilions Seepage foices, Iiping, SoiI noisluie IeveIs
ChanneI geoneliy
Widlh and deplh of channeI, Heighl and angIe of lank, end
cuivaluie
ioIogy Vegelalion lype, densily and iool chaiaclei, uiiovs
Anlhiopogenic faclois Uilanizalion, fIood conlioI, loaling, iiiigalion

Slep 5 - Reconpule IIov VaIues

Resislance vaIues in lhe hydiauIic conpulalions shouId le adjusled lo iefIecl lhe seIecled channeI Iining, and
hydiauIic condilion shouId le iecaIcuIaled foi lhe channeI. Al lhis poinl, ieach oi seclion aveiaged hydiauIic
condilions shouId le adjusled lo accounl foi IocaI and inslanlaneous exlienes. TalIe 17.6 piesenls veIocily
Iinils foi vaiious channeI loundaiies condilions. This lalIe is usefuI in scieening aIleinalives, oi as an
aIleinalive lo lhe sheai sliess anaIysis piesenled in lhe pieceding seclions.

Slep 6 - Confiin Lining SlaliIily

The slaliIily of lhe pioposed Iining shouId le assessed ly conpaiing lhe lhieshoId vaIues in TalIe 17.4 lo lhe
nevIy conpuled hydiauIic condilions. These vaIues can le adjusled lo accounl foi fIov duialion using Iiguies
17.8 and 17.9 as a guide. If conpuled vaIues exceed lhieshoIds, Slep 4 shouId le iepealed. If lhe lhieshoId is nol
exceeded, a facloi of safely (IS) foi lhe piojecl shouId le deleinined fion lhe foIIoving equalions:

FS =
:
mcx
:
ccmputcd
oi FS K
v
mcx
v
ccmputcd
(17.3)

TalIe 17.6: SlaliIily of ChanneI Linings foi Civen VeIocily Ranges (Iischenich, 2OO1)
Lining O - O.61 n/s O.61 - 1.22 n/s 1.22 - 1.83 n/s 1.83 - 2.44 n/s > 2.44 n/s
Sandy SoiIs
Iiin Loan
Mixed CiaveI and
CollIes
Aveiage Tuif
DegiadalIe RLCIs
SlaliIizing
ioengineeiing
Cood Tuif
Ieinanenl RLCIs
Ainoiing
ioengineeiing
CCMs & Calions
Ripiap
Conciele
Key :
Appiopiiale
Use Caulion
Nol Appiopiiale
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

17-18 6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73
Conciele Lining
Ripiap
CCMs
N
on-D
egiadalIe SoiI
R
einfoicen
enl pioducl v
/C
iass
W
oven D
egiad
alIe I
iod
ucl v
C
o
o
d
C
iass co
v
ei o
i
Tenpoiaiy DegiadalIe Coveis Aveiage Ciass Covei
aie SoiI (C
Iays)
aie SoiI (LiodilIe)
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1O
1 2 5 1O 2O 5O
IIov Duialion (houis)
A
I
I
o
v
a
l
I
e

V
e
I
o
c
i
l
y

(
n
/
s
)
* Ioi sIopes < 5
O
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
21
1 2 5
Tine (houis)
2O 5O
(O)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(5O)
(1OO)
(15O)
(2OO)
(25O)
(3OO)
(35O)
(4OO)
L
i
n
i
l
i
n
g

V
e
I
o
c
i
l
y
,

l
l
/
s

(
n
/
s
)
L
i
n
i
l
i
n
g

S
h
e
a
i
,

i
I
/
l
l

(
n
/
n
)
SoiI Iiolecled
vilh LC
SoiI Iiolecled
vilh TRM
aie SoiI
O
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
21
1 2 5
Tine (houis)
2O 5O
(O)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(5O)
(1OO)
(15O)
(2OO)
(25O)
(3OO)
(35O)
(4OO)
L
i
n
i
l
i
n
g

V
e
I
o
c
i
l
y
,

l
l
/
s

(
n
/
s
)
L
i
n
i
l
i
n
g

S
h
e
a
i
,

i
I
/
l
l

(
n
/
n
) TRM
Reinfoiced
Ciass
Ciass vilh
Cood Covei
Ciass vilh
Iooi Covei
1O 1O

Iiguie 17.8: Liosion Linils as a Iunclion of IIov Duialion (Iischenich and AIIen, 2OOO)

a) aie and TRM Iiolecled SoiIs l) IIain and TRM Reinfoiced Ciass

Iiguie 17.9: Liniling VaIue foi VeIocily and Sheai (Spiague, 1999)

)*2*2C 1@N@?9?@8FB
Techniques desciiled in pievious seclion aie geneiaIIy appIicalIe lo sliean iesloialion piojecls lhal incIude
ievegelalion of lhe iipaiian zone oi lioengineeiing liealnenl. DelaiIed design ciileiia can le found in DID
ManuaI, VoIune 2-Rivei Managenenl (DID, 2OO9).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

6)+7&8)&7797' :;2&&73 17-19
'&Q&'&.!&E
1. Aneiican Sociely of CiviI Lngineeis oi ASCL (1992). !2&C23 2&' >7@+9*5 +F (&8)&779)&8 E92A*)A7 P+, QQR 075)8&
2&' :+&5*9CA*)+& +F S9?2& "*+9BI2*79 !2&287B7&* "45*7B5T ASCL, Nev Yoik, USA.
2. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and Diainage oi DID. (2OO9). 010 !2&C23T =+3CB7 % U >)V79 !2&287B7&*. DID,
KuaIa Lunpui, MaIaysia.
3. Iischei, R.A. and Iischenich, }.C. (2OOO). 075)8& >7A+BB7&'2*)+&5 F+9 >)@29)2& :+99)'+95 2&' =787*2*7' 6CFF79
"*9)@5. LMRRI TechnicaI Nole Seiies, TN-LMRRI-SR-24, U.S. Ainy Lngineei Reseaich and DeveIopnenl
Cenlei, Vicksluig, MS, USA.
4. Iischenich, C. (2OO1). "*2?)3)*4 W;975;+3'5 F+9 "*972B >75*+92*)+& !2*79)235. LMRRI TechnicaI Noles CoIIeclion
(LRDC TNLMRRI-SR-29), U.S. Ainy Lngineei Reseaich and DeveIopnenl Cenlei, Vicksluig, MS, USA.
5. Iischenich, C. and AIIen, H. (2OOO). "*972B !2&287B7&*. Walei Opeialions TechnicaI Suppoil Iiogian
SpeciaI Repoil LRDC/LL SR-W-OO-1, Vicksluig, MS, USA.
6. Iiice, I., Lovell, S. and Lovell, }. (2OO5). H2A* ";77* .XR !2&28)&8 >)@29)2& N)'*;5, Y2&' 2&' N2*79 #C5*923)2,
Canleiia, AusliaIia.
7. Spiague, C.}. (1999). Z977& (&8)&779)&8R 075)8& E9)&A)@375 2&' #@@3)A2*)+&5 C5)&8 >+337' (9+5)+& :+&*9+3 E9+'CA*5,
CL Nevs OnIine.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
CULVERT

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

18-i
!"#$%&' )* !+,-&'%
18.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 18-1
18.1.1 Conponenls .......................................................................................................... 18-1
18.1.2 AppIicalion ........................................................................................................... 18-2
18.2 HYDRAULICS IUNDAMLNTALS ................................................................................. 18-2
18.2.1 IIov Condilions ................................................................................................... 18-2
18.2.2 Type of IIov ConlioI ........................................................................................... 18-3
18.5 ILOW VLLOCITY .............................................................................................................. 18-12
18.6 MINIMUM LNLRCY CULVLRTS ................................................................................... 18-12
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 18-14
AIILNDIX 18.A DLSICN IORM, TALL, CHARTS AND NOMOCRAIH ........................ 18-15
AIILNDIX 18. LXAMILL - CULVLRT DLSICN ................................................................... 18-27

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-1
)*.) /0%'12+!%/10
A cuIveil is a ieIaliveIy shoil Ienglh of conduil used lo lianspoil sloinvalei lhiough an enlanknenl. A
cuIveil acls as an encIosed channeI lhal seives as a conlinualion foi an open channeI lhiough lhe enlanknenl.
Hovevei, fIov lhiough cuIveils depends on enliance geoneliy and fIov deplh al lhe dovnsliean end.
ConsequenlIy, fIov conpulalions foi cuIveils aie noie conpIex lhan open-channeI fIov anaIysis associaled
vilh pipes oi diains. CuIveils aie lypicaIIy designed lo pass lhe design dischaige vilhoul oveilopping lhe
enlanknenl oi causing exlensive ponding al lhe upsliean end.
This Chaplei piovides guidance and pioceduies foi lhe hydiauIic design of cuIveils vhich aie lased on
HydiauIic Design of Highvay CuIveils, HydiauIic Lngineeiing CiicuIai No 5 (IHWA, 1985).
)*.).) !345367689
Majoi conponenls of a cuIveil incIude lhe laiieI, end liealnenl such as headvaIIs, endvaIIs and vingvaIIs,
oulIel pioleclion, inIel inpiovenenls and deliis conlioI sliucluies. Lxcepl foi lhe laiieI lhese conponenls aie
used as lhe specific silualion vaiianls.
Lnd liealnenls such as headvaIIs and vingvaIIs piolecl lhe enlanknenl fion eiosion, seive as ielaining
vaIIs lo slaliIize lhe lank and add veighl lo counlei any luoyancy effecls. IdeaIIy, lhe cuIveils cenlieIine
shouId foIIov lhe Iine and giade of naluiaI channeI. In nany cases lhis cannol le done and skeving headvaIIs
and vingvaIIs heIps acconnodale lhe naluiaI sliean aIignnenl lo lhe cuIveil aIignnenl. Iiguie 18.1 shovs
foui lypes of inIel enliances.

Iiguie 18.1: Ioui Slandaid Lnd InIel Tiealnenls
a) Iiojecling aiieI
c) Iiecasl Lnd Seclion d) Lnd Mileied lo The SIope
l) Casl In-pIace Conciele
HeadvaII & WingvaIIs
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-2 67389:*
Deliis laiiieis aie sonelines consliucled on lhe upsliean end lo pievenl naleiiaI fion enleiing and cIogging
lhe cuIveil. The laiiieis aie pIaced fai enough avay fion lhe enliance so lhal accunuIaled deliis does nol cIog
lhe enliance.
Al lhe inIel and oulIel ends of lhe cuIveil endvaIIs and vingvaIIs seive as eiosion pioleclion foi lhe
enlanknenl and inhilil piping aIong lhe cuIveils oulside suiface. Dovnsliean vingvaIIs piovide a snoolh
liansilion lelveen lhe cuIveil and lhe naluiaI sliean lanks.
)*.).: #55;<=>8<36
aiieIs aie avaiIalIe in vaiious sizes, shapes and naleiiaIs. TalIe 18.1 shovs lhe lypicaIIy used cuIveil shapes
and lheii appIicalions. Shape seIeclion depends on consliuclion Iinilalions, enlanknenl heighl, enviionnenl
issues, hydiauIic peifoinance and cosl. The nosl connonIy used cuIveil naleiiaIs aie coiiugaled sleeI,
coiiugaled aIuniniun and piecasl oi casl-in-pIace conciele. Iaclois such as coiiosion, aliasion and sliucluiaI
slienglh deleinine lhe seIeclion of naleiiaI. In cases vheie lhe cuIveil is Iocaled in a highIy visilIe anenily
aiea, seIeclion of shape and naleiiaI nay le lased on aeslhelic as veII as funclionaI consideialions.
TalIe 18.1: TypicaI Shapes and Uses
Shape Uses
Round

Connon uses

Aich

Ioi Iov cIeaiance Iaige valeivay opening
and aeslhelics
Lov IiofiIe Aich

Lov-vide valeivay encIosuies and
aeslhelics
ox

Lov-vide valeivay encIosuies

)*.: "?2'#+,/!@ A+02#B&0%#,@
)*.:.) A;3C !36D<8<369
A cuIveil laiieI nay fIov fuII ovei aII of ils Ienglh oi pailIy fuII. IuII fIov in a cuIveil laiieI is iaie. CeneiaIIy,
al Ieasl pail of lhe laiieI fIovs pailIy fuII. A valei suiface piofiIe caIcuIalion is lhe onIy vay lo accuialeIy
deleinine hov nuch of lhe laiieI fIovs fuII.
;733 <3+= +: >:9557:9 <3+= E One condilion vhich can cieale piessuie fIov in a cuIveil is lhe lack piessuie caused
ly a high dovnsliean valei suiface eIevalion. A high upsliean valei suiface eIevalion nay aIso pioduce fuII
fIov. Il is lheiefoie, iegaidIess of lhe cause, lhe capacily of a cuIveil is affecled ly upsliean and dovnsliean
condilions and ly lhe hydiauIic chaiacleiislics of lhe cuIveil.
?2:*34 ;733 +: @>9& AB2&&93 <3+= C The appiopiiale open channeI fIov iegines, naneIy sulciilicaI, ciilicaI, oi
supeiciilicaI nusl le deleinined and acconpIished ly evaIualing lhe dinensionIess Iioude nunlei Ii. Ii>1,
lhe fIov is supeiciilicaI and is chaiacleiised as svifl. When Ii<1, lhe fIov is sulciilicaI and chaiacleiised as
snoolh and lianquiI. If Ii=1, lhe fIov is said lo le ciilicaI. To anaIyse fiee suiface fIov condilions, a poinl of
knovn deplh and fIov (conlioI seclion) nusl fiisl le idenlified. A definalIe ieIalionship exisls lelveen ciilicaI
deplh and ciilicaI fIov al lhe dan ciesl, naking il a convenienl conlioI seclion.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-3
)*.:.: %F57 3G A;3C !368H3;
InIel and oulIel conlioI aie lhe lvo lasic lypes of fIov conlioI vhich define lhe conlioI seclion. The
chaiacleiisalion of piessuie, sulciilicaI, and supeiciilicaI fIov iegines pIay an inpoilanl ioIe in deleinining
lhe Iocalion of lhe conlioI seclion and lhus lhe lype of conlioI.
1&39* A+&*:+3 C Occuis vhen lhe cuIveil laiieI is capalIe of conveying noie fIov lhan lhe inIel viII accepl. The
conlioI seclion of a cuIveil opeialing undei inIel conlioI is Iocaled jusl inside lhe enliance. CiilicaI deplh occuis
al oi neai lhis Iocalion, and lhe fIov iegine innedialeIy dovnsliean is supeiciilicaI. The upsliean valei
suiface eIevalion and lhe inIel geoneliy iepiesenl lhe najoi fIov conlioI. The inIel geoneliy incIudes lhe laiieI
shape, cioss-seclionaI aiea, and lhe inIel edge. Iiguie 18.2 shov lypes of inIel conlioI.

A. Iiojecling Lnd - Unsulneiged InIel

. Iiojecling Lnd - Sulneiged InIel

C. Milied Lnd - Sulneiged InIel
Iiguie 18.2: Types of InIel ConlioI

@7*39* A+&*:+3 C Occuis vhen lhe cuIveil laiieI is nol capalIe of conveying as nuch fIov as lhe inIel opening viII
accepl. The conlioI seclion foi oulIel conlioI fIov in cuIveil is Iocaled al lhe laiieI exil oi fuilhei dovnsliean.
Lilhei sulciilicaI oi piessuie fIov exisls in lhe cuIveil laiieI undei lhis condilions. AII lhe geoneliic and
hydiauIic chaiacleiislics of lhe cuIveil pIay a ioIe in deleinining ils capacily. These chaiacleiislics incIude aII of
lhe faclois goveining inIel conlioI, valei suiface eIevalion al lhe oulIel, and lhe sIope, Ienglh, and hydiauIic
ioughness of lhe cuIveil laiieI. Iiguie 18.3 shov lypes of oulIel conlioI.
D2E 09*9:F)&2*)+& +< (&9:G4 H92' DHE
The head, H (Iiguie 18.3) oi eneigy iequiied lo pass a given fIov lhiough a cuIveil opeialing undei oulIel
conlioI is nade up of lhiee najoi pails. These lhiee pails aie usuaIIy expiessed in nelies of valei and incIude
Walei Suiface
HW
Walei Suiface
HW
Walei Suiface
HW
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-4 67389:*
Walei Suiface
HW
H
W.S.
TW=h
O
H
W.S.
HW
H
W.S.
HW
HydiauIic Ciade Line
H
W.S.
HW

(a) CuIveil IIoving IuII, Sulneiged OulIel

(l) CuIveil IIoving IuII, Unsulneiged OulIel

(c) CuIveil IIoving IuII, foi Iail of Lenglh

(d) CuIveil nol fIoving fuII
Iiguie 18.3: Type of OulIel ConlioI
a veIocily head, H
8
, an enliance Ioss, H
9
and a fiiclion Ioss, H
<
. The eneigy head is expiessed in equalion foin
as:
<
H I
9
H I
8
H J H (18.1)
The veIocily head, H
v
is given ly,
%G
K
J
8
H
%
(18.2)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-5
vheie K is lhe nean veIocily in lhe cuIveil ceII and G is lhe acceIeialion due lo giavily. The nean veIocily is lhe
dischaige, L, divided ly lhe cioss-seclionaI aiea # of lhe ceII.
The enliance Ioss is expiessed as,
%G
K
9
M J
9
H
%
(18.3)
The enliance Ioss coefficienl, M
9
, depends on lhe inIel geoneliy piinaiiIy lhiough lhe effecl il has on
conliaclion of lhe fIov. VaIues of M
9
deleinined fion expeiinenl, iange fion O.2 foi a veII iounded enliance,
lhiough O.5 foi a squaie edged inIel in a veilicaI headvaII lo O.9 foi a shaip pipe (e.g. coiiugaled sleeI)
piojecling fion an enlanknenl. M
9
coefficienls aie given on Design Chail 18.A1.
Since nosl engineeis aie faniIiai vilh Mannings n, lhe foIIoving expiession is used lo caIcuIale lhe fiiclion
Ioss, H
<
aIong lhe conduil:
%G
K
N
O
P %G&
J
<
H
%
.,QQ
%
(18.4)
vheie,
& = Mannings fiiclion facloi,
P = Lenglh of cuIveil ceII (n),
K = Mean veIocily of fIov in cuIveil ceII (n/s),
G = AcceIeialion due lo giavily (9.8O n/s
2
),
O = HydiauIic iadius (n) = #RS
>T

# = Aiea of fIov foi fuII cioss-seclion (n
2
), and
S
>
= Welled peiinelei (n).
Sulsliluling in Lqualion 18.1 and sinpIifying, ve gel foi fuII fIov:
%G
K
O
P %G&
I
9
M I . J H
%
.,QQ
%
(
(
(18.5)
Iiguie 18.4 shovs lhe leins of Lqualion 18.5, lhe eneigy Iine, lhe hydiauIic giade Iine and lhe headvalei deplh,
HS. The eneigy Iine iepiesenls lhe lolaI eneigy al any poinl aIong lhe cuIveil ceII. The hydiauIic giade Iine is
defined as lhe piessuie Iine lo vhich valei vouId iise in snaII veilicaI pipes allached lo lhe cuIveil vaII aIong
ils Ienglh. The diffeience in eIevalion lelveen lhese lvo Iines is lhe veIocily head, K
%
R%G.
y iefeiiing lo Iiguie 18.4 and using lhe cuIveil inveil al lhe oulIel as dalun, ve gel:
<
H I
9
H I
8
H I B J P" I
%G
K
I B
%
%
.
.
(18.6)
Then,
<
H I
9
H I
8
H J B P" I
%G
K
I B
%
%
.
.
- (18.7)
and,
< 9 8 %
%
.
.
H I H I H J B P" I
%G
K
I B J H - (18.8)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-6 67389:*
Lneigy Line
H
ydiauIic Ciade Line
W.S.
V /2g
2
1
V /2g
2
V
1
HW
h
1
LS
V
S
L
He
H
f
Hv
h
2
W.S.
Dalun
Iion lhe deveIopnenl of lhis eneigy equalion and Iiguie 18.4, H is lhe diffeience lelveen lhe eIevalion of lhe
hydiauIic giade Iine al lhe oulIel and lhe eneigy Iine al lhe inIel. Since lhe veIocily head in lhe enliance pooI is
usuaIIy snaII undei ponded condilions, lhe valei suiface of lhe headvalei pooI eIevalion can le assuned lo
equaI lhe eIevalion of lhe eneigy Iine.

Iiguie 18.4: HydiauIics of CuIveil IIoving IuII undei OulIel ConlioI foi High TaiIvalei.

Lqualion 18.5 can le ieadiIy soIved foi H ly lhe use of lhe fuII fIov nonogiaphs in Appendix 18.A, Design
Chails 18.A9 lo 18.A11
DUE 09*9:F)&2*)+& +< H92'=2*9: 09>*B DHS
+
E
Headvalei deplh, HS
-
can le deleinined fion an equalion foi oulIel conlioI:
HS
-
J H I B
-
V P" (18.9)
vheie,
H = Head (n) deleinined fion Design Chails 18.A9 lo 18.A11 oi fion Lqualion 18.8,
B
-
= Ciealei of WS and (B
A
I 0E/2, in vhich B s 0,
B
A
= CiilicaI deplh (n) fion lhe Design Chails 18.A7 and 18. A8 in Appendix 18.A,
0 = CuIveil heighl (n),
P = Lenglh of cuIveil (n), and
" = SIope of ceII (n/n).
DAE 09*9:F)&2*)+& +< B
+

The deleininalion of B
-
is an inpoilanl facloi in caIcuIaling lolh lhe headvalei deplh and lhe hydiauIic
capacily a cuIveil fIoving undei oulIel conlioI.
TaiIvalei deplh, WS is lhe deplh fion lhe cuIveil inveil al lhe oulIel lo lhe valei suiface in lhe oulIel channeI.
Lngineeiing judgenenl is iequiied in evaIualing possilIe laiIvalei deplhs. TaiIvalei is oflen conlioIIed ly a
dovnsliean olsliuclion oi ly valei IeveIs in anolhei sliean. A fieId inspeclion shouId le nade lo check on
dovnsliean condilions and fIood IeveIs. The SIope Aiea Melhod can le used lo caIcuIale fIov deplhs, if
dovnsliean condilions do nol piovide an olvious conlioI.
IoilunaleIy, nosl naluiaI slieans aie vide conpaied lo lhe cuIveil and lhe deplh of valei in lhe naluiaI
channeI is consideialIy Iess lhan ciilicaI deplh in lhe cuIveil seclion. In such cases lhe naluiaI laiIvalei does
nol govein.
Tvo laiIvalei condilions can occui vilh cuIveils opeialing undei oulIel conlioI, (i) laiIvalei alove lhe lop of
lhe opening and (ii) laiIvalei al oi leIov lop of opening:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-7
HW
LS
D
S
L
H
TW=h
O
HW
LS
D
S
L
H
TW
hc
h
O
= Ciealei of hc + D and TW
2
(i) TaiIvalei alove lhe lop of opening - vhen lhe laiIvalei, WS in lhe oulIel channeI is alove lhe lop of
lhe cuIveil oulIel, Iiguie 18.3 (a),
WS J
+
B (18.1O)
The ieIalionship of B
-
lo lhe olhei leins in Lqualion 18.9, foi lhis silualion, is iIIuslialed on Iiguie 18.5.

Iiguie 18.5: Deleininalion of h
o
foi High TaiIvalei.

(ii) TaiIvalei al oi leIov lop of opening - vhen lhe laiIvalei in lhe oulIel channeI is al oi leIov lhe lop of lhe
cuIveil oulIel, as on Iiguie 18.3 (l), 18.3 (c) and 18.3 (d), B
-
is noie difficuIl lo deleinine. IuII fIov deplh al lhe
oulIel, Iiguie 18.3 (l), viII occui onIy vhen lhe fIov iale is sufficienl lo give ciilicaI deplhs equaI oi highei lhan
lhe heighl of lhe cuIveil opening. Ioi aII such fIovs lhe hydiauIic giade Iine viII pass lhiough lhe lop of lhe
cuIveil al lhe oulIel and lhe head, H can le added lo lhe IeveI of lhe lop of lhe cuIveil opening in caIcuIaling
HS
-
. When ciilicaI deplh is Iess lhan lhe heighl of lhe cuIveil opening, lhe valei suiface diops as shovn on
Iiguies 18.3 (c) and 18.3 (d), depending on lhe fIov. Ioi lhe condilion shovn on Iiguie 18.3 (c), lhe cuIveil
nusl fIov fuII foi of ils Ienglh. IIov piofiIe conpulalions shov lhal lhe hydiauIic giade Iine, if exlended as a
sliaighl Iine fion lhe poinl vheie lhe valei lieaks avay fion lhe lop of lhe cuIveil, viII le al a heighl
appioxinaleIy haIfvay lelveen ciilicaI deplh and lhe lop of lhe cuIveil, al lhe cuIveil oulIel. i.e.:
( )
%
0 I
A
B
J
+
B (18.11)
This IeveI shouId le used if il is giealei lhan WS.
The head, H can le added lo lhis IeveI in caIcuIaling HS
-
. The ieIalionship of B
-
lo lhe olhei leins in
Lqualion 18.9 foi lhis silualion is iIIuslialed on Iiguie 18.6. As lhe dischaige decieases lhe silualion appioaches
lhal of Iiguie 18.3 (d). Ioi design puiposes, lhis nelhod is salisfacloiy foi caIcuIaled headvalei deplhs alove
O.750. Ioi snaIIei vaIues of headvalei, noie accuiale iesuIl can le ollained ly fIov piofiIe caIcuIalions oi ly
lhe use of lhe capacily chails fion HydiauIic Lngineeiing CiicuIai No 1O (US IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion,
1972).

Iiguie 18.6: Deleininalion of h
o
foi TaiIvalei leIov Top of Opening.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-8 67389:*
)*.I 2&@/J0 !10@/2&'#%/10
H92'=2*9: C Headvalei is lhe valei suiface in lhe upsliean of cuIveil. The avaiIalIe headvalei nay le Iiniled
ly lhe heighl of lhe suiiounding giound oi lhe eIevalion al vhich lhe ioad foinalion culs lhiough lhe HCL.
The nosl econonicaI cuIveil is one vhich uliIize aII of lhe avaiIalIe headvalei lo pass lhe design dischaige.
Hovevei, il is nol aIvays possilIe lo uliIize aII of lhe avaiIalIe headvalei due lo consliainls lhal Iinil lhe
upsliean valei IeveI. The foIIoving faclois shouId le consideied in lhe seIeclion of lhe design headvalei:
- Linils on lackvalei nol lo cause inundalion of lhe piopeilies upsliean, and
- The oulIel veIocily and lhe polenliaI scouis.
!73*)>39 69335 C The cuIveil shape seIecled viII lesl fil lhe valeivay of channeI oi sliean. In naiiov deep
channeI, a snaII nunlei of Iaige dianelei pipes oi lox cuIveils aie usuaIIy appiopiiale. In fIal aieas of no veII
defined valeivay, lhe fIood nay le Iaigei in voIune, lul shaIIov deplh. A nunlei of sepaiale cuIveils spiead
ovei lhe vidlh of lhe fIooded aiea nay le noie appiopiiale. SpeciaI consideialion shouId le given lo nuIlipIe
ceII cuIveils vheie lhe appioach fIov is of high veIocily, pailicuIaiIy if supeiciilicaI.
67389:* )& ;32* W9::2)& C In fIal leiiain, diainage channeIs aie oflen nol veII defined. MuIlipIe cuIveils can le
consideied lo have a connon headvalei eIevalion. Il is aIso necessaiy lo consliucl Ievee lanks lo achieve lhe
design headvalei al lhe cuIveil Iocalion piovide no dangei of incieased fIooding of upsliean piopeilies. The
appiovaI of lhe IocaI diainage aulhoiily nusl le ollained piioi lo consliuclion of such Ievee lank.
)*.K 2&@/J0 $'1!&2+'&
The appioach is lo anaIyse a cuIveil foi vaiious lypes of fIov conlioI and lhen design foi lhe conlioI vhich
pioduces lhe nininun peifoinance. Design foi nininun peifoinance ignoies liansienl condilions vhich
nighl iesuIl in peiiods of lellei peifoinance. The lenefil of designing foi nininun peifoinance aie ease of
design and assuiance of adequale peifoinance undei lhe Ieasl favouialIe hydiauIic condilions.
The design engineei shouId le faniIiai vilh aII lhe equalions in lhe pievious Seclion lefoie using lhese
pioceduies. IoIIoving lhe design nelhod vilhoul an undeislanding of cuIveil hydiauIics can iesuIl in an
inadequale, unsafe, oi coslIy sliucluies. The pioceduies does nol addiess lhe effecl of sloiage. The design
pioceduie is sunnaiised on lhe CuIveil Design IIovchail, Iiguie 18.7
The sleps in cuIveil sizing aie as foIIovs:.
Slep 1: AssenlIe Sile Dala
The foIIoving dala aie iequiied foi lhe design of cuIveil:
- Sile suivey and IocaIily nap,
- Lnlanknenl cioss-seclion,
- Roadvay piofiIe,
- Ihologiaphs, aeiiaI phologiaphs,
- DelaiIs fion fieId visil (sedinenl, deliis and scoui al exisling sliucluie),
- Design dala foi neaily sliucluies,
- Sludies ly olhei aulhoiilies neai lhe sile, incIuding snaII dans, canaIs, veiis, fIoodpIains, sloin
diains, and
- Recoided and olseived fIood dala.
Slep 2: Deleinine Design IIood Dischaige
Deleinine ARI of design fIood and hence lhe design fIood dischaige Q, IIease iefei Chaplei 2.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-9
`
Iiguie 18.7: Design IIov Chail
|
.
|
\
| +
%
0 BA
|
.
|
\
| +
=
%
0 B
B
A
+

Yes
HWo = H+ho-SoL
HW
i
= Headvalei foi inIel conlioI
HW
o
= Headvalei foi oulIel conlioI

Considei Oplion:
Scoui Iioleclion Lneigy Dissipaloi
If Change of CuIveil
Size, Repeal Design Sleps

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-1O 67389:*
Slep 3: Connence Sunnaiising Dala on Design Ioin
The infoinalion ollained fion slep 1 and slep 2 aie pul inlo Design foin Chail 18.A1 in Appendix
18.A.
Slep 4: SeIecl TiiaI CuIveil
- Choose cuIveil naleiiaI, shape, size and enliance lype.
- The iniliaI liiaI size of cuIveil is deleinined, eilhei ly aililiaiy seIeclion oi ly assuning a veIocily
(say 2 n/s) and caIcuIaling a cuIveil aiea fion # J LRK
Slep 5: Deleinine InIel ConlioI Headvalei Deplh, HS
)
- Use inIel ConlioI Design Chails 18.A2 lo 18.A4.
The nonogiaphs covei vaiious cuIveil lypes and inIel configuialions. Lach nonogiaphs has an
exanpIe on il vhich is seIf-expIanaloiy. Using lhe liiaI cuIveil size, lhe ieIevanl nonogiaph can le
used lo caIcuIale HS
)
given a knovn L. They can aIso le used in ieveise lo caIcuIale Q given a knovn
HS
)
.
Il shouId le noled lhal vheie lhe appioach veIocily is consideialIe, lhe appioach veIocily head can le
caIcuIaled and deducled fion lhe caIcuIaled HS
)
lo give lhe acluaI physicaI head iequiied.
Slep 6: Deleinine Deplh, B
-
foi OulIel conlioI
CaIcuIale lolh (B
A
I 0)/2 and lhe laiIvalei, WS fion knovn fIood IeveIs, dovnsliean conlioIIing IeveIs
oi fion lhe SIope Aiea Melhod. If il is cIeai lhal lhe dovnsliean laiIvalei condilions do nol conlioI,
lake B
-
J DB
A
I 0ER%. B
A
can le caIcuIaled fion Design Chails 18.A7. oi 18.A8. If B
A
exceeds 0 lhen lake B
A

as 0.
B
-
is lhe Iaigei of WS oi (B
A
I 0)/2
Slep 7: Deleinine OulIel ConlioI Headvalei Deplh al InIel, HS
-

- Deleinine enliance Ioss coefficienl, M
9
fion Design TalIe 18.A1., Appendix 18.A.
- CaIcuIale lhe Iosses lhiough lhe cuIveil, H using lhe oulIel conlioI nonogiaphs, Design
Chails 18.A9 lo 18.A11 (oi Lqualion 18.5 if oulside lhe iange). As vilh lhe inIel conlioI
nonogiaphs, lhese nonogiaphs covei vaiious cuIveil lypes and each nonogiaph has an seIf-
expIanaloiy exanpIe on il.
- If lhe Mannings & vaIue of lhe cuIveil undei consideialion diffeis fion lhe Manning & vaIue
shovn on lhe nonogiaph, lhis can le aIIoved foi ly adjusling lhe cuIveil Ienglh as foIIovs:

|
.
|
\
|
=
&
&
P P
.
.
(18.12)
vheie,
P
1
= Adjusled cuIveil Ienglh,
P = AcluaI cuIveil Ienglh,
&
1
= Desiied Manning & vaIue, and
& = Manning & vaIue given on lhe nonogiaph.
- CaIcuIale HS
-
J H I B
-
V P"
As vilh inIel conlioI, vheie lhe appioach veIocily is consideialIe, lhe appioach veIocily head can
le caIcuIaled and deducled fion lhe caIcuIaled HS
-
lo give lhe acluaI physicaI head iequiied.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-11
- If HS
O
is Iess lhan O.750 and lhe cuIveil is undei oulIel conlioI, lhen lhe cuIveil nay le fIoving
onIy pail fuII and using (B
A
I 0)/2 lo caIcuIale B
-
nay nol le appIicalIe. If iequiied, noie accuiale
iesuIls can le ollained ly fIov piofiIe caIcuIalions oi lhe use of HydiauIic Lngineeiing CiicuIai No 1O
(as discussed in Seclion 18.2.2 undei (ii) laiIvalei deplh al oi leIov lop of opening).
Slep 8: Deleinine ConlioIIing Headvalei, HS
A

Conpaie HS
)
and HS
-
and use lhe highei:
If HS
)
> HS
-
lhe cuIveil is undei inIel conlioI and HS
A
= HS
)T
and
If HS
-
> HS
)
lhe cuIveil is undei oulIel conlioI and HS
A
= HS
-,

Slep 9: CaIcuIale OulIel VeIocily, K
-

The aveiage oulIel veIocily viII le lhe dischaige divided ly lhe cioss-seclionaI aiea of fIov al lhe
cuIveil oulIel. The cioss-seclionaI aiea of fIov depends, in luin, on lhe fIov deplh al lhe oulIel.
If inIel conlioI is lhe conlioIIing headvalei, lhe fIov deplh can le appioxinaled ly caIcuIaling lhe
noinaI deplh, y
n
, foi lhe cuIveil cioss-seclion using Mannings Lqualion. The fIov aiea, # is caIcuIaled
using 4
&
and lhe oulIel veIocily:

#
L
K
+
= (18.13)
The oulIel veIocily conpuled uliIising lhe noinaI deplh, 4
&
viII usuaIIy le high, lecause lhe noinaI
deplh is seIdon ieached in lhe ieIaliveIy shoil Ienglh of aveiage cuIveil.
If oulIel conlioI is lhe conlioIIing headvalei, lhe fIov deplh can le eilhei ciilicaI deplh B
A
, lhe laiIvalei
deplh WS (if leIov lhe lop of lhe cuIveil), oi lhe fuII deplh 0 of lhe cuIveil depending on lhe foIIoving
Use ieIalionships:
- B
A
, if B
A
> WST
- Use WS, if B
A
< WS < 0T 2&'
- Use 0, if 0 < WS,
CaIcuIale fIov aiea using appiopiiale fIov deplh and lhen oulIel veIocily using Lqualion 18.13.
Slep 1O: Reviev ResuIls
Conpaie aIleinalive design vilh lhe sile consliainls and assunplions. If any of lhe foIIoving
condilions aie nol nel, iepeal sleps 4 lo 9:
- The cuIveil nusl have adequale covei,
- The finaI Ienglh of lhe cuIveil shouId le cIose lo lhe appioxinale Ienglh assuned in design,
- The headvaIIs and vingvaIIs nusl fil lhe sile,
- The aIIovalIe headvalei shouId nol le exceeded, and
- The aIIovalIe oveilopping fIood fiequency shouId nol le exceeded.
The peifoinance of lhe cuIveil shouId aIso le consideied, (i) vilh fIoods Iaigei lhan lhe design fIood lo
ensuie such iaiei fIoods do nol pose unacceplalIe iisks lo Iife oi polenliaI foi najoi danage and (ii)
vilh snaIIei fIoods lhan lhe design fIood lo ensuie lhal lheie viII le no unacceplalIe piolIens of
nainlenance.
If oulIel veIocily is high, scoui pioleclion oi an eneigy dissipalei nay le iequiied.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-12 67389:*
Slep 11: Inpioved Designs
Undei ceilain condilions noie econonic designs nay le achieved ly consideialion of lhe foIIoving:
- The use of an inpioved inIel foi cuIveils opeialing undei inIel conlioI, and
- AIIoving ponding lo occui upsliean lo ieduce lhe peak dischaige, if a Iaige upsliean headvalei
pooI exisls.
)*.L A,1M -&,1!/%?
CuIveil usuaIIy inciease lhe fIov veIocily in lhe naluiaI valei couise. When cuIveils fIov fuII, lhe highesl
veIocily occuis neai lhe oulIel and nay cause eiosion. Check on oulIel veIocily nusl le caiiied oul in lhe
cuIveil design dischaiging inlo unIined valeivay.
1&39* 6+&*:+3 C The oulIel veIocily foi a pipe cuIveil fIoving vilh inIel conlioI can le ollained fion lhe
CoIeliook-While equalion, Design Chail 18.A12, Appendix 18.A foi pipe ioughness k=O.6. Ioi olhei pipe
naleiiaI chails of appiopiiale k vaIues shouId le used. Chail 18.A5 and 18.A6 foi ciicuIai and lox cuIveil
iespecliveIy can le used lo ollain veIocily foi pail fuII fIov. This appioach assunes lhal lhe oulIel fIov deplh
coiiesponding lo unifoin fIov. The deplh of fIov shouId le checked againsl ciilicaI deplh as deleinined fion
Design Chails 18.A7 and 18.A8 foi ciicuIai and lox cuIveils iespecliveIy.
@7*39* 6+&*:+3 C Ioi oulIel conlioI, lhe aveiage oulIel veIocily viII le equaI lo lhe dischaige divided ly lhe cioss-
seclionaI aieas of fIov al lhe oulIel.
(:+5)+& +< 6+&'7)* C Veiy fasl fIov of highei lhan 7.5n/s in fuII fIov pipe, and 12n/s in open conduil can cause
cavilalion and eiosion lo lhe conduil. Maxinun ieconnended fIov veIocilies foi Iiecasl conciele pipes and
piecasl lox cuIveil aie 8.On/s, vhiIe foi insilu conciele and haid packed iock of 3OOnn nininun is 6.On/s.
"A+7: 2* 1&39*5 2&' @7*39*5 C Scoui can occui upsliean of lhe cuIveil caused ly high veIocily and acceIeialion of
fIov as il Ieaves lhe naluiaI channeI and enleis lhe cuIveil. Upsliean ving vaIIs, apions, cul-off vaIIs and
enlanknenl paving assisl piolecling lhe enlanknenl and sliean led al lhe upsliean end of a cuIveil. The
fIov of high veIocily eneiging fion cuIveil can cause eiosion and scoui in lhe led innedialeIy dovnsliean.
Scoui pioleclion such as conciele apion, iock iipiap, iock nalliesses, oi conciele fiIIed nalliesses nay le
consideied.
")3*2*)+& C IIov veIocily aloul O.5n/s and leIov viII cause sellIenenl of fine lo nediun sand pailicIes and
siIlalion occuis. Highei veIocily nay le ollained ly inciease lhe sIope and hence lo le seIf-cIeansing. SeIf
cIeansing nay aIso le ollained ly giaded cuIveils lo lhe aveiage giade of lhe valei couise upsliean and
dovnsliean of lhe cuIveil, and IeveIs nusl iepiesenl lhe aveiage sliean IeveIs lefoie lhe cuIveil vas luiIl.
)*.N B/0/B+B &0&'J? !+,-&'%@
The lianquiI fIov occui in conduil Iaid on naluiaI giade of Iov sIope of a fiaclion of one pei lhousand as in
nosl coaslaI aieas. The Mininun Lneigy CuIveil concepl is lo concenliale lhe fIov in a naiiov, deep cioss
seclion fIoving vilh ciilicaI veIocily undei naxinun design fIov, laking advanlage of lhe nininun specific
eneigy undei ciilicaI fIov condilion. This naxinises lhe fIov pei unil Ienglh of valeivay ciossing. y keeping
lhe fIov oulside lhe supeiciilicaI iegion, lhe designei avoids lhe eneigy Ioss in a hydiauIic junp and lhe need
foi eiosion pioleclion, hence safe cosl.
Heie, lhe design iequiies knovIedge of:
- Design dischaige,
- Aveiage naluiaI sIope of leiiain,
- IIood LeveIs, and
- Suivey delaiIs of fIood pIain adjacenl lo cuIveil.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-13
ase on lhe alove infoinalion and lhe foIIoving assunplions, a pIan and IongiludinaI seclion of lhe cuIveil is
diavn,
- The eneigy Iine paiaIIeIs lhe naluiaI faII of lhe leiiain, and
- Lneigy Iosses al enliy and exil of cuIveil aie disiegaided due lo snoolh liansilions.
To avoid lhe foinalion of slanding eddies, lhe expansion of exil sliean led shouId le snaIIei lhan lhe enliy
angIe.
Using lhe foIIoving equalions:
H
5XA
J .,Y'
AX
(18.14a)
L J U'
A
DG'
A
E
-,Y
(18.14l)
Coiiesponding vaIues of l, d
c
and H
s
can le liied and conpaied.

Iiguie 18.8: Chaiacleiislic IIov Line of Mininun Lneigy CuIveil

l
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
lc
ILAN
LLLVATION
Lneigy Line
Walei Suiface
CuIveil and
ChanneI ollon
1
3
1
2
2
3
CuIveil
d
v
2
2g
dc
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-14 67389:*
'&A&'&0!&@
1. DID MaIaysia (2OOO). Z:U2& "*+:F=2*9: !2&2G9F9&* !2&723 <+: !23245)2. Depailnenl of Iiiigalion and
Diainage.
2. U.S. IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion (1972). 62>2A)*4 6B2:* <+: *B9 H4':273)A 095)G& +< H)GB=24 67389:*5X
HydiauIic Lngineeiing CiicuIai No.1O, Washinglon DC.
3. U.S. IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion (1972). H4':273)A 095)G& +< H)GB=24 67389:*5X HydiauIic Lngineeiing
CiicuIai No.5, Washinglon DC.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-15
#$$&02/O )*.# 2&@/J0 A1'BP %#Q,&P !"#'%@ #02 01B1J'#$"

Design Chail 18.A1: Design Ioin foi CuIveil CaIcuIalion

A
L
L
O
W
A
L
L

H
W
=
L
L
.
L
L
.
L
L
.
T
W
S

=
OL

=
H
Y
D
R
O
L
O
C
I
C
A
L

A
N
D

C
H
A
N
N
L
L

I
N
I
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
I
R
O
}
L
C
T

:
L
N
C
I
N
L
L
R

:
D
A
T
L

:
S
K
L
T
C
H
S
T
A
T
I
O
N

:
M
L
A
N

S
T
R
L
A
M

V
L
L
O
C
I
T
Y

=
M
A
X
.

S
T
R
L
A
M

V
L
L
O
C
I
T
Y

=
Q
1

=
Q
2
=
T
W
1

=
T
W
2

=
(
Q

=

D
e
s
i
g
n

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
)
1
(
Q

=

C
h
e
c
k

D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
)
1
C
U
L
V
L
R
T
D
L
S
C
R
I
I
T
I
O
N
(
L
n
l
i
a
n
c
e

T
y
p
e
)
Q
S
I
Z
L
I
N
L
L
T

C
O
N
T
.
H
L
A
D
W
A
T
L
R

C
O
M
I
U
T
A
T
I
O
N
O
U
T
L
L
T

C
O
N
T
R
O
L

H
W

=

H

+

h

-
L
S
O
O
O
H
W
i
D
H
W
2
H
h
c

+

D
h
c
K
e
T
W
O
h
O
L
S
O
H
W
C O N T R O L L I N C
H W
O U T L L T
V L L O C I T Y
C
O
S
T
C
O
M
M
L
N
T
S
S
U
M
M
A
R
Y

A
N
D

R
L
C
O
M
M
L
N
D
A
T
I
O
N
S
:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-16 67389:*
Design TalIe 18.A1: Lnliance Loss Coefficienls

Type of aiieI And InIel Loss Coefficienls
$<57P !36=H787 M
9

Iiojecling fion fiII, sockel end O.2
Iiojecling fion fiII, squaie cul end O.5
HeadvaII oi headvaII and vingvaIIs
Sockel end of pipe O.2
Squaie-edge O.5
Rounded (iadius = 1/12 D) O.2
Milied lo confoin lo fiII sIope O.7
Lnd-seclion confoining lo fiII sIope (slandaid piecasl) O.5
eveIIed edges, 33.7 oi 45 leveIs O.2
Side-lapeied oi sIope-lapeied inIels O.2
$<57P 3H $<57E#H=RP !3HHST>87D @877;
Iiojecling fion fiII O.9
HeadvaII oi headvaII and vingvaIIs, squaie edge O.5
Milied lo confoin lo fiII sIope O.7
Lnd-seclion confoining lo fiII sIope (slandaid piefal) O.5
eveIIed edges, 33.7 oi 45 leveIs O.25
Side-lapeied oi sIope-lapeied inIels O.2
Q3UP '7<6G3H=7D !36=H787
HeadvaII
Squaie-edged on 3 edges O.5
Rounded on 3 edges lo iadius of 1/12 laiieI dinension,
Oi leveIIed edges on 3 sides O.2
WingvaIIs al 3O lo 75 lo laiieI
Squaie-edged al ciovn O.4
Ciovn edge iounded lo iadius of 1/12 laiieI dinension
Oi leveIIed lop edge O.2
WingvaIIs al 1O lo 25 lo laiieI
WingvaIIs paiaIIeI (exlension of sides)
Side-lapeied oi sIope-lapeied inIel O.2
Iiojecling
Squaie-edged O.7*
eveIIed edges, 33.7 oi 45 leveIs O.2*
* Lslinaled
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-17

Design Chail 18.A2: InIel ConlioI Nonogiaph - Conciele Iipe CuIveil
4.5O
4.OO
3.5O
3.OO
2.5O
2.OO
1.5O
1.OO
O.9O
O.8O
O.7O
O.6O
O.5O
O.4O
O.3O
3OO
2OO
1OO
8O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.8
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.15
O.1
O.O2
O.O3
O.O4
O.O5
O.O6
O.O9
O.O8
O.O7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.6
O.7
O.8
O.9
1.O
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.5
InIel Type
(1) HeadvaII vilh
Squaie Ldge
(2) HeadvaII vilh
Sockel Lnd
(3) Iiojecling vilh
Sockel Lnd
LxanpIe
D = O.8O n
Q
N
= 1.7 n /s
3
InIel
HW
D
HW(n)
(1) 2.6O 2.O8
(2) 2.18 1.74
(3) 2.2O 1.76
N

=

1
.
7

n

/
s

L
x
a
n
p
I
e
3
D

=

O
.
8
O

n
Q
D (n)
Q
N
(n /s)
HW
D
(1) (2) (3)
3
D
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-18 67389:*

Design Chail 18.A3: InIel ConlioI Nonogiaph - ox CuIveil

WingvaII IIaie HW/D ScaIe
3O - 75 1
9O (headvaII) 2
O (paiaIIeI) 3
D (n)
4.OO
3.5O
3.OO
2.5O
2.OO
1.5O
1.OO
O.9O
O.8O
O.7O
O.6O
O.5O
O.4O
O.3O
7O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.O4
O.O5
O.O6
O.O7
O.O8
O.O9
O.1
8
7
5
6
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.35
1O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.35
H
e
a
d

W
a
l
e
i

D
e
p
l
h

i
n

T
e
i
n
s

o
f

H
e
i
g
h
l

(

H
W
/
D

)
H
e
i
g
h
l

o
f

o
x
LxanpIe
(n /s pei nelie span)
Q
N
HW
D
R
a
l
i
o

o
f

D
i
s
c
h
a
n
g
e

l
o

W
i
d
l
h
D

=

O
.
8

n

L
x
a
n
p
I
e
AngIe of
WingvaII
IIaie
=

4
.
O
n

/
s

p
e
i

n
Q
= Span pei ceII
2.OO x O.8On ox Q = 8.On /s
= 4.On /s pei n
N
Q
N
3
3
InIel
HW HW
D (n)
(1) 4.5 3.6O
(2) 4.8 3.84
(3) 5.6 4.48
(1) (2) (3)
3
3
D
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-19

Design Chail 18.A4: InIel ConlioI Nonogiaph - Coiiugaled MelaI Iipe (CMI) CuIveil

D
D (n)
4.5O
4.OO
3.6O
3.5O
3.3O
2.7O
2.4O
2.2O
1.8O
1.6O
1.5O
1.4O
1.2O
1.OO
O.9O
O.8O
O.7O
O.6O
O.5O
O.4O
O.3O
4.61
4.3O
3.99
3.67
3.36
3.O5
2.74
2.59
2.43
2.28
2.12
1.97
1.81
1.66
1.5O
3.OO
2.OO
3OO
2OO
1OO
8O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.8
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.15
O.1
O.O9
O.O8
O.O7
O.O6
O.O5
O.O4
O.O3
O.O2
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.5
O.6
O.7
O.8
1.O
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
O.9
S
P
C
S
P

S
i
z
e
s
C

M

I

S
i
z
e
s
Q
N
(n /s)
3
HW
D
(1) (2) (3)
LxanpIe
D = O.9O n Q = 1.8 n /s
N
3
InIel HW HW(n)
D
(1) 1.73 1.58
(2) 2.O3 1.83
(3) 2.1O 1.89
Milied (2)
(3) Iiojecling
(1) HeadvaII
InIel Ldges
=

1
.
8

n

/
s

L
x
a
n
p
I
e
Q
N
3
D

=

O
.
9
O

n
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-2O 67389:*
Q/Q
V/V
R/R
I
I
I
I
I
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.O
O.1 O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O 1.1 1.2
Q/Q
I
V/V R/R
I
I
I
I
I
R
e
I
a
l
i
v
e

D
e
p
l
h

y
/
D
y
D
I
ReIalive Dischaige Q/Q , ReIalive VeIocily V/V , ReIalive HydiauIic Radius R/R
Q = Iail - fuII Dischaige
Q = IuII IIov Dischaige
V = Iail - fuII VeIocily
V = IuII IIov VeIocily
R = Iail - fuII IIov HydiauIic Radius
R = IuII IIov HydiauIic Radius
Q/Q = 1 Coiiesponds lo IuII IIov
vilh Top SIal IuIIy Welled
I
of Top SIal
Q/Q > 1 Disiegaids AII Lffecls
I
V/V
I
Q/Q
I
I
Q/Q and V/V
y/D
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O
O O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.1 O.1
1O.O 2.O 1.O O.5 5.O
Q/Q
I
V/V
I
/D
I
D
y
NOTL :
Iail - IuII IIov
ox CuIveils

Design Chail 18.A5: ReIalive Dischaige, VeIocily and HydiauIic Radius in Iail-fuII Iipe IIov.

Design Chail 18.A6: ReIalive Dischaige, VeIocily and HydiauIic Radius in Iail-fuII ox CuIveil IIov
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-21

Design Chail 18.A7: CiilicaI Deplh in a CiicuIai Iipe

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-22 67389:*

Design Chail 18.A8: CiilicaI Deplh in a ReclanguIai (ox) Seclion

2O
15
1O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
1OOO
8OO
6OO
5OO
4OO
3OO
2OO
15O
1OO
8O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
15
1O
8
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.8
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.15
O.1
O.O8
O.O6
O.O5
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.O
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.15
= 2.OO n
Lxan
pIe
Q/N
= 11.5 n
/s
h = 1.5O n
3
c
(n)
(n /s)
h (n)
3
Q
N
c
CiilicaI Deplh
ReclanguIai Seclion
c
h = O.467
Q
N
(
c
2/3
(h >D)
c

h
D
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-23

Design Chail 18.A9: OulIel ConlioI Nonogiaph - Conciele Iipe CuIveil IIoving IuII vilh n = O.O12

K
e
WingvaII AngIe & Ldge Iinish
- Sockel Lnd (Iiojecling oi HeadvaII) O.2
- eveIIed InIel (33.7 oi 45)
- Iiefaliicaled Lnd Seclion
- Squaie (Cul) Lnd (Iioj. oi HeadvaII) O.5
OulIel ConlioI
Coniele Iipe CuIveil
IIoving IuII
n = O.O12
8O
7O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.9
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
4.OO
3.OO
2.OO
O.3O
O.4O
O.5O
O.6O
O.7O
O.8O
O.9O
1.OO
1.5O
O.1
O.2
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.8
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
T
u
r
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
L
x
a
n
p
Ie
H
=
3
.4
O
n
=
3
n
/
s
3
Q
N
K

=

O
.
5
e
K

=

O
.
2
e
L

=

1
7

n
K

=

O
.5
e
1
O
L
e
n
g
l
h

(
n
)
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
1
5
O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
1
5
O
1
O
O
9
O
(n /s)
3
Q
N
D (n)
H (n)
D

=

O
.
8
O

n
D
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-24 67389:*

Design Chail 18.A1O: OulIel ConlioI Nonogiaph Conciele ox CuIveil IIoving IuII vilh n = O.O12

WingvaII AngIe & Ldge Iinish Ke
- O oi 9O eveIIed Ldge O.2
- 3O lo 75 eveIIed Ldge
- 1O lo 25 Squaie Ldge
- 9O Squaie Ldge O.5
- Iiojecling Squaie Ldge O.7
A = Cioss-seclionaI Aiea pei CeII
A=D
If /D = O.5 lo 2.O
CaIcuIale H fion
L 7.5
2OO
1OO
8O
6O
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.8
O.6
O.4
O.2
O.1
4O
3O
2O
15
13
11
1O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.8
O.7
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.1
O.1
O.2
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.8
2
3
4
5
6
8
=
6
n
/
s
3
N
Q
L
x
a
n
p
Ie
H
=
3
.8
O
n
L
=
3
1
n
K
=
O
.5
e
T
u
i
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
(n /s)
3
Q
N
A (n )
2
H (n)
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
1
5
O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
1
O
O
1
5
O
L
e
n
g
l
h

(
n
)
K

=

O
.
2
K

=

O
.
5
K

=

O
.
7
e
e
e
D
NOTL:
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-25

Design Chail 18.A11: OulIel ConlioI Nonogiaph - Coiiugaled MelaI Iipe (CMI)
IIoving IuII vilh n = O.O24

K
e
WingvaII AngIe & Ldge Iinish
O.2 - Side-lapeied oi SIope-lapeied
- eveIIed Ldge O.25
- HeadvaII oi WingvaIIs, Squaie Ldge O.5
- Milied IaiaIIeI lo IiII SIope O.7
- Iiojecling O.9
- Iiefaliicaled Lnd Seclion
OulIel ConlioI
Coiiugaled SleeI Iipe
IIoving IuII
n=O.O24
5O
4O
3O
2O
1O
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
O.8
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O.O5
O.O6
O.O8
O.1O
4.OO
3.OO
2.OO
1.5O
1.OO
O.9O
O.8O
O.7O
O.6O
O.5O
O.4O
O.3O
O.1
O.2
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.8
6
5
4
3
2
1
LxanpIe
=1 n /s
3
Q
N
H=2.29 n
L
=
4
1
n
K
=
O
.9
e
L
e
n
g
l
h

(
n
)
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
15O
1
O
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
1
5
O
K

=
O
.
2
5
e
K

=
O
.
5
e
K

=
O
.
9
e
D
=
O
.7
O
n
T
u
i
n
i
n
g

L
i
n
e
(n /s)
3
Q
N
D (n)
H (n)
D
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-26 67389:*
3
O
O
2
O
O
1
8
O
1
6
O
1
4
O
1
2
O
1
O
O
9
O
8
O
7
O
6
O
5
O
4
O
3
O
2
O
1
8
1
6
1
4
1
2
1
O
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
65432
1
O
O
9
O
8
O
7
O
6
O
5
O
4
O
3
O
2
25
3O
4O
5O
6O
7O
8O
9O
1OO
12O
14O
16O
18O
2OO
3OO
4OO
5OO
6OO
7OO
8OO
9OO
1OOO
12OO
14OO
16OO
18OO
2OOO
25OO
O
.9
O
.8
O
.7
O
.6
O
.5
O
.4
O
.3
O
.2
1
.
2
1
.
6
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
O
1
2
1
6
2
O
3
O
4
O
5
O
6
O
7
O
8
O
9
O
1
O
O
1
2
O
1
6
O
2
O
O
HYDRAULIC CRADILNT ,
D
I
S
C
H
A
R
C
L

Q
,

L
/
s
D
I
A
M
L
T
L
R

D
,

n
n
1 2
VLLOCITY V, M/S
1
.
O
O
O
O
.
9
O
O
O
.
8
O
O
O
.
7
O
O
O
.
6
O
O
O
.
5
O
O
O
.
4
O
O
O
.
3
O
O
O
.
2
O
O
O
.
1
6
O
O
.
1
2
O
O
.
1
O
O
O
.
O
9
O
O
.
O
8
O
O
.
O
7
O
O
.
O
6
O
O
.
O
5
O
O
.
O
4
O
O
.
O
3
O
O
.
O
2
O
O
.
O
1
6
O
.
O
1
2
O
.
O
1
O
O
.
O
O
9
O
.
O
O
8
O
.
O
O
7
O
.
O
O
6
O
.
O
O
5
O
.
O
O
4
O
.
O
O
3
O
.
O
O
2
2
5
O
O
O
2
O
O
O
O
1
8
O
O
O
1
6
O
O
O
1
4
O
O
O
1
2
O
O
O
1
O
O
O
O
9
O
O
O
8
O
O
O
7
O
O
O
6
O
O
O
5
O
O
O
4
O
O
O
9
O
O
O
2
O
O
O
1
8
O
O
1
6
O
O
1
4
O
O
1
2
O
O
1
O
O
O
9
O
O
8
O
O
7
O
O
6
O
O
5
O
O
4
O
O

Design Chail 18.A12: HydiauIic Design of Iipes - CoIeliook-While IoinuIa - k = O.6O nn
VLLOCITY, n/s
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-27
CuIveil Localion
5
9
.
7
3
2
5
9
.
6
9
2 6
O
.
2
3
3
6
O
.
1
O
8
5
9
.
9
2
7
5
9
.
9
O
8
6O.48
5
9
.
9
5
1
5
7
.
9
3
5
7
.
9
2
8
I
L
5
7
.5
O
O
I
Io
v
IL
5
7
.4
9
1
I
L

5
8
.
O
1
8
I
I
o
v
IL
5
7
.9
8
O
#$$&02/O )*.Q &O#B$,& V !+,-&'% 2&@/J0
)*.Q) $<57 !S;W7H8 X/6;78 !368H3;Y
IiolIen:
Iiguie 18.1 shovs a pioposed cuIveil Iocaled neai a ioad inleiseclion lo le sized lo acconnodale a given
design fIov of 4.8n
3
/s. Road IeveI as veII as cuIveil infIov and oulfIov inveils aie as given. Deleinine a
suilalIe pipe cuIveil (k = O.6nn) and caIcuIale lhe veIocily lo check if eiosion viII le a piolIen.

Iiguie 18.1: CuIveil Localion and LeveIs

SoIulion:


STLI 1: Dala
IIov L = 4.8n
3
/s
CuIveil Ienglh, P = 36n
NaluiaI valeivay inveils IeveI:
InIel = 57.98n
OulIel = 57.5On
AcceplalIe upsliean fIood IeveI = 59.73n
Iioposed pavenenl IeveI = 6O.48n
Mininun fieeloaid = O.3On
Lslinaled dovnsliean laiIvalei IeveI = 58.3On
Maxinun headvalei heighl, HS
F2N
, is lhe Iessei of:
i) 6O.48 - O.3 - 2.98 = 2.2On
ii) 59.73 - 2.98 = 1.75n

Theiefoie naxinun headvalei heighl, HS
F2N
= 1.75 n

HS
F2N
= 1.75n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-28 67389:*

Use Design
Chail 18.A2

Use Design
Chail 18.A2

Use Design
Chail 18.A2

Use Design
Chail 18.A7

Use Design
Chail 18.A9

STLI 2: Assune InIel ConlioI
Lslinale iequiied valeivay fIov aiea ly assuning fIov veIocily,
K = 2.On/s.

Lslinaled fIov aiea, # J LRK = 2.4On
2

i) Tiy 165Onn dianelei ieinfoiced conciele pipe (RCI), D = 1.65n
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A2 vilh LR[ = 4.8/1 = 4.8n
3
/s, InIel Type (1):
Ollain HS
)
R0 = 1.1On
HS
)
= 1.81n > 1.75n naxinun. Nol acceplalIe.

ii) Tiy RCI 18OO nn dianelei
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A2 vilh Q/N = 4.8/1 = 4.8n
3
/s, InIel Type (1):
Ollain HS
)
R0 = O.94n
HS
)
= 1.69n < 1.75n
ul naxinun cuIveil heighl avaiIalIe onIy 1.75n

iii) Tiy lvin Iines, 2/1O5Onn dianelei
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A2 vilh Q/N = 4.8/2 = 2.4On
3
/s, InIel Type (1):
Ollain HS
)
R0 = 1.62n
HS
)
= 1.7On < 1.75n
Use 2/1O5Onn dianelei pipes

STLI 3: Check OulIel ConlioI
WS = 58.3O - 57.5O = O.8On< D (1.O5n)
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A7 vilh 0 = 1.O5n, LR[ = 4.8/2 = 2.4n
3
/s
h
c
= O.8On< D (1.O5n)
(h
c
+D)/2 = (O.8O + 1.O5)/2 = O.93n > TW = O.8On

CaIcuIale HW
o
foi oulIel conlioI:
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A9 vilh 0 = 1.O5 n, LR[ = 4.8/2 = 2.4 n
3
/s,
M
9
= O.5, and P = 36n

Ollain H = O.85n

IaII of cuIveil inveil, L
S
= 57.98 - 57.5O = O.48n hence:
HS
+
= (h
c
+D)/2 + H - L
S

= O.93 + O.85 - O.48
= 1.3On

HS
)
(InIel conlioI) = 1.7On giealei lhan
HS
+
(OulIel conlioI) = 1.3On

Theiefoie inIel conlioI goveins.

HS
)
> HS
F2N
,
nol acceplalIe

HS
)
<HW
nax
, ok

InIel ConlioI
HS
)
<HS
F2N
X ok

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-29

Use Design
Chail 18.A12

Use Design
Chail 18.A5

STLI 4: IIov VeIocily

Ioi 1O5Onn dianelei pipes:

# J D:0
%
ER\ = O.87n
2

" = O.48/36 = O.O133 (= 1.33 )

Iion CoIeliook-Whiles Chail foi k = O.6nn (Chail 18.A12)

L
<
= 3.4On
3
/s
K
<
= 3.8On/s

ecause lhe cuIveil does nol fIov fuII il is necessaiy lo use pail-fuII
fIov ieIalionships pIolled in Design Chail 18.A5:

LRL
<
= 2.4/3.4 = O.71 and fion Design Chail 18.A5,

KRK
<
= O.96 and K = O.96 x 3.8O = 3.65n/s

4R0 = O.68 and 4 = O.68 x 1.O5
4 = O.71n < B
A
= O.8On

STLI 5: Sunnaiy
Use 2/1O5Onn dianelei conciele pipes vilh squaie edge enliance.

Iipes viII fIov vilh inIel conlioI vilh headvalei heighl of 1.7On and
headvalei al RL 59.68n.

OulIel veIocily = 3.65n/s and lhe possiliIily of scoui oi lhe foinalion
of a hydiauIic junp al lhe oulIel nusl le checked.

Use 2/1O5Onn
nn dianelei
pipes vilh
squaie edge
enliance.

D=1O5Onn
IiofiIe Seclion
L=36n
IL=57.5On
Lnlanknenl
6O.48n
Ls
IL=57.98n CuIveil
HW=59.68n
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-3O 67389:*
)*.Q: Q3U !S;W7H8 X/6;78 !368H3;Y
IiolIen:
Using lhe sane dala as piovided foi lhe pievious pipe cuIveil (LxanpIe 18.1), caIcuIale a suilalIe lox cuIveil
size and check foi lhe effecls of lhe oulIel veIocily.

SoIulion:


Use Design
Chail 18.A3

Use Design
Chail 18.A8

STLI 1: Dala
IIov L = 4.8n
3
/s
InIel = 57.98n
OulIel = 57.5On
AcceplalIe upsliean fIood IeveI = 59.73n
Iioposed pavenenl IeveI = 6O.48n
Lslinaled dovnsliean laiIvalei IeveI = 58.3On
F2NX
is lhe Iessei of:
i) 6O.48 - O.3 - 2.98 = 2.2On
ii) 59.73 - 2.98 = 1.75n

F2N
= 1.75 n

K = 2.On/s.

Lslinaled fIov aiea, # J LRK = 2.4On
2

Tiy 15OOnn (vide) and 12OOnn (high) lox cuIveil
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A3 vilh D = 1.2n, LR[] = 4.8/(1x1.5) =
3.2n
3
/s/n, InIel Type (1):

Ollain HS
)
R0 = 1.42n
HS
)
= 1.7On > 1.75n naxinun, vhich is acceplalIe

WS = 58.3O - 57.5O = O.8On< D (1.2On)
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A8 vilh = 1.5On, LR[ = 4.8/1 = 4.8On
3
/s
h
c
= 1.OOn< D (1.2On)
(h
c
+D)/2 = (1.OO + 1.2O)/2 = 1.1On > TW = O.8On

HS
F2N
= 1.75n

HS
)
<HS
F2N
, ok

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-31

Use Design
Chail 18.A1O

Use Design
Chail 18.A12

Use Design
Chail 18.A6

CaIcuIale headvalei foi oulIel conlioI (HW
+
):
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A1O vilh A = 1.2 x 1.5 = 1.8O n
2
, LR[ = 4.8/1 =
4.8 n
3
/s, M
9
= O.5, and P = 36n

Ollain H = O.75n

S
= 57.98 - 57.5O = O.48n hence:
HS
o
= (h
c
+D)/2 + H - L
S

= 1.1O + O.75 - O.48
= 1.37n

HS
)
(InIel conlioI) = 1.7On giealei lhan
HS
+
(OulIel conlioI) = 1.37n

Theiefoie inIel conlioI goveins.


HydiauIic iadius R = Aiea/velled peiinelei

R = 1.8/(2(1.5+1.2)) = O.33n
2

LquivaIenl D = 4 x O.33 = 1.33n and S = O.48/36 = O.O133 (= 1.33 )

Iion CoIeliook-Whiles Chail foi k = O.6nn (Chail 18.A12)

K
<
= 4.5On/s
L
<
= 1.8 x 4.5O = 8.1On
3
/s

ecause lhe cuIveil does nol fIov fuII il is necessaiy lo use pail-fuII
fIov ieIalionships pIolled in Design Chail 18.A6:

LRL
<
= 4.8/8.1 = O.59 and fion Design Chail 18.A6 /D = 1.25,

KRK
<
= 1.O5 and K = 1.O5 x 4.5O = 4.73n/s

4R0 = O.57 and 4 = O.57 x 1.2O
4 = O.68 < B
A
= 1.OOn

InIel ConlioI
HS
)
<HS
F2N
, ok

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-32 67389:*

STLI 5: Sunnaiy
Use 15OOnn (vide) ly 12OOnn (high) conciele lox cuIveil vilh
squaie edges.

CuIveil viII fIov vilh inIel conlioI vilh headvalei heighl of 1.7On
and headvalei al RL 59.68n.

OulIel veIocily = 4.73n/s and lhe possiliIily of scoui oi lhe foinalion

Use 15OOnn
(vide) ly 12OO
(high) lox
cuIveil vilh
squaie edges.

L=36n
IL=57.5On
Lnlanknenl
6O.48n
Ls
IL=57.98n
CuIveil
HW=59.68n
IiofiIe Seclion
D=12OOnn
=15OOnn
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-33
CuIveil Localion
3
7
.8
5
3
3
7
.8
9
2
3
8
.O
O
2
3
8
.O
2
1
37.9OO
3
7
.8
2
3
3
7
.8
7
5
3
7
.9
1
1
IL 35.3O9
IIov
IL 35.3OO
IL 35.O9O
IIov
IL 34.915
)*.QI $<57 !S;W7H8 X1S8;78 !368H3;Y
IiolIen:
Iiguie 18.2 shovs a diffeienl cuIveil ciossing Iocaled al a ioad junclion lo le sized lo acconnodale a given
design fIov of O.9On
3
/s. Road IeveI as veII as cuIveil infIov and oulfIov inveils aie as given. Deleinine a
suilalIe pipe cuIveil (k = O.6nn) and caIcuIale lhe veIocily lo check if eiosion viII le a piolIen.

Iiguie 18.2: CuIveil Localion and LeveIs

SoIulion:


STLI 1: Dala
IIov L = O.9On
3
/s
InIel = 35.3On
OulIel = 35.O9n
AcceplalIe upsliean fIood IeveI = 37.5On
Iioposed pavenenl IeveI = 37.9On
Lslinaled dovnsliean laiIvalei IeveI = 36.59n
F2N
, is lhe Iessei of:
i) 37.9O - O.3 - 5.3O = 2.3On
ii) 37.5O - 5.3O = 2.2On

F2N
= 2.2O n

HS
F2N
= 2.2On
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-34 67389:*

Use Design
Chail 18.A2

Use Design
Chail 18.A9

Use Design
Chail 18.A2

Use Design
Chail 18.A9

K = 2.On/s.
Lslinaled fIov aiea, # J LRK = O.45n
2

Tiy 6OOnn dianelei conciele pipe, D = O.6On
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A2 vilh D = O.6On, LR[ = O.9O/1 = O.9On
3
/s,
InIel Type (1):
Ollain HS
)
R0 = 2.8On
HS
)
= 1.68n foi inIel conlioI

This deplh is Iess lhan lhe Iinil of 2.2On


WS = 36.59 - 35.O9 = 1.5On> D (O.6On), lhe cuIveil is fIoving fuII vilh
a sulneiged oulIel.
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A9 vilh 0 = O.6On, LR[ = O.9O/1 = O.9On
3
/s,
M
9
= O.5, and P = 25n

Ollain H = 1.25n

S
= 35.3O - 35.O9 = O.21n hence:
HS
+
= TW + H - L
S

= 1.5O + 1.25 - O.21
= 2.54n

Nole lhal lecause 2.54n > 1.68n foi inIel conlioI, lhe cuIveil is undei
oulIel conlioI.

Hovevei lhe design is unacceplalIe lecause HW
nax
= 2.2On

Reluin lo Slep 2 using 75Onn pipe dianelei in Design Chail 18.A2
Ollain HS
)
R0 = 1.45n
HS
)
= 1.45 x O.75 = 1.O9n foi inIel conlioI

Nov check foi oulIel conlioI. Re-enlei Design Chail 18.A9 vilh
D = O.75n and ollain H = O.48n

HS
+
= TW + H - L
S

= 1.5O + O.48 - O.21
= 1.77n
HS
+
(OulIel conlioI) = 1.77n giealei lhan
HS
)
(InIel conlioI) = 1.O9n

Theiefoie oulIel conlioI goveins.

HS
)
<HS
F2N
, ok

HS
+
>HS
F2N
, nol
acceplalIe

HS
)
<HS
F2N
, ok

OulIel conlioI
HS
+
<HS
F2N
X ok

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-35


Wilh HW and TW lolh veII alove lhe ciovn of lhe pipe and a
nodeiale sIope of O.21/25 = O.OO84 lhe pipe viII fIov fuII hence:

K J LR#
= 4 x O.9/(3.142 x O.75
2
) = 2.O4n/s

The veIocily nusl le checked againsl eiosion al oulIel.

STLI 5: Sunnaiy
Use singIe Iine of 75Onn dianelei conciele pipe vilh squaie edge
enliance.

Iipe viII fIov fuII undei oulIel conlioI vilh headvalei heighl of
1.77n and headvalei al RL 37.O7n.

OulIel veIocily = 2.O4n/s and lhe possiliIily of scoui oi lhe foinalion

Use conciele
pipe 75Onn
dianelei vilh
squaie edge.

TW=36.59n
D=75Onn
IiofiIe Seclion
L=25n
IL=35.O9n
Lnlanknenl
37.9On
Ls
IL=35.3On
CuIveil
HW=37.O7n
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-36 67389:*
)*.QK Q3U !S;W7H8 X1S8;78 !368H3;Y
IiolIen:
Using lhe sane dala as piovided foi lhe pievious pipe cuIveil (LxanpIe 18.3), caIcuIale a suilalIe lox cuIveil
size and check foi lhe effecls of lhe oulIel veIocily.

SoIulion:


Use Design
Chail 18.A3

STLI 1: Dala
IIov L = O.9On
3
/s
InIel = 35.3On
OulIel = 35.O9n
AcceplalIe upsliean fIood IeveI = 37.5On
Iioposed pavenenl IeveI = 37.9On
Lslinaled dovnsliean laiIvalei IeveI = 36.59n
F2N
, is lhe Iessei of:
i) 37.9O - O.3 - 5.3O = 2.3On
ii) 37.5O - 5.3O = 2.2On

F2N
= 2.2O n

K = 2.On/s.

Lslinaled fIov aiea, # J LRK = O.45n
2

Tiy 75Onn (vide) and 6OOnn (high) lox cuIveil
Lnlei Design Chail 18.A3 vilh D = O.6On and LR[] = O.9O/(1xO.75) =
1.2n
3
/s/n, InIel Type (1):

Ollain HS
)
R0 = 1.5On
HS
)
= 1.5 x O.6O
= O.9n < 2.2O naxinun, vhich is acceplalIe

HS
F2N
= 2.2On

HS
)
<HS
F2N
, ok

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
67389:* 18-37

Use Design
Chail 18.A1O

TW = 1.5n (see LxanpIe 18.3) > O.6n hence lhe cuIveil is fIoving
fuII vilh a sulneiged oulIel.

CaIcuIale H fion Design Chail 18.A1O, noling lhal /D=1.25, so lhe
chail is appIicalIe:

Lnlei Design Chail 18.A1O vilh A = O.75 x O.6O = O.45n
2
, LR[ = O.9O/1
= O.9On
3
/s, M
9
= O.5, and P = 25n

Ollain H = O.47n

S
= 35.3O - 35.O9 = O.21n hence:
HS
+
= TW + H - L
S

= 1.5O + O.47 - O.21
= 1.76n

HS
+
(OulIel conlioI) = 1.76n giealei lhan
HS
)
(InIel conlioI) = O.9n

Theiefoie oulIel conlioI goveins.


As lhe cuIveil fIovs fuII,

K J LR#
= O.9/(O.75 x O.6O) = 2.OOn/s

The veIocily nusl le checked againsl eiosion al oulIel.

OulIel conlioI
HS
+
<HS
F2N
, ok

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2
18-38 67389:*

STLI 5: Sunnaiy
Use a singIe 75Onn (vide) ly 6OOnn (high) conciele lox cuIveil vilh
squaie edges enliance.

The cuIveil viII fIov vilh oulIel conlioI vilh headvalei heighl of
1.76n and headvalei al RL 37.O6n and oulIel veIocily = 2.OOn/s and
lhe possiliIily of scoui oi lhe foinalion of a hydiauIic junp al lhe
oulIel nusl le checked.

Use 75Onn
(vide) ly
6OOnn (high)
lox cuIveil vilh
squaie edges.

L=25n
IL=35.O9n
Lnlanknenl
37.9On
Ls
IL=35.3On
CuIveil
HW=37.O6n
TW=36.59n
D=6OOnn
=75Onn
IiofiIe Seclion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
GATE AND PUMP
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-i
!"#$%&' )* +#%& #,- $./$
19.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 19-1
19.2 SYSTLM COMIONLNTS ................................................................................................. 19-1
19.3 TIDAL AND DRAINACL CATLS .................................................................................. 19-2
19.3.1 Types of Cales ...................................................................................................... 19-2
19.3.2 Design Consideialion foi TidaI Cales .............................................................. 19-3
19.3.3 Design Consideialion foi Diainage Cales ....................................................... 19-4
19.4 IUMIINC STATION ........................................................................................................ 19-5
19.4.1 IIanning Iiocess .................................................................................................. 19-5
19.4.2 Design Consideialions foi Iunp and Sloiage Sizing .................................... 19-9
19.4.3 Olhei IaciIilies and Requiienenls .................................................................... 19-11
19.5 DLSICN IROCLDURL IOR TIDAL CATLS ................................................................. 19-12
19.6 DLSICN IROCLDURL IOR DRAINACL CATL ......................................................... 19-12
19.7 DLSICN IROCLDURL IOR IUMIINC STATION ..................................................... 19-12
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... 19-18
AIILNDIX 19.A STORACL AND IUMI CAIACITY LSTIMATION .................................. 19-19
AIILNDIX 19. LXAMILL - IUMIINC STATION DLSICN .............................................. 19-21
AIILNDIX 19.C LXAMILL - TIDAL CATL DLSICN ............................................................ 19-34

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-1
Tiash Scieen
Sloiage Iond
Iunps
Side-spiII Weii
Sloinvalei ChanneI
(Iion Lov-Lying Aiea)
ConlioI TidaI/
Diainage Cales
}ockey Iunp
und
Access Ranp
IIanl Svilch Roon
ConlioI
Roon
Meeling
Roon
Censel
Roon
TN
Sul-slalion
Dischaige ChanneI
Receiving Walei ody
)*0) 1,%'2-.!%12,
Uilan diainage and sloinvalei syslen design in Iov-Iying and lidaI aieas invoIves a nunlei of speciaI
consideialions. ecause of lhe difficuIlies of designing giavily syslens in Iov-Iying aieas il nay le necessaiy
lo use diainage gales/ lidaI gales, and/oi punped syslens. In sone Iocalions, lheie nay le advanlages in
conlining a lidaI gale oi diainage gale oulIel vilh a punped dischaige. This vouId aIIov valei lo diain ly
giavily vhen lhe laiIvalei IeveI is Iov, saving on punping cosls, and lo le punped vhen lhe laiIvalei IeveI is
high. A conlined oulIel syslen viII le nosl piaclicaI vheie lheie is a Iaige iange in laiIvalei IeveIs, lypicaIIy
2.O nelies oi noie. A delaiIed anaIysis of lhe sloiage and punp iequiienenls viII iequiie dala on lhe slage
hydiogiaph of lhe laiIvalei, vhelhei il le a iivei fIood oi lide cycIe, and lhe caIcuIalion shouId le peifoined
ly conpulei nelhods.
)*03 454%&/ !2/$2,&,%4
The geneiaI syslen conponenls foi gales and punp slalion (Iiguies 19.1 and 19.2) incIude lhe foIIoving:
- Cales and side-spiII veii - ConlioI gales aie iequiied al diainage oulIel lo avoid lackfIov duiing high
lides oi high fIood IeveIs al lhe ieceiving valei lodies. Side-spiII veii is lo pievenl sloinvalei fion
enleiing lhe punp sunp duiing noinaI peiiod vheie lhe fIov can le dischaiged lhiough giavily.

Iiguie 19.1: TypicaI Layoul and Syslen Conponenls of Cales and Iunp Slalion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-2 62*7 2&' 89:;

Iiguie 19.2: Ihologiaph of Iunp Slalion
- Sunps and sloiages - The sunp and sloiage ieceive lhe infIov of sloin valei piioi lo punping. The
sloiage can allenuale lhe sloin hydiogiaph peak lo ieduce lhe iequiied punping iale. The slalion
shouId design vilh piovision foi deliis ienovaI syslen and convenienl access foi lhe ienovaI of
accunuIaled deliis and siIl.
- Iunps and nolois - Iunp seIeclion and nunleis depend on slalion Iayoul, iequiied punp iale, vel
veII deplh, and nainlenance consideialions. The size of each noloi depends on lhe punp size, fIov iale,
piessuie head, and duly cycIe.
- Iovei souices - The povei souice is usuaIIy piovided ly lhe IocaI uliIily lhal noinaIIy iequiie eIecliicaI
sulslalion. Lveiy punp slalion shouId have an on-sile slandly eIecliicaI geneialoi lecause lhe lype of
sloin lhal nakes a punp slalion necessaiy is aIso lhe lype of sloin lhal inleiiupls uliIily povei.
- ConlioIs - ConlioI ciicuiliy incIudes lhe fIood IeveI al vhich lhe punp slalion viII le aclivaled, sequence
of opeialion, aclivalion of lhe slandly geneialoi vhen necessaiy, deaclivalion vhen lhe fIood evenl has
passed, and opeialion of any nighl secuiily Iighling. ConlioIs nay aIso incIude aulonalic connunicalion
vilh a cenliaI office on lhe slalions slalus iegaiding valei IeveIs, punp ieadiness, uliIily eIecliicaI
povei, slandly geneialoi fueI IeveI, secuiily, oi olhei cenliaI office conceins.
- Dischaige channeIs oi conduils - Diiecl lhe punp fIovs inlo lhe ieceiving valei lodies and shouId
design lo avoid any lackfIov inlo lhe punp sunp.
)*06 %1-#7 #,- -'#1,#+& +#%&4
TidaI gales nay le used in Iov-Iying uilan aieas neai lhe coasl lo pievenl inliusion of lidaI valei inlo lhe
diainage syslen al peiiods of high lide. These lidaI valeis deciease lhe sloiage capacilies of lhe diains vilh lhe
iesuIl lhal fIooding nay occui duiing sloins.
Diainage gales nay le used in Iov-Iying uilan aieas lo pievenl inliusion of lackfIooding fion iiveis oi olhei
ieceiving valeis (e.g. in lhe case of dischaige lhiough a Ieveed iiveilank) inlo lhe diainage syslen al peiiods of
high fIoodvalei piofiIes al ieceiving valei. In piaclice, lheie aie nany siniIaiilies in lhe design delaiIs of lidaI
gales and diainage gales.
)*060) %89:; <= +>?:;
Theie aie vaiious lypes of lidaI and diainage gale aie used lhioughoul MaIaysia as piesenled leIov:
CuIveil Type (Iiguie 19.3) - Has a fIap gale lhal voiks aulonalicaIIy on lhe dovnsliean side and a veilicaI
penslock gale on lhe upsliean side. The penslock gale is piovided as a lack-up lhal can le nanuaIIy opeialed
shouId lhe aulonalic gale jan, oi vhen nainlenance is leing caiiied oul. This lype of gale is suilalIe geneiaIIy
foi faiiIy Iov dischaige and has lhe advanlage of having nininaI opeialion iequiienenls lul does, hovevei,
necessilale ieguIai inspeclion and cIeaiing since lhe fIap gales aie IialIe lo olsliuclion ly deliis. The
dovnsliean oulIel is noinaIIy nainlained in diovned condilion lo pievenl lhe high veIocily jel fion occuiiing
Iunp House
Sloiage Iond
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-3
RullIe Iilching
H.W Cale
M.S Rungs
SleeI Sheel IiIes
Ainco Lifling Device CIL 2 oi SiniIai
M.S Slandaid HoIIov Seclion
AIuniniun IIap Cale
Ciound LeveI 3
1
3
1
SleeI Sheel IiIes
ed LeveI
S
I
o
p
e

3
:
1
IiIIel
Iinding Layei
ed LeveI
S
I
o
p
e

3
:
1
and endangeiing lhe oulIel channeI slaliIily. The vaIue of C is usuaIIy assuned as O.6O. The peak fIov viII
occui al lhe naxinun diffeienliaI head.

Iiguie 19.3: TypicaI CuIveil Type OulIel Sliucluie
Open IIune Type (Iiguie 19.4) - Consisls of a veilicaI aIuniniun sIiding gale lhal can eilhei le nechanicaIIy
opeialed oi hand opeialed foi lhe snaIIei sizes. Slandaid open fIunes have nuch Iaigei capacilies lhan lhe
cuIveil-lype gales and aie noie ieIialIe. Hovevei lhey pul a giealei luiden on opeialing peisonneI. The
dischaige cuive duiing conlioIIed fIov appioxinales a paialoIa and lhe gale dischaige can le conpuled using
veii foinuIa.
Olhei Types - IIap gales, usuaIIy nade of filiegIass, casl iion oi casl sleeI (Iiguie 19.5), aie used lo peinil
fIov in onIy one diieclion. A snaII diffeienliaI piessuie on lhe lack of lhe gale viII open il, aIIoving dischaige
in lhe desiied diieclion. When valei on lhe fionl side of lhe gale iises alove lhal on lhe lack side, lhe gale
cIoses lo pievenl lackfIov. IIap gales aie avaiIalIe foi iound, squaie, and ieclanguIai openings and in vaiious
designs. Rullei fIap gales and "duckliII" check vaIve lypes (Iiguie 19.5), vhich aie Iess susceplilIe lo lhis soil
of cIogging, aie aIso leing used. Ieiiodic inspeclion and cIeaning shouId le scheduIed vhen lhe valei fIoving
lhiough lhe gale caiiies fIoaling naleiiaI. If lhe gale is lo le kepl cIeai of deliis, il shouId le nounled 3OO-45O
nn alove lhe apion in fionl of lhe gale.
)*0603 -:;@AB !<B;@C:D>?@<B =<D %@C>E +>?:;
Oving lo lhe cycIic naluie of lhe lides, lhe dischaige of sloinvalei oul of lhe conpailnenl can onIy le effecled
foi a ceilain duialion of each lide cycIe, unIess punp diainage is incoipoialed. Il is lheiefoie necessaiy, lo
piovide sloiage foi lhe sloinvalei vilhin lhe conpailnenl duiing peiiods of high lides. TidaI gales shouId le
piovided in aieas lhal aie leIov Mean High Walei Spiing (MHWS) oi Mean High High Walei (MHHW). The
inveil of lhe oulIel shouId piefeialIy le alove Lovesl AsliononicaI Tide (LAT), lelveen Mean Lov Lov
Walei (MLLW)/Mean High Walei Spiing (MLWS) and Mean Sea LeveI (MSL). High oulfaII viII cause excessive
scoui unIess pioleclion neasuies aie piovided such as a dissipaloi chule. The olveil of lhe oulIel shouId
noinaIIy le leIov Highesl AsliononicaI Tide (HAT).
A lidaI oulIel vhich viII expeiience seveie vave aclion nay need lo le exlended lhiough lhe leach zone lo
dischaige leyond lhe lieakei Iine and leIov lhe Iov-lide IeveI. Sliucluies suljecl lo vave aclion nusl le
designed lo vilhsland vave Ioadings. The design of an oulIel in lhe leach zone nusl aIso considei lhe possilIe
undeinining of lhe sliucluie ly vave aclion and Iongshoie cuiienls as veII as lhe IaleiaI Ioads lhal nighl le
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-4 62*7 2&' 89:;
M.S HoIIov Seclion HandiaiIs
Iiei
Inleinediale
IiIIel
oi SiniIai Cale Hoisl
Ainco Hoisl No. 9
Lxcavaloi iidge
3
1
1
3
M.S. HoIIov Seclion
aIance Weighl
HandiaiIs
Ciound LeveI
ed LeveI
S
I
o
p
e

3
:
1
Cioove foi H.W. NeedIes
Iinding Layei
SleeI Sheel IiIes
ed LeveI
SleeI Sheel IiIes
Rip Rap
RullIe Iilching
Denlaled SiIIs
H.W Sheel IiIes
AIuniniun Cale
S
I
o
p
e

3
:
1

Iiguie 19.4: TypicaI IIune Type OulIel Sliucluie

Iionl Side Iionl Side
a) IIap Cale l) DuckliII VaIve
Iiguie 19.5: TypicaI IIap Cale and DuckliII Check VaIve
aIIied ly diffeienliaI sand IeveIs caused ly Iongshoie IilloiaI diifl. OulIels nay le pione lo siIlalion ly leach
sand accunuIaling againsl lhe oulIel. Deposilion nay aIso occui in lhe channeI/pipes Ieading lo lhe oulIel
especiaIIy vhen high laiIvalei IeveIs cause veIocilies in lhe channeI/pipes lo le ieduced.
TidaI gales nusl le designed lo opeiale aulonalicaIIy, as nanuaI opeialion is usuaIIy nol piaclicaI. Ioi lhis
ieason fIap-lype gales aie piefeiied. CeneiaIIy, lhe fIap gale shouId le filled in a chanlei jusl upsliean of lhe
oulIel, lo piolecl ils opeialion fion vandaIisn, vave allack, deliis and sand lIockage.
)*0606 -:;@AB !<B;@C:D>?@<B =<D -D>@B>A: +>?:;
OulIels shouId le Iocaled high enough lo faciIilale inspeclion and nainlenance of lhe channeI/pipes al Iov
valei IeveI in lhe ieceiving valeis. An eneigy-dissipaling oulfaII shouId le piovided vheie lhe veIocily of lhe
dischaige fion lhe conveyance syslen lo lhe ieceiving valei couId cause scoui of lhe ieceiving channeI aiound
lhe oulIel. An oulIel dischaiging lo a iivei shouId aIso le Iocaled and designed vilh iespecl lo possilIe changes
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-5
Moloi
Iioleclion ank
Coaise Scieen
Slop Log & Iine Scieen SIol
C.I. Ienslock
VeilicaI Iunp
To Diain
High Walei LeveI
Lov Walei LeveI
in sliean noiphoIogy, oflen lesl deleinined ly iefeience lo pasl naps and phologiaphs (incIuding aeiiaI
phologiaphs) of lhe sile. Rock nalliesses oi olhei fIexilIe facing naleiiaIs shouId le piovided lo counlei IocaI
scoui aiound lhe oulIel.
IIap gales oi diainage gales nay le filled lo an oulIel lo pievenl lackfIooding fion lhe ieceiving valeis (e.g. in
lhe case of dischaige lhiough a Ieveed iiveilank) and lo conlioI siIlalion vilhin lhe channeI/pipes fion lhe
ieceiving valeis. IIap gales/Diainage gale nay le filled in a chanlei jusl upsliean of lhe oulIel, if iequiied
foi pioleclion of lheii opeialion, lul lhe chanlei in such cases shouId le Iocaled vilhin oi on lhe iiveiside of
lhe Ievee. SiIlalion ly sedinenls vhich enlei lhe channeI/pipe syslen fion lhe ieceiving valeis can le
conlioIIed ly Iocaling lhe oulIel as high as possilIe.
)*0F $./$1,+ 4%#%12,
ecause of ils high cosl and lhe polenliaI piolIens associaled vilh punp slalions, sloinvalei punping is
geneiaIIy used onIy vhen giavily diainage is nol feasilIe. When opeialion and nainlenance cosl aie
capilaIised, a consideialIe expendiluie can le juslified foi a giavily syslen. Keeping lhe diainage aiea as snaII
as possilIe and pioviding sloiage in sloin diains can ieduce lhe punping capacily iequiied lo handIe peak
iunoff iales.
)*0F0) $E>BB@BA $D<G:;;
IIanning of Sile Localion H In noinaI ciicunslances, lhe Iocalion of lhe punp slalion is al lhe diainage syslen
oulIel, jusl innedialeIy upsliean fion lhe ieceiving valeilody lo nininise lhe conveyances head-Ioss.
Sufficienl space shouId le aIIocaled aII lhe faciIilies highIighled eaiIiei and aIso foi safe access and paiking
necessaiy foi opeialion, nainlenance, and eneigency funclions.
Slalion Types H asicaIIy, lheie aie lvo lypes of slalions, vel-pil (Iiguie 19.6) and diy-pil (Iiguie 19.7). The
nain advanlage ovei lhe vel-pil slalion is lhe avaiIaliIily of a diy aiea foi peisonneI lo peifoin iouline and
eneigency punp and pipe nainlenance. Hovevei diy-pil slalions aie as nuch as 6O noie expensive lhan
vel-pil slalions, vel-pil slalions aie nosl oflen used. Diy-pil slalions aie noie appiopiiale foi handIing
sevage lecause of lhe polenliaI heaIlh hazaids lo nainlenance peisonneI.

Iiguie 19.6: TypicaI Wel-pil Slalion

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-6 62*7 2&' 89:;
DeIiveiy Iipe
Iunp
Slop Log & Iine Scieen SIol
High Walei LeveI
Coaise Scieen
Iioleclion ank
C.I. Ienslock
Lov Walei LeveI

Iiguie 19.7: TypicaI Diy-pil Slalion
Iunp Types - Vaiious lypes of punps aie used and lhey aie as Iisled oul in TalIe 19.1 and shovn in Iiguies
19.8 and 19.9. Ioi cenliifugaI and axiaI punps, sulneisilIe lype fiequenlIy piovides speciaI advanlages in
sinpIifying lhe design, consliuclion, nainlenance and lheiefoie lhe cosl of lhe punping slalion. Noise
geneialed fion lhe nolois viII aIso le Iess.
Iunp SeIeclion H The peifoinance cuive deveIoped ly lhe nanufacluiei shouId le ollained lefoie seIecling a
pailicuIai punp. CapilaI cosls aie of noie concein lhan opeialing cosl in sloin valei punp slalions since lhe
opeialing peiiods duiing lhe yeai aie ieIaliveIy shoil. OidinaiiIy, pioviding as nuch sloiage as possilIe
nininises capilaI cosls. Lilhei lvo lo lhiee punps shouId le used, excepl in veiy Iaige inslaIIalions.
Consideialion nay le given lo ovei sizing lhe punps lo conpensale, in pail, foi a punp faiIuie. Laige punps
shouId le avoided lo pievenl loo fiequenl slailing and slopping lhal can ieduce lhe Iifespan of lhen. AII
punps in a slalion shouId le of lhe sane size and lype lo enalIe aII punps lo le fieeIy aIleinaled inlo seivice
so lhal each punp is aulonalicaIIy iedefine lhe Iead punp aflei each punp cycIe. This equaIises veai and
sinpIifies scheduIing nainlenance and aIIovs punp pails lo le inleichangealIe.
Iunp Sunp and Inlake Syslen H Iunp posilions in lhe sunp shouId le as ieconnended ly Iiguie 19.1O (The
HydiauIic Inslilule, 1998) fion nanufacluiei specificalion oi even lhiough physicaI nodeIIing if ieconnended
slandaids and specificalions cannol le nel. The piinaiy funclion of lhe inlake sliucluie is lo suppIy an even
disliilulion of fIov lo lhe punps lo avoid ieduced punp efficiency and undesiialIe opeialionaI chaiacleiislics.
TalIe 19.1: Iunp Types foi Sloinvalei Diainage
Iunp Type Desciiplions
CenliifugaI
ConnonIy used foi high head appIicalions and lhe inpeIIeis can le designed vilh
Iaige openings lo avoid cIogging
AxiaI
ConnonIy used foi Iov head, high dischaige appIicalions. Do nol handIe deliis
pailicuIaiIy veII lecause Iaige and haid oljecls oi filious naleiiaI nay danage
and jan lhe piopeIIeis.
Mixed-fIov
Conlinalion of lhe alove lvo lypes and lhey aie used foi inleinediale head and
dischaige appIicalions and handIe deliis sIighlIy lellei lhan piopeIIeis.
Sciev
AIlhough Iov in efficiency and expensive, il is suilalIe foi high piessuies, and
deIiveis fIuid vilh IillIe noise oi piessuie puIsalion, lhus fish lhal fil lhe valei
coIunn can safeIy Iifled up lhiough il

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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62*7 2&' 89:; 19-7
SIide RaiI
VaIve
SleeI Iipe
SulneisilIe
CenliifugaI Iunp
IIoal Type
LeveI Svilch
Top Covei
Non Reluin Cale
Walei Iioof CalIe
Conciele Iiefaliicaled
SulneisilIe
WaII oi SleeI Iipe
AxiaI Iunp
CalIe Suppoil
ThieshoId LeveI
Sloving LeveI
IiII Ioinl
Ciipping Ioinl
Sciev Rolales In A CIoseIy Iilling
Iixed ChanneI

a) AxiaI l) CenliifugaI

Iiguie 19.8: TypicaI SulneisilIe Iunps

Iiguie 19.9: TypicaI Sciev Iunp

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-8 62*7 2&' 89:;
3OO,OOO
2OO,OOO
1OO,OOO
1O,OOO
3,OOO
C
a
I
I
o
n
s

p
e
i

M
i
n
u
l
e

p
e
i

I
u
n
p
5 6 8 1O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 2OO 6OO 9OO
Reconnended Sunp Dinensions in Inches
C
u
l
i
c

M
e
l
i
e
s

p
e
i

H
o
u
i

p
e
i

I
u
n
p
1,OOO
2,OOO
4,OOO
6,OOO
1O,OOO
2O,OOO
4O,OOO
6O,OOO
2O 1O 8 6 4 1 O.8 O.6 O.4 O.2 2
Reconnended Sunp Dinensions in Melies
C

(
A
v
e
i
a
g
e
)

(
M
a
x
i
n
u
n
)
S

(
M
i
n
i
n
u
n
)
W

(
M
i
n
i
n
u
n
)
Y

(
M
i
n
i
n
u
n
)
A

(
M
i
n
i
n
u
n
)
Y
A
A
W/2
W
W
Y
W
ILAN
Iunp
SingIe
Iunp
IIov
Scieen
IIov
Tiash Rack
OplionaI IailiaI Divideis

(Inciease Dinension 'W'
ly lhe Dividei Thickness)
LLLVATION
Nole:
1O oi Iess piefeiied vilh 3 n/s veIocily nax
al scieen Iocalion shovn.
15 nax vilh veIocily ieduced lo O.15 n/s.
Tiash Rack
W/2
C
S
MuIlipIe
Sunp
Mininun
Walei LeveI

a) Sunp Dinensions (see l foi dinension Iocalion)

l) IIan and LIevalion
Iiguie 19.1O: Wel Iil Type Iunp
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-9
<
5=:)&>
<
5=:2?>
@
0
<
=
:
2
?
>
@
0
<
=
:
)
&
>
AB
A
C
D A
3
Design Highesl
Walei LeveI
Lovesl Walei
LeveI
Wel WeII
CoIIeclion Syslens H Sloinvalei diains Ieading lo lhe punping slalion aie lypicaIIy designed on niId giades
lo nininise deplh, punping head and associaled consliuclion cosl vhiIe nainlaining an aveiage veIocily of
1.O n/s duiing fIoving fuII lo avoid siIlalion piolIens. To ieduce lhe opeialion cosl, ly-pass vilh lidaI/
diainage gales is consliucled lo enalIe lhe sloinvalei lo le giavily diained vhen lhe valeiIeveI al ieceiving
valeilody is Iov and onIy diveiled lo punp sunp vhen valei IeveI al ieceiving valeilody is high.
Dischaige Syslen H The dischaige piping shouId le kepl as sinpIe as possilIe. IndividuaI punp dischaige
Iines aie lhe nosl cosl-effeclive syslen foi shoil oulfaII Ienglhs. Check vaIves nusl le piovided on lhe
individuaI Iines lo keep sloin valei fion iunning lack inlo lhe vel veII. Cale vaIves shouId le piovided in
each punp dischaige Iine lo piovide foi conlinued opeialion duiing peiiods of iepaii, elc.
)*0F03 -:;@AB !<B;@C:D>?@<B; =<D $IJ9 >BC 4?<D>A: 4@K@BA
HydioIogy H The design slandaid and pioceduie lo deiive lhe design fIood hydiogiaphs foi a sloinvalei
punping slalion shouId le lhe sane as foi lhe najoi diainage syslen. Hovevei, if sloiage is foined pail of lhe
syslen, nol onIy lhe design peak dischaiges need lo le consideied lul aIso lhe iunoff voIunes and hydiogiaph
shapes foi vaiious iainsloin duialion. Lveiy allenpl shouId le nade lo keep lhe diainage aiea liilulaiy lo lhe
slalion as snaII as possilIe. y-pass oi pass-lhiough aII possilIe diainage shouId le piovided lo ieduce
punping iequiienenls. Avoid fuluie inciease in punping ly isoIaling lhe punp diainage aiea vilh lhe
giavily diainage aiea lhiough high IeveI diains oi lunding lo pievenl off-sile diainage fion possilIy leing
diveiled lo lhe punp slalion. HydioIogic design shouId le lased on lhe uIlinale deveIopnenl of lhe aiea,
vhich nusl diain lo lhe slalion.
Dischaige Head and Syslen Cuive H The conlinalion of slalic head, veIocily head and vaiious head Iosses in
lhe dischaige syslen due lo fiiclion is caIIed lolaI dynanic head (TDH) foi lhe punp dischaige head. The TDH
is conpuled as foIIovs:
3 B C 5
A A A < @0< + + + = (19.1)
vheie
@0< = TolaI dynanic head (n),
<
5
= Slalic head (n),
A
C
= Iiiclion head (n),
A
B
= VeIocily head (n), and
A
3
= Losses lhiough fillings, vaIves, elc. (n)

Iiguie 19.11: Conponenls of TolaI Dynanic Head (TDH)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-1O 62*7 2&' 89:;
T
o
l
a
I

D
y
n
a
n
i
c

H
e
a
d

(
n
)
Syslen Cuive
Iunp Cuive
Design Ioinl 13O n /hi al 7.5 n TDH
Slalic Head
O
O
5
1O
15
1OO 2OO 3OO
IIov (n /hi)
3
3
CoIunn
9OO nn
Iunp Rale (n/hi) x 1OOO
Moloi
IedeslaI
ase IIale
LIlov
ovI
Suclion eII
TypicaI OulIine of 9OO nn
IiopeIIei Iunp
2 3 4 5 6 7
2
3
4
5
6
M
o
l
o
i

S
i
z
e

(
T
y
p
.
)
5
5

k
v
7
5

k
v
9
O

k
v
4
5

k
v
79
83
82
83
77
79
76
72
67
4
O

k
v
O.2O
O.25
O.3O
O.35
O.4O
I
n
p
e
I
I
e
i

S
i
z
e

(
n
)
T
o
l
a
I

D
y
n
a
n
i
c

H
e
a
d

(
n
)
76
The lolaI dynanic head (TDH) nusl le deleinined foi a sufficienl nunlei of poinls lo diav lhe syslen head
cuive vheie lhe syslen cuive (Q vs. TDH) can le pIolled. When oveiIaid vilh punp peifoinance cuives
piovided ly nanufacluiei as given in (Iiguie 19.12), il viII yieId lhe punp opeialing poinls (Iiguie 19.13).
Iunps shouId le seIecled lo opeiale vilh lhe lesl efficiency al lhe design opeialing poinl.

Iiguie 19.12: Ieifoinance Cuive foi 9OOnn Iunp Rolaling

Iiguie 19.13: Syslen Head Cuive
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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62*7 2&' 89:; 19-11
Ieak IIov
Sloiage
Ieak Iunping Rale
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e
Tine
Iunp and Sloiage Sizing - Theie is a conpIex ieIalionship lelveen lhe vaiialIes of punping iales, sloiage
and punp on-off sellings in punp slalion design. Sloiage capacily is usuaIIy iequiied as a pail of slalion design
lo peinil lhe use of snaIIei, noie econonicaI punps. The piincipIe of nininun iun line and punp cycIing
vilh incieased sloiage voIune shouId aIso le consideied duiing lhe deveIopnenl of an oplinun sloiage
iequiienenl. Conpaiing lhe infIov hydiogiaph lo lhe conlioIIing punp dischaige iale as iIIuslialed in
Iiguie 19.14 gives an eslinale of lhe iequiied sloiage voIune. If sloiage is used lo ieduce peak fIov iales, a
iouling pioceduie nusl le used lo design lhe syslen. A voiked exanpIe of lhe punp iale and sloiage voIune
caIcuIalion is given in Appendix 19.A.

Iiguie 19.14: Lslinalion of Requiied Sloiage fion InfIov Hydiogiaph.
Walei-LeveI Sensois H Walei-IeveI sensois aie used lo aclivale lhe punps and, lheiefoie, aie a vilaI conponenl
of lhe conlioI syslen. Theie aie a nunlei of diffeienl lypes of sensois lhal can le used. Types incIude lhe fIoal
svilch, eIeclionic pioles, uIliasonic devices, neicuiy svilch, and aii piessuie svilch. The on-off selling foi lhe
punp is pailicuIaiIy inpoilanl lecause il defines lhe nosl fiequenlIy used cycIe. To pioIong lhe Iife of lhe
nolois, sufficienl voIune nusl le piovided lelveen lhe punp slail and slop eIevalions lo neel lhe nininun
cycIe line iequiienenl.
AIIovalIe High Walei LIevalion H The aIIovalIe high valei (AHW) eIevalion in lhe slalion shouId le sel such
lhal lhe valei suiface eIevalion al lhe Iovesl inIel in lhe coIIeclion syslen piovides O.3 lo O.6n of fieeloaid
leIov lhe ioadvay giale.
)*0F06 2?L:D M>G@E@?@:; >BC ':NI@D:J:B?;
Iovei H SeveiaI lypes of povei nay le avaiIalIe foi a punp slalion such as eIecliic nolois and pelioI, dieseI
oi naluiaI gas engines. The designei shouId seIecl lhe lype of povei lhal lesl neels lhe needs of lhe piojecl.
Hovevei, vhen ieadiIy avaiIalIe, eIecliic povei is usuaIIy lhe nosl econonicaI and ieIialIe choice. Theie
geneiaIIy is a need foi lackup povei if lhe consequences of faiIuie aie seveie. Moloi voIlages lelveen 415 voIls
is ieconnended foi punping appIicalions. ConsequenlIy, il is ieconnended lhal 225 kW le lhe naxinun
size noloi used. This size is aIso a good uppei Iinil foi ease of nainlenance.
Tiash Racks and Ciil Chanleis H Tiash iacks shouId le piovided al lhe enliance lo lhe vel veII if Iaige deliis
is anlicipaled. UsuaIIy, lhe lai scieens aie incIined vilh lai spacing appioxinaleIy 35nn. Aulonalic liash
iacks of vaiious designs nay aIso le used in aiea vheie liash piolIen is seiious. If sulslanliaI anounls of
sedinenl aie anlicipaled, a easiIy nainlained giil chanlei nay le piovided lo calch soIids lhal aie expecled lo
sellIe oul. This viII nininise veai on lhe punps and Iinil deposils in lhe vel veII. The scieen inIel shouId le
adequaleIy sized ly laking inlo consideialion of lhe pailiaI cIogging of lhe inIel ly deliis lhal pievenls lhe fuII
fIood fIovs fion enleiing lhe punp sunp. If lhe anong of sedinenl and deliis aie a Iol, CITs shouId le
inslaIIed upsliean of lhe sloinvalei syslen lo nininise lhen fion ieaching lhe coIIeclion syslen.
VenliIalion H VenliIalion of diy and vel veIIs is necessaiy lo ensuie a safe voiking enviionnenl foi
nainlenance peisonneI. If iequiied, exhausl fan syslens nay le used vhen accessing lhe pil.
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19-12 62*7 2&' 89:;
Roof Halches and MonoiaiIs H Il viII le necessaiy lo ienove nolois and punps fion lhe slalion foi peiiodic
nainlenance and iepaii. RenovalIe ioof halches Iocaled ovei lhe equipnenl aie a cosl-effeclive vay of
pioviding lhis capaliIily. MoliIe cianes can sinpIy Iifl lhe snaIIei equipnenl fion lhe slalion onlo
nainlenance liucks. MonoiaiIs aie usuaIIy noie cosl-effeclive foi Iaigei slalions.
Lquipnenl Ceilificalion and Tesling H Lquipnenl ceilificalion and lesling is iequiied lo ensuie lhal lhe punps
suppIied neel lhe design and specificalion. a ciuciaI eIenenl of punp slalion design. Il is good piaclice lo
incIude in lhe conliacl specificalions lhe iequiienenl foi acceplance lesling ly lhe ovnei, vhen possilIe, lo
ensuie piopei opeialion of lhe conpIeled punp slalion.
Moniloiing and Mainlenance H Iunp slalions aie vuIneialIe lo a vide iange of opeialionaI piolIens fion
naIfunclion of equipnenl lo Ioss of povei. Moniloiing syslens such as on-sile vaining Iighls and ienole
aIains can heIp nininise such faiIuies and lheii consequences. TeIeneliy and SCADA syslen aie oplions lhal
shouId le consideied foi noniloiing ciilicaI punp slalion. Ieihaps lhe lesl oveiaII pioceduie lo assuie lhe
piopei funclioning of a punp slalion is lhe inpIenenlalion of a ieguIai scheduIe of nainlenance conducled ly
liained, expeiienced peisonneI.
Safely H Laddeis, slaiiveIIs and olhei access poinls as veII as adequale Iighlings shouId faciIilale use ly
nainlenance peisonneI. Adequale space shouId le piovided foi lhe opeialion and nainlenance of aII
equipnenl. Il nay aIso le piudenl lo piovide aii-lesling equipnenl in lhe slalion so nainlenance peisonneI
can le assuied of cIean aii lefoie enleiing.
)*0O -&41+, $'2!&-.'& M2' %1-#7 +#%&4
The nelhod invoIves lhe iniliaI eslinalion of lhe iequiied valeivay aiea (in lhe case of cuIveils) oi lhe
iequiied vidlh (in lhe case of fIunes) lo dischaige lhe design sloinvalei iunoff oul of lhe conpailnenl inlo
lhe oulIel channeI vhose lidaI fIuclualions aie knovn. ased on lhis a suilalIe gale is seIecled and lhe design
sloin infIov is iouled lhiough lhe seIecled gale inlo lhe lidaI channeI. If lhe gale is adequale lhe vhoIe of lhe
design sloinvalei iunoff shouId le dischaiged vilhin lhe lidaI peiiod. The pioceduie conpiises lhe slages as
shovn in Iiguie 19.15.
)*0P -&41+, $'2!&-.'& M2' -'#1,#+& +#%&
Ioi lhe Iaigei-size diainage gales, design is noinaIIy lased on iouling nelhods, vhich iequiie a faiiIy delaiIed
knovIedge of lhe lopogiaphy of lhe calchnenl aiea dischaiging lhiough lhe gale in oidei lo le alIe lo assess
accuialeIy sloiage effecls lhioughoul lhe design fIood hydiogiaph of lhe dovnsliean ieceiving valei. Ioi
uilan sloinvalei diains, il is oflen sufficienl lo assune lhal lhe diainage gale is cIosed foi lhe duialion of lhe
sloin. Ioi aieas vheie lenpoiaiy sloiage is nol avaiIalIe fIooding upsliean of lhe gale vouId le unacceplalIe
(in pailicuIai luiIl-up uilan aieas) and vheie space foi delenlion sloiage is nol avaiIalIe, gales shouId piovide
as Iaige an aiea as possilIe foi dischaige aflei peiiods of high iivei IeveI. The aiea avaiIalIe foi dischaige
shouId piefeialIy le equivaIenl lo lhe velled aiea of lhe diainage channeI. The pioceduie conpiises lhe sleps
as shovn in Iiguie 19.15.
)*0Q -&41+, $'2!&-.'& M2' $./$1,+ 4%#%12,
Il incoipoiales lhe design ciileiia discussed in pievious seclions and yieIds lhe iequiied nunlei and capacily of
punps as veII as lhe vel veII and sloiage dinensions. The finaI dinensions can le adjusled as iequiied lo
acconnodale non-hydiauIic consideialions such as nainlenance. To iniliale design, consliainls nusl le
evaIualed and a liiaI design foinuIaled lo neel lhese consliainls. Then ly iouling lhe infIov hydiogiaph
lhiough lhe liiaI punp slalion ils adequacy can le evaIualed.
The hydiauIic anaIysis of a punp slalion invoIves lhe inleiieIalionship of lhiee conponenls:
- lhe infIov hydiogiaph
- lhe sloiage capacily of lhe vel veII and lhe oulside sloiage, and
- lhe dischaige iale of lhe punping syslen
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62*7 2&' 89:; 19-13

a) TidaI Cale l) Diainage Cale
Iiguie 19.15: IIovchails foi Cale Design

The pioceduie foi punp slalion design is iIIuslialed in Iiguie 19.16. Il conpiises lhe foIIoving 11 sleps.
Slep 1: InfIov lo Iunp Slalion
DeveIop an infIov hydiogiaph iepiesenling lhe design sloin as pei Chaplei 2.
Is Size of lhe
Cale adequale
No No
Iiepaialion of TidaI Vaiialion Cuive al
lhe OulIel of Iioposed Cale
DeveIop Slage-Sloiage Cuive of lhe
Diainage Syslen
Lslinale lhe Design InfIov Hydiogiaph
fion lhe Calchnenl
Idenlify lhe Lovesl Ciound LIevalion al
upsliean side of pioposed gale
Lslinale lhe Cale Size
Roule lhe Design InfIov lhiough lhe
seIecled gale and sloiage
Idenlify vhen lhe IIovs aie undei
ConlioIIed IIov and Cale CIosed
Condilions
Supeiinpose TidaI Vaiialion Cuive and
InfIov Hydiogiaph
Conpule lhe Runoff VoIune undei
ConlioIIed IIov and CIosed Cale
Condilion
IinaIise lhe Cale Size and Nunlei
iequiied
Iiepaialion of IIood/Slage
Hydiogiaph al lhe OulIel of Iioposed
DeveIop Slage-Sloiage Cuive of lhe
Diainage Syslen
Lslinale lhe Design InfIov Hydiogiaph
fion lhe Calchnenl
Idenlify lhe Lovesl Ciound LIevalion al
upsliean side of pioposed gale
Lslinale lhe Cale Size
Roule lhe Design InfIov lhiough lhe
seIecled gale and sloiage
Idenlify vhen lhe IIovs aie undei
ConlioIIed IIov and Cale CIosed
Condilions
Supeiinpose IIood/Slage Hydiogiaph
and InfIov Hydiogiaph
Conpule lhe Runoff VoIune undei
ConlioIIed IIov and CIosed Cale
Condilion
Is Size of lhe
Cale adequale
IinaIise lhe Cale Size and Nunlei
iequiied
Yes
Yes
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19-14 62*7 2&' 89:;
Slep 2: Lslinale Iunping Rale, VoIune of Sloiage, and Nunlei of Iunps
A liiaI and success appioach is usuaIIy necessaiy foi eslinaling lhe punping iales and sloiage iequiied foi a
laIanced design. The goaI is lo deveIop an econonic laIance lelveen sloiage voIune and punping capacily.
One appioach lo eslinaling sloiage voIune vas iIIuslialed in Iiguie 19.14 and as given in Appendix 19.A.
Once an eslinaled sloiage voIune is deleinined, a sloiage faciIily can le eslinaled and a slage-sloiage
ieIalionship can le deveIoped.

Iiguie 19.16: IIovchail foi Iunp Slalion Design

Is
Opeialing Ioinl
CIose lo Mid-Ioinl of lhe
Desiied Range`
No
Yes
1. CaIcuIale Design InfIov Hydiogiaph
2. TiiaI Lslinale of Iunp Rale, Nunlei
and Sloiage VoIune
3. Sel Maxinun IeinissilIe Walei LeveI in
Wel WeII
4. Deleinine Iunp Iil Dinensions
5. Deiive Slage-Sloiage ReIalionship
6. Deleinine Iunp CycIing Tine, CaIcuIale
UsealIe Sloiage
7. Choose TiiaI Iunp Size
8. CaIcuIale TolaI Head
9. Locale Iunp Opeialing Ioinl
1O. Locale Iunp Opeialing Ioinl
11. Ieifoin Rouling CaIcuIalion, as a check
ConpIele IinaI Design
Revise Lslinales of
Iunp Rale, Nunlei
and Sloiage VoIune
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62*7 2&' 89:; 19-15
Slep 3: Design High Walei LeveI
The highesl peinissilIe valei IeveI shouId nol le sel highei lhan O.3n lo O.6n leIov lhe finished pavenenl
suiface al lhe Iovesl pavenenl inIel. The Iovei lhe eIevalion lhe noie conseivalisn is lhe design. Theiefoie a
hydiauIic giadienl viII le eslalIished and lhe naxinun peinissilIe valei eIevalion al lhe slalion viII le lhe
eIevalion of lhe hydiauIic giadienl.
Slep 4: Deleinine Iunp Iil Dinensions
AcluaI dinensions of punp sunp aie noinaIIy ieconnended ly lhe punp nanufacluiei lo ensuie conducive
punping condilion and avoid danaging hydiauIic piolIens such as voilices and sviiI. The dinensions aie
usuaIIy deleinined ly Iocaling lhe seIecled nunlei of punps on a fIooi pIan keeping in nind lhe need foi
cIeaiances aiound punps, vaIves, eIecliicaI paneIs and associaled equipnenl lhal viII le housed in lhe punp
slalion luiIding. As discussed, physicaI nodeIIing nayle iequiied in speciaI condilions.
Slep 5: Slage - Sloiage ReIalionship
Having ioughIy eslinaled lhe voIune of sloiage iequiied and a liiaI punping iale, lhe configuialion and
eIevalions of lhe sloiage chanlei can le iniliaIIy sel vheie lhe slage-sloiage ieIalionship is eslalIished.
Slep 6: Iunp CycIing and UsalIe Sloiage
Wilh lhe nunlei of punps sel, lhe coiiecl eIevalions nusl le chosen lo luin each punp on and off lo avoid
iapid cycIing. The punp cycIing line can le ieIaled lo usalIe voIune as foIIovs:
l = Tine lelveen slails
= Tine lo enply + line lo fiII usalIe sloiage voIune E
*

vhen lhe infIov (I) is sel lo equaI one haIf of lhe punp capacily (Q
I
), lhen:
8
*
;
* * * *
F
E G
> F H , - =
E
> F H , - F =
E
1
E
> 1 F =
E
*
; ; ;
= +
= +
= (19.2)
8
*
8
*
:)&
F .H
E
57I J-
:)& .
F
E G
* =
(
= (19.3)
vheie,
* = Tine lelveen slails (nin),
E
*
= UsalIe sloiage voIune (n
3
),
F
;
= Iunp capacily (n
3
/s), and
1 = InfIov, I = Q
I
(n
3
/s).
CeneiaIIy, lhe nininun aIIovalIe cycIing line, *, is designaled ly lhe punp nanufacluiei lased on eIecliic
noloi size. The punp nanufacluiei shouId aIvays le consuIled foi aIIovalIe cycIing line duiing lhe finaI
design phase of piojecl deveIopnenl. Hovevei, TalIe 19.2 dispIays Iinils lhal nay le used foi eslinaling
aIIovalIe cycIe line duiing pieIininaiy design.
Knoving lhe punping iale and nininun cycIing line (in ninules), lhe nininun necessaiy aIIovalIe sloiage,
E, lo achieve lhis line can le caIcuIaled fion Lqualion 19.4.
* F .H E
8
= (19.4)
UsuaIIy, lhe fiisl punp slop eIevalion is conlioIIed ly lhe nininun ieconnended leII sulneigence ciileiia
specified ly lhe punp nanufacluiei. The fiisl punp slail eIevalion viII le a dislance, Ah, alove H. The
nininun aIIovalIe sloiage vouId le caIcuIaled ly Lqualion 19.4. The eIevalion associaled vilh lhis voIune
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19-16 62*7 2&' 89:;
in lhe slage-sloiage cuive vouId le lhe Iovesl luin-on eIevalion lhal shouId le aIIoved foi lhe slailing poinl of
lhe fiisl punp. The second and sulsequenl punp slail eIevalions viII le deleinined ly pIolling lhe punp
peifoinance on lhe nass infIov cuive. This dislance lelveen punp slails nay le in lhe iange of O.3 lo 1.O
nelies foi slalions vilh a snaII anounl of sloiage and 75nn lo 15Onn foi Iaigei sloiage configuialions.
TalIe 19.2: Iunp CycIe Tine Linils
Moloi Iovei
(kW)
CycIing Tine
(Minules)
O - 11 5
15 - 22 6.5
26 - 45 8
49 - 75 1O
112 - 149 13

Slep 7: TiiaI Iunps and Iunp Slalion Iiping
The designei shouId sludy vaiious nanufacluieis' Iileialuie in oidei lo eslalIish a ieasonalIe laIance lelveen
lolaI dynanic head, dischaige, efficiency, and eneigy iequiienenls. This sludy viII aIso give lhe designei a
good indicalion of dischaige piping needed since punps viII have a specific dischaige pipe size. Lach punp
consideied viII have a unique peifoinance cuive lhal has leen deveIoped ly lhe nanufacluiei. These
peifoinance cuives aie lhe lasis foi lhe punp cuive pIolled in lhe syslen head cuives discussed alove.
Iiguie 19.12 denonsliales a lypicaI punp peifoinance cuive. Any poinl on an individuaI peifoinance cuive
idenlifies lhe peifoinance of a punp foi specific TolaI Dynanic Head (TDH) lhal exisls in lhe syslen. Il aIso
idenlifies lhe hoisepovei iequiied and lhe efficiency of opeialion of punp (Iiguie 19.12). The designei nusl
nake ceilain lhal lhe design poinl le as cIose lhe eye as possilIe foi oplinun efficiency.
Slep 8: TolaI Dynanic Head
TolaI Dynanic Head is lhe sun of lhe slalic head, veIocily head and vaiious head Iosses in lhe punp dischaige
syslen due lo fiiclion. Knoving lhe iange of valei IeveIs in lhe sloiage pil and having a liiaI punp pil design
vilh dischaige pipe Ienglhs and dianeleis and appuilenances such as eIlovs and vaIves designaled, lolaI
dynanic head foi lhe dischaige syslen can le caIcuIaled using Lqualion 19.1.
Slep 9: Iunp Design Opeialing Ioinl
Using nelhods desciiled in lhe pievious slep, lhe TolaI Dynanic Head of lhe oulIel syslen can le caIcuIaled
foi a specific slalic head and vaiious dischaiges. These TDHS aie lhen pIolled vs. dischaige. The pIol is caIIed
a syslen head cuive. A syslen head cuive (Iiguie 19.13) is a giaphicaI iepiesenlalion of lolaI dynanic head
pIolled againsl dischaige Q foi lhe enliie punping and dischaige syslen. The iequiied opeialing poinl of lhe
punp is given ly lhe inleiseclion of lhe syslen cuive and lhe punp cuive. The design opeialing poinl
deleinined alove shouId coiieIale vilh an eIevalion al aloul lhe nid-poinl of lhe punping iange. y doing
lhis, lhe punp viII voik lolh alove and leIov lhe TDH foi lhe design poinl and viII lhus opeiale in lhe lesl
efficiency iange.
Slep 1O: Iovei Requiienenls
To seIecl lhe piopei size punp noloi, punp efficiency shouId le anaIyzed. Iunp efficiency is defined as lhe
ialio of punp povei oulpul lo lhe povei inpul appIied lo lhe punp. The efficiency of lhe punp is lhen
expiessed as:

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62*7 2&' 89:; 19-17
Lfficiency, c
K2*)&L :+*+K ;9:;
;+M7K +9*;9* ;9:;
=
(19.5)

The punp povei oulpul can le deleinined as:
.---
F<
8

=
(19.6)
vheie,
8 = Iovei oulpul fion lhe punp (kW),
= Specific veighl of valei (98OO N/n
3
),
F = Iunp fIov iale (n
3
/s), and
< = Iunp head (n).
Conlining Lqualion 19.6 vilh lhe definilion of efficiency and changing sone of lhe unils, lhe povei pul inlo
lhe punp shafl can le expiessed as:
J.%%:
F,<
8
:
=
(19.7)
vheie,
8
:
= Iunp noloi ialing (kW),
c = Lfficiency ()
Lach punp noloi has a seivice facloi vilh lypicaI iange lelveen 1.15 and 1.25. This indicales lhal a noloi can
pioduce 1.15 oi 1.25 lines lhe ialed kW foi shoil peiiods of line and if opeialing alove lhese Iinils viII luin
oul lhe eIecliic noloi aInosl innedialeIy.
Slep 11: Sloiage Rouling
The pioceduies desciiled lhus fai viII piovide aII lhe necessaiy dinensions, cycIe lines, appuilenances, elc. lo
conpIele a pieIininaiy design foi lhe punp slalion. A fIood evenl can le sinuIaled ly iouling lhe design
infIov hydiogiaph lhiough lhe punp slalion ly nelhods desciiled in Chaplei 2. In lhis vay, lhe peifoinance
of lhe punp slalion can le olseived al each hydiogiaph line incienenl and punp slalion design evaIualed.
Then, if necessaiy, lhe design can le fine-luned.

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&'
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19-18 62*7 2&' 89:;
'&M&'&,!&4
1. aungaidnei R.H. (1981). (5*):2*)&L N7O9)K7' "*+K2L7 *+ N7'9I7 872P 89:;)&L N2*75 2* "*+K:M2*7K 89:;)&L
"*2*)+&5 , IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion Woikshop Iapei, Office of Lngineeiing, Washinglon DC.
2. aungaidnei R.H. (1982). <4'K293)I 075)L& +C "*+K:M2*7K 89:;)&L "*2*)+&5 Q+&5)'7K)&L "*+K2L7, IedeiaI
Highvay Adninislialion Woikshop Iapei, Office of Lngineeiing, Washinglon DC.
3. eechan S.C. and SalIalnig S.}. (1994). <4'K293)I !+'733)&L +C @K25A N2IP5, Iioceedings, 1994 InleinalionaI
Confeience on HydiauIics in CiviI Lngineeiing, ILAusl. Nal. Conf. Iul. No. 94/1, 15
lh
-17
lh
Ieliuaiy,
iislane.
4. }ack.L (2OO1). <4'K293)I +C 62*75 2&' E23B75R )& SK77 "9KC2I7 S3+M 2&' "9T:7KL7' U9*37*5, pulIished ly Thonas
TeIfoid
5. HydiauIic Inslilule (1998), Q7&*K)C9L23VE7K*)I23 89:; 1&*2P7 075)L&W pulIished ly (ANSI/HI 9.8)
6. Levei W.I. (1982). !2&923 C+K <)LAM24 "*+K: X2*7K 89:;)&L "*2*)+&5, VoIune 1 & 2, IHWA-II-82-17, U.S.
Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion, IHWA, Washinglon DC.
7. IauIo C. I. L. (2OO4). 075)L& +C <4'K293)I 62*75, pulIished ly TayIoi & Iiancis
8. Ielei N. S. (2OO1). <)LAM24 "*+K:M2*7K 89:; "*2*)+& 075)L& Y <4'K293)I (&L)&77K)&L Q)KI932K %G, IHWA-NHI-
O1-OO7, U.S. Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion, IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion
9. Thoin R.. (1966l). #9*+:2*)I N2')23 "39)I7 62*75 2&' +*A7K @4;75 +C "39)I7 62*75, In Rivei Lngineeiing and
Walei Conseivalion Woiks, R.. Thoin (ed.), ulleivoilhs, London.
1O. U.S. Ainy Coips of Lngineeis (1994). !7IA2&)I23 #&' (37I*K)I23 075)L& UC 89:;)&L "*2*)+&5, Depailnenl of
Ainy, LM 111O-2-31O5
11. Wong W.S. (1999). ZKT2& 89:;)&L 0K2)&2L7 075)L& 2&' U;7K2*)+& [ # Q257 "*9'4, Iioc. 8
lh
InleinalionaI
Confeience on Uilan Sloin Diainage (ICUSD), Sydney, AusliaIia

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-19
12 13 11
5
O
1O
15
2O
25
3O
F
@
Tine (his)
8
T
I
I
o
v

(
n
/
s
)
#$$&,-1R )*0# 4%2'#+& #,- $./$ !#$#!1%5 &4%1/#%12,
Sloinvalei sloiage can ieduce lhe iequiie peak capacily of a punp slalion. SeIeclion of a peak punping
capacily is a liiaI and eiioi piocess lhal consideis lhe infIov hydiogiaph, avaiIalIe sloiage, and possilIe punp
dischaige iales.
The appioxinale nelhod incIudes adjusling lhe infIov hydiogiaph lo an equivaIenl liianguIai hydiogiaph, as
shovn in Iiguie 19.A1. An eslinale of lhe sloiage iequiied lo ieduce lhe peak punping iale lo a desiied vaIue
can le found ly assigning a peak punping iale and pIolling il as hoiizonlaI, as shovn in Iiguie 19.A2.
The aiea of lhe liianguIai hydiogiaph alove lhe peak punping iale iepiesenls an eslinale of lhe sloiage
voIune iequiied. This assunes lhal sloiage leIov lhe Iasl punp-on eIevalion viII nol affecl lhe design. The
effecl of lhis sloiage on finaI design can le consideied using lhe conpulei piogian, oi a nass cuive iouling
pioceduie as piesenled in nexl seclion. The iequiied sloiage can le eslinaled ly lhe equalion:
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
=
; *
5
F
F
E
E
(19.A1)
vheie,
E
5
= Requiied sloiage voIune, (n
3
),
E
*
= VoIune of liianguIai infIov hydiogiaph,(n
3
),
AF = Ieak fIov ieduclion, (cunec), and
F
8
= Ieak fIov of liianguIai infIov hydiogiaph, (cunec).
A giaphicaI piesenlalion of lhe ieIalionship in Lqualion 19.8 is shovn in Iiguie 19.A3. y seIecling a peak
ieduclion ialio (AQ/Q
p
), lhe sloiage ialio (V
s
/V
l
) can le ollained diieclIy. When lhe infIov hydiogiaph
voIune (V
l
) is knovn, lhe sloiage iequiied is eslinaled as lhe pioducl of lhe sloiage ialio and lhe infIov
hydiogiaph voIune.

Iiguie 19.A1: TiianguIai Appioxinalion of InfIov Hydiogiaph (aungaidnei, 1982)

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19-2O 62*7 2&' 89:;
F
;
@
T
F
@
Requiied Sloiage
Ieak Iunping Rale
I
e
a
k

R
e
d
u
c
l
i
o
n

R
a
l
i
o
O.1
O.2
O.3
O.4
O.5
O.6
O.7
Q
p
O.O1 O.O2 O.O3 O.O4 O.O5 O.O6 O.O8 O.1 O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5
Sloiage Ralio
V
V
s
l
Q
( )
(
)

Iiguie 19.A2: Lslinalion of Requiied Sloiage ased on a SeIecled Ieak Iunping Rale (aungaidnei, 1982)

Iiguie 19.A3: ReIalionship lelveen Ieak Reduclion Ralio and Sloiage Ralio : Vs/V
T
= (AQ/Q
p
)
2
(aungaidnei, 1981)

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&'
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62*7 2&' 89:; 19-21
#$$&,-1R )*0S &R#/$7& H $./$1,+ 4%#%12, -&41+,
IiolIen:
The calchnenl iunoff of Kanpung Iasii aiu is diained giavilalionaIIy lhiough a galed oulIel inlo Sungai
KIang, 5OO n upsliean of lhe }aIan KIang Lana, KuaIa Lunpui. AIlhough lhe diainage syslen of lhe
calchnenl has leen inpioved, fiequenl fIooding sliII occuis vhenevei heavy dovnpoui happens lhal coincide
vilh high fIood IeveI al Sungai KIang lhal inpede lhe IocaI iunoff fion dischaiging inlo lhe iivei. The
calchnenl aiea al lhe oulIel lo Sungai KIang is appioxinaleIy 57.8ha as shovn in Iiguie 19.1.

Iiguie 19.1: Kanpung Iasii aiu Iunp Slalion
SoIulion:
The effeclive neasuie is lo inslaII punps vilh sloiage lo dischaige lhe iunoff fion lhe Kanpung Iasii aiu
calchnenl inlo Sungai KIang vhen lhe valei IeveI al Sungai KIang is high.

ReIevanl
Layoul IIan
Calchnenl Aiea

Calchnenl aiea of Kanpung Iasii aiu al oulIel lo Sg. KIang

=

57.8ha

Design Iioleclion LeveI

Design pioleclion IeveI
Checking

=
=

5-yi ARI
1OO-yi ARI

Iunp Slalion Localion
Sungai KIang
Calchnenl oundaiy
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19-22 62*7 2&' 89:;

Chaplei 2

Chaplei 2

Lqualion
19.A1

InfIov Hydiogiaphs

The design dischaiges eslinalion adopled using RalionaI Hydiogiaph
Melhod

The conpuled aveiage iunoff coefficienl

The line of concenlialion foi lhe calchnenl al lhe oulIel poinl

The hydiogiaphs foi lhe Iongei duialion lhan lhe line of concenlialion
aie aIso consideied lecause foi lhe sizing of lhe punps and sloiage lhe
lolaI voIune of iunoff is aIso an inpoilanl design paianelei lo le
consideied.

The iainfaII inlensily adopled is fion lhe Revised HydioIogicaI
Iioceduie No.1 (2O1O) foi Slalion 3O15OO1

The conpuled peak dischaiges and infIov hydiogiaph using RalionaI
Hydiogiaph Melhod

Lslinale Sloiage VoIune and Slage - Sloiage ReIalionship

TolaI avaiIalIe sloiage fion eIevalion 16.5 nRL lo 19.5 nRL (piovide O.5
n fieeloaid vilh pIalfoin IeveI al 2O.O nRL) is aloul.

The Slage-Sloiage foi lhe punp sunp sloiage and channeI sloiage

Lslinale Iunping Rale and Nunlei of Iunps

Runoff voIune foi 48 nin iainsloin
Runoff peak foi 48 nin iainsloin

The eslinaled iequiied punping iale

Iion lhis anaIysis, piovides

=

=

=

=
=

=
=

=
=

=
=

=

O.625

48nin

TalIe 19.1

Iiguie 19.2
2,8OOn
3

TalIe 19.2
Iiguie 19.3

25,468n
3

8.84n
3
/s

5.9n
3
/s
Iiguie 19.4

3 x 2n
3
/s
sulneisilIe
axiaI punps

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NOT FOR SALE
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62*7 2&' 89:; 19-23

Lqualion
19.1

Lslinale lhe TolaI Dynanic Head

Assuning lhal lhe Iovesl and highesl IeveIs lhe punps need lo punp
aie 16.5 nRL and 19.5 nRL iespecliveIy and lhe veii IeveI need lo punp
ovei is 21.5 nRL as given in Iiguie 19.3, hence lhe naxinun and
nininun slalic heads aie as foIIovs :
H
s
(nax) = (21.5 -16.5)n
H
s
(nin) = (21.5 -19.5)n

Il is assuned lhal lhe dianelei of lhe coIunn pipe, D is 1 n and foi 2
n/s dischaige lhe veIocily head is :
VeIocily (v) = Q/A = 2/(D
2
n /4)
h
v
= v
2
/2g = 2.55
2
/2/9.81

The fiiclion head is appioxinaled using lhe Hazen-WiIIian equalion. Il
is assuned lhal lhe coIunn pipe is 4 n Ienglh and foi sleeI pipe, lhe
fiiclion facloi C is 1OO :
h
f
= 6.83 v
1.85
L /(C
1.85
D
1.165
)

Theie is no fillings foi lhe aiiangenenl and hence, h
L
is zeio. Wilh aII
lhe alove, lhe naxinun and nininun TolaI Dynanic Head can le
conpuled as foIIovs :
TDH (nax) = 5n + O.33n + O.O3n
TDH (nin) = 2n + O.33n + O.O3n

SeIeclion of Iunp Ieifoinance Cuive

Wilh lhe punping iale and TDH iequiienenls, lhe punp peifoinance
cuive can le seIecled and lhe punp chosen lhal suils lhe iequiienenls.

Iunp Slail - Slop LeveIs and Slage - Iunp Dischaige ReIalionship

The design slail - slop IeveIs foi lhe punp

Iion lhe slail - slop IeveIs of lhe punps, punp peifoinance cuive and
TDH, lhe slage - punp dischaige ieIalionship
1. Walei IeveI iising in lhe punp sunp sloiage
2. Walei LeveI diopping in lhe punp sunp sloiage

The slage - punp dischaige ieIalionships pIol

=
=

=
=

=

=
=

=

=
=

=
=

=

5n
2n

2.55n/s
O.33n

O.O3n

5.36n
2.36n

Iiguie 19.5

TalIe 19.3
Iiguie 19.2

TalIe 19.4
TalIe 19.5

Iiguie 19.6

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19-24 62*7 2&' 89:;

Chaplei 2

Rouling of Iunp Sunp Sloiage

Wilh lhe Slage - Sloiage and Slage - Dischaige ReIalionships, iouling
pioceduie siniIai lo pond iouling as eIaloialed in Chaplei 2 is engaged
lo deleinine lhe valei IeveI in lhe punp sunp sloiage. The onIy
diffeience is lhal as nenlioned eaiIiei, lheie aie lvo diffeienl Slage -
Iunp Dischaige ReIalionships foi lhe valei IeveI iising and diopping
condilions due lo lhe diffeienl slail - slop IeveIs of lhe punps.

The iouling pioceduie lo ollain lhe punp dischaige and valei IeveI in
lhe punp sunp sloiage foi lhe 5-yeai ARI 48 nin infIov hydiogiaph
and lhe naxinun valei IeveI in lhe punp sunp sloiage (Iovei lhan lhe
design 19.5O nRL)

The iouling is aIso pIolled:
1. 5-yeai ARI
2. 1OO-yeai ARI

Roulings aie aIso caiiied oul foi olhei iainsloin duialion foi 5-yeai ARI
and aIso foi lhe 1OO-yeai ARI evenls

Layoul IIan and IiofiIe

ased on lhe avaiIalIe Iand, lhe Iayoul pIan and lhe piofiIe of lhe punp
slalion aie concepluaIised

Discussions

Iion lhe punp iouling anaIysis, lhe punps piovided aie sufficienl lo
neel lhe 5-yeai ARI fIood pioleclion ciileiion foi Kanpaung Iasii aiu.
The checks done on 1OO-yeai ARI ieviev lhal lhe fIood IeveI is O.7 n
alove lhe pIalfoin IeveI of 2O nRL and lhe naxinun inundalion peiiod
is aloul 5O nin. Il can le deduced fion lhis anaIysis lhal il is sufficienl
lo design foi lhe punp slalion lo calei foi 5 lo 1O-yeai ARI pioleclion
vheie even duiing 1OO-yeai ARI iainsloin, lhe fIooding viII nol le
seveie. Wilh lhis, lhe capilaI cosl can le oplinised.

=

=

=
=

=

=
=

TalIe 19.6

18.8O nRL

Iiguie 19.7
Iiguie 19.8

TalIe 19.7

Iiguie 19.9
Iiguie 19.1O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-25
TalIe 19.1: InfIov Hydiogiaphs using RalionaI Hydiogiaph Melhod

RainfaII
Duialion
(nin)
5-yeai ARI 1OO-yeai ARI
RainfaII
Inlensily
(nn/hi)
Ieak Dischaige
(n
3
/s)
RainfaII
Inlensily
(nn/hi)
Ieak Dischaige
(n
3
/s)
48 88 8.84 137 13.73
6O 74 7.47 117 11.74
75 63 6.34 99 9.96
9O 55 5.52 86 8.68
12O 44 4.41 69 6.94

TalIe 19.2: Slage - Sloiage TaluIalion
LIevalion
(n)
ChanneI Sloiage
(n
3
)
Iunp Sunp Sloiage
(n
3
)
TolaI Sloiage
(n
3
)
16.OO O O O
16.5O O O O
16.75 O 111 111
17.OO O 222 222
17.25 O 333 333
17.5O O 444 444
17.75 23 555 578
18.OO 94 666 76O
18.25 211 777 988
18.5O 375 888 1263
18.75 586 999 1585
19.OO 844 111O 1954
19.25 1148 1221 2369
19.5O 15OO 1332 2832
19.75 1898 1443 3341
2O.OO 2344 1554 3898

TalIe 19.3: Iunp ConlioIs and OpeialionaI Iaianeleis
Iunp
No.
Iunp IIov
(n
3
/s)
Iunp-Slail
LIevalion
(nRL)
Iunp-Slop
LIevalion
(nRL)
1 2 17.O 16.5
2 2 17.5 17.O
3 2 18.O 17.5

NOT FOR SALE
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&'
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19-26 62*7 2&' 89:;
TalIe 19.4: Slage - Iunp Dischaige Cuive TaluIalion foi Rising Walei LeveI
LIevalion
(nRL)
TDH (n)
1sl Iunp
(n
3
/nin)
2nd Iunp
(n
3
/nin)
3id
Iunp
(n
3
/nin)
TolaI
(n
3
/nin)
TolaI
(n
3
/s)
16.OO 5.86 O O O O O.OO
16.5O 5.36 O O O O O.OO
16.75 5.11 O O O O O.OO
16.95 4.91 O O O O O.OO
17.OO 4.86 122 O O 122 2.O3
17.25 4.61 124 O O 124 2.O7
17.45 4.41 126 O O 126 2.11
17.5O 4.36 127 127 O 254 4.23
17.75 4.11 129 129 O 258 4.3O
17.95 3.91 131 131 O 261 4.36
18.OO 3.86 131 131 131 393 6.56
18.25 3.61 133 133 133 399 6.66
18.5O 3.36 135 135 135 4O5 6.76
18.75 3.11 137 137 137 411 6.85
19.OO 2.86 139 139 139 417 6.96
19.25 2.61 141 141 141 424 7.O7
19.5O 2.36 144 144 144 431 7.18
19.75 2.11 146 146 146 439 7.31
2O.OO 1.86 149 149 149 447 7.46

TalIe 19.5: Slage - Iunp Dischaige Cuive TaluIalion foi Diopping Walei LeveI
LIevalion
(nRL)
TDH (n)
1sl Iunp
(n
3
/nin)
2nd Iunp
(n
3
/nin)
3id
Iunp
(n
3
/nin)
TolaI
(n
3
/nin)
TolaI
(n
3
/s)
16.OO 5.86 O O O O O.OO
16.45 5.41 O O O O O.OO
16.5O 5.36 115 O O 115 1.92
16.75 5.11 119 O O 119 1.98
16.95 4.91 121 O O 121 2.O2
17.OO 4.86 122 122 O 243 4.O5
17.25 4.61 124 124 O 249 4.14
17.45 4.41 126 126 O 253 4.21
17.5O 4.36 127 127 127 38O 6.34
17.75 4.11 129 129 129 387 6.45
18.OO 3.86 131 131 131 393 6.56
18.25 3.61 133 133 133 399 6.66
18.5O 3.36 135 135 135 4O5 6.76
18.75 3.11 137 137 137 411 6.85
19.OO 2.86 139 139 139 417 6.96
19.25 2.61 141 141 141 424 7.O7
19.5O 2.36 144 144 144 431 7.18
19.75 2.11 146 146 146 439 7.31
2O.OO 1.86 149 149 149 447 7.46
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-27
TalIe 19.6: Rouling Iioceduie foi 5-yeai ARI, 48 ninule InfIov Hydiogiaph
Tine, *
(nins)
1
(n
3
/s)
=1
.
+1
%
)/2
(n
3
/s)
"
.
/A*

+F
.
V%
(n
3
/s)
F
.

(n
3
/s)
"2/A*

DF2/2
(n
3
/s)
F
%

(n
3
/s)
WL
(nRL)
WL
(nRL)
Dischaige, F
(n
3
/s)
Sloiage, "
(n
3
)
"

/A*

+FV%
(n
3
/s)
O O.OO O.OO O.OO 16.5O 16.5OO O.OOO O.OO O.OO
2 O.37 O.18 O.OO O.OO O.18 O.OO 16.55 16.75O O.OOO 111.OO O.93
4 O.74 O.56 O.18 O.OO O.74 O.OO 16.7O 16.95O O.OOO 199.8O 1.67
6 1.11 O.92 O.74 O.OO 1.66 O.OO 16.95 17.OOO 2.O27 222.OO 2.86
8 1.47 1.29 1.66 O.OO 2.95 2.O3 17.O2 17.25O 2.O72 333.OO 3.81
1O 1.84 1.66 2.95 2.O3 2.57 1.54 16.99 17.45O 2.1O5 421.8O 4.57
12 2.21 2.O3 2.57 1.54 3.O6 2.O4 17.O5 17.5OO 4.227 444.OO 5.81
14 2.58 2.4O 3.O6 2.O4 3.42 2.O5 17.15 17.75O 4.3O2 578.44 6.97
16 2.95 2.77 3.42 2.O5 4.13 2.O9 17.33 17.95O 4.358 723.49 8.21
18 3.32 3.13 4.13 2.O9 5.18 3.14 17.47 18.OOO 6.557 759.75 9.61
2O 3.68 3.5O 5.18 3.14 5.53 3.75 17.49 18.25O 6.658 987.94 11.56
22 4.O5 3.87 5.53 3.75 5.65 3.95 17.49 18.5OO 6.756 1263.OO 13.9O
24 4.42 4.24 5.65 3.95 5.94 4.23 17.53 18.75O 6.855 1584.94 16.64
26 4.79 4.61 5.94 4.23 6.31 4.26 17.61 19.OOO 6.957 1953.75 19.76
28 5.16 4.98 6.31 4.26 7.O2 4.3O 17.76 19.25O 7.O66 2369.44 23.28
3O 5.53 5.35 7.O2 4.3O 8.O6 4.35 17.93 19.5OO 7.184 2832.OO 27.19
32 5.9O 5.71 8.O6 4.35 9.42 6.26 17.99 19.75O 7.313 3341.44 31.5O
34 6.26 6.O8 9.42 6.26 9.24 5.97 17.99 2O.OOO 7.456 3897.75 36.21
36 6.63 6.45 9.24 5.97 9.71 6.56 18.O1 Ioi Rising Walei LeveI
38 7.OO 6.82 9.71 6.56 9.97 6.58 18.O5
4O 7.37 7.19 9.97 6.58 1O.58 6.61 18.12
42 7.74 7.56 1O.58 6.61 11.52 6.66 18.24
44 8.11 7.92 11.52 6.66 12.79 6.71 18.38
46 8.47 8.29 12.79 6.71 14.37 6.77 18.54
48 8.84 8.66 14.37 6.77 16.26 6.84 18.72
5O 8.47 8.66 16.26 6.84 18.O7 6.9O 18.87 16.45O O.OOO O.OO O.OO
52 8.11 8.29 18.O7 6.9O 19.46 6.95 18.98 16.5OO 1.92O O.OO O.96
54 7.74 7.92 19.46 6.95 2O.44 6.98 19.O5 16.75O 1.977 111.OO 1.91
56 7.37 7.55 2O.44 6.98 21.O1 7.OO 19.O9 16.95O 2.O18 199.8O 2.67
58 7.OO 7.18 21.O1 7.OO 21.2O 7.OO 19.1O 17.OOO 4.O54 222.OO 3.88
6O 6.63 6.82 21.2O 7.OO 21.O1 7.OO 19.O9 17.25O 4.145 333.OO 4.85
62 6.26 6.45 21.O1 7.OO 2O.47 6.98 19.O5 17.45O 4.211 421.8O 5.62
64 5.9O 6.O8 2O.47 6.98 19.57 6.95 18.98 17.5OO 6.34O 444.OO 6.87
66 5.53 5.71 19.57 6.95 18.33 6.91 18.89 17.75O 6.452 578.44 8.O5
68 5.16 5.34 18.33 6.91 16.76 6.86 18.76 18.OOO 6.557 759.75 9.61
7O 4.79 4.97 16.76 6.86 14.88 6.79 18.59 18.25O 6.658 987.94 11.56
72 4.42 4.61 14.88 6.79 12.69 6.7O 18.37 18.5OO 6.756 1263.OO 13.9O
74 4.O5 4.24 12.69 6.7O 1O.22 6.59 18.O8 18.75O 6.855 1584.94 16.64
76 3.68 3.87 1O.22 6.59 7.5O 6.4O 17.63 19.OOO 6.957 1953.75 19.76
78 3.32 3.5O 7.5O 6.4O 4.6O 4.12 17.19 19.25O 7.O66 2369.44 23.28
8O 2.95 3.13 4.6O 4.12 3.61 3.61 16.99 19.5OO 7.184 2832.OO 27.19
82 2.58 2.76 3.61 3.61 2.77 2.18 16.95 19.75O 7.313 3341.44 31.5O
84 2.21 2.39 2.77 2.18 2.98 2.54 16.96 2O.OOO 7.456 3897.75 36.21
86 1.84 2.O3 2.98 2.54 2.47 2.O1 16.9O Ioi IaIIing Walei LeveI
88 1.47 1.66 2.47 2.O1 2.12 1.99 16.8O
9O 1.11 1.29 2.12 1.99 1.42 1.95 16.62
92 O.74 O.92 1.42 1.95 O.39 O.79 16.47
94 O.37 O.55 O.39 O.79 O.16 O.32 16.46
96 O.OO O.19 O.16 O.32 O.O3 O.O3 16.45
98 O.OO O.OO O.O3 O.O3 O.OO O.OO 16.45
1OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO O.OO 16.45

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-28 62*7 2&' 89:;
16.5O nRL
19.5O nRL
17.5O nRL
17.OO nRL (1sl)
17.5O nRL (2nd)
18.OO nRL (3id)
Iunp Slail IeveI
17.OO nRL (2nd)
17.5O nRL (1sl)
16.5O nRL (3id)
Iunp Slop IeveI
Iunp Sunp Sloiage
37n (L) x (12n (W)
ChanneI Sloiage
ReclanguIai 6n ollon Widlh
~25On
Dead Sloiage
TalIe 19.7: Sunnaiy of lhe Rouling ResuIls
RainfaII
Duialion
(nin)
5-yeai ARI 1OO-yeai ARI
Max. Iunp
Sunp Sloiage
WL (nRL)
Ieiiod
Lxceeded
2O nRL (nin)
Max. Iunp
Sunp Sloiage
WL (nRL)
Ieiiod
Lxceeded
2O nRL (nin)
48 19.1O O 2O.71 5O
6O 18.8O O 2O.43 46
75 18.OO O 2O.24 38
9O 17.98 O 2O.O1 4

Iiguie 19.2: Sloiage Skelch and Iunp Slail-Slop LeveIs
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-29
O
8.84
5.9O
l (nin)
48 96
O
AvaiIalIe Sloiage
= 28OOn
3
Q

(
n
3
/
s
)
8
4
2
6
5O 1OO
2O.O
19.5
19.O
18.5
18.O
17.5
17.O
16.5
16.O
O 1OOO 2OOO 3OOO 4OOO
Sloiage (n)
L
I
e
v
a
l
i
o
n

(
n
R
L
)
ChanneI Sloiage
Iunp Sunp Sloiage
TolaI Sloiage

Iiguie 19.3: Slage - Sloiage Cuives

Iiguie 19.4: Lslinaled Iunping Rale fion InfIov Hydiogiaph and AvaiIalIe Sloiage
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-3O 62*7 2&' 89:;
Iovei SuppIy
Raled Iovei
Raled Cuiienl
Type
InsuIalion CIass
Slailing Melhod
Cuive no.
Moloi
3 , 38O V, 5O Hz
2OO HI 15O kW 1O I
324 A
SquiiieI Cage
I
Reacloi
Dischaige Dianelei
TolaI Head
Capacily
Lfficiency
RevoIulion
SoIid Size
Iunp
1OOO
5
74
58O
12O
-
nn
n
R.I.M
n /nin
USCL/nin
3
Cuslonei
Localion
Seivice
Ilen No. (ID No.)
ModeI No. 1OOOKIL15O 1OT3
sel
2. Design Dala
Quanlily
1. CeneiaI
Capacily, Q (n/nin)
O
p
l
i
n
u
n
L
i
n
i
l
T
o
l
a
I
H
e
a
d
-
Q
O
2
4
6
8
1O
T
o
l
a
I

H
e
a
d

(
n
)
O
2O
4O
6O
8O
1OO
O
L
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
)
4O 8O 12O 16O
L
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
-
Q
Iovei-Q
Capacily, Q (n/nin)
O 4O 8O 12O 16O
O
7O
14O
21O
28O
S
h
a
f
l

I
o
v
e
i

(
k
W
)

a) Moloi and Iunp Design Dala

l) Head and Lfficiency - Capacily Cuives

c) Iovei - Capacily Cuive

Iiguie 19.5: SeIecled Iunp Ieifoinance Cuive Sheel fion Manufacluiei
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-31
12.OO
1O.OO
8.OO
6.OO
4.OO
2.OO
O.OO
19.5
19.O
18.5
18.O
17.5
17.O
16.5
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O
InfIov Hydiogiaph
Iunp Sunp WL
Iunp Dischaige D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

(
n
/
s
)
Tine (nin)
W
a
l
e
i

L
e
v
e
I

(
n
R
L
)

16.OO
16.5O
17.OO
17.5O
18.OO
18.5O
19.OO
19.5O
2O.OO
O.OO 1.OO 2.OO 3.OO 4.OO 5.OO 6.OO 7.OO 8.OO
L
I
e
v
a
l
i
o
n

(
n
R
L
)
Iunp Dischaige (n3/s)
1sl Iunp Slails
2nd Iunp Slails
3id Iunp Slails
1sl Iunp Slops
2nd Iunp Slops
3id Iunp Slops

Iiguie 19.6 Slage - Iunp Dischaige Cuives

Iiguie 19.7: Rouling ResuIls foi lhe 5-yeai ARI 48 nin InfIov Hydiogiaph

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-32 62*7 2&' 89:;
16.OO
14.OO
12.OO
1O.OO
8.OO
6.OO
O.OO
D
i
s
c
h
a
i
g
e

(
n
/
s
)
4.OO
2.OO
21.O
2O.5
2O.O
19.5
19.O
18.5
18.O
17.5
17.O
16.5
O 2O 4O 6O 8O 1OO 12O
InfIov Hydiogiaph
Iunp Sunp WL
Iunp Dischaige
Tine (nin)
W
a
l
e
i

L
e
v
e
I

(
n
R
L
)

Iiguie 19.8: Rouling ResuIls foi lhe 1OO-yeai ARI 48 nin InfIov Hydiogiaph
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-33
1
5
5
1
4OOx1OOO
Iixed MS Cialing
Dischaige
Chanlei
SlainIess SleeI }unclion ox
Iunp Chanlei
OveifIov Weii
Slalic Scieen
Lxisling ChanneI
SulneisilIe AxiaI Iunp
R
an
p
5498
55O3
TI
TI
TI
LI
S
u
n
g
a
i

K
I
a
n
g
LI
TI
TI
LI
LI
I
L
N
C
L WH
WH
WH
WH
SHLD
LA
R
TH
D
R
A
IN
L
A
R
T
H
D
R
A
IN
MLTALLLD ROAD
CONCRLTL HOUSL
6
5
O
O
n
n
6
5
O
O
n
n
3
2
O
O
O
n
n
1
4
O
O
O
n
n
3
O
O
O
n
n
Cen-sel
Roon
Main Svilch
oaid Roon
Tiansfoinei
Roon
H.T Svilch
Roon
Ranp
A
A

a) IIan

l) LongiludinaI IiofiIe (A-A)

Iiguie 19.9: Layoul of Iunp Slalion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-34 62*7 2&' 89:;

#$$&,-1R )*0! &R#/$7& H %1-#7 +#%& -&41+,
IiolIen:
The piolIen of fIooding in lhe Iov-Iying aieas upsliean of lhe }aIan Iaiil akii diainage oulIel al Muai lovn
(see Iiguie 19.C1) duiing exceplionaI high lide occuis fiequenlIy eveiy yeai. A lidaI gale is pioposed lo le
consliucled lo soIve lhe fIooding piolIens. The upsliean aiea is fuIIy uilanised and consideied lo le lhe nosl
inpoilanl aiea of lhe lovn and diains lo an oulIel, vhich is silualed in lhe lovn cenlie cIose lo lhe nain
naikel. The peak dischaige fion lhe 5 yeai ARI ciilicaI duialion design sloin is 17.On
3
/s. Tine of
concenlialion al lhe pioposed gale sile is aloul 6O ninule. The sunnaiised design dala foi lhe aiea is given
leIov.

Iiguie 19.C1: Localion IIan of lhe TidaI Cale

AvaiIalIe naxinun lide cycIe dala al spiing lide fion lhe olseived lidaI cycIe, as shovn in Iiguie 19.C2, aie as
foIIovs:
(a) High Tide LeveI = 1.5n LSD
(l) Lov Tide LeveI = -1.On LSD
(c) Inveil LeveI al Dovnsliean of lhe Cale = -1.O7n LSD
(d) Aveiage Ciound LeveI = 1.2n LSD
(e) Upsliean ed LeveI = -O.9n LSD
(f) Dovnsliean ed LeveI = -1.2n LSD
(g) Aveiage SIope of lhe Diain = 1 in 15OO
(h) Widlh of lhe ReclanguIai Diains = 5n
(i) Aveiage Deplh of lhe Diains = 2n

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-35
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.O
O.8
O.6
O.4
O.2
O.O
-O.2
-O.4
-O.6
-O.8
-1.O
-1.2
O 5 1O 15 2O 25 3O
Tine (houi)
W
a
l
e
i

L
e
v
e
I

a
l
o
v
e

L
S
D

(
n
)

Iiguie 19.C2: Vaiialion of Tide LeveIs al Iioposed OulIel Cale
Check adequacy of lhe avaiIalIe sloiage capacily of lhe diainage syslen in lhe case vhen a high lide coincides
vilh a heavy iainfaII. If lhe sloiage capacily is inadequale design lhe fIap lidaI gale incIuding punping
faciIilies if iequiied.
SoIulion:


Chaplei 7

Chaplei 2

Slep - 1: Iiepaie lhe TidaI Vaiialion Cuive al lhe OulIel of Iioposed
Cale

Dala foi houiIy lidaI IeveIs aie ollained foi Muai and lhe vaiialion.

Slep - 2: DeveIop Slage-Sloiage Cuive of lhe Diainage Syslen

The slage-sloiage ieIalionship is deveIoped lased on lhe doulIe-end
aiea nelhod.

Slep - 3: Lslinale lhe Design InfIov Hydiogiaph fion lhe Calchnenl

The iunoff infIov hydiogiaph
The ciilicaI sloin in lhe calchnenl of 6O ninule duialion.
Hovevei, lhis viII nol le lhe ciilicaI sloin vhen sloiage is consideied
duiing lhe lide peiiod vhen lhe lidaI gale is cIosed. Hydiogiaph
assuned foi lhe liiaI hydiogiaph lo give lhe ciilicaI sloiage silualion.
(Nole: In piaclice, a nunlei of diffeienl infIov hydiogiaphs shouId le
liiaIIed.)

Slep - 4: Idenlify lhe Lovesl Ciound LIevalion al Upsliean of Iioposed
Cale

Lovesl giound IeveI al lhe lidaI gale sile

=

=

=
=

=

=

Iiguie 19.C2

Iiguie 19.C3

Iiguie 19.C4
'alc

'alde

1.2n LSD

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-36 62*7 2&' 89:;


Chaplei 2O

Slep - 5: Lslinale lhe Cale Size

Assune gale size.

Slep - 6: Roule lhe Design InfIov lhiough lhe SeIecled Cale

Assuning cuIveil piopeilies duiing conlioIIed fIov condilion dischaige
lhiough pei unil vidlh of lhe gale is,
Q
c
=
o o d
H g A C 2
= O.85x2x(2x9.81)
O.5
xH
o
O.5
cunecs / n vidlh of gale

Maxinun fIov lhiough lhe gale viII occui duiing veii fIov condilion
and vhen lhe diffeienliaI head lelveen lhe upsliean and dovnsliean
valei IeveI viII le naxinun. As such, naxinun dischaige pei nelie
vidlh is,
Q
n
=
5 . 1
p SP
H B C
= 1.25x<
;
1.5
(heie H = aveiage CL - U/S ed LeveI)
= 1.25x2.1
1.5

So lhe diffeienliaI head al vhich naxinun dischaige viII occui al
conlioIIed fIov condilion is

Thus, H
o

As such vilh iespecl lo lhe Iovesl safe giound IeveI of 1.2n LSD
naxinun dischaige nay occui unliI lhe lide IeveI iises al eIevalion of
1.2n LSD - O.25

In olhei voids lhe conlioIIed fIov silualion viII slail fion

Slep - 7: Idenlify vhen lhe IIovs aie undei ConlioIIed IIov and Cale
CIosed Condilions

The gale is pailiaIIy cIosed vhen lide IeveI iises al eIevalion
The gale is fuIIy cIosed vhen lhe lide IeveI iises al eIevalion

Iion lhe lide cycIe (Iiguie 19.C2) peiiod of conlioIIed and no ieIease aie
1. Cale pailiaIIy cIosed (i.e. 4.1 - 3.2)
2. Cale fuIIy cIosed

Slep - 8: Supeiinpose TidaI Vaiialion Cuive and InfIov Hydiogiaph

The ciilicaI infIov hydiogiaph is supeiinposed on lhe lide cycIe lo
deleinine lhe peiiod of fuIIy open gale condilion.

Assuning lhal lhe sloied iunoff viII le ieIeased vilhin one lide cycIe (12
houis), duialion of fuIIy open gale is (12 - 3.2)

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=
=

=
=

=

=

3.5n vide x
2.On high

7.53xH
o
O.5

n
3
/s/n

3.8O n
3
/s/n

7.53xH
o
O.5
= 3.8O

O.25n

O.95n LSD

O.95n LSD

O.95n LSD
1.2n LSD

O.9hi
3.2hi

Iiguie 19.C5

8.8hi

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-37


Slep - 9: Conpule lhe Runoff VoIune undei ConlioIIed IIov and
CIosed Cale Condilion

Iion Iiguie 19.C4, iunoff voIune duiing conlioIIed fIov is lhe
sunnalion of lhe aieas 'a and 'd.
Aiea 'a = O.5x27x7.7x6O
Aiea 'd = O.5x(7.7+17)x27x6O

So, lolaI conlioIIed iunoff voIune is (6,237+2O,OO7)

SiniIaiIy, iunoff voIune duiing zeio fIov condilion is lhe sunnalion of
lhe aieas 'l and 'c (Iiguie 19.C5).
Aiea 'l = O.5x(7.7+17)x33x6O
Aiea 'c = 17x159x6O

So lolaI sloied iunoff duiing cIosed gale condilion is (24,453+162,18O)

Assuning 1/3 of lhe infIov iunoff (8,748n
3
) viII le ieIeased due lo lhe
hydioslalic laIance of lhe gale duiing pailiaIIy conlioIIed fIov
condilion. So, lhe iunoff voIune liapped upsliean of lhe gale is 2/3 of
lhe iunoff duiing lhe conlioIIed fIov. Thal is,
VoIune duiing conlioIIed fIov = (2/3)x26,244

So, lolaI iunoff voIune lo le ieIeased duiing unconlioIIed condilion is
17,496 + 186,633

Ioi acluaI ieIease lhiough lhe lidaI gale, lhe slage-dischaige cuive
shouId le piepaied fion lhe hydioslalic laIance of lhe gale duiing lhe
lide and lhal cuive shouId le foIIoved lo eslinale lhe iunoff voIune
ieIeased duiing lhe conlioIIed fIov.

Slep - 1O: Is Size of lhe Cale Adequale`

Size of lhe gale shouId le such lhal il can safeIy ieIease lhe assuned
8,748 n
3
of valei vilhin O.9 his.
So, lhe aveiage ieIease iale is 8,748/(O.9x6Ox6Ox3.5) pei n vidlh

Sloiage al conlioIIed gale condilion, i.e. al valei IeveI of O.95n LSD is
(fion Iiguie 19.C3).

If no punp is used lhen valei voIune sloied in lhe diains fion lhe
leginning of lhe conlioIIed fIov condilion is (4O,OOO + 2O4,129)
Coiiesponding valei IeveI al lhis sloiage viII spiII ovei lhe lanks vheie
lhe giound IeveIs aie 1.2n LSD (fion Iiguie 19.C3)

Sloiage al safe valei IeveI in lhe diain (1.2n LSD) is (Iion Iiguie
19.C3).

=
=

=

=
=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

6,237n
3
2O,OO7n
3

26,244n
3

24,453n
3

162,18On
3

186,633n
3

17,496n
3

2O4,129n
3

O.77 n
3
/s/n

4O,OOOn
3

244,129n
3

56,OOOn
3

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-38 62*7 2&' 89:;


Appendix
19.

Slep - 11: IinaIise lhe Cale Size, Iunp Capacily and Nunlei Requiied

So, voIune of sloied iunoff lo le punped is |2O4,129 - (56,OOO - 4O,OOO)j

Assuning lhal iise of anolhei 3OO nn of valei al upsliean of lhe gale
viII nol cause any seveie piolIens/Iosses al lhe conneiciaI aieas.
Thus, voIune of valei can le sloied safeIy vilhin sloiage IeveI fion
1.2n lo 1.5n LSD (fion Iiguie 19.C3) is (87,OOO - 54,OOO)

The excess voIune of valei lo le punped is (188129 - 33,OOO)

As such, lhe aveiage iequiied punping iale duiing lhe conlioIIed fIov
condilion is :-
ConlioIIed fIov duialion, 4.1 - (O.9/2)
ConlioIIed fIov iale, 155,129/(3.65x6Ox6O)

So, pioposed sulneisilIe punp capacily lo dischaige lhe fIood voIune
safeIy.

The punps can le opeialed al diffeienl slages (valei IeveI al lhe
upsliean side of lhe gale). The punp size seIeclion, opeialion IeveIs and
sloiage iouling aie peifoined foIIoving lhe pioceduie as delaiIed oul in
lhe Appendix 19. and is nol shovn heie.

Any ciilicaI silualion such as povei faiIuie, punp lieakdovn, elc. nay
occui duiing lhe sloins and vhen lhe diainage gale is cIosed. Thus,
gale size and nunlei shouId le deleinined lo safeguaid againsl such
ciilicaI condilions so lhal lhe iunoff can le ieIeased vilhoul polenliaI
fIooding al upsliean of lhe gale. So, lhe iequiied dischaige iale pei
nelie vidlh of lhe gale :
Duialion duiing, (12 - 4.1)
Dischaige iale pei n vidlh, |2O4,129 n
3
/(7.9 hi x6Ox6Ox3.5n).

Nunlei of gale iequiied lo ieIease peak infIov is |17/(2.O5x3.5)

So, lhe gale opening shouId le (2.37 No.x3.5n)

In lhis case lhe ieconnended size

The lypicaI seclion and lhe dovnsliean eIevalion of lhe lidaI gales

The pioceduie foIIoved heie is an appioxinale nelhod. Ioi acluaI
sinuIalion of lide and fIap gale il is ieconnended lhal lhe designei use
avaiIalIe hydiauIic conpulei soflvaie vilh lidaI gale oulIel and
punping oplions, vhich aIIovs lhe iapid lesling of a nunlei of design
sloins and lidaI gale and punp configuialions.

=

=

=

=
=

=

=
=

=

=

=

=

188,129n
3

33,OOOn
3

155,129n
3

3.65 hi
11.81n
3
/s

3 nos x 4n
3
/s

7.9 hi
2.O5n
3
/s/n

2.37 nos

8.3n vide

2 gales of 4.5n
vide

Iiguie 19.C6 &
Iiguie 19.C7

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-39
2O
18
16
14
12
1O
8
6
4
2
O
O 1 2 3 4 5 6
a
l d
c e
Tine (houi)
I
n
f
I
o
v

(
n
3
/
s
)

Iiguie19.C3: Slage-sloiage ReIalionship of lhe Lxisling Diainage Syslen

Iiguie 19.C4: Design InfIov Hydiogiaph al lhe Iioposed TidaI gale

-1.1O
-O.8O
-O.5O
-O.2O
O.1O
O.4O
O.7O
1.OO
1.3O
1.6O
1.9O
O 2OOOO 4OOOO 6OOOO 8OOOO 1OOOOO 12OOOO
S
l
a
g
e

(
n
,

L
S
D
)
Sloiage (n
3
)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-4O 62*7 2&' 89:;
2.4
2.2
2.O
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.O
O.8
O.6
O.4
O.2
O.O
-O.2
-O.4
-O.6
-O.8
-1.O
-1.2
O 5 1O 15 2O 25 3O
Tine (houi)
W
a
l
e
i

L
e
v
e
I

a
l
o
v
e

L
S
D

(
n
)
Safe IIood LeveI (1.5n)
No IIov (Cale CIosed)
ConlioIIed IIov (O.95n)
(Cale IailiaIIy Open)
l
a
c
d
3.2 hi
4.1 hi
Iiee IIov (Cale Open)
Tide LeveI
InfIov Hydiogiaph
(Ieak=17 cunec)
Inveil LeveI (-1.O7n)

Iiguie 19.C5: Supeiinposed InfIov Hydiogiaph on lhe Tide LeveI Ciaph

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

62*7 2&' 89:; 19-41
1
2
1

L
a
y
e
i
s

O
f

C
e
o
l
e
x
l
i
I
e
T
S

6
O
O

O
i

L
q
u
i
v
a
I
e
n
l
L
e
v
e
I
I
i
o
p
o
s
e
d

e
d
I
i
o
p
o
s
e
d

e
i
n
1
5
O
n
n

I
i
I
I
e
l
s
I
n
v
e
i
l

L
e
v
e
I
2

x

4
.
5
n

W
i
d
e

x

3
.
6
n

D
e
e
p
D
e
n
l
a
l
e
d

S
i
I
I
s
I
o
i

A
I
a
i
n

S
y
s
l
e
n
7
5
n
n

I
V
C

I
i
p
e
W
i
l
h

T
v
o

L
a
y
e
i
s

O
f

L
p
o
x
y

C
o
a
l
i
n
g
6
O
O
O

n
n

L
e
n
g
l
h

S
h
e
e
l

I
i
I
e
u
/
s

l
e
d

I
e
v
e
I
1 : 2
A
v
e
.

C
i
o
u
n
d

L
e
v
e
I

1
.
2

n
R
L
I
i
o
p
o
s
e
d

a
n
k
a
I
a
n
c
e

W
e
i
g
h
l
4
O
n
n

C
.
I
.

I
i
p
e

H
a
n
d
i
a
i
I
L
a
i
l
h

D
i
a
i
n
O
p
e
i
a
l
i
n
g

I
I
a
l
f
o
i
n

L
e
v
e
I
L
e
v
e
I
v
i
l
h

l
v
o

L
a
y
e
i
s

o
f

L
p
o
x
y

C
o
a
l
i
n
g
6
O
O
O
n
n

L
e
n
g
l
h

S
h
e
e
l

I
i
I
e
1
5
O
n
n

x

1
5
O
n
n

R
.
C

I
i
I
e
s
5
O
n
n

l
h
k
.

C
o
n
c
i
e
l
e

I
i
n
d
i
n
g

L
a
y
e
i
A
l

1
n

c
/
c
9
9
O
n
n

H
i
g
h

H
a
n
d
i
a
i
I
L
e
v
e
I
1

:

2
O
2
.
5
1
5
O
k
g

-

9
O
k
g

R
i
p
-
R
a
p
2

L
a
y
e
i
s

O
f
15OOnn
I
n
l
e
i
n
e
d
i
a
l
e

I
i
e
i
4
O
n
n

C
.
I
.

I
i
p
e

H
a
n
d
i
a
i
I
i
i
d
g
e
L
x
c
a
v
a
l
o
i

Iiguie 19.C6: SeclionaI IIan of lhe TidaI Cales

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

19-42 62*7 2&' 89:;
Lifling Machineiy Nol Shovn
C.I. Iipe Cuaid RaiIs
2x4.5n Widex3.6n Deep
SleeI SpiiaI Slaiicase To DelaiIs
6OOOnn Lenglh Laissen CSI2 Sheel IiIe
Wilh Tvo Layeis Of Lpoxy Coaling
45Onn
1875nn

Iiguie 19.C7: Dovnsliean LIevalion Viev of lhe TidaI Cales

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-i
!"#$%&' )* "+,'#-./! 0%'-!%-'&0
2O.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2O-1
2O.2 LROSION AND SCOUR IROTLCTION ........................................................................ 2O-1
2O.2.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-1
2O.2.2 Design Consideialion .......................................................................................... 2O-1
2O.3 LNLRCY DISSIIATORS ................................................................................................... 2O-3
2O.3.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-3
2O.3.2 Ripiap asins ........................................................................................................ 2O-3
2O.3.3 SliIIing asins ....................................................................................................... 2O-3
2O.3.3.1 Design Consideialions ........................................................................ 2O-3
2O.3.3.2 ConlioIs of }unps ................................................................................ 2O-5
2O.3.3.3 SliIIing asin Calegoiies ..................................................................... 2O-5
2O.3.4 Lneigy-Dissipaling HeadvaIIs .......................................................................... 2O-7
2O.3.5 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 2O-8
2O.4 DROI STRUCTURLS ........................................................................................................ 2O-9
2O.4.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-9
2O.4.2 Design Ciileiia ..................................................................................................... 2O-1O
2O.5 OUTIALLS ......................................................................................................................... 2O-12
2O.5.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-12
2O.6 TRANSITION AND CONSTRICTIONS ......................................................................... 2O-13
2O.6.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-13
2O.6.2 Tiansilions AnaIysis ............................................................................................ 2O-13
2O.6.3 Consliiclions AnaIysis ........................................................................................ 2O-14
2O.7 LND AND CONILULNCLS .......................................................................................... 2O-14
2O.7.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-14
2O.7.2 ends ..................................................................................................................... 2O-14
2O.7.3 ConfIuences .......................................................................................................... 2O-15
2O.8 SIDL-OVLRILOW WLIRS ................................................................................................ 2O-17
2O.8.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-17
2O.8.2 Design Consideialions ........................................................................................ 2O-17
2O.9 ILOW SILITTLR ............................................................................................................... 2O-19
2O.9.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-19
2O.9.2 Design Consideialions ........................................................................................ 2O-19
2O.1O ILOW SIRLADLR ............................................................................................................. 2O-21
2O.1O.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-21
2O.1O.2 CeneiaI Design Ciileiia ...................................................................................... 2O-21
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-ii
2O.1O.3 Design Ciileiia foi IIov Spieading Oplions .................................................. 2O-21
2O.11 CATLS ................................................................................................................................ 2O-23
2O.11.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-23
2O.11.2 Type of Cales ....................................................................................................... 2O-25
2O.12 VALVLS .............................................................................................................................. 2O-28
2O.12.1 Desciiplion ........................................................................................................... 2O-28
2O.12.2 Type of VaIves ..................................................................................................... 2O-28
RLILRLNCLS .................................................................................................................................. 2O-31

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-1
La
I
I
o
v
1
5
W = 3D
O
+ O.4La
1
2
La
W = 3D
O
+ La
D
O
3D
O
I
I
o
v
D
O
3D
O
a) Apion foi laiIvalei > O.5D
O
l) Apion foi laiIvalei < O.5D
O
)*12 /3%'4,-!%/43
HydiauIic sliucluies aie used lo posiliveIy conlioI valei fIov veIocilies, diieclions and deplhs as veII as lo
suslain lhe sliean led eIevalion and sIope and lhe geneiaI configuialion of a valeivay chaiacleiislics.
Many of lhese sliucluies aie speciaI and coslIy, vheie lheii seIeclion iequiies caiefuI and lhoiough hydiauIic
engineeiing judgenenl. Iiopei appIicalion of hydiauIic sliucluies can ieduce capilaI and nainlenance cosls ly
changing lhe chaiacleiislics of lhe fIov and ly ieducing lhe size of ieIaled faciIilies lo fil lhe needs of a
pailicuIai piojecl.
The shape, size, and olhei fealuies of a hydiauIic sliucluie can vaiy videIy foi diffeienl piojecls, depending
upon lhe funclions lo le acconpIished. HydiauIic design pioceduies govein lhe finaI geoneliy/shape of aII
sliucluies. This nay incIude nodeI lesling vhen a pioposed design iequiies a configuialion lhal diffeis
significanlIy fion docunenled piaclices.
)*1) &'40/43 #3, 0!4-' $'4%&!%/43
)*1)12 ,56789:;9<=
When lhe fIov veIocily al a conduil oulIel (Iiguie 2O.1) exceeds lhe naxinun peinissilIe veIocily foi lhe IocaI
soiI oi channeI Iining, channeI pioleclion is iequiied al lhe oulIel and, possilIy lhe inIel. This pioleclion usuaIIy
consisls of an eiosion iesislanl ieach, such as iipiap, Iocaled lelveen lhe oulIel and lhe dovnsliean channeI.
The design of such pioleclion is noinaIIy lased on design ARIs fion ninoi and najoi syslen appIicalion.
Lovei laiIvalei condilions duiing snaIIei evenls can cieale noie sliessfuI condilions al lhe oulIel and need lo
le checked foi. When pioleclion is needed al lhe oulIel, one oplion is lo piovide a hoiizonlaI (zeio sIope)
apion.

Iiguie 2O.1: Configuialion of Conduil OulIel Iioleclion (U.S. LIA, 1976)

)*1)1) ,569>= !<=69?58@;9<=
The Ienglh of an apion (L
a
) is deleinined using lhe foIIoving enpiiicaI ieIalionships (USLIA, 1976):-
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-2 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5

;
2
=
<,%= >
0
+
< % /
+?0
+
foi @A B 0
+
C %

and

;
2
D
E,FF >
0
+
< % /
G?0
+
foi @A H 0
+
C %

vheie,
@A = TaiIvalei deplh (n),
0
+
= Maxinun inside cuIveil dianelei (n), and
> = Iipe dischaige (n
3
/s),

Wheie lheie is no veII defined channeI dovnsliean of lhe apion, lhe vidlh, W, of lhe oulIel and of lhe apion
(as shovn in Iiguie 2O.1) shouId le as foIIovs:-
AD<0
+
G-,F;
2
foi @A > 0
+
C % (2O.3)
and
AD<0
+
G;
2
foi @A B 0
+
C % (2O.4)
The foIIoving ciileiia appIy in apion design:-
- The vidlh of lhe apion al lhe cuIveil oulIel shouId le al Ieasl 3 lines lhe cuIveil vidlh.
- Wheie lheie is a veII-defined channeI dovnsliean of lhe apion, lhe lollon vidlh of lhe apion shouId
le al Ieasl equaI lo lhe lollon vidlh of lhe channeI and lhe Iining shouId exlend al Ieasl 3OO nn alove
lhe laiIvalei eIevalion and al Ieasl lvo-lhiids of lhe veilicaI conduil dinension alove lhe inveil,
- The side sIopes shouId le 2:1 oi fIallei,
- The lollon sIope shouId le IeveI, and
- Theie shouId le an oveifaII al lhe end of lhe apion oi cuIveil.
The apion naleiiaI of nedian slone, dianelei d
5O
, is deleinined fion lhe foIIoving equalion:

J
E0
=
-,-==(>)
4 3 /
@A(
o
)

Lxisling oi pie-shaped scoui hoIes nay le used vheie fIal apions aie inpiaclicaI. Iiguie 2O.2 shovs lhe
geneiaI design of such a scoui hoIe. The slone dianelei is deleinined using lhe foIIoving equalions:

J
50
=
u.u41()
4 3 /
Iw(
o
)

aIso
'
E-
D
-,-%?I>J
F < /
@AI0
+
J

vheie,
4 = Deplh of scoui hoIe leIov cuIveil inveil (n).
(2O.1)
(2O.2)
(2O.5)
(2O.5) foi 4 D 0
+
C % (2O.6)
(2O.7)
foi 4 D 0
+

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-3
1:3
1:3 1:3
1:3
3D
o
A A
y
3
1
3
1
Vaiies
SLCTION A-A
ILAN
Do
Do
2
D
o
Apions consliucled of nan-nade naleiiaIs aie oflen a vialIe aIleinalive. Designei shouId iefei lo lhe nan-
nade naleiiaIs foi design consideialion.

Iiguie 2O.2: Iiefoined Scoui HoIe (ASCL, 1975)
)*1A &3&'B+ ,/00/$#%4'0
)*1A12 ,56789:;9<=
Lneigy dissipalois aie iequiied in lhe innediale vicinily of hydiauIic sliucluies vheie high inpacl Ioads,
eiosive foices, and seveie scoui aie expecled. In olhei voids, lhey aie usuaIIy iequiied vheie lhe fIov iegine
changes fion supeiciilicaI lo sulciilicaI, oi vheie lhe fIov is supeiciilicaI and lhe liaclive foices oi fIov
veIocilies aie highei lhan lhe naxinun aIIovalIe vaIues. The lasic hydiauIic paianelei lhal idenlifies lhe fIov
iegine, and is used in conneclion vilh eneigy dissipalois in geneiaI, and vilh hydiauIic junp dissipalois in
pailicuIai, is lhe Iioude nunlei. The Iioude nunlei is a ialio of lhe fIov veIocily and vave ceIeiily.

Lneigy dissipalion sliucluies acl as liansilions, vhich ieduce high fIov veIocilies lhal nay exisl undei a iange
of fIovs. Lneigy dissipalois IocaIise hydiauIic junps and acl as sliIIing lasins. The use of eneigy dissipalois is
veiy connon dovnsliean of hydiauIic sliucluies vheie connon channeI pioleclion cannol le used aIone
lecause of polenliaI danage. If iipiap oi olhei pioleclion is used foi eneigy dissipalion, il shouId le confined
in a lasin and secuied in pIace vilh gioul oi nesh.

)*1A1) '9:8@: C@69=6
The nosl connonIy used eneigy dissipalois is iipiap lasins (Iiguie 2O.3). The iipiap pIaced in lhe lasin nusl
le inspecled and iepaiied, if necessaiy, aflei najoi sloins. The nedian slone dianelei can le eslinaled lased
on lhe exil veIocily of lhe pipe oi cuIveil. The Ienglh of lhe lasin is eslinaled lased on lhe vidlh oi dianelei of
lhe conduil. The deplh of lhe lasin is lased on lhe nedian slone dianelei.

)*1A1A 0;9DD9=> C@69=6
If a hydiauIic junp is used foi eneigy dissipalion, il shouId le confined lo a heaviIy-ainouied channeI ieach,
lhe lollon of vhich is piolecled ly a soIid suiface such as conciele lo iesisl scouiing.
)*1A1A12 ,569>= !<=69?58@;9<=6
Theie aie seveiaI consideialions lhal shouId le incIuded in designing hydiauIic junps and sliIIing lasins
(Chov, 1959, US DOT, 1983):
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-4 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
Dissipaloi IooI
1O Ds oi 3 Wo Min
Apion
5hs oi Wo Min
Nole 1
3d
5O
oi 2d
Max
1.5 Min
2
: 1
3OO nn fiee
loaid nininun
Top of lein
lop of iipiap
Hoii-
zonlaI 2
: 1
2d
5O
oi
1.5d
Max
2d
5O
oi
1.5d
Max
Nole 2 Top of naluiaI channeI
D
C
A
A
p
p
io
x
in
a
le
e
d
g
e
o
f
2

:

1
2

:

12

:

1
C
A
R
i
p
i
a
p
n
o
l

s
h
o
v
n
CuIveil
W
2
o 2:1
HoiizonlaI
2:1
SynneliicaI aloul
Nole 2
Nole 2
NaluiaI channeI
Seclion A-A
1
2
2d
5O
oi 1.5d
Max
Lxcavale lo lhis Iine
lackfiII vilh iipiap
1
2
Seclion C-C
2
o
Seclion D-D
ein as iequiied
lo suppoil iipiap
v
a
le
i
Thickened oi sIoping Toe oplionaI -
Consliucl if dovnsliean channeI
degiadalion is anlicipaled
T
o
p
o
f iip
ia
p
e
in
Apion
Lxcavale lo lhis Iine
lackfiII vilh iipiap
ein as iequiied
lo suppoil iipiap
hs
(a) CenlieIine Seclion
(l) HaIf-pIan
W
Seclion -
T
y
cenlie Iine
1
3
h
s
D
(c) Seclions
2d
5O
oi 1.5d
Max
2d
5O
oi 1.5d
Max

Noles:

1. If a naxinun aIIovalIe exil veIocily, Ve
,fion lhe lasin is specified, exlend lhe lasin as iequiied lo ollain sufficienl
cioss-seclionaI aiea al Seclion A-A (i.e. A
A-A
= Q/V
e
) foi lhe specified veIocily,
2. Waip lhe lasin lo confoin lo lhe naluiaI sliean channeI. The lop of lhe iipiap in lhe lasin fIooi shouId le al lhe
sane eIevalion oi Iovei lhan lhe naluiaI channeI lollon al Seclion A-A.

Iiguie 2O.3: TypicaI Ripiap asin: (a) CenlieIine Seclion (l) HaIf-pIan and (c) Secli ons
(US IHWA, 1983).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-5
Sliong }unp
y
2
I
1
= V
1
/ gy
1
y
1
V
1
UnduIai Weak OsciIIaling
esl
Wavy
Ieifoinance
L
y
2
Sleady }unp AcceplalIe
Ieifoinance
Lxpensive sliIIing lasin and
iough suiface condilions
}unp }unp
}unp
L
RoIIei
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1O 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2O
3
4
5
6
7
- }unp Iosilion: lheie aie lhiee posilions oi aIleinalive palleins lhal aIIov a hydiauIic junp lo foin
dovnsliean of lhe liansilion in lhe channeI. These posilions aie conlioIIed ly laiIvalei.
- TaiIvalei Condilions: laiIvalei fIuclualions due lo changes in dischaige conpIicale lhe design
pioceduie. They shouId le laken inlo accounl ly cIassificalion of laiIvalei condilions using laiIvalei and
hydiauIic junp ialing cuives, and
- }unp Types: vaiious lypes of hydiauIic junps lhal nay occui aie sunnaiised in Iiguie 2O.4. OsciIIaling
junps in a Iioude nunlei iange of 2.5 lo 4.5 aie lesl avoided unIess speciaIIy designed vave
suppiesseis aie used lo ieduce vave inpacl.

Iiguie 2O.4: Lenglhs and Types of HydiauIic }unps in HoiizonlaI ChanneIs
(iadIey and Ieleika, 1957, Chov, 1959)
As Iioude nunlei incieases, lhe laiIvalei effecl lecones noie significanl. Theiefoie, foi a Iioude nunlei as
Iov as 8, lhe laiIvalei deplh shouId le giealei lhan lhe sequenl deplh dovnsliean of lhe junp so lhal lhe
junp viII slay on lhe apion. When lhe Iioude nunlei is giealei lhan 1O, lhe connon sliIIing lasin dissipaloi
nay nol le as cosl-effeclive as a speciaI luckel lype dissipaloi viII le iequiied (Ieleika, 1958).

)*1A1A1) !<=;8<D6 <E FGH:6
}unps can le conlioIIed ly seveiaI lypes of appuilenances such as siIIs, chule lIocks and laffIe pieis. The
puipose of a siII Iocaled al lhe end of a sliIIing lasin is lo induce junp foinalion and lo conlioI ils posilion
undei nosl piolalIe opeialing condilions. Shaip ciesled oi lioad ciesled veiis can le used lo slaliIise and
conlioI lhe junp. Chule lIocks aie used al lhe enliance lo lhe sliIIing lasin. affIe pieis aie lIocks pIaced in
inleinediale posilions acioss lhe lasin fIooi foi dissipaling eneigy noslIy ly diiecl inpacl aclion.
)*1A1A1A 0;9DD9=> C@69= !@;5><8956
The foIIoving lhiee najoi calegoiies of lasins aie used foi a iange of hydiauIic condilions. Design delaiIs can
le found in lhe AASHTO Diainage Handlook (1987), Chov (1959), and US DOT (1983).
- The SAI (Sl. Anlhony IaIIs SliIIing asin): This lasin, shovn in Iiguie 2O.5, is ieconnended foi use on
snaII sliucluies such as spiIIvays and oulIel voiks vheie lhe Iioude nunlei vaiies lelveen 1.7 and 17.
The appuilenances used foi lhis dissipaloi can ieduce lhe Ienglh of lhe lasin ly appioxinaleIy 8O. This
design has gieal polenliaI in uilan sloinvalei syslens lecause of ils appIicaliIily lo snaII sliucluies.
SliIIing asin III deveIoped ly lhe US uieau of RecIanalion (USR) is siniIai lo lhe SAI lasin, lul il has
a highei facloi of safely.
- The USR SliIIing asin II: This lasin, shovn in Iiguie 2O.6, is ieconnended foi conlioIIing junps vilh
Iioude nunleis giealei lhan 4.5 al Iaige spiIIvays and channeIs. This lasin nay ieduce lhe Ienglh of lhe
junp ly a lhiid and is used foi high-dan and eailh-dan spiIIvays. Appuilenances used in lhis lasin
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-6 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
L
/3

+
2
L

/
D
'
3
1
n

a
l

O
.
7
5

y
2
1

+
2
L

/
3
D
'
2
1
n

a
l

O
.
7
5

y

_
1
1
1
O

l
o

9
O

d
e
g
4
5

d
e
g

I
i
e
f
e
i
i
e
d
Side WaII
y
1
Vaiies
1
Chule Iocks
IIooi Iocks Lnd SiII
Cul-off WaII
z
y
2
'
Z
1
V
a
i
i
e
s
L
1
O
.
3
7

y

O
.
3
7

y
1

y
2
'

+

Z
y
2
'

+

Z
V
a
i
i
e
s
Wing WaII
Top SIope is 1:1
= +2L /D'
3 1
TiapezoidaI SliIIing asin ReclanguIai SliIIing asin
Dovnsliean Seclion
A
g
g
i
e
g
a
l
e
O
.
4
O

<

I
o
c
k

W
i
d
l
h

<

O
.
5
5

Side WaII
+
D
(l) TiapezoidaI SliIIing asin LIevalion
(c) CenlieIine Seclion
y
1
C
(a) ReclanguIai SliIIing asin HaIf-pIan
h = O.2 D
O.O2 D
Denlaled SiII
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
SIope = 2:1
S = O.15 D
v = O.15 D
D /2
1
S = D
1 1
v = D
1 1
1
h = D
1
Chule Iocks
O
L
incIude chule lIocks al lhe upsliean end of lhe lasin and a denlaled siII al lhe dovnsliean end. No
laffIe pieis aie used in lhis lasin lecause of lhe cavilalion polenliaI.
- The USR SliIIing asin IV: This lasin, shovn in Iiguie 2O.7 is used vheie junps aie inpeifecl oi vheie
osciIIaling vaves occui vilh Iioude nunleis lelveen 2.5 lo 4.5. This design ieduces excessive vaves ly
eIininaling lhe vave al ils souice lhiough defIeclion of diieclionaI jels using chule lIocks. When a
hoiizonlaI sliIIing lasin is consliucled vilhoul appuilenances, lhe Ienglh of lhe lasin is nade equaI lo
lhe Ienglh of lhe junp.

Iiguie 2O.5: Iiopoilions of lhe SAI asin (Chov, 1959)

Iiguie 2O.6: Iiopoilions of lhe USR asin II (Chov, 1959)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-7
75Onn 6OOnn
6OO nn
HeadvaII
3OO nn
3OO nn
3OO nn
3OO nn
3OO nn
3OO nn
3OO nn Squaie SoIid Conciele Iock Ioined
and Iouied in IIace, Reinfoiced ly
R8 Re-lais Dispeised Lveiy 1OO nn Thioughoul
Conduil
1
O
O

n
n

R8 Re-lai
6OOnn
1OO nn
1
O
O

n
n
(a) IIan (l) Side LIevalion
NOTL:
shouId le O.5 D
HeadvaII
Iipe
R8 al 3OO nn
Cenlies
D
O
.5
y
6OO nn
3OO nn
6
O
O
n
n
Heighl of Lneigy Dissipalois
v = Maxinun Toolh Widlh D
1
Space = 2.5v
IiaclionaI Space
2D
1
Top Suiface on 5-deg sIope
2D
1
Min
SiII OplionaI
L

Iiguie 2O.7: Iiopoilions of lhe USR asin IV (Chov, 1959)
)*1A1I &=58>JK,9669:@;9=> "5@?L@DD6
Anolhei sinpIe lype of eneigy dissipalois lhal can le used al cuIveil oulIels is an eneigy dissipaling headvaII.
Thiee lypicaI headvaIIs aie shovn in Iiguies 2O.8 lo 2O.1O.

Iiguie 2O.8: Slandaid Lneigy Dissipaling HeadvaII, Type I (Chov, 1959)

Iiguie 2O.9: Slandaid Lneigy Dissipaling HeadvaII, Type II (ASCL, 1992)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-8 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
5
O

n
n
2
O
O

n
n
D D
O
.
2
5
D
O.5D
D
(a) Iionl LIevalion
O
.
6
7
D
(l) Side LIevalion
R8 2OO nn Cenlies Iiecasl Conciele
R8 al 3OO nn Cenlies
25 nn Mininun
O.5D
15O nn
O.25D
45O nn

Iiguie 2O.1O: Slandaid Lneigy Dissipaling HeadvaII, Type III (ASCL, 1992)
)*1A1M ,569>= !89;589@
The design ciileiia foi eneigy dissipalois aie as foIIovs:
- Liosion piolIens al cuIveil, pipe and engineeied channeI oulIels aie connon. Deleininalion of lhe
fIov condilions, scoui polenliaI, and channeI eiosion iesislance shaII le slandaid pioceduie foi aII
designs,
- Lneigy dissipalois shaII le enpIoyed vhenevei lhe veIocily of fIovs Ieaving a sloinvalei
nanagenenl faciIily exceeds lhe eiosion veIocily of lhe dovnsliean aiea channeI syslen,
- Lneigy dissipaloi designs viII vaiy lased on dischaige chaiacleiislics and laiIvalei condilions. OulIel
sliucluies shouId piovide unifoin iedisliilulion oi spieading of lhe fIov vilhoul excessive
sepaialion and luiluIence,
- Lneigy dissipalois shouId le designed lo ieluin fIovs lo non-eiosive veIocilies lo piolecl
dovnsliean channeIs, and
- Caie nusl le laken duiing consliuclion lhal design ciileiia aie foIIoved exaclIy. Lach pail of lhe ciileiia
is inpoilanl lo lhe piopei funclion.
TalIe 2O.1 piovides a sunnaiy of seIecled paianeleis, and nay le used foi pieIininaiy idenlificalion of
aIleinalive lypes of eneigy dissipalois.
TalIe 2O.1: Dissipaloi Ciileiia (U.S. Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion, 1983)
Dissipaloi Type
Iioude
Nunlei, Ii
AIIovalIe Deliis
TaiIvalei,
TW
SpeciaI
Consideialions SiIl and Sland ouIdeis IIoaling
Iiee HydiauIic }unp > 1 H H H Requiied
CSU Rigid oundaiy < 3 M L M ~
TunlIing IIov > 1 M L L ~ 4 < S
o
< 25
Incieased Resislance ~ M L L ~ Check OulIel ConlioI HW
USR Type II 4 lo 14 M L M Requiied
USR Type III 4.5 lo 17 M L M Requiied
USR Type IV 2.5 lo 4.5 M L M Requiied
SAI 1.7 lo 17 M L M Requiied
Conlia Cosl < 3 H M M < O.5D
Hook 1.8 lo 3 H M M ~
USR Type VI ~ M L L DesiialIe Q < 11 n
3
/s, V < 15 n/s
Ioiesl Seivice ~ M L L DesiialIe y < 9OO nn
Diop Sliucluie < 1 H L M Requiied Diop < 5 n
ManifoId ~ M N N DesiialIe
Coips SliIIing WeII ~ M L N DesiialIe
Ripiap < 3 H H H ~
Nole: N = None, L = Lov, M = Modeiale, H = Heavy
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-9
h
Aeialed Nappe
L
o
C
p
d
1
y
L
y
2
A
y
y
q .
.
)*1I ,'4$ 0%'-!%-'&0
)*1I12 ,56789:;9<=
VeilicaI diop sliucluies aie conlioIIed liansilions foi eneigy dissipalion in sleep channeIs vheie iipiap oi olhei
eneigy dissipalion sliucluies aie nol as cosl effeclive. Diop sliucluies used foi sloinvalei diainage can le
calegoiised piinaiiIy as eilhei open channeI liansilions (diop spiIIvays) oi liansilions lelveen open channeIs
and cIosed conduils (diop shafls).
Diop sliucluies shouId le consliucled fion conciele lecause of lhe foices invoIved, hovevei, iipiap oi galion
sliIIing lasins nay le used vheie physicaI, econonic, and olhei consliains aiise.
Diop sliucluies in open channeIs change lhe channeI sIope fion sleep lo niId ly conlining a seiies of genlIe
sIopes and veilicaI diops. IIov veIocilies aie ieduced lo non-eiosive veIocilies, vhiIe lhe kinelic eneigy oi fIov
veIocily gained ly lhe valei as il diops ovei lhe ciesl of each spiIIvay is dissipaled ly an apion oi sliIIing
lasin.
Open channeI diop sliucluies geneiaIIy iequiies aeialed nappe and sulciilicaI fIov condilions al lolh lhe
upsliean and dovnsliean seclions of lhe diop. The sliIIing lasin can vaiy fion a sinpIe conciele apion lo
laffIe lIocks oi siIIs. Iiguie 2O.11 shovs lhe fIov geoneliy and inpoilanl vaiialIes al a veilicaI (sliaighl) diop
sliucluie. The fIov geoneliy al such diops can le desciiled ly lhe diop nunlei, 0
K
, vhich is defined (Chov,
1959) as:
0
K
D
L
%
MN
<
(2O.8)

vheie,
L = Dischaige pei unil vidlh of ciesl oveifaII (n
3
/s/n),
M = AcceIeialion due lo giavily (9.81 n/s
2
), and
N = Heighl of diop (n),

Iiguie 2O.11: IIov Ceoneliy of a Sliaighl Diop SpiIIvay (Chov, 1959)

The diop funclions aie:
L
d
h
= 4.Su
N
0.2
(2O.9a)
4
O
N
D.,-
N
0.22
(2O.9l)
4
.
N
D-,EF
N
0.42S
(2O.9c)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-1O 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
4
%
N
D.,==
N
0.42S
(2O.9d)
vheie,
;
'
= diop Ienglh (n),
4
.
= lhe deplh of lhe loe of nappe (n),
4
O
= pooI deplh undei lhe nappe (n), and
4
%
= laiIvalei deplh sequenl lo y
1
(n).
Ioi a given diop heighl, N, dischaige, L, diop Ienglh, ;
'
, sequenl deplh, 4
%
and can le eslinaled ly Lqualion
2O.9(a) and 2O.9(d), iespecliveIy. The Ienglh of lhe junp can le eslinaled ly lechniques discussed in Seclion
2O.3. If lhe laiIvalei is Iess lhan 4
%
, lhe hydiauIic junp viII iecede dovnsliean. ConveiseIy, if lhe laiIvalei is
giealei lhan 4
%
, lhe junp viII le sulneiged. If lhe laiIvalei is equaI lo 4
%
, no supeiciilicaI fIov exisls on lhe
apion and lhe dislance ;
'
is nininun.
When lhe laiIvalei deplh is Iess lhan 4
%
, il is necessaiy (accoiding lo lhe US Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion,
1983) lo piovide eilhei,
- An apion al lhe led IeveI and a siII oi laffIes, and
- An apion leIov lhe dovnsliean led IeveI and an end siII.

The choice of diop sliucluie lype and dinensions depends on lhe unil dischaige, L, diop heighl, N, and
laiIvalei deplh, TW. The design shouId lake inlo consideialion lhe geoneliy of lhe undisluiled fIov. If lhe
spiIIvay (oveifIov ciesl) Ienglh is Iess lhan lhe vidlh of lhe appioach channeI, lhe appioach channeI nusl le
designed piopeiIy lo ieduce lhe effecl of lhe end conliaclions lo avoid scoui. The lvo nosl connon veilicaI
open channeI diops aie lhe sliaighl diop sliucluie and lhe lox inIel diop sliucluie.

I2J "*72)MN* 07+O "*789*87:
Iiguie 2O.12 shovs lhe Iayoul of a lypicaI sliaighl diop sliucluie and hydiauIic design ciileiia deveIoped ly
US SoiI Conseivalion Seivice. McLaughIin Walei Lngineeis (1983) piovides specific ciileiia and ievievs design
consideialions ieIaled lo lhe hydiauIic, geolechnicaI, and sliucluiaI design of diop sliucluies.
IPJ Q+R 1&3:* 07+O "*789*87:
The lox inIel diop sliucluie is a ieclanguIai lox vilh openings al lhe lop and dovnsliean end as shovn in
Iiguie 2O.13. Walei is diiecled lo lhe ciesl of lhe lox inIel ly eailh dikes and a headvaII. IIov enleis ovei lhe
upsliean end and lvo sides. The Iong ciesl of lhe lox inIel peinils Iaige fIovs lo pass al ieIaliveIy Iov heads.
The vidlh of lhe sliucluie shouId nol le giealei lhan lhe dovnsliean channeI. ox inIel diop sliucluies aie
appIicalIe lo diops fion O.6 lo 3.6 n.
)*1I1) ,569>= !89;589@
Design ciileiia foi lhese sliucluies, lased on US SoiI Conseivalion Seivices and Sl. Anlhony IaIIs HydiauIic
Laloialoiy, aie avaiIalIe in US Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion (1983) and IaisdeII and DonneIy (1956). The
paianeleis lo le consideied foi lhe hydiauIic design of lhe diops aie,
- Seclion (Ienglh) of lhe ciesl of lhe lox inIel,
- Opening of lhe headvaIIs,
- Dischaige, dischaige coefficienls, and fIov iegine changes,
- ox inIel Ienglh and deplh, and
- Mininun Ienglh and vidlh of sliIIing lasin.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-11
SidevaII
L
h
4
15O nn IiIIels
Wing WaII
s=h/3 S + 3OO nn
(12OO nn Mininun) T
M K
1
2
(a) Seclion on CenlieIine
HeadvaII
Lxlension
Wing WaII
HeadvaII
15O nn L
L
s
(l) Dovnsliean LIevalion
Iooling
I
o
o
l
i
n
g
Tiansveise
SiII
SynneliicaI
aloul C
L
Apion
LongiludinaI
SiIIs
3
O
O

n
n
2
2
5

n
n
LeveI Aiea
2
.
8
2
8
:
1

S
I
o
p
e
2
:
1

S
I
o
p
e
1OO nn
1
O
O

n
n
(c) IIan
L = Mininun Ienglh of headvaII exlension = |3h+O.61j oi |1.5Ij vhichevei is giealei
} = Heighl of ving vaII and sidevaII al junclion = |2hj oi
) oi |l+1j
L + O.13
2
vhichevei is giealei
L = Lenglh of lasin = I 2.28
+
h
I
O. 52
M= |2 (I+ 1.3 h-})j
K= |(L
+ O.13)- Mj
C (12OO nn Mininun)
I + S
h
I
h
}
O
.
7
3
9
}
2
.
8
2
8

(
}
-
s
-

1
.
O
)
j (
( ) j
Wheie :
I+h+s-
4
5
|
|

Iiguie 2O.12: TypicaI Diop SpiIIvay and Sone HydiauIic Design Ciileiia (US SCS, 1954)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-12 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
W
1
W
2
HeadvaII
W
4
Toe of Dike
1
Z
W
3
6O > O > 45
ho
L
1
L
2
Iiee IIov
L
3
h
2
y
3
h
3
=
1
1
(a) IIan
(l) Seclion on CenlieIine
yo
3
6
h
4
=
y
3
y
3

Iiguie 2O.13: ox InIel Diop Sliucluie (US Depl. of Tianspoilalion, 1983)
)*1M 4-%N#..0
)*1M12 ,56789:;9<=
AII sloinvalei diains of a IocaIily have an oulIel vheie fIov fion lhe IocaI diainage syslen is dischaiged. The
dischaige poinl, oi oulfaII, can le eilhei a naluiaI iivei oi sliean, oi a sloinvalei diain oi channeI. The
pioceduie foi caIcuIaling lhe hydiauIic giade Iine lhiough a sloin diainage syslen legins al lhe oulfaII.
Theiefoie, consideialion of lhe oulfaII condilions is an inpoilanl pail of sloinvalei diainage design.
)*1M1) ,569>= !89;589@
Mosl of lhe design ciileiia foi sloinvalei diain oulfaIIs aie incIuded:
- The fIovIine oi inveil eIevalion of lhe pioposed oulIel shouId le equaI lo oi highei lhan lhe fIovIine of
lhe oulfaII,
- LvaIualion of lhe hydiauIic giade Iine foi a sloin diainage syslen legins al lhe syslen oulfaII vilh lhe
laiIvalei eIevalion,
- If lhe oulfaII channeI is a iivei oi sliean, il nay le necessaiy lo considei lhe joinl oi coincidenlaI
piolaliIily of lvo hydioIogic evenls occuiiing al lhe sane line,
- Lneigy dissipalion is aIvays needed lo piolecl lhe sloin diain oulIel and lhe ieceiving naluiaI oi nan-
nade channeI. Ripiap apions oi eneigy dissipalois shouId le piovided if high veIocilies aie expecled,
and
- The oulIel of lhe sloin diain shouId le posilioned in lhe oulfaII channeI so lhal il is poinled in a
dovnsliean diieclion.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-13
C
L
d) Aliupl
f) Aliupl
C
L
C
L
e) Wedge
C
L
i
a) CyIindiicaI Quadianl
C
L
l) Sliaighl Line
c) Waiped
C
L
)*1O %'#30/%/43 #3, !430%'/!%/430
)*1O12 ,56789:;9<=
ChanneI liansilions (Iiguie 2O.14) aie lypicaIIy used lo aIlei lhe cioss-seclionaI geoneliy, lo aIIov lhe
valeivay lo fil vilhin a noie confined iighl-of-vay, oi lo puiposeIy acceIeiale lhe fIov lo le caiiied ly a
speciaIised high veIocily conveyance. Consliiclions can appiecialIy iesliicl and ieduce lhe conveyance capacily
in a nannei vhich is eilhei deliinenlaI oi leneficiaI. The puipose of lhis seclion is lo liiefIy oulIine lypicaI
design pioceduies foi liansilion and consliiclion sliucluies lhal nay le iequiied foi sloinvalei syslens.

Iiguie 2O.14: Tiansilion Types
)*1O1) %8@=69;9<=6 #=@DJ696
I2J "8P97)*)923 @72&5)*)+&5
Tiansilions foi sulciilicaI fIov fiequenlIy invoIve IocaIised oi lank Iining configuialions vhich aIIov change
in lhe cioss seclion and pioduce a valei suiface piofiIe lased on giaduaIIy vaiied fIov. The eneigy Iosl
lhiough a liansilion is a funclion of lhe fiiclion, eddy cuiienls, and luiluIence. The inlenl is oflen lo nininise
fiiclion Iosses and/oi eiosion lendencies.

Slandaid valei suiface piofiIe anaIysis is appIied, vilh lhe addilion of an eneigy Ioss al lhe liansilion. The Ioss
is expiessed as a funclion of lhe change in veIocily head occuiiing acioss lhe conliaclion oi expansion
liansilion (fion upsliean lo dovnsliean Iocalions). Iiguie 2O.14 iIIusliale sone of lhese liansilions.
AnaIysis of liansilions iequiies caiefuI valei suiface piofiIe anaIysis incIuding veiificalion of effeclive channeI
hydiauIic conlioIs. Il is nol unconnon lo have a liansilion vhich is fiisl lhoughl lo le peifoining in a
sulciilicaI node, lul sulsequenlIy found lo pioduce a supeiciilicaI piofiIe vilh a hydiauIic junp.

IPJ "8O:797)*)923 @72&5)*)+&
The configuialion of a supeiciilicaI liansilion is enliieIy diffeienl fion sulciilicaI liansilions. InpiopeiIy
designed and configuied supeiciilicaI liansilions can pioduce shock vaves vhich iesuIl in channeI
oveilopping and olhei hydiauIic and sliucluiaI piolIens.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-14 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
)*1O1A !<=6;897;9<=6 #=@DJ696
I2J S+&5*7)9*)+& T)*N UO5*7:2V "8P97)*)923 W3+T

Theie aie a vaiiely of sliucluies lhal aie consideied as consliiclions. They can incIude liidges, cuIveils, diop
sliucluies, and fIov neasuienenl devices. Consliiclions of vaiious lypes aie used inlenlionaIIy lo conlioI led
slaliIily and upsliean valei suiface piofiIes.
The hydiauIic dislinclion of consliiclions is lhal lhey can cause iapidIy vaiied fIov. Significanl eddies can foin
upsliean and dovnsliean of lhe consliiclion depending upon lhe geoneliy. IIov sepaialion viII slail al lhe
upsliean edge of lhe consliiclion, lhen lhe fIov conliacls lo le naiiovei lhan lhe opening vidlh. TypicaIIy, lhe
vidlh of conliaclion is 1O of lhe deplh al lhe consliiclion foi each side loundaiy. Chov (1959) piesenls
guideIines deveIoped ly lhe USCS foi consliiclions vheie lhe Iioude nunlei in lhe conliacled seclion shouId
nol exceed O.8. These cases aie geneiaIIy niId consliiclions.
Consliiclions used foi fIov deplh conlioI oi fIov neasuienenl devices iequiie a high degiee of accuiacy. The
design infoinalion avaiIalIe lhal can le used foi ensuiing a high degiee of accuiacy is Iiniled. Il is advisalIe lo
use nodeIs lesled oi pioven piololype Iayouls.
IPJ S+&5*7)9*)+& T)*N UO5*7:2V "8O:797)*)923 W3+T

IossilIe shock vaves oi choked fIovs causing high upsliean lackvalei oi a hydiauIic junp aie najoi
conceins. The silualion is lo le avoided in uilan diainage lecause of inheienl inslaliIilies.

)*1P C&3, #3, !43N.-&3!&0
)*1P12 ,56789:;9<=
ChanneI confIuences aie connonIy encounleied in design. IIov iales can vaiy dispiopoilionaleIy vilh line so
lhal high fIovs fion upsliean channeI can dischaige inlo dovnsliean channeI vhen il is al high oi Iov IeveI.
Depending on lhe geoneliy of lhe confIuence, eilhei condilion can have inpoilanl consequences, such as
supeiciilicaI fIov and hydiauIic junp condilions, and iesuIl in lhe need foi sliucluies.
)*1P1) C5=?6
I2J "8P97)*)923 Q:&'5

Chov (1959), Rouse (1949) and olheis iIIusliale fIov palleins, supeieIevalion, and lackvalei oi fIov iesislance
chaiacleiislics of lends in delaiI. SupeieIevalion iefeis lo lhe iise in lhe valei suiface on lhe oulei side of lhe
lend. LffecliveIy, lhe lend can lehave Iike a conliaclion, causing lackvalei upsliean and in acceIeialed
veIocily zones, vilh high possiliIily of eiosion on lhe oulside of lhe lend and olhei Iocalions. Significanl eddy
cuiienls, scoui, sedinenlalion, and Ioss of effeclive conveyance can occui on lhe inside of lhe lend.
Conciele Iined channeIs can le significanlIy affecled ly supeieIevalion of lhe valei suiface. The designei
shouId aIvays add supeieIevalion lo lhe design fieeloaid of lhe channeI. The equalion foi lhe anounl of
supeieIevalion of lhe valei suiface, Ay, lhal lakes pIace is given as :
Ay = C _
I
2
I
gr
_

vheie,
S = Coefficienl, geneiaIIy O.5 foi sulciilicaI fIov,
X = Mean channeI veIocily (n/s),
@ = Widlh of valei suiface in channeI (n) ,
g = AcceIeialion of giavily (9.81 n/s), and
7 = ChanneI cenlieIine iadius (n).
2O.1O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-15
IPJ "8O:797)*)923 Q:&'5

SupeiciilicaI channeIs aie geneiaIIy nol desiialIe in uilan diainage. Hovevei, speciaI silualions nay occui
vheie supeiciilicaI fIovs enleis a cuived channeI, foi exanpIe:
- Al confIuences vheie one channeI is IaigeIy enply, and lhe enleiing fIov expands and lecones
supeiciilicaI,
- Al a shaip lend in a conduil vheie sIope inheienlIy Ieads lo supeiciilicaI condilions, and
- Al a channeI diop lhal unavoidalIy ends up on a cuive.

The key phenonenon lo le avaie of is shock vaves, of vhich lheie aie lvo lypes, posilive and negalive. On
lhe oulside of an anguIai lend, a posilive shock vave viII occui, iesuIling in a iise in lhe valei suiface. The
vave is slalionaiy and ciosses lo lhe inside of lhe channeI, and lhen can conlinue lo iefIecl lack and foilh.
Wheie lhe fIov passes lhe inside of an anguIai lend, a sepaialion viII occui, iesuIling in a negalive shock vave
oi diop in lhe valei suiface. This slalionaiy negalive shock vave viII cioss lo lhe oulside of lhe channeI. olh
shock vaves viII conlinue lo iefIecl off lhe vaIIs, iesuIling in a veiy disluiled fIov pallein.

A lasic conlioI lechnique is lo sel up lend geoneliy lo aIIov lhe posilive shock vave lo inleisecl lhe negalive
vave lhe poinl vheie lhe Ialei is piopagaled. A lend usuaIIy iequiies lvo defIeclions on lhe oulside and one
lend on lhe inside of lhe lend. A leneficiaI aspecl of lhe shock vave is lhal il luins lhe fIov in a piediclalIe
pallein, and lhus lhe channeI vaIIs have no noie foice inposed on lhen olhei lhan lhal caused ly lhe
incieased (oi decieased) deplhs.

Olhei conlioI lechniques incIude veiy giaduaI lends, supei eIevaled fIoois, and conlioI siIIs, lul lhese nelhods
aie geneiaIIy Iess efficienl.
)*1P1A !<=EDG5=756
One of lhe nosl difficuIl piolIens lo deaI vilh is confIuences vheie lhe diffeience in fIov chaiacleiislics nay
le gieal. When enleiing lhe conlined channeI, lhe fIov can diveige and diop in IeveI if lhe fIov capacily is
suddenIy incieased. This can iesuIl in high veIocilies oi unslalIe supeiciilicaI fIov condilions vilh high
eiosion polenliaIs. When significanl sedinenl fIovs exisl, aggiadalion can occui al lhe confIuence, iesuIling in
lhe Ioss of capacily in one oi lolh upsliean channeIs.
I2J "8P97)*)923 W3+T S+&Y38:&9: 0:5)M&

The design of channeI junclions is conpIicaled ly nany vaiialIes such as lhe angIe of inleiseclion, shape and
vidlh of lhe channeIs, fIov iales, and lype of fIov. The design of Iaige conpIex junclions shouId le veiified ly
nodeI lesls.

Iiguie 2O.15 iIIusliales lvo lypes of junclions. The foIIoving assunplions aie nade foi conlining sulciilicaI
fIovs:
- The side channeI cioss-seclion is lhe sane shape as lhe nain channeI cioss-seclion,
- The lollon sIopes aie equaI foi lhe nain channeI and side channeI,
- IIovs aie paiaIIeI lo lhe channeI vaIIs innedialeIy alove and leIov lhe junclion,
- The deplhs aie equaI innedialeIy alove lhe junclion in lolh lhe side and nain channeI, and
- The veIocily is unifoin ovei lhe cioss-seclions innedialeIy alove and leIov lhe junclion.

The assunplion 'fIovs aie paiaIIeI lo lhe channeI vaIIs innedialeIy alove and leIov lhe junclion' inpIies lhal
hydioslalic piessuie disliilulions can le piedicled, and assunplion 'lhe veIocily is unifoin ovei lhe cioss-
seclions innedialeIy alove and leIov lhe junclion' suggesls lhal lhe nonenlun coiieclion faclois aie equaI al
lhe iefeience seclions.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-16 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
l
1
A
l
3
V
1 1
V
3
3
S
i
d
e

C
h
a
n
n
e
I
l
2
C
V
1
2
l
1
=l
3
(a) IIan - Conslanl Widlh (l) IIan - UnequaI Widlh
l
2
V
2
l
1
l
3
D
2
V
1
A
1
V
3
C
3
l
1 l
3
I
L
I
1
<
1
2
<
1
2

Iiguie 2O.15: ChanneI }unclion Definilion Skelches

IPJ "8O:797)*)923 W3+T )& S+&Y38:&9:5

In conliasl vilh sulciilicaI fIovs al junclions, supeiciilicaI fIovs vilh changes in loundaiy aIignnenls is
geneiaIIy conpIicaled (Ippen, 1951, Rouse, 1949). In sulciilicaI fIov, lackvalei effecls aie piopagaled
upsliean, lheiely lending lo equaIise lhe fIov deplhs in lhe nain and side channeIs. Hovevei, lackvalei
cannol le piopagaled upsliean in supeiciilicaI fIov and fIov deplhs in lhe nain and side channeIs cannol
geneiaIIy le expecled lo le equaI. }unclions foi iapid fIovs and veiy snaII junclion angIes aie designed
assuning equaI valei suiface eIevalions in lhe side and nain channeIs.

Slanding vaves (Ippen, 1951) in supeiciilicaI fIov al open channeI junclions conpIicale fIov condilions. These
vaves nay necessilale incieased vaII heighls in lhe vicinily of lhe junclion. Wave condilions lhal nay le
pioduced ly iapid fIov al lhe dovnsliean of a lypicaI junclion aie shovn in Iiguie 2O.16. One aiea of
naxinun vave heighl can occui on lhe side channeI vaII opposile lhe junclion poinl and anolhei on lhe nain
channeI iighl vaII dovnsliean fion lhe junclion. SupeiciilicaI fIov nay unavoidalIy occui in ceilain
confIuences.

Iiguie 2O.16: Open ChanneI ConfIuence, Slanding Waves - SupeiciilicaI IIov
Main ChanneI
V
1
Y
1
S
i
d
e

C
h
a
n
n
e
I
V
2
Y
2
S
h
e
a
i

Z
o
n
e
V
3
Y
3
IossilIe
Wave Iionls
NOTL:
RefIecled
Waves
Aiea of
Maxinun
Wave Heighl
O
|1
|2
Aiea of Maxinun Wave Heighl
When |2 > O

O ShouId Nol le Ciealei lhan 12
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-17
d
1
C
d
2
d
2
d
1 C
d
2 C
d
1
= d
ciil
Q
1
Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
C < d
ciil
and L
C > d
ciil
Q
1
Q
2
I Q
Q I
(a) Condilion 1
(l) Condilion 2
I Q
Q I
I Q
(c) Condilion 3
Q I
)*1Q 0/,&K4R&'N.4S S&/'0
)*1Q12 ,56789:;9<=
Side-oveifIov veiis faciIilale oveifIov and diveision of sloinvalei ly diiecling lhe dischaige avay fion lhe
oiiginaI channeI. Such sliucluies aie connonIy used lo diiecl channeI dischaiges alove piedeleinined IeveIs
inlo off-Iine sloinvalei delenlion faciIilies. IIov diveisions occui onIy duiing sloins.
)*1Q1) ,569>= !<=69?58@;9<=6
The design of side-oveifIov veiis is lased on enpiiicaI equalions vhich quanlify lhe ieIalionship lelveen lhe
dischaige ovei lhe veii and geoneliic paianeleis al lhe veii, incIuding lhe Ienglh of lhe veii and head
(Hagei, 1987). Iiguie 2O.17 (MelcaIf and Lddy, 1972) shovs lhiee head oi valei suiface piofiIe condilions lhal
can pievaiI al a side-oveifIov veii:
- Condilion 1 - lhe channeI led sIopes sleepIy, pioducing supeiciilicaI fIov. Undei lhis condilion, lhe veii
has no effecl upsliean and aIong lhe veii lheie is a giaduaI ieduclion in deplh. The fIov deplh in lhe
oiiginaI channeI incieases al lhe dovnsliean of lhe veii lefoie lending asynplolicaIIy lo lhe noinaI
deplh coiiesponding lo lhe ienaining dischaige,
- Condilion 2 - The channeI led sIopes niIdIy. Undei lhis condilion, sulciilicaI fIov pievaiIs and lhe veii
inpacl is noliced upsliean of lhe veii onIy. The valei suiface piofiIe dovnsliean of lhe veii
coiiesponds lo lhe noinaI deplh of lhe ienaining dischaige. AIong lhe veii lheie is a giaduaI inciease in
deplh and upsliean of lhe veii lhe fIov deplh lends asynplolicaIIy lo lhe noinaI deplh foi lhe iniliaI
dischaige, and
- Condilion 3 - The channeI led sIopes niIdIy, lul lhe veii ciesl is leIov lhe ciilicaI deplh coiiesponding
lo lhe iniliaI fIov, and lhe fIov al lhe veii is supeiciilicaI. Iiazei (1957) indicales lhal condilions 1 and 3
nay iesuIl in lhe deveIopnenl of a hydiauIic junp al lhe veii.
The nosl connon condilion lhal a designei viII encounlei is Condilion 3, vheie lhe veii eIevalion is leIov
lhe ciilicaI deplh. When onIy a ieIaliveIy snaII anounl of lhe fIov is diveiled, a iising valei suiface piofiIe
occuis. Accoiding lo MelcaIf and Lddy Inc. (1972), a faIIing valei piofiIe viII occui if lhe ialio of lhe heighl of
lhe veii, c, lo lhe channeI specific eneigy, L
v
iefeienced lo lhe lop of lhe veii, is Iess lhan O.6.

Iiguie 2O.17: IossilIe Types of Walei Suiface IiofiIes al a Side-oveifIov Weii (MelcaIf & Lddy, 1972)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-18 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
)*1Q1A ,569>= !89;589@
The design ciileiia iefeis lo Iiguie 2O.18.
I2J W233)&M A2*:7 "87Y29:

The equalions foi conpuling veii Ienglh foi lhe faIIing valei suiface piofiIe conline einouIIis lheoien vilh
a veii dischaige foinuIa.
L;=%,-< Q [E,%Z[%,=<
S
(
T
(2O.11)
vheie,
; = Lenglh of veii (n),
S = Heighl of veii (n),
Q = ChanneI vidlh (n), and
(
T
= ChanneI specific eneigy (n).

and,

E
w
= o
I
2
2g
+o
i
(y
n
-C)
vheie,
o = VeIocily coefficienl,
X = NoinaI veIocily in lhe appioach channeI (n/s),

o'
= Iiessuie-head coiieclion,
S = Heighl of lhe veii alove lhe channeI lollon (n),
M = AcceIeialion due lo giavily (n/s
2
), and
4
&
= NoinaI deplh of fIov in appioach channeI (n).

VaIues foi o and o' of 1.2 and 1.O iespecliveIy can le used in lhe appioach channeI, vhiIe al lhe Iovei end of
lhe veii vaIues of 1.4 and O.95 can le used foi o and o' iespecliveIy.

Iiguie 2O.18: TypicaI Cioss-seclionaI HydiauIics al a Side-OveifIov Weii (MelcaIf & Lddy, 1972)
(2O.12)
E
w
= o
I
2
2g
+o '(y
n
-C)
o
I
n
2
2g

A
A
v
v
v
Lneigy Ciade Line
LONCITUDINAL SLCTION
ChanneI Inveil
W
alei I
iofiIe
Weii
2
n
L
L
h
n
L
v
c
h = iL
v
1
h =
2
y
y
h
1 n
v
1
2
L
SLCTION A-A
c
n
y
y
h
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-19
IPJ \)5)&M A2*:7 "87Y29:

The anaIysis foi eslinaling lhe veii Ienglh foi lhe iising valei suiface piofiIe is lased on Lqualions 2O.13
leIov:
.;D
Q
S
j[
4
%
(
[[
4
.
(
[ (2O.13)

vheie,
; = Lenglh of veii (n),
S = Conslanl (O.35 foi a fiee nappe),
Q = ChanneI vidlh (n),
( = Specific eneigy (n),
4
.]
4
2
= Deplh in channeI (n), and
j[
4
(
[ = Vaiied fIov funclion (CoIIinge, 1957).

Lqualion 2O.13 is ieconnended foi use onIy in lhe case of a iising valei suiface piofiIe. MelcaIf and Lddy Inc.
(1972) indicales lhal lhis equalion voiks lesl vhen lhe Iioude nunlei is lelveen O.3 and O.92.
)*1T N.4S 0$./%%&'
)*1T12 ,56789:;9<=
A fIov spIillei is a speciaI sliucluie designed lo divide a singIe fIov and diveil lhe pails inlo lvo oi noie
dovnsliean channeIs. A fIov spIillei can seive lhiee funclions:
- Reduclion in Walei Suiface LIevalion - ly dividing lhe fIov fion a Iaige pipe inlo nuIlipIe conduils,
lhe heighl of fIov neasuied fion lhe fIov Iine lo lhe valei suiface (oi foi pipes fIoving fuII, lhe inside
dianelei can le ieduced. This nay le necessaiy lo ioule fIovs undei innovalIe olsliuclions.
- Dividing IIovs K exanpIes of lhis incIude division of exisling Iaige speciaI-design conduils, such as
aiches oi hoiseshoes, inlo Iess expensive nuIlipIe-pipe conlinualions and division of fIov lelveen Iov
and high-fIov conduils al lhe inlake of an inveiled siphon.
- Resliiclion of IIovs lo Walei QuaIily Tiealnenl IaciIilies - lo iesliicl fIovs lo valei quaIily liealnenl
faciIilies and lypass lhe ienaining highei fIovs aiound lhe faciIilies (off-Iine). This can le acconpIished
ly spIilling fIovs in excess of lhe valei quaIily design fIov upsliean of lhe faciIily and diveiling highei
fIovs lo a lypass pipe oi channeI. The lypass lypicaIIy enleis a delenlion pond oi lhe dovnsliean
ieceiving diainage syslen. A ciuciaI facloi in designing fIov spIilleis is lo ensuie lhal Iov fIov is
deIiveied lo lhe liealnenl faciIily up lo lhe valei quaIily design fIov iale. Alove lhis iale, addilionaI
fIovs aie diveiled lo lhe lypass syslen vilh nininaI inciease in head al lhe fIov spIilling sliucluie lo
avoid suichaiging lhe valei quaIily faciIily undei high fIov condilions.
Iiguie 2O.19 shovs a lypicaI fIov spIillei nade of nanhoIes vilh conciele laffIes. Iiguie 2O.2O shovs a lypicaI
diveision/isoIalion sliucluie.
)*1T1) ,569>= !<=69?58@;9<=6
Tvo najoi consideialions foi lhe design of fIov-spIilling devices aie as foIIovs:
(a) Head Loss - HydiauIic disluilances al lhe poinl of fIov division iesuIl in unavoidalIe head Iosses. These
Iosses, hovevei, nay le ieduced ly lhe incIusion of piopei fIov defIeclois in lhe design of lhe sliucluie.
DefIeclois nininise fIov sepaialion ly pioviding a giaduaI liansilion foi lhe fIov, ialhei lhan ly foicing
aliupl changes in fIov diieclion.
(l) Deliis - In aII liansilions fion Iaigei lo snaIIei pipes, deliis accunuIalion is a polenliaI piolIen. Tiee
Iinls and olhei deliis lhal fIov fieeIy in lhe Iaigei pipe nay nol fil in lhe snaIIei pipe(s) and nay iesliicl
fIov. In addilion, fIov spIilleis cause najoi fIov disluilances iesuIling in a iegion of decieased veIocily.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-2O 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
To Walei QuaIily IaciIily
InfIov
SLCTION A-A
ILAN
Round SoIid Lid
122O nn oi Iiovide Sepaiale
Access lo Lilhei Side of affIe WaII
1OO nn Thick Reinfoiced Conciele
affIe WaII oi Olhei SuilalIe MaleiiaI
ypass Iipe
To Walei QuaIily IaciIily
Walei QuaIily Design
Walei Suiface LIevalion
Hands HoIds (lyp.)
InfIov
NOTL:
Sunp (OplionaI)
2
1
4
O

n
n
A A
The valei quaIily dischaige Iipe nay iequiie an oiifice pIale le
inslaIIed on lhe OulIel lo conlioI lhe heighl of lhe design valei suiface
(veii heighl). The design valei suiface shouId le sel lo piovide a
nininun headvalei/dianelei ialio of 2.O on lhe oulIel Iipe.
To ypass Conveyance
Syslen oi Delenlion Iond
Type 2 M.H No ase
ChanneI Requiied
Reinfoiced affIe WaII Ciouled
lo M.H Sliucluie (lolh ends)

Iiguie 2O.19: TypicaI IIov SpIillei Devices

Iiguie 2O.2O: TypicaI IsoIalion/Diveision Sliucluie
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-21
This ieduclion causes suspended naleiiaIs in sloinvalei fIov lo sellIe in lhe spIillei lox. AIlhough lhe
defIecloi design shouId nininise veIocily ieduclion as nuch as possilIe, lolaI eIininalion of lhe piolIen is
unIikeIy. Theiefoie, posilive nainlenance access nusl le piovided. ecause fIov spIilling devices aie
nainlenance-inlensive, lheii use shouId le judiciousIy conlioIIed ly lhe engineei.
)*1T1A ,569>= !89;589@
The design ciileiia foi fIov spIillei aie as foIIovs (MassHighvay, 2OO4):
- The lop of lhe veii shaII le Iocaled al lhe valei suiface foi lhe 4Onn iainfaII deplh foi valei quaIily
design sloin,
- The naxinun head ovei lhe veii shaII le nininised foi fIov in excess of lhe valei quaIily design
fIovs,
- OulIels nusl dischaige lo slalIe aieas,
- SpIillei sliucluies nusl le designed lo suslain anlicipaled dead and Iive Ioads,
- Consliucl spIilleis in accessilIe Iocalions, and
)*12* N.4S 0$'&#,&'
)*12*12 ,56789:;9<=
IIov spieadeis aie used lo unifoinIy spiead fIovs acioss lhe infIov poilion of valei quaIily faciIily (e.g. sand
fiIlei, liofiIlialion svaIe, oi fiIlei sliip). Oplions A lhiough C can le used foi spieading fIovs lhal have aIieady
concenlialed. Oplion D is onIy foi fIovs lhal aie aIieady unconcenlialed and enlei a fiIlei sliip oi liofiIlialion
svaIe.
)*12*1) B5=58@D ,569>= !89;589@
- Wheie fIov enleis lhe spieadei lhiough a pipe, il is ieconnended lhal lhe pipe le sulneiged lo
piaclicaIIy dissipale eneigy, and
- Rock pioleclion is iequiied al oulfaIIs.
)*12*1A ,569>= !89;589@ E<8 ND<L 0:85@?9=> 4:;9<=6
The foIIoving piesenls lhe design ciileiia foi each of lhe fIov spieading oplions:

I2J #&9N+7:' ^32*: I_O*)+& #J

Iiguie 2O.21 shovs lhe delaiIs of lhe spieadei.
- The spieadei shaII le pieceded ly a sunp having a nininun deplh of 2OO nn and nininun vidlh of
6OO nn. The sunp aiea shaII le Iined vilh sleps lo ieduce eiosion and lo piovide eneigy dissipalion,
- The lop of lhe fIov spieadei pIale shaII le IeveI, piojecling a nininun of 5O nn alove lhe finaI giade
of lhe inveil of lhe valei quaIily faciIily,
- The pIale shaII exlend hoiizonlaIIy leyond lhe lollon vidlh of lhe faciIily lo pievenl valei fion
eioding lhe side sIope,
- The pIale shaII le secuieIy fixed in pIace, and
- The fIov spieadei pIale nay le eilhei vood, nelaI, filiegIass ieinfoiced pIaslic, oi olhei duialIe
naleiiaI.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
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2O-22 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
2OO nn
5O nn
A
A
Anchoi posls
spaced 1.8 n O.C
oi al each end
if vidlh 1.8 n
V-Nolched
oi
InIel Iipe
Lxlended inlo sIope lo piolecl fion lhe
1OO yeai fIov oi lhe highesl fIov
enleiing valei quaIily faciIily
Ldge of Sand
Iond Side SIope
LxanpIe of anchoied pIale used vilh a sand fiIlei*
(May aIso le used vilh olhei valei quaIily faciIilies)
*Sand fiIlei nay use olhei
spieading oplions
ILAN
Rock Rip Rap
InIel Iipe
2OO nn
LeveI Spieadei IIale
loIled lo anchoi Iosl
6OO nn
6OO nn Lnledded
inlo exisilng giound
CiaveI Layei
Lxisling Ciade
Sand Layei
SLCTION A-A
AIleinalive Design
LxanpIe of Calch asin ieconnended foi highei fIov silualions
(CeneiaIIy 14O L/S oi giealei foi 1OO yeai sloin)
(Sand ed)
LeveI IIale Spieadei

Iiguie 2O.21: IIov Spieadei (Oplion A)

IPJ S+&97:*: "8VO Q+R I_O*)+& QJ

This aIleinalive uses a ieclanguIai conciele sunp (see Iiguie 2O.22 foi delaiIs).
- The vaII of lhe dovnsliean side of lhe conciele sunp shaII exlend a nininun 5O nn alove lhe inveil
of lhe liealnenl led, and
- The dovnsliean vaII of lhe lox shaII have ieluins al lolh ends. Side vaIIs and ieluins shaII le
sIighlIy highei lhan lhe veii so lhal eiosion of lhe side sIope is nininised.
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NOT FOR SALE
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64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-23
A A
InIel Iipe
OulfaII Rip Rap Iad
Conciele Sunp
Side vilh Reluins.
(See Nole)
SvaIe ollon
ILAN
InIel Iipe
6OO nn
Wing WaII OulIine
2OO nn
Conciele Sunp
(1OO nn vaII lhickness)
SLCTION A-A
5O nn CIeaiance
NOTL:
Lxlend sides inlo sIope. Heighl of side vaII and ieluins nusl le sufficienl
lo handIe lhe 1OO yeai fIov oi lhe highesl fIov enleiing lhe IaciIily
LxanpIe of a Conciele Sunp IIov Spieadei used vilh a
liofiIlialion svaIe (May le used vilh olhei W.Q. IaciIilies)

Iiguie 2O.22: IIov Spieadei (Oplion )

I9J W32*[*+OO:' K+*9N:' S87P "O7:2':7 I_O*)+& SJ

An exanpIe of fIal-lopped nolched cuil spieadei used vilh a giassed svaIe is shovn in Iiguie 2O.23. The
spieadei seclions aie nade of exliuded conciele Iaid side ly side and IeveI. TypicaIIy foui leelh pei 1.25 n
seclion piovide good spacing. The space lelveen adjacenl leelh foins a v-nolch.

I'J @N7+8MN[S87P ^+7*5 I_O*)+& 0J

DelaiIs of lhe spieadei aie shovn in Iiguie 2O.24. Unconcenlialed fIovs fion paved aieas enleiing fiIlei sliips
oi conlinuous fIov liofiIlialion svaIes can use cuil poils lo aIIov fIovs lo enlei lhe sliip oi svaIe. Cuil poils
use faliicaled openings lhal aIIov conciele cuiling lo le pouied oi exliuded vhiIe sliII pioviding an opening
lhiough lhe cuil lo convey valei lo lhe valei quaIily faciIily. Openings in lhe cuiling shaII le al ieguIai
inleivaIs of 2 n (nininun). The vidlh of each cuil poil opening shaII le 275 nn nininun. AppioxinaleIy
15 peicenl oi noie of lhe cuil seclion Ienglh shaII le in open poils, and no poil shouId dischaige noie lhan
aloul 1O peicenl of fIov.

)*122 B#%&0
)*12212 ,56789:;9<=
The nain opeialionaI iequiienenls foi gales aie lhe conlioI of !oods, valeilighlness, nininun hoisl capacily,
convenience of inslaIIalion and nainlenance and alove aII faiIuie fiee peifoinance and avoidance of safely
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-24 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
1.25n
3OO nn
ILAN
3OO nn
15O nn
IRONT
6O
2OO nn
SLCTION -
3O
2-R1O Relai oi Reinfoice
as Necessaiy
InIel Iipe
M
ax 2.O n
o.c.
Conciele Cuil
Ciass IiIlei Sliip
Opening 275 nn
hazaids lo lhe opeialing slaff and lhe pulIic. Despile iolusl design and piecaulions, fauIls can occui and lhe
voiks nusl le capalIe of loIeialing lhese fauIls vilhoul unacceplalIe consequences (Novak el aI., 2OO7). TalIe
2O.2 shovs lhe sunnaiy of lypes of gales.

Iiguie 2O.23: V-nolch IIov Spieadei (Oplion C)

Iiguie 2O.24: Thiough-cuil Ioil (Oplion D)
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-25
)*1221) %J:5 <E B@;56
I2J \2')23 `2*:5
RadiaI gales aie usuaIIy consliucled as poilaIs vilh cioss-lais and ains (sliaighl, iadiaI, oi incIined), lul couId
aIso le canliIeveied ovei lhe ains. Theii suppoil hinges aie usuaIIy dovnsliean lul (foi Iov heads) couId aIso
le upsliean, iesuIling in shoilei pieis. The gale is usuaIIy hoisled ly calIes "xed lo each end lo pievenl il fion
lvisling and janning. If lhe calIes aie connecled lo lhe lollon of lhe gale ils lop can le iaised alove lhe IeveI
of lhe hoisl ilseIf, if lhe Iayoul of lhe nachineiy aIIovs il (Novak el aI., 2OO7).
IPJ 078V 2&' ":9*+7 `2*:5
Diun and secloi gales aie ciicuIai seclois in cioss-seclion. Diun gales aie hinged upsliean and secloi gales
dovnsliean. Cales on dan ciesls aie usuaIIy of lhe upsliean hinge lype. Diun gales !oal on lhe Iovei face of
lhe diun, vheieas secloi gales aie usuaIIy encIosed onIy on lhe upsliean and dovnsliean suifaces (Novak el
aI., 2OO7).
I9J W32O `2*:5
IIap gales aie one of lhe sinpIesl and nosl fiequenlIy used lypes of ieguIaling gales used nainIy on veiis and
laiiages (iaieIy on dan ciesls), eilhei on lheii ovn oi in conjunclion vilh pIain Iifl gales. They veie deveIoped
as a iepIacenenl foi vooden !ash-loaids, oiiginaIIy as a sleeI-edged giidei !ap, vhich vas Ialei iepIaced ly a
loision-iigid pipe, fuilhei deveIopnenl vas achieved ly pIacing lhe pipe aIong lhe axis of lhe !ap leaiing,
vilh lhe skin pIale liansnilling lhe valei piessuie lo canliIeveied iils "xed lo lhe pipe. Nexl in use veie
loision-iigid gale lodies vilh cuived dovnsliean sides ("sh-leIIy gales), vilh loision-iigid sliucluies using
piisn-shaped seclions leing lhe Ialesl deveIopnenl in !ap gales (iouvei, 1988).
I'J @+O 6)&M:' W32O `2*:5
Top-hinged fIap gales aie used in lidaI sliucluies lo pievenl fIooding of an inIand iegion ly sea valeis duiing
iising lides oi fIood suiges and lo peinil inIand valeis lo diain off inlo lhe sea duiing ell lide. They aie aIso
used in cuIveils and punped diainage oulfaIIs lo iiveis. They do nol iequiie an oulside souice of povei and
opeiale aulonalicaIIy. The consliuclion of lhe gales is sinpIe and IillIe nainlenance is iequiied. The gales viII
nol enliieIy excIude ingiess of saIine valei if lhe dovnsliean valei IeveI iises alove lhe siII duiing dischaige
undei lhe gale, vhen a Iens of saIine valei can peneliale upsliean againsl lhe fIov.

They conlioI valei in one diieclion onIy and peifoin Iike a non-ieluin vaIve. They cannol conlioI upsliean
IeveI. In sloinvalei dischaige lhis faciIily is nol iequiied. Top-hinged fIap gales can le opeialed undei cIeai
dischaige condilions oi diovned. When designing gales of lhis lype a giavily lias is iequiied in lhe cIosed
posilion so lhal lhe gales cIose innedialeIy lefoie ieveisaI of fIov occuis (Levin, 2OO1).
I:J ")': 6)&M:' W32O `2*:5
Side hinged fIap gales aie used foi lhe conveision of velIand enviionnenls inlo agiicuIluiaI Iand. These aie
veiy efficienl in diaining upsliean Iands, pievenling lhe inliusion of saIine valeis and lack fIooding duiing
high lides and sone ninoi fIoods. These Iead lo lhe deveIopnenl of fieshvalei syslens, vheie lhey veie
pieviousIy saIine / liackish. OnIy suilalIe foi lidaI galing of channeIs sel lack fion nain iiveis and vhen
conpIele lidaI isoIalion is iequiied. Side hinged fIap gale onIy aIIov fIov in one diieclion (dovnsliean) foi
diainage puiposes (NSW Coveinnenl of Indusliy and Inveslnenl, 2OO9).
IYJ \+33:7 `2*:5
A ioIIei gale consisls of a hoIIov sleeI cyIindei, usuaIIy of a dianelei sonevhal snaIIei lhan lhe danning
heighl, lhe diffeience is coveied ly a sleeI allachnenl, nosl fiequenlIy Iocaled al lhe lollon of lhe cyIindei (in
lhe cIosed posilion). The gale is opeialed ly ioIIing il on an incIined liack. ecause of lhe gieal sliffness of lhe
gale, Iaige spans nay le used, lul ioIIei gales iequiie sulslanliaI pieis vilh Iaige iecesses. Nev ioIIei gale
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
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(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-26 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
inslaIIalions aie nol leing used novadays pailIy lecause Iaige unils of lhis lype aie veiy vuIneialIe lo singIe
poinl faiIuie (Novak el aI., 2OO7).
IMJ W2P7)9 `2*:5
In!alalIe iullei oi faliic gales can le piessuiized ly aii, valei oi lolh. They usuaIIy have an innei sheII and
an oulei casing, and can le used lo cIose veiy Iaige spans (Novak el aI., 2OO7).
INJ X:7*)923 ;)Y* `2*:5
VeilicaI Iifl gales designed as a Iallice, lox giidei, a giid of hoiizonlaI and veilicaI leans and sliffeneis, oi a
singIe sIal sleeI pIale, nay consisl of singIe oi doulIe seclion (oi even noie pails can le invoIved in lhe cIosuie
of veiy high openings), in lhe case of !ov ovei lhe lop of lhe gale il nay le piovided vilh an addilionaI !ap
gale. The gales can have sIide oi vheeIed suppoil. In lhe Iallei case "xed vheeIs (nosl fiequenl lype),
caleipiIIai oi a ioIIei liain (Sloney gale) nay le used, foi "xed vheeIs lheii spacing is ieduced neai lhe lollon.
The gale seaIs aie of speciaIIy foined iullei (Novak el aI., 2OO7).
TalIe 2O.2: Sunnaiy of Type of Cales
Types Advanlages Iicluies

RadiaI Cales

- SnaIIei hoisl,
- Highei sliffness,
- Lovei (lul Iongei) pieis,
- Alsence of gale sIols, and
- Lasiei aulonalion,

Diun and Secloi
Cales

- Lase of aulonalion and alsence of
Iifling geai,
- Iasl novenenl,
- Accuiacy of ieguIalion, and
- Lov pieis.

Top Hinged IIap
Cales

- Iiovide fine IeveI ieguIalion,
- Lase fIushing of deliis,
- Cosl effeclive and oflen
enviionnenlaIIy noie acceplalIe,
- NaluiaIIy aulonaled,
- SinpIislic consliuclion and inslaIIalion,
- Requiies IillIe nainlenance,
- Long Iifespan, and
- Cales nanufacluied fion non-nelaI
naleiiaIs have no sciap vaIue and viII
have no alliaclion lo sciap nelaI
lhieves.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-27
TalIe 2O.2: Sunnaiy of Type of Cales (Conlinued)

Side Hinged IIap
Cales

- NaluiaIIy aulonaled,
- Requiies snaII anounl of eneigy (valei
piessuie) lo open gales. As a iesuIl,
noie iolusl naleiiaIs can le used foi
lhe gale vilhoul conpionising lhe
efficiency of lhe sliucluie,
- Once open, lhe gale viII ienain open
unliI lhe lide iecedes,
- Cales open videi lhan lop hinged fIap
gales and foi a giealei peiiod,
- IuII deplh of lhe valei coIunn is
avaiIalIe foi fish passage,
- SinpIislic and noie difficuIl lo
vandaIise,
- Requiies IillIe nainlenance, and
- Long Iifespan.

RoIIei Cales

- Veiy ieIialIe,
- CapalIe of opeialing al diffeienliaI
heads, and
- Can le nanufacluied veiy vide.

Ialiic Cales

- Lov cosl,
- Lov veighl,
- Alsence of Iifling nechanisn,
- LillIe need foi nainlenance,
- Acceplance of side sIope (al iivei lanks),
and
- Lase of inslaIIalion.

VeilicaI Lifl Cales

- Can le filled vilh oveifIov seclions,
- Shoil pieis,
- Wide span gales can le engineeied lo
piovide good navigalion openings, and
- Up and ovei gales can ieduce heighl of
suppoiling sliucluie.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-28 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
)*12) R#.R&0
)*12)12 ,56789:;9<=
Many lypes of vaIves have leen invenled ly nan lo conlioI lhe fIov of fIuids. Of lhose vhich have suivived
lhe lesl of line, each has al Ieasl seveiaI fealuies vhich aie unique oi inpoilanl. One offeis lighl shul-off,
anolhei Iov cosl, olheis effeclive conlioI of lhe fIuid fIov, sliII olheis, peihaps conlinalions of lhese, and on
and on. To dale, hovevei, no vaIve invenloi has discoveied lhe ideaI vaIve vhich conlines aII lhese fealuies
inlo one package and expeiience leaches us lhal il is unIikeIy anyone viII. Thus, vaIve designeis have ciealed
lhe gIole, pIug, laII, gale and nuneious olhei vaIve lypes, aII of vhich aie in exlensive use lhioughoul lhe
voiIds vasl and conpIex indusliiaI piocesses. The gale vaIve is anong lhe nosl connon lecause il offeis
seveiaI advanlages of funclion and cosl effecliveness ovei olhei lypes (Noiden, 1975). TalIe 2O.3 piesenled lhe
sunnaiy of lype of vaIves.
)*12)1) %J:5 <E R@DU56
I2J SN:9a X23b:
The check vaIve can le used lo piovide fIov in one diieclion onIy lhiough a cuIveil foi fIoodpIain diainage and
fIood and saIine inliusion niligalion puiposes. The check vaIve is consliucled fion an eIaslonei vilh a veilicaI
sIol lhal is fIexilIe yel quile sliff and cIosed in ils ieIaxed posilion. This eIaslonei naleiiaI is iesislanl lo lhe
coiiosive effecls of naiine and highIy acidic valeis, a significanl issue associaled vilh nosl nelaIIic sliucluies.
The check vaIve can le nounled fIush on a fIal oi cuived headvaII, oi le cIanped lo cuIveils of vaiying shape,
size oi naleiiaI. Duiing lackfIov, lhe check vaIve seaIs shul (NSW Coveinnenl of Indusliy and Inveslnenl,
2OO9).
IPJ S+&: 0)5O:75)+& X23b:
The cone dispeision vaIve is piolalIy lhe nosl fiequenlIy used lype of ieguIaling vaIve inslaIIed al lhe end of
oulIels dischaiging inlo lhe alnospheie. Il consisls of a "xed 9O cone dispeisei, upsliean of vhich is lhe
opening coveied ly a sIiding cyIindiicaI sIeeve The "ne spiay associaled vilh lhe opeialion of lhe vaIve nay le
undesiialIe, pailicuIaiIy in coId vealhei, sonelines, lheiefoie, a "xed Iaige hoIIov cyIindei is pIaced al lhe
end of lhe vaIve dovnsliean of lhe cone, iesuIling in a iing jel vaIve (Novak el aI., 2OO7).
I9J K::'3: X23b:
The needIe vaIve, (and ils vaiialion lhe lule vaIve), has a luIl-shaped "xed sleeI jackel, vilh lhe vaIve cIosing
againsl lhe casing in lhe dovnsliean diieclion. When open, lhe vaIves pioduce soIid ciicuIai jels and can aIso
le used in sulneiged condilions. The vaIves nay suffei fion cavilalion danage and pioduce unslalIe jels al
snaII openings, and aie expensive as lhey have lo vilhsland fuII ieseivoii piessuies (Novak el aI., 2OO7).
I'J 6+33+T[c:* X23b:
Mosl of lhe disadvanlages of vaIves aie oveicone in lhe hoIIov-jel vaIve, vhich cIoses in lhe upsliean
diieclion (vhen cIosed lhe vaIve lody is al alnospheiic piessuie), lecause of lhis lhe vaIve is, of couise, nol
suilalIe foi use in sulneiged condilions (Novak el aI., 2OO7).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-29
TalIe 2O.3: Sunnaiy of Type of VaIve

Check VaIve

- SeIf aulonaled,
- Can le nounled lo a vaiiely of
cuIveil configuialions - loIled lo
headvaIIs oi cIanped lo pipes,
- Can le inslaIIed al any angIe
incIuding veilicaI,
- SnaIIei vaIves can usuaIIy le
inslaIIed ly one peison vilh sinpIe
hand looIs,
- Coiiosion iesislanl and oulei
viapping iesislanl lo ozone,
- Nol as susceplilIe lo janning and
viII seaI aiound enliapped fIoaling
deliis duiing lackfIov. Can sliII
opeiale vhen pailiaIIy luiied in
sedinenl,
- IIexilIe naluie ieduces iisk of
danage fion fIoaling deliis,
- No cIeaiance is iequiied foi
opeialion, and
- Has no noving nechanicaI pails
suljecl lo veai and can Iasl up lo 5O
yeais.

Cone Dispeision VaIve

- Veiy efficienl eneigy dissipalion
vaIve,
- SinpIe consliuclion,
- ReIaliveIy Iov cosl,
- Can le opeialed eIeclio-
nechanicaIIy oi ly oiI hydiauIics,
- Cood dischaige coefficienl,
- AvaiIalIe in Iaige sizes, and
- Leasl fIov olsliuclion of any
leininaI dischaige vaIve.

NeedIe VaIve

- Dissipales eneigy,
- Can le used as an in-Iine piessuie-
ieducing vaIve, and
- esl vaIve foi piessuie ieduclion
vhen cavilalion of dovnsliean
conduil is of concein.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-3O 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
TalIe 2O.3: Sunnaiy of Type of VaIve (Conlinued)

HoIIov-jel VaIve

- Dissipales eneigy, and
- Can le aiianged lo dischaige inlo a
sliIIing lasin al an angIe.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

64'7283)9 "*789*87:5 2O-31
'&N&'&3!&0
1. Aneiican Associalion of Slale Highvay and Tianspoilalion OfficiaIs, ASSHTO, (1987). 072)&2M: 62&'P++a.
2. Aneiican Sociely of CiviI Lngineeis, ASCL. (1975). ":')V:&*2*)+& (&M)&::7)&M. ManuaIs and Repoils on
Lngineeiing Iiaclice No. 54. Nev Yoik, USA.
<, Aneiican Sociely of CiviI Lngineeis, ASCL. (1992). 0:5)M& 2&' S+&5*789*)+& +Y U7P2& "*+7VT2*:7 !2&2M:V:&*
"45*:V5, Walei Lnviionnenl Iedeialion, Aneiican Sociely of CiviI Lngineeis. ASCL ManuaIs and Repoils
of Lngineeiing Iiaclice No. 77, Nev Yoik, USA.
4. ehIke, C.L. and Iiilchell, H.D. (1966). @N: 0:5)M& +Y "8O:797)*)923 W3+T SN2&&:3 c8&9*)+&5. Highvay Reseaich
Recoid No. 123, Highvay Reseaich oaid, NalionaI Reseaich CounciI, Washinglon, DC, USA.
5. IaisdeII, I. and DonneIIy, C. (1954). "*72)MN* 07+O "O)33T24 "*)33)&M. Sl. Anlhony IaIIs HydiauIic Laloialoiy.
6. oveis, C.L. (195O). 64'7283)9 V+':3 5*8'):5 Y+7 AN)*)&M W):3' K2b23 #)7 "*2*)+&] ^27* Xd "*8'):5 +Y +O:&[9N2&&:3
e8&9*)+&5, TechnicaI Iapeis, Seiies , Sl Anlhony IaIIs Laloialoiy, Univ. of Minnesola, MinneapoIis, Minn.
7. iadIey, }.}. and Ieleika, A.}. (1957). The HydiauIic Design of SliIIing asins: HydiauIic }unps on a
HoiizonlaI Apion (asin I), c+87&23 +Y *N: 64'7283)95 0)b)5)+&, ASCL, VoI. 83, Iapei No. 14O1, HY5, pp. 1-24.
8. iouvei, H. (1988). \:O329)&M A++':& W325NP+27'5 T)*N 64'7283)92334 _O:72*:' "*::3 W32O `2*:5, Hydio Reviev.
42-5O.
9. Chov, V.T. (1959). _O:& SN2&&:3 64'7283)95. McCiav-HiII InleinalionaI, Nev Yoik, USA.
1O. CoIIinge, V.K. (1957). @N: ')59N27M: 92O29)*4 +Y 5)': T:)75. Iioceedings of lhe Inslilule of CiviI Lngineeis, VoI.
6, pp. 288-3O4.
11. Lngineeiing Nevs. (1916). # ")ON+& _O:72*:' \2V +Y ;+&M "*2&')&M. p.164
12. IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion oi IHWA. (1983). 64'7283)9 0:5)M& +Y (&:7M4 0)55)O2*+75 Y+7 S83b:7*5 2&'
SN2&&:35, 64'7283)9 (&M)&::7)&M S)798327 .F I6(S .FJ. IHWA LID-86-11O. Washinglon, DC: U.S. Depailnenl
of Tianspoilalion, IedeiaI Highvay Adninislialion.
13. Iiazei, W. (1957). @N: Q:N2b)+7 +Y ")': A:)75 )& ^7)5V2*)9 \:9*2&M8327 SN2&&:35, Iioceedings of Inslilule of
CiviI Lngineeis, VoI. 6, London, UK.
14. Hagei, W.H. (1987). ;2*:723 _8*Y3+T +b:7 ")': A:)75. }ouinaI of HydiauIic Lngineeiing, 133(4):491-5O4.
15. Ippen, A.T. and Ailhui, T. (1951). !:9N2&)95 +Y "8O:797)*)923 W3+T] @72&529*)+&5. Aneiican Sociely of CiviI
Lngineeis, VoI 116, pp 268-295.
16. Levin, }. (1995). 64'7283)9 `2*:5 2&' X23b:5 )& W7:: "87Y29: W3+T 2&' "8PV:7M:' _8*3:*5.1
sl
ed, Thonas TeIfoid,
London, UK.
17. Levin, }. (2OO1). 64'7283)9 `2*:5 2&' X23b:5 )& W7:: "87Y29: W3+T 2&' "8PV:7M:' _8*3:*5. 2
nd
ed, Thonas
TeIfoid, London, UK.
18. MassHighvay. (2OO4). "*+7VT2*:7 62&'P++a Y+7 6)MNT245 2&' Q7)'M:5. Massachusells Highvay Depailnenl,
oslon, MA, USA.
19. MelcaIf & Lddy, Inc. (1972). A25*:T2*:7 (&M)&::7)&Md S+33:9*)+&] @7:2*V:&*] 0)5O+523. McCiav-HiII ook Co.,
Nev Yoik, USA.
2O. Noiden, R.D. (1975). 0:b:3+OV:&* +Y *N: \+9aT:33 ('T27' (L8)T:'M: `2*: X23b:. Ldvaid TechnicaI AilicIe V-
Rep 75-5.
21. Novak, I., Moffal, A.I.., NaIIuii, C. & Naiayanan, R., (2OO7). 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5. Iouilh Ldilion, TayIoi &
Iiancis, Alingdon, UK.
22. NSW Depailnenl of Indusliy and Inveslnenl. (2OO9). A2*:7 S+&*7+3 "*789*87:5] 0:5)M& Y+7 K2*8723 \:5+879:5
!2&2M:V:&* +& S+25*23 W3++'O32)&5, Reviev. pp. 4-8.
23. Ieleika, A.}. (1958). 64'7283)9 0:5)M& +Y "*)33)&M P25)& 2&' (&:7M4 0)55)O2*+75. Lngineeiing Monogiaph No.25,
U.S. uieau of RecIanalion, Denvei CoIoiado, USA.
24. Rouse, H. (1949). (&M)&::7)&M 64'7283)95. }ohn WiIey, Nev Yoik, USA.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

2O-32 64'7283)9 "*789*87:5
25. U.S. Depailnenl of Tianspoilalion. (2OO6). 64'7283)9 0:5)M& +Y (&:7M4 0)55)O2*+75 Y+7 S83b:7*5 2&' SN2&&:35,
HydiauIic Lngineeiing CiicuIai No.14, Thiid Ldilion, pp. 5-6.
%=, U.S. Depailnenl of lhe Inleiioi, uieau of RecIanalion. 64'7283)9 0:5)M& +Y "*)33)&M Q25)&5 2&' (&:7M4
0)55)O2*+75] (&M)&::7)&M !+&+M72ON K+,%E,
27. U.S. LnviionnenlaI Iioleclion Agency. (1976). (7+5)+& 2&' ":')V:&* S+&*7+3] "87Y29: !)&)&M )& *N: (25*:7&
U,", Washinglon, D.C, USA.
28. U.S. SoiI Conseivalion Seivice. (1954). 62&'P++a +Y SN2&&:3 0:5)M& Y+7 "+)3 2&' A2*:7 S+&5:7b2*)+&, SCS-TI-
61, Maich 1947, ievised }une 1954, SliIIvalei Ouldooi HydiauIic Laloialoiy, SliIIvalei, OK, US
Depailnenl of AgiicuIluie, Washinglon, DC, USA.
%f, U.S. SoiI Conseivalion Seivice. (1971). S7)*:7)2 Y+7 *N: 64'7283)9 0:5)M& +Y 1VO29* Q25)&5 #55+9)2*:' T)*N W833
W3+T )& ^)O: S+&'8)*5, Walei Resouices IulIicalion, TechnicaI ReIease No. 49, NalionaI Lngineeiing
IulIicalions, CoIoiado, USA.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
ECOLOGICAL PLANTS
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX1-i
!""#$ & #'()(*+'!) ,)!"-.
AX1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. AX1-1
AX1.1.1 IIanl Chaiacleiislics ......................................................................................... AX1-1
AX1.1.2 LnviionnenlaI InfIuences on IIanls ............................................................... AX1-1
AX1.1.3 Iiohililed and Ioisonous IIanls .................................................................... AX1-2
AX1.2 SILCIIIC ILANTINC CRITLRIA ................................................................................... AX1-2
AX1.2.1 Ionds and WelIands ......................................................................................... AX1-2
AX1.2.2 InfiIlialion Syslens ........................................................................................... AX1-6
AX1.2.3 ioielenlion Syslens ........................................................................................ AX1-6
AX1.2.4 SvaIes, Ciassed ChanneI and Vegelaled IiIlei Aieas ................................. AX1-9
AX1.2.5 NaluiaI ChanneI, Rivei Coiiidoi and Ripaiian Zone .................................. AX1-12
AX1.3 OTHLR CONSIDLRATIONS IN ILANTINC ............................................................... AX1-12
AX1.3.1 WiId CoIIeclion .................................................................................................. AX1-12
AX1.3.2 Halilal Ciealion ................................................................................................ AX1-13
AX1.4 CLNLRAL ILANTINC AND CONSTRUCTION MLTHOD ..................................... AX1-15
AX1.5 IOST ILANTINC MANACLMLNT .............................................................................. AX1-16
RLILRLNCLS ................................................................................................................................... AX1-17
AIILNDIX AX1.A Reconnended IIanls Species foi Zone 1 (Deep Walei IooI) ................ AX1-19
AIILNDIX AX1. Reconnended IIanls Species foi Zone 2 (The ShaIIov Walei
ench) ............................................................................................................ AX1-2O
AIILNDIX AX1.C Reconnended IIanls Species foi Zone 3 (ShoieIine Iiinge) ................. AX1-21
AIILNDIX AX1.D Reconnended IIanls Species foi Zone 4 (Ripaiian Iiinge,
IeiiodicaIIy Inundaled) .............................................................................. AX1-22
AIILNDIX AX1.L Reconnended IIanls Species foi Zone 5 (IIoodpIain
Teiiace, InfiequenlIy Inundaled) .............................................................. AX1-23
AIILNDIX AX1.I Reconnended IIanls Species foi Zone 6 (UpIand SIopes,
SeIdon oi Nevei Inundaled) ...................................................................... AX1-24
AIILNDIX AX1.C Reconnended Ciass Species foi Ciassed ChanneI, Vegelaled IiIlei
Sliips and SvaIes ......................................................................................... AX1-25
AIILNDIX AX1.H Reconnended IIanls Species foi Rivei Maigin ..................................... AX1-26
AIILNDIX AX1.I Reconnended IIanls Species foi Sliean Lovei ank .......................... AX1-27
AIILNDIX AX1.} Reconnended IIanls Species foi Sliean Uppei ank .......................... AX1-28
AIILNDIX AX1.K Reconnended IIanls Species foi Sliean Teiiace Iace .......................... AX1-29
AIILNDIX AX1.K Reconnended IIanls Species foi Sliean Teiiace Iace .......................... AX1-29
AIILNDIX AX1.L Reconnended IIanls Species foi Sliean Uppei Teiiace ....................... AX1-3O
AIILNDIX AX1.M Reconnended IIanls Species foi LcoIogicaI IIanls/Iiuils
eaiing Tiees ................................................................................................ AX1-31
AIILNDIX AX1.N Reconnended IIanls Species foi WiId Life
Alliaclion/ieeding Halilal Ciealion ...................................................... AX1-32

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

|cc|cgica| P|an|s AX1-1
!$&/& +"-0(12'-+("
IIanling has specific funclions such as pievenls eiosion of soiI suifaces, liaps siIl and pievenls ie-suspension,
fiIleis and lieals poIIulion, piovides viIdIife halilal and pionoles alliaclive and naluiaI suiioundings. TalIe
AX1.1 vhich indicales lhe effecliveness of diffeienl vegelalion in neeling specific oljeclives vilhin a iipaiian
luffei zone can le used foi lhe nix design.
TalIe AX1.1: ReIalive Lffecliveness of Diffeienl Vegelalion Types foi Iioviding Specific enefils
enefil
Vegelalion
Ciass Shiul Tiees
SlaliIizes lank eiosion Lov lo Mediun High Mediun lo High
Tiaps sedinenl High Lov lo Mediun Lov
IiIleis nuliienls, peslicides, nicioles
- Sedinenl lound
- SoIulIe

High
Mediun

Lov
Lov

Lov
Mediun
Iiovides aqualic halilal Lov Mediun High
Iiovides viIdIife halilal
- Range/pasluie viIdIife
- Ioiesl viIdIife

High
Lov

Mediun
Mediun

Lov
High
Iiovides econonic pioducls Mediun Lov
Iiovides visuaI diveisily Lov lo Mediun Mediun High
Iievenls lank faiIuies Lov Mediun High
Iiovides fIood conveyance High Lov Lov

!$&/&/& ,3456 '748496:8;<6;9<
IIanl chaiacleiislics nusl le consideied lo deleinine hov lhe pIanl piovides inleiesl and vhelhei lhe pIanl
viII fil vilh lhe piesenl and fuluie Iandscapes. Sone of lhese chaiacleiislics aie coIoui, lexluie, and inleiesl, i.e.
fIoveis, fiuil, Ieaves, slens oi laik and giovlh iale. In uilan oi suluilan sellings, lhe Iandscape liealnenl of
lhe sloinvalei faciIily shaII le appeaIing and inleiesling. CaiefuI consideialion duiing designing and
vegelalion pIanling of a faciIily can iesuIl in giealei pulIic acceplance and incieased piopeily vaIue.
!$&/&/= #5>;8?5@:5643 +5A3B:59:< ?5 ,3456<
CeneiaI enviionnenlaI faclois and lhieals lo invesligale duiing sile anaIysis aie shovs in TalIe AX1.2.
TalIe AX1.2: CeneiaI Sile Condilion lo Invesligale (Shav and Schnidl, 2OO3)
LnviionnenlaI faclois LnviionnenlaI lhieals
- Texluie, oiganic conlenl and pH of lhe soiI
- Anlicipaled valei IeveIs oi soiI noisluie
- Adjacenl pIanl connunilies
- SIopes
- Suiiounding veedy vegelalion
- Anounl of sun oi shade
- Aspecl (noilh, soulh, easl oi vesl facing sIope)

- IIood deplh and duialion
- Nuliienls
- Lov valei IeveIs
- SaIl
- IIood fiequency
- Tuilidily
- Wave eneigy
- Liosion
- Sedinenl Ioads
- Invasive pIanls
- IoIIulanls and loxins
- Heilivoies
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX1-2 |cc|cgica| P|an|s
!$&/&/C ,8?7;D;6:E 45E ,?;<?5?B< ,3456<
Theie aie aIso pIanl species lhal aie piohililed lo le inpoiled oi giovn in MaIaysia undei lhe IIanl
Quaianline Acl (1976). If convicled, lhe offendei(s) nay le fined up RM1O,OOO. Designeis shouId iefei lo lhe
quaianline and poisonous Iisl of pIanl species piovided ly lhe Depailnenl of AgiicuIluie in NalionaI
Landscape Depailnenl CuideIine foi any Iandscape design.
!$&/= .,#'+F+' ,)!"-+"* '0+-#0+!
!$&/=/& ,?5E< 45E G:6345E<
a) P|an| Sc|cc|icn
asicaIIy ponds and velIands shouId consisl of vegelalion vilh lhe foIIoving alliilules:
- adaplalion lo lhe IocaI cIinale and soiIs (nalive species),
- loIeiance lo poIIulanls in sloinvalei iunoffs,
- high lionass pioduclion,
- peienniaI species,
- iapid giovlh lul lo avoid usage of noxious species, non-veedy, aeslhelic halil,
- vaIualIe as viIdIife halilal, and
- lioadesl possilIe feasilIe nixluie of pIanl species lo naxinise pIanl diveisily and enhance slaliIily of
lhe pond oi velIand.

o) P|an|ing Zcncs
IIanling zones aie calegoiised inlo lhe 6 diffeienl zones, vhich is shovn in Iiguie AX1.1. The ciileiia and
ieconnended pIanl species foi each zone aie shovn in foIIoving seclion.

Iiguie AX1.1: LongiludinaI Seclion of TypicaI Iond oi WelIand

ShoieIine Iiinge
(Zone 3)
ShaIIov Walei ench
(Zone 2)
Deep-Walei IooI
(Zone 1)
Iond
R
i
p
a
i
i
a
n

I
i
i
n
g
e
(
Z
o
n
e

4
)
(
Z
o
n
e

5
)
I
I
o
o
d
p
I
a
i
n
T
e
i
i
a
c
e
UpIand SIopes
(Zone 6)
O.3-1.2 n AWL
O-O.3 n AWL
O-O.3 n Deplh
O.3-1.8 n Deplh
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

i) Zcnc 1. Dccp-ua|cr Pcc| (0.3 - 1.8 n 8l|)
Zone 1 shouId conlain sulneiged aqualic pIanls lhal heIp lo inciease diveisily and cieale halilal.
(TalIe AX1.3). The funclions of lhis zone is lo ieduce ie-sedinenlalion and inpiove oxidalion.
TalIe AX1.3: Reconnended IIanl Species foi Zone 1 (Deep-valei IooI)
olanicaI Nane Connon Nane I L A I
Cqpcrus ccnpac|us Svanp naiiscus, Iaia-paia -
Cqpcrus digi|a|us Iingei fIalsedge, Runpul lunga saluan, Runpul nusang -
Cqpcrus na|pan Shealhed fIalsedge, Runpul sunlu, iIis janlan, Iaia aii - -
|cpircnia ar|icu|a|a Tule sedge, Ciey sedge, Iue iush, Tvigiush, Iuiun, Keicul - -
Nas|ur|iun sp. Nasluiliun - -
Nc|unoc nucifcra Sacied Iolus, Indian Iolus, ean of India, TeIipok, Seioja India - -
Nqnpnac |c|us dcn|a|a Tigei Iolus, While Iolus, Lgyplian vhile valei IiIy - -
Nqnpnac ncucna|i
Slai Iolus, Red and lIue valei IiIy, Iue slai valei IiIy,
Teialai pulih hulan, Tanjung pulih
- -
Nqnpnac ruora India ied valei IiIy, Teialai neiah - -
Nqnpnac |asn|cn| IuipIe Walei IiIy, Teialai ungu - -
Pnragni|cs |ar|a Connon ieed, TaII ieed, TiopicaI ieed, Runpul gedalong - -
Pnq|idrun |anugincsun WooIy valei IiIy, Iiognoulh, Ian giass, Runpul kipas - -
Rqncncspcra ccrqnocsa CoIden leak sedge, Runpul sendayan - -
Scirpus grcssus Ciealei cIul iush, Runpul nendeiong, Runpul kunlai - -
Scirpus junccidcs Upiighl cIul-iush, Runpul luIal -
Sc|cria suna|rcnsis Sunalian scIeiia, Runpul kunla -
Tqpna |a|ifc|ia uIiush, ioadIeaf callaiI, anal - - -
Vic|cria sp. Vicloiia valei IiIy, Cianl valei IiIy, RoyaI valei IiIy -
I = IoIIulion conlioI = ank/sIope pioleclion
L = LcoIogicaI A = Aeslhelic I = Indigenous
ii) Zcnc 2. Sna||cu la|cr 8cncn (0 |c 0.3 n 8l|)
Iiinaiy aiea foi lhe eneigenl pIanls (TalIe AX1.4) nay le Iocaled al lhe edge of lhe pond. When pIanled,
Zone 2 can le an inpoilanl halilal foi nany aqualic and non-aqualic aninaIs ciealing a diveise food chain.
TalIe AX1.4: Reconnended IIanl Species foi Zone 2 (ShaIIov Walei ench)
C|ccnc spincsa Spidei fIovei, Spidei Iegs, Spiny spideifIovei, Manan - -
||cccnaris taricga|a Spike iush, Uli puiun, Iuion - -
|riccau|cn |cngifc|iun Asialic pipevoil, LongIeaf pipevoil, Runpul lulang - -
|inoris|q|is g|cou|csa CIoluIai finliislyIis, CIole finliy, Runpul sadang - -
|uircna unoc||a|a Haiiy lIue sedge, Yefen, Runpul keIuIul - -
Hanguana na|aqana Connon hanguana, Connon susun, akong, akong iinla - -
|uduigia adsccndcns IIoaling MaIayan viIIov, Cieeping valei piiniose, Tinggii langau - - -
|uduigia cc|cta|is Shiully valei piiniose, Tinggii pasii - -
Mcnccncria nas|a|a Monochaiia, AiiovIeaf pondveed, KeIadi agas - -
Pandanus inncrsus Svanp/iiveiine pandanus, Iandan iasau - -
Pandanus sp. Sciev pine, Sciev paIn, Iandan panlai - - -
Rqncncspcra ccrqnocsa CoIden leak sedge, Runpul sendayan -
Sagi||aria sagi|acfc|ia Aiiovhead, Veiigaled Iessei aiiovhead, unga sagilaiia kuning -
Sc|cria suna|rcnsis Sunalian scIeiia, Runpul kunla -
S|acnq|apnc|a janaiccnsis Spolled lasiI, Iue poileiveed, SeIasih dandi, Iokok kecul kuda - -
Vanda ncc|criana Kinla veed, IenciI Oichid, Anggiek pensiI - -
Zingiocracac sp. WiId gingei, HaIia hulan - -
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

iii) Zcnc 3. Sncrc|inc |ringc (0 |c 0.3 n Al|)

This zone can le found in a vel pond oi shaIIov naish. Many of lhe eneigenl pIanls in Zone 2 can aIso lhiive
in Zone 3 (TalIe AX1.5). If shading is needed aIong lhe shoieIine, liee species aie aIso ieconnended.
TalIe AX1.5: Reconnended IIanl Species foi Zone 3 (ShoieIine Iiinge)

A|s|cnia spa|nu|a|a Maish puIai, Sianese laIsa, Haid niIkvood, IuIai paya -
Ar|ccarpus a||i|is ieadfiuil, Sukun - -
Cqr|cs|acnqs |a||a
Red seaIing-vax paIn, Dvaif Iipslick paIn, Iinang neiah,
Iinang iaja
-
Di||cnia suffru|iccsa Shiully sinpoh, Shiully diIIenia, Sinpoh aii - - - -
Mc|a|cuca |cucadcndrcn Cajapul liee, Iapei-laik liee, Weeping leal liee, CeIan - -
Pcnc|ia pinna|a Iijian Iongan, IsIand Iychee, Kasai - - - -
Saraca |naipingcnsis YeIIov ashoka, YeIIov saiaca, Saiaka kuning, Iokok gapis - - -
Sncrca |cngifc|ia Meianli hilan paya - -
Sncrca p|a|qcarpa Lighl ied neianli, Meianli paya - -
Sindcra ccriaccac Sepelii Iicin, Sepelii ninyak - -
it) Zcnc 4. Riparian |ringc (0.3 - 1.2 n Al|)
Zone 4 exlends fion O.3 n lo 1.2 n in eIevalion alove lhe noinaI pooI. IIanls in lhis zone aie suljecl lo
peiiodic inundalion aflei sloins, and nay expeiience saluialed oi pailIy saluialed soiI condilion.
Reconnended pIanl species foi Zone 4 aie shovs in TalIe AX1.6.
TalIe AX1.6: Reconnended IIanl Species foi Zone 4 (Ripaiian Iiinge)
Aracnis pin|ci YeIIov peanul pIanl, Iinlo peanul, Kekacang, Kacang hias - -
Asqs|asia gangc|ica Cieeping foxgIove, Runpul ilik - -
8anousa tu|garis
Connon lanloo, Cianl yeIIov cIunping lanloo, Iealheiy
anloo, uIuh ninyak, uIuh gading, uIuh aui
-
Carqc|a nc Cianl fishlaiI paIn, Tukas - -
Cccc|coa utifcra Sea giape, Hopvood, Hoisevood -
Cra|cxq|cn arocrcsccns MalleiIey, Ceionggang, Seionggang -
Di||cnia suffru|iccsa Shiully sinpoh, Shiully diIIenia, Sinpoh aii - - -
||acccarpus ni|idus WaInul oiI fiuil, Iinang punai -
|icus ocnjanina Weeping fig, enjanin fig, Aia leiingin, Aia vaiingin - - - -
|icus g|cocsa Iing fig, Aia keIaIavai, Aia paya - - -
]cnanncs|cijnannia a||ifrcn }ohanna paIn, Dianond }oey, }oey paIn - - - -
Kccnpassia na|acccnsis Kenpas liee, Kenpas - - -
|icua|a spincsa Mangiove fan paIn, Spiny IicuaIa, Cood Iuck paIn, IaIas duii - - - -
Mc|ia cxcc|sa Maiiango liee, IhiIipine neen liee, Senlang -
Ncpnrc|cpis sp. Svoid fein, Iaku - - -
t) Zcnc 5. ||ccdp|ain Tcrracc (|nfrcqucn||q |nunda|cd)
Zone 5 is peiiodicaIIy inundaled ly fIoodvaleis lhal quickIy iecede in a day oi Iess. Key Iandscaping oljeclives
foi Zone 5 aie lo slaliIise lhe sleep sIope of lhis zone and eslalIish Iov nainlenance naluiaI vegelalion.
Reconnended pIanl species foi Zone 5 aie shovs in TalIe AX1.7.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

TalIe AX1.7: Reconnended IIanl Species foi Zone 5 (IIoodpIain Teiiace)
A|s|cnia angus|i|coa Connon puIai, IuIai - - - -
Arcncn|cpnccnix a|cxandrac
AIexandia paIn, AIexandei paIn, King paIn, IaIna
Iskandai
- -
Ccs|us spccicsus MaIay gingei, Ciape gingei, SpiiaI fIag, Selavai lavai - - -
Dcndrcca|anus gigan|cus Cianl lanloo, uIuh lelong - - -
Dqcra ccs|u|a|a }eIulong liee, }eIulong, }eIulong luiil, }eIulong paya - - -
|agraca fragrans Tenlusu liee, Tenlusu - - - -
Hc|iccnia psi||accrun Iaiiol's leak, Iaiakeel fIovei, Iaiiol's fIovei - -
|agcrs|rccnia f|cs-rcginac Queens ciape nyilIe, Iiide of India, Rose of India, ungoi - - -
Mc|as|cna na|aoa|nricun
MaIalai neIaslone, Sliails Rhododendion, Senduduk,
Keduduk, Senggani,
- - -
Mcssua fcrrca CeyIon iionvood, Indian iose cheslnul, Ienaga IiIin - - - -
Mussacnda crq|nrcpnq||a Ashanli lIood, Red fIag lush, TiopicaI dogvood, }anda kaya - -
Onccspcrna ncrridun Thoiny paIn, Mounlain nilung paIn, ayas - -
Onccspcrna |igi||ariun Nilung paIn, Nilung - - -
Pandanus pigncus SnaII scievpine, Iandan kuning - -
Piscnia a|oa Lelluce liee, Callage liee, MoonIighl liee, Menkudu sian - -
Tacca cnan|ricri al head IiIy, al IIovei, DeviI IIovei, Misai laung - - -
ti) Zcnc 6. Up|and S|cpcs (Sc|dcn cr Nctcr |nunda|cd)
The Iasl zone exlends alove lhe naxinun 1OO-yeai valei suiface eIevalion, and oflen incIudes lhe oulei luffei
of a pond oi velIand. Caie shouId le laken lo Iocale pIanls so lhey viII nol oveigiov lhese ioules oi cieale
hiding pIaces lhal nighl nake lhe aiea unsafe. Reconnended pIanl species foi Zone 6 aie shovs in
TalIe AX1.8.
TalIe AX1.8: Reconnended IIanl Species foi Zone 6 (UpIand SIopes)
olanicaI Nane Connon Nane I A L I
8aunina o|a|cana Hong Kong ochid liee, Tapak kuda - -
Cananga cdcra|a Cananga liee, Dvaif YIang YIang, Kenanga - - -
Canariun tu|garis Kanaii nul liee, Kenaii - -
Cassia fis|u|a CoIden shovei liee, Indian Ialuinun, Senong, DuIang -
Cicca accida Tiee leais, Ceinai - - -
Cinnancnun incrs WiId cinnanonhindi, Kayu nanis - -
Drqcoa|ancps arcna|ica Sunalia canphoi, Kapui laius - -
|uca|qp|us dcg|up|a Mindanao gun, Kayu pulih -
||accur|ia incrnis aloko pIun, Rokan - - -
Hioiscus nu|aoi|is Confedeiale iose, Collon iosenaIIov, aiu Iandak, elaiu -
|itis|cna rc|undifc|ia IoolslooI paIn, Seidang - -
Mc|ia cxcc|sa Maiiango liee, IhiIipine neen liee, Senlang - - -
Mi||c|ia a|rcpurpurca IuipIe niIIelia, TuIang daing - - -
Pc||cpncrun p|crccarpun YeIIov fIane, alai Iaul - - - -
Pri|cnardia pacifica Iiji fan paIn, IaIna kipas Iiji -
Rapnis cxcc|sa ioadIeaf Iady paIn, anloo paIn, Rafis, Iinang iolan -
Rcqs|cnca rcgia RoyaI paIn, IaIna diiaja -
Tcc|cna grandis Teak, }ali - - -
Zizqpnus nauri|ania Indian }ujule, idaia -

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!$&/=/= +5A;36846;?5 .H<6:@<
SuilalIe pIanl species foi lhese syslens aie given in TalIe AX1.9. They, hovevei, aie suljecled lo lhe foIIoving
design consliainls:
- IIanling a vegelaled fiIlei sliip of al Ieasl 5.5 n vidlh viII cause sedinenls lo sellIe oul lefoie ieaching
lhe faciIily, lheiely ieducing lhe possiliIily of cIogging,
- Deleinine aieas lhal viII le saluialed vilh valei and valei lalIe deplh so lhal appiopiiale pIanls nay
le seIecled (hydioIogy viII le siniIai lo lioielenlion faciIilies),
- IIanls knovn lo send dovn deep lapiools shouId le avoided in syslen vheie fiIlei faliic is used as
pail of faciIily design,
- Tesl soiI condilion lo deleinine if soiI anendnenls aie necessaiy,
- IIanls shaII le Iocaled so lhal access is possilIe foi sliucluie nainlenance,
- SlaliIise heavy fIov aieas vilh eiosion conlioI nals oi sod, and
- TenpoiaiiIy diveil fIovs fion seeded aieas unliI vegelalion is eslalIished.

TalIe AX1.9: Reconnended Shiuls and Ciass Species foi lhe Syslen
olanicaI Nane Connon Nane
A|ccasia sp. AIocasia, Taio, KeIadi
A|pinia sandcrac Vaiiegaled Cingei, HaIia hiasan
Ca|a|nca sp. Ieacock pIanl, Leiek
Canna gcncra|is Canna IiIy, unga laslih
Cassia a|a|a WiId senna, Ringvoin lush, CeIenggang
C|ccnc spccicsa Spiny spideifIovei, Manan
Gcsncriaccac sp. CIoudfoiesl fIovei, Lelup-Ielup
|pcnca intc|ucra|a KeIedek nyiiu
|xcra jatanica }ungIe fIane, }ungIe geianiun, Sianlan
Turncra u|nif|cra YeIIov lulleicups, YeIIov aIdei, Sage Rose, Culan lulleicup, Tuineia
Zcqsia na|rc||a ManiIa giass, ManiIa lenpIe giass, Koiean giass, Runpul sigIap

!$&/=/C I;?8:6:56;?5 .H<6:@<
a) Sci| 8cd Cnarac|cris|ic
SoiI led chaiacleiislics foi lioielenlion syslens aie peihaps as inpoilanl as lhe faciIily, Iocalion, size, and
liealnenl voIune. The soiI nusl le peinealIe enough lo aIIov iunoff lo infiIliale lhiough lhe nedia, vhiIe
having chaiacleiislics suilalIe lo pionole and suslain a iolusl vegelalive covei ciop. Theiefoie, lhe soiIs nusl
have laIance soiI chenisliy and physicaI piopeilies lo suppoil liolic connunilies alove and leIov giound.
o) P|an|ing P|an Dcsign Ccnsidcra|icn
- Nalive pIanl species shouId le specified ovei exolic oi foieign species.
- Appiopiiale vegelalion shouId le seIecled lased on lhe zone of hydiauIic loIeiance.
- Species Iayoul shouId geneiaIIy le iandon and naluiaI.
- A canopy shouId le eslalIished vilh an undei sloiey of shiuls and heilaceous naleiiaIs.
- Woody vegelalion shouId nol le specified in lhe vicinily of infIov Iocalion.
- Tiees shouId le pIanled piinaiiIy aIong lhe peiinelei of lhe lioielenlion aiea.
- Uilan sliessois (e.g. vind, sun, exposuie, insecl and disease).
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

- Infeslalion and dioughl shouId le consideied vhen Iaying oul lhe pIanling pIan.
- Noxious veeds shouId nol le specified.
- Aeslhelics and visuaI chaiacleiislics shouId le a piine consideialion.
- Tiaffic and safely issues nusl le consideied.
- Lxisling and pioposed uliIilies nusl le idenlified and consideied
IIanls seIeclion shouId le lased on lhe goaI of sinuIaling a leiiesliiaI foiesled connunily of nalive species.
ioielenlion sinuIales an upIand-species ecosyslen. The connunily shouId le doninaled ly liees, lul have a
dislincl connunily of undei sloiey liees, shiuls and heilaceous naleiiaIs (see TalIe AX1.1O).
TalIe AX1.1O: Suggesled IIanl Species foi ioielenlion Aieas
Ciound Covei/Shiuls/IaIns
Arundina graninifc|ia Tapah veed, anloo oichid, iid oichid, Anggeiik luIuh, Anggeiik lanah
Cqc|cscrus aridus Diy vood-fein, Iaku paya
|pcncca cairica RaiIvay cieepei, Ivy-Ieaved Moining CIoiy, Seii pagi jaIai
|snacnun nu|icun Seashoie cenlipede giass, Dioughl giass, Runpul lenlaga janlan, Runpul Kenaiau
Tiees
A|s|cnia spa|nu|a|a Maish puIai, Sianese laIsa, Haid niIkvood, IuIai paya
P|ciariun a||crnifc|iun Cicada liee, Riang-iiang
Saraca |naipingcnsis YeIIov ashoka, YeIIov saiaca, Saiaka kuning, Iokok gapis

Theie aie essenliaIIy lhiee zones vilhin lhe lioielenlion syslen as shov in Iiguie AX1.2.

Iiguie AX1.2: IIanling Zones foi ioielenlion Syslen

Vegelaled IiIlei Aiea
Species loIeianl lo
fIuclualing valei IeveI
Lovesl Zone MiddIe Zone
Highesl Zone
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

TalIe AX1.11: Reconnended Ciound Covei Species foi Ciassed ChanneI, Vegelaled IiIlei Aiea and SvaIe
Ciassed ChanneI,
Vegelaled IiIlei Aiea
Agcra|un ccnqzcidcs Chick veed, Coalveed, Runpul lahi ayan
Aracnis pin|ci YeIIov peanul pIanl, Iinlo peanul, Kekacang, Kacang hias
Asqs|asia gangc|ica Cieeping foxgIove, Runpul ilik
Cn|cris oaroa|a SvoIIen fingei giass, Runpul nekai
C|idcnia nir|a Souplush, Senduduk luIu
Ccnnc|ina nudif|cra Connon spideivoil, Runpul aui
Crc|cn nir|us Kiolon leiluIu, Cendeiai gajah
Digi|aria fusccsccns YeIIov cial giass, Runpul jejaii haIus
|cninccn|ca cc|cnun }ungIeiice, Runpul kekusa keciI
||cpnan|cpus scaocr IiickIy-Ieaved eIephanl's fool, Runpul lulup luni
|upa|criun cdcra|un Connon fIoss fIovei, Runpul kapaI leilang
Gcnpnrcna g|cocsa CIole anaianlhus, unga lulang
Mcrrcnia unoc||a|a YeIIov vood iose, Akai senduduk leIanga
Paspa|un ccnjuga|un uffaIo giass, Runpul Ienlu
Pnancra audax Akai neiak
Pnancra in|cgrifc|ia Akai kuning iaja
Pnascc|us puocsccns Kacang faseoIus luIu
Pucraria pnascc|cidcs Iueio, Kekacang
S|acnq|apnc|a janaiccnsis Spolled lasiI, Iue poileiveed, SeIasih dandi, Iokok kecul kuda
SvaIe
Axcncpnus ccnprcssus Cov giass, Runpul pahil
8racniaria sp. Tannei giass, Runpul naIeIa
Cqncdcn dac|q|cn einudagiass, Runpul leinuda
Panicun tirga|un Svilch giass, TaII panic giass, Walei panicun, Thalchgiass
Vc|itcria zizanicdcs Veilivei giass, Runpul vangi

TalIe AX1.12: Reconnended Main Ciound Covei foi ChanneI SIope Liosion/Tiealnenl
olanicaI Nane/Synlhelic MaleiiaI Connon Nane
Axcncpus ccnprcssus nu|iara IeaiI giass, Runpul nuliaia
Axcncpus affinis NaiiovIeaf caipel giass, Runpul kaipel
8racniaria sp. Tannei giass, Runpul naIeIa
Cqncdcn dac|q|cn einuda giass, Runpul leinuda
Digi|aria didac|q|ia Seiangoon giass
Panicun tirga|un Svilch giass, TaII panic giass, Walei panicun, Thalchgiass
S|cnc|apnrun sccunda|un Sl. Augusline
S|cnc|apnrun sccunda|un taricga|un Vaiiegaled Sl. Augusline giass
Vc|itcria zizanicdcs Veilivei giass, Runpul vangi
Zcqsia sp. LneiaId Ciass

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!$&/=/J .K43:<L *84<<:E '7455:3 45E M:N:646:E F;36:8 !8:4<
IIovs aie ieduced ly ioughness of giasses and valei quaIily is fuilhei inpioved. These giasses aie sod
faining and vilhsland fiequenl inundalion, and aie lhus ideaI foi lhe giassed channeI, vegelaled fiIlei aiea,
and svaIe enviionnenls (TalIes AX1.11 and AX1.12).
a) Tcpsci|
TopsoiI is inpoilanl in pieseiving and piolecling lhe giound suiface fion eiosion and is alIe lo alsoil
sloinvalei iunoff noie efficienlIy. RenovaI of lopsoiI viII depIele lhe Iand feiliIily foi pIanling and aIso cause
eiosion and siIlalion of lhe channeIs.
Conpacled soiIs viII need lo le liIIed lefoie giass seeding oi pIanling. Al Ieasl 1OO nn of lhe foIIoving
ieconnended lopsoiI nix is iequiied: 5O-8O sandy Ioan, 1O-2O cIay and 1O-2O conposile oiganic nallei.
o) Sccding Cri|cria
The pIanling ciileiia foi svaIe, giassed channeI, and vegelaled fiIlei aiea aie as foIIovs:
- Ciound covei shouId le loIeianl lo fiequenl inundalion and eiosion. Wheie possilIe one oi noie of lhe
giasses shouId le in lhe seed nixes,
- giass shouId le alIe lo suivive fIood, dioughl, giazing aninaIs and olhei foices of naluie,
- Cheap and easy lo eslalIish and nainlain,
- Has deep penelialion iool syslen, vhich can giov up lo 3 nelies in Ienglh. Long iools aie veiy usefuI
in inpioving slaliIily of eailh sIopes as lhey piovide ieinfoicenenl ly hoIding lhe soiI pailicIes
logelhei and noie inpoilanlIy, ienove sulsoiI nixluie, vhich is deliinenlaI lo sIope slaliIily, and
- AlIe lo suivive on nany soiI lypes aInosl iegaidIess of feiliIily, aIkaIinily oi saIinily.
c) P|an|ing P|an
The quaIily of lhe giass seed used is inpoilanl. Iiesh and iecIeaned giass seeds of lhe Ialesl ciop avaiIalIe shaII
le used. CeneiaI guideIines foi eslalIishing an effeclive giass Iining aie as foIIovs:
- Iiepaie a good, fiin seed led,
- Use a ciop iesidue oi a nuIch lo piolecl lhe giass duiing eslalIishnenl,
- AIIov 3 nonlhs foi giass lo shov an adequale sland,
- SeIecl a sinpIe giass nixluie lhal lesl fils lhe condilions of lhe svaIe,
- Use good quaIily seed fion giass oiigins and sliains knovn lo le adaplalIe lo lhe sile,
- IIanl al lhe lesl dale foi lhe seIecled giass species,
- Use pIanling equipnenl and nelhods lhal give unifoin disliilulions and piopei pIacenenl of seed,
- Walei giass as iequiied lo suppIenenl iainfaII unliI il is eslalIished,
- IeiliIise accoiding lo lhe needs of lhe giass and lhe soiIs as shovn ly soiI lesls,
- Oveiseed oi iepaii laie spols vilh sod chunks oi nuIch as necessaiy,
- Avoid diiving vehicIes on lhe svaIe oi danaging lhe sod vilh liIIage, and
- Mov vhen giass can nake good iegiovlh.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX1-1O |cc|cgica| P|an|s
TalIe AX1.13: Reconnended IaIn and Shiul Species foi Rivei Coiiidoi

IIanling Zones IIanl ToIeiances
olanicaI Nane Connon nane

M
a
i
g
i
n

L
o
v
e
i

a
n
k

U
p
p
e
i

a
n
k

T
e
i
i
a
c
e

I
a
c
e

U
p
p
e
i

T
e
i
i
a
c
e

1= loIeianl
2= loIeiance sone
3= inloIeianl

S
u
n

S
h
a
d
e

W
e
l

D
i
y

W
i
n
d

IaIns
Arcncn|cpnccnix a|cxandrac
AIexandia paIn, AIexandei paIn, King
paIn, IaIna Iskandai
- - 2 1 1 2 1
Arcnga pinna|a Sugai paIn, Kalung - - 2 2 1 2 1
Ca|anus sp. Rallan, Rolan - - 3 1 2 2 3
Carpcn|aria acunina|a Caipenlaiia paIn - - 1 1 1 3 2
Cqr|cs|acnqs rcnda MaIaya seaIing vax paIn, Iinang neiah - - 2 1 1 2 1
Dcndrcca|anus gigan|cus Cianl lanloo, uIuh lelong - - - 1 2 1 2 1
|ugcisscna |ris|is WiId loinean sago, eilan - - 3 1 2 2 2
|icua|a spincsa
Mangiove fan paIn, Spiny IicuaIa, Cood
Iuck paIn, IaIas duii
- - 1 1 1 3 2
Mc|rcxq|cn sagu Sago paIn, Sagu - - 2 2 1 3 2
Onccspcrna ncrridun
Thoiny paIn, Mounlain nilung paIn,
ayas
- - 2 2 1 2 1
Onccspcrna |igi||ariun Nilung paIn, Nilung - - 2 2 1 2 1
Pnq||cs|acnqs su|pnurca SuIphui lanloo, uIuh kuning - - - 1 2 1 2 1
Pinanga na|aiana
MaIaya seaIing vax paIn,
Legong/Iinang hulan
- - 3 1 1 3 3
P|qcncspcrna nacar|nurii
Macailhui paIn, CIuslei paIn,
Huiiicane paIn, IaIna Macailhui
- - 2 2 1 2 2
Snruos
A|pinia purpura|a Red gingei, AIpinia neiah - - 2 1 2 3 2
Ardisisa crcna|a Hens eyes, Mala ayan - - - 2 2 2 2 2
Asp|cniun nidus
iids nesl fein, Iaku Iangsuii, Daun
senun
- - - - 3 1 1 3 2
Cassia a|a|a
WiId senna, Ringvoin lush,
CeIenggang
- - 2 2 1 2 3
Cqpcrus sp. Nulsedge, Rusiga - - - - - 1 2 1 2 1
G|cicncnia |incaris TangIe fein, Iaku iesan - - - - 2 1 1 2 1
Hc|iccnia rcs|ra|a
Hanging Iolslei cIav,
HeIiconia sepil kelan
- - 3 1 2 3 3
Mcnccncria nas|a|a
Monochaiia, AiiovIeaf pondveed,
KeIadi agas
- 1 2 1 3 2
Ncpnrc|cpis cxa||a|a Svoid fein, Iaku - - - - 3 1 1 3 2
Pandanus na|aqanus Sciev pine, Iandan - - - - 2 1 1 2 2
Pnq||aga|nis rc|undifc|ia
SoIonons soIe, Akai seiau naIan,
Tapak SuIainan, Tapak gajah, Seii luIan
- - - 3 1 1 2 2
P|a|qccriun ccrcnariun Slagshol, Slags hoin fein, Tanduk iusa - - - - 3 1 1 3 3
Sagi||aria sagi|acfc|ia
Aiiovhead, Veiigaled Iessei aiiovhead,
unga sagilaiia kuning
- 2 2 1 3 2
Sqngcniun pcdcpnq||un While lulleifIy, Singoniun - - - - 3 1 1 3 2
Tacca cnin|ricri
al head IiIy, al IIovei, DeviI IIovei,
Misai laung
- - - - 3 1 1 3 3
Tqpna |a|ifc|ia uIiush, ioadIeaf callaiI, anal - 1 2 1 3 2
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

TalIe AX1.14: Reconnended Tiee Species foi Rivei Coiiidoi
IIanling Zones IIanl ToIeiances

olanicaI Nane

Connon Nane

M
a
i
g
i
n

L
o
v
e
i

a
n
k

U
p
p
e
i

a
n
k

T
e
i
i
a
c
e

I
a
c
e

U
p
p
e
i

T
e
i
i
a
c
e

1= loIeianl
2= loIeiale sone
3 =inloIeianl

S
u
n

S
h
a
d
e

W
e
l

D
i
y

W
i
n
d

Tiees
A|s|cnia spa|nu|a|a
Maish puIai, Sianese laIsa, Haid
niIkvood, IuIai paya
- - - - 1 2 1 2 2
Ar|ccarpus pcduncu|aris Teiap liee, Teiap - - - - 1 1 1 2 1
Ca|cpnq||un sp. Iunna, inlangoi - - - 1 2 1 2 1
Cananga cdcra|a
Cananga liee, Dvaif YIang YIang,
Kenanga
- - - 1 1 1 2 1
Dacncncrcps angus|i|coa Walei iallan, Rolan gelah - - - - 3 1 1 3 3
Dcrris ncp|apnq||a Tula - - - 1 2 1 2 1
|ugcnia dcnsif|cra KeIal janlu aii - - - 1 2 1 2 3
|ugcnia spica|a
IiiefIy lush, Spicale eugenia, KeIal
nenasi
- - - - 1 2 1 2 3
|icus ocnjanina
Weeping fig, enjanin fig, Aia
leiingin, Aia vaiingin
- - - - 1 1 1 1 1
|icus g|cocsa Iing fig, Aia keIaIavai, Aia paya - - - - 1 1 1 1 1
|icus nispida Haiiy fig, Aia keIunpang - - - - 2 2 1 2 2
|ragrac fragrans Iionvood, Tenlusu - - - - 1 1 1 2 1
G|u|a tc|u|ina Walei iengas, Rengas aii - - - 1 1 1 2 1
|n|sia pa|cnoanica
Maialav Tiee of MaIacca, MaIacca
leak, Meilau
- - - - 1 1 1 2 1
Kccnpasia na|acccnsis Kenpas liee, Kenpas - - 1 1 1 2 1
|agcrs|rccnia f|cs-rcginac
Queens ciape nyilIe, Iiide of India,
Rose of India, ungoi
- - - 1 2 1 2 1
|icua|a spincsa
Mangiove fan paIn, Spiny IicuaIa,
Cood Iuck paIn, IaIas duii
- - - 3 1 1 3 3
Macaranga sp. Mahang liee, Mahang - - 1 1 1 2 2
Ma||c|us sp. aIik angin - - 1 1 1 1 1
Mc|a|cuca |cucadcndrcn
Cajapul liee, Iapei-laik liee, Weeping
leal liee, CeIan
- - 1 2 1 2 1
Mi||c|ia ncns|cqana Slen laik, }ada - - - 1 1 2 2 1
Par|ia jatanica Salav, Ielai keiayung - - - 1 1 1 2 1
Pc|qa||nia sc|crcpnq||a Masl liee, Menpisang, }angkang - - - 1 1 1 2 2
Pcnc|ia pinna|a Iijian Iongan, IsIand Iychee, Kasai - - - - 1 1 1 1 1
P|crccarpus indicus
MaIay paduak, Nev Cuinea iosevood,
Sena, Anggsana
- - - 1 1 1 1 2
P|crc|coiun jatanicun uIIocks eye, Mala Ienlu - - - 1 1 1 2 2
Saraca |naipingcnsis
YeIIov ashoka, YeIIov saiaca, Saiaka
kuning, Iokok gapis
- - - 3 1 1 3 2
Scnncra|ia cascc|aris AppIe nangiove, Ieiepal - - - 3 1 1 3 2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!$&/=/O "46B843 '7455:3L 0;>:8 '?88;E?8 45E 0;P48;45 Q?5:
Riveiside oi iipaiian vegelalion heIps lo piolecl lhe iiveilank, piovide lieeding giound foi aqualic Iife,
lenpoiaiiIy hoIding oveifIov, as veII as liap sedinenls and sone poIIulanls (TalIes AX1.13 and AX1.14).
Idenlificalion of suilalIe pIanl species shaII le lased on lhe hydioIogic zones oi seclions of lhe channeI.
a) P|an|ing Guidc
- Deleinine lhe piofiIe of lhe iivei lo idenlify lhe diffeienl chaiacleiislics oi vegelalion zones,
- Iiepaie a pIanling pIan vilh conposilion of lhe pIanl species foi lhe zones,
- Space pIanls accoiding lo lhe zone lhey leIong in, and lheii naluie size. An appioxinalion of one pIanl
pei squaie nelie viII le geneiaIIy sufficienl. Rushes, snaII sedges and feins can le pIanled up lo lhiee
pIanls pei squaie nelie,
- SeIecl indigenous and haidy species lhal aie adaplalIe and loIeianl lo sile and soiI condilions of
fIoodpIains and iipaiian zones,
- Oidei pIanls veII in advance of pIanling. SeIecl a nuiseiy speciaIising in nalive pIanls,
- IIanl appiopiiale species iighl dovn lo lhe valeis edge oi naigin,
- Iiepaie lhe sile veII in advance of pIanling,
- Renove invasive veeds such as |npra|a cq|indrica, |ucncrnia sp, Minusa pudica and Minusa indica
(SenaIu),
- CIeai aII vegelalion foi aloul 1 nelie dianelei aiound each pIanling posilion,
- Sel oul pIanls in lheii coiiecl zones. IIanls shouId le spaced oul accoiding lo hov Iaige lhey viII
evenluaIIy giov inlo,
- efoie pIanling, piune off enlangIed iools. Sel lhe pIanls inlo a led of sofl, voiked soiI al lhe lollon of
lhe hoIe, and iepack ciunled soiI aiound lhe iool nass lighlIy lo pievenl aii gaps,
- Lnsuie pIanls vilhin lhe channeI aie veII pIanled and conpacled aiound lhe lase,
- On vel siles, pIanl in a shaIIovei hoIe so lhal lhe lop of lhe iool nass and associaled soiI aie al giound
IeveI oi even sIighlIy nounded alove il in peinanenlIy saluialed condilion,
- Ioi pooi soiI, sIov-ieIease feiliIisei shouId le appIied lo each pIanl. Shoil-lein feiliIisei shouId le
appIied lo lhe giound aflei pIanling and lefoie nuIching, and
- MuIch shouId nol le appIied on vel siles oi anyvheie neai lhe valei fIov, as nuIch is IikeIy lo le
vashed avay and nay caused sliean lIockages.
o) Sc|cc|ing P|an| Spccics
Due lo lhe diffeienl condilions foi eslalIishnenl and giovlh of pIanls vilh soggy and inundaled soiI, iiveiside
pIanls can le calegoiised inlo diffeienl vegelaled zones. These zones aie lased on sIope condilion and dislance
fion lhe valei edge. The species connonIy found aIong lhe iiveis aie ieconnended foi pIanling in iesloiing
lhe iivei and ils coiiidoi inlo ils naluiaI foins and funclion ciealing lhe iiveiine Iandscape and paikIand.
!$&/C (-R#0 '(".+1#0!-+(". +" ,)!"-+"*
!$&/C/& G;3E '?33:96;?5
WiId pIanls aie inpoilanl as lhey aie noie adapled lo lhe IocaI enviionnenlaI condilions (TalIe AX1.15). WiId
pIanls have accIinaled lo IocaI soiIs, lypicaI hydioIogic iegion and vealhei. WiId pIanls viII iniliale nev
giovlh noie quickIy and deveIop noie iolusl giovlh halils al eaiIiei slage lhan pIanls secuied fion
nuiseiies as seed oi polled pIanls.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

TalIe AX1.15: Reconnended WiId IIanl Species
A|s|cnia spa|nu|a|a Maish puIai, Sianese laIsa, Haid niIkvood, IuIai paya
8anousa tu|garis
Connon lanloo, Cianl yeIIov cIunping lanloo, Iealheiy anloo,
uIuh ninyak, uIuh gading, uIuh aui
|cpircnia ar|icu|a|a Tule sedge, Ciey sedge, Iue iush, Tvigiush, Iuiun, Keicul
|i|sca |cqsnanni Medang keIoi
|uduigia adsccndcns IIoaling MaIayan viIIov heil, Tinggii langau
Mcncncria nas|a|a Haslale-Ieafed pondveed, KeIadi agas
Pandanus inncrsus Svan/iiveiiine pandanus, Iandan iasau
Pnragni|cs |ar|a Connon ieed, TaII ieed, TiopicaI ieed, Runpul gedalong
Pnq|idrun |anugincsun Ian giass, Runpul kipas
Pcnc|ia pinna|a Iijian Iongan, IsIand Iychee, Kasai
Onccspcrna |igi|ariun Nilung paIn, Nilung
Scirpus grassus Ciealei cIul iush, Runpul nendeiong
Turncra u|nifc|ia
HoIy iose, YeIIov lulleicup, Culan lulleicup, Tuineia, Lidah kucing, unga
pukuI deIapan
Tqpna angus|ifc|ia Naiiov callaiI, Lessei luIiush, Lessei ieednace, anal

!$&/C/= R4D;646 '8:46;?5
Ripaiian vegelalion peifoins a Iong Iisl of inpoilanl funclions in lhe ciealion and nainlenance of fish and
viIdIife halilal. Those funclions can le sunnaiised as foIIovs:
- Ripaiian vegelalion nodeiales valei lenpeialuie, naking lhe iivei halilalIe foi fish and olhei aqualic
Iife,
- Tiee iools, shiul species and olhei giovlh lind lhe sliean lank soiI and piovide iesislance lo eiosive
foices of lhe valei (TalIes AX1.16 and AX1.17). This pioduces deepei channeIs vilh lanks lhal aie
undeicul lul heId logelhei vilh exposed iool syslens. These undeicul lanks conpIele vilh oveihang
vegelalion, piovide inpoilanl escape covei foi fish,
- Mosl of lhe iivei/slieans lioIogicaI eneigy and lhe lase of lhe food chain foi sliean Iife cone fion lhe
Ieaves, fiuils, seeds, cones and olhei pails of lhe pIanls, and
- Woody deliis lhal faIIs inlo lhe iivei foins pooIs foi fish, cieales halilal ly causing lackvalei pooIs
and piovides sloiage aieas foi sedinenl lhal olheivise nighl le ieIeased inlo spavning aieas.
IIanling foi ponds, velIands and Iaige channeIs such as iivei shaII incoipoiale oppoilunilies foi ciealion of
viIdIife halilal (Iiguie AX1.3).

MaIayan ox TuilIe SnaII CIaved Ollei Monkey Connon Myna LillIe Lgiel
Iiguie AX1.3: LocaI WiIdIife Alliacled lo lhe Rivei Lcosyslen (WiIdIife al USM WelIand)

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

TalIe AX1.16: Reconnended Tiees and IaIn Species foi WiIdIife Halilal
Ar|ccarpus a||i|is ieadfiuil, Sukun
Ccioa pcn|andra Kapok liee, SiIk collon, }ava collon, Kekalu, Kalu-kalu, Kapuk iandu
Cqr|cs|acnqs |a||a Red seaIing vax paIn, Dvaif Iipslick paIn, Iinang neiah, Iinang iaja
Ccrdia scocs|ana aurca Oiange geigei liee
Di||cnia indica LIephanl appIe, Sinpoh India
Dicspqrcs discc|cr ullei fiuil, Menlega
|ugcnia pc|qan|na Indonesian lay Ieaf, KeIal
|icus ocnjanina Weeping fig, enjanin fig, Aia leiingin, Aia vaiingin
|n|sia pa|cnoanica Maialav liee of MaIacca, MaIacca leak, Sepelii
|itis|cna cnincnsis Iounlain paIn, Seidang
Mc|ia cxcc|sa Maiiango liee, IhiIipine neen liee, Senlang
Minuscp c|cngi uIIel-vood Tiee, unga lanjung
Mun|igia ca|aoura Cheiiy liee, Sliavleiiy liee, Collon candy leiiy, Keiukup Sian, Ceii
kanpung
Musa sp. WiId lanana, Iisang hulan
Pi|cc||coiun du|cc Madias lhoin, ManiIa lanaiind, Monkeypod, Asan eIanda
Pcnc|ia pinna|a Iijian Iongan, IsIand Iychee, Kasai
P|qcncspcrna nacar|nurii Macailhui paIn, CIuslei paIn, Huiiicane paIn, IaIna Macailhui
Sananca sanan Rain liee, Cov lanaiind, Hujan-hujan, IukuI Iina jaii
Sapiun indicun TaIIov liee, Cuiah
S|crcu|ia fcc|ida HazeI sleicuIia, Cieal sleicuIia Skunk fIovei, KeIunpang
S|crcu|ia ncoi|is Chinese cheslnul
Tcrnina|ia ca|appa TiopicaI aInond, Sea aInond, Kelapang

TalIe AX1.17: Reconnended Shiul Species foi WiIdIife Halilal
Ardisia crispa Hens eyes, CoiaI leiiy, Mala ayan, Mala IeIanduk, Akai leluIuh
Asp|cniun nidus iids nesl fein, Iaku Iangsuii, Daun senun
Asqs|asia gangc|ica Cieeping foxgIove, Runpul ilik
Carissa grandif|cra Connon caiissa, NalaI paIn, oxvood leauly
Cassia a|a|a WiId senna, Ringvoin lush, CeIenggang
Gcsncriaccac sp. CIoudfoiesl fIovei, Lelup-Ielup
Graninac sp. DaineI, Runpul lelu
Hanguana na|aqana Connon hanguana, Connon susun, akong, akong iinla
|xcra jatanica }ungIe fIane, }ungIe geianiun, Sianlan
Mc|as|cna na|aoa|nricun MaIalai neIaslone, Sliails Rhododendion, Senduduk, Keduduk, Senggani
Nqnpnac sp. Walei IiIy, Teialai
Pnragni|cs |ar|a Connon ieed, TaII ieed, TiopicaI ieed, Runpul gedalong
P|accriun ccrcnariun Slagshol, Slags hoin fein, Tanduk iusa
Prcnna co|usifc|ia Iienna, elula
S|acnq|apnc|a janaiccnsis Spolled lasiI, Iue poileiveed, SeIasih dandi, Iokok kecul kuda
Tacca cnan|ricri al head IiIy, }anggul laung
Turncra u|nifc|ia HoIy iose, YeIIov lulleicup, Culan lulleicup, Tuineia, Lidah kucing,
unga pukuI deIapan
Tqpna |a|ifc|ia uIiush, ioadIeaf callaiI, anal

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!$&/J *#"#0!) ,)!"-+"* !"1 '(".-02'-+(" S#-R(1
CeneiaI pIanling nelhods appIy lo aII pIanls discussed eaiIiei lo le used in vaiious sloinvalei faciIilies such
as ponds, velIands, svaIes, engineeied channeIs and iivei coiiidois.
- Tiees oi shiuls knovn lo have Iong lapiools shouId nol le vilhin lhe vicinily of eailh dan, veii oi
sulsuiface diainage faciIilies,
- Tiees oi shiuls shaII le avay fion lhe nainlenance vidlh iequiienenls and in accoidance vilh ieseive
vidlh as specify in design ciileiia,
- Tiee and shiuls shouId le al Ieasl 5 n avay fion peifoialed pipes,
- Tiees and shiuls shouId le al Ieasl 7.5 n avay fion a iisei sliucluie,
- Iiovide 4.5 n cIeaiance fion a non-cIogging, Iov fIov oiifice,
- Heilaceous enlanknenl pIanlings shouId le Iiniled lo 3O cn in heighl. This is lo aIIov visiliIily foi
lhe inspecloi vho is Iooking foi luiioving iodenls lhal nay conpionise lhe inlegiily of lhe
enlanknenl,
- Iiovide sIope slaliIisalion nelhods foi sIopes sleepei lhan 2:1 such as eiosion conlioI nals. AIso, use
seed nixes vilh quick geininalion iales in lhis aiea,
- Augnenl lenpoiaiy seeding neasuies vilh conlainei ciovns oi iool nals foi noie peinanenl pIanls,
- Use eiosion conlioI nals and faliics in channeIs lhal aie suljecl lo fiequenl vashouls,
- SlaliIise aII eneigency spiIIvays vilh pIanls lhal can vilhsland sliong fIovs,
- SeIecl pIanls vilh filious iool syslen and nol lapiool iool syslen lo avoid danage lo undeigiound
conponenls of ceilain sloinvalei faciIilies such as undeidiains,
- Sod channeI aieas lhal aie nol slaliIised ly eiosion conlioI nals,
- Diveil fIovs lenpoiaiiIy fion seeded aieas unliI slaliIised,
- Check valei loIeiances of exisling pIanl naleiiaIs piioi lo inundalion of aiea,
- SlaliIise aqualic and safely lenches vilh eneigenl velIand pIanls and vel seed nixes,
- Do nol lIock nainlenance access lo sliucluies vilh liees oi shiuls,
- Avoid pIanlings lhal viII iequiie iouline oi inlensive chenicaI appIicalion (i.e. luif aiea) ,
- Have soiI lesled lo deleinine if lheie is a need foi anendnenls,
- Deciease lhe aieas vheie luif is use. Use Iov nainlenance giound covei lo alsoil iun-off,
- IIanl sliean and valei luffeis vilh liees, shiuls, oinanenlaI giasses and heilaceous naleiiaIs vheie
possilIe, lo slaliIise lanks and piovide shade,
- Mainlain and fiane desiialIe vievs. e caiefuI nol lo lIock vievs al enliances, exils, oi difficuIl ioad
cuives. Use pIanls lo scieen off unalliaclive vievs of lhe sile oi faciIily. Aeslhelics and visuaI
chaiacleiislics shouId le a piine consideialion,
- Use pIanls lo piohilil pedesliian access lo pooIs oi sIopes lhal nay le unsafe,
- The designei shouId caiefuIIy considei lhe Iong-lein vegelalion nanagenenl slialegy foi lhe MI,
keeping in nind lhe 'nainlenance Iegacy foi lhe fuluie ovneis. Keep nainlenance aieas and access fiee
of vegelalion lo aIIov vehicIe cIeaiance. Iiovide a pIanling suiface lhal can vilhsland lhe conpaclion of
vehicIes using nainlenance access ioads. Make suie lhe faciIily nainlenance agieenenl incIudes
iequiienenls foi Iandscaping oi vegelalion nainlenance,
- If a MI is IikeIy lo ieceive excessive anounls of deicing saIl, saIl loIeianl pIanls shouId le used,
- Iiovide signage al aieas of sloinvalei faciIilies lo heIp educale lhe pulIic,

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

- Avoid lhe oveiuse of any pIanl species, and
- Iieseive exisling naluiaI vegelalion vhen possilIe.
Il is necessaiy lo lesl lhe soiI lo le used as pIanling nediun in oidei lo deleinine lhe foIIoving:
- pH, vhelhei acid, neuliaI oi aIkaIine,
- Majoi soiI nuliienls, niliogen, phosphoius, polassiun, and
- MineiaIs, such as cheIaled iion, Iine.
!$&/O ,(.- ,)!"-+"* S!"!*#S#"-
Iosl pIanling nanagenenl coveis piopei hoilicuIluiaI piaclices and nainlenance lo encouiage lhe
eslalIishnenl of nevIy pIanled liees.
- NevIy inslaIIed pIanl iequiies valei in oidei lo iecovei fion lhe shock of leing lianspIanled. Sone
souice of valei is lo le piovided especiaIIy duiing diy peiiods. This viII ieduce pIanl Ioss and piovide
lhe nev pIanl vilh chance lo eslalIish iool giovlh,
- Weeding aiound pIanls is essenliaI lo avoid conpelilion and sliess. This shouId le caiiied oul aflei 2
nonlhs of pIanling oi on a nonlhIy lasis as iequiied,
- Al lhe valei naigin, caiefuI veed conlioI is needed on an on-going lasis unliI lhe aiea is seIf-
nainlaining, oi unliI lhe pIanlings have oveilopped lhe giass,
- CIeaiing of veeds and piuning of liees aflei 4 and 12 nonlhs of pIanling aie iequiied,
- Aflei 6 nonlhs of pIanling, piuning and liinning of unvanled shools shouId le caiiied oul. This viII
encouiage giovlh and deveIopnenl of quaIily pIanls in lein of heighl. Weeding shaII le iequiied loo,
- IaniIiaiily vilh lhe connon piolIens and indicalions of posl pIanling sliess couId aid in iecognising
sliess eaiIy and nininising lhe polenliaI danage,
- Sliessed pIanls aie al highei iisks lo alliacl pesls and diseases,
- Sliess can le nininised and eIininaled ly judicious valeiing,
- Lxcess valeiing especiaIIy fion iiiigalion syslens causes anaeiolic (Iov oxygen) soiIs, kiIIing lhe snaII
alsoiling iools. Wilh unheaIlhy iools lhe synplon can le siniIai lo dioughl sliess, vilh duII oi
diooping Ieaves and lianch lips, scoiched Ieaves naigins, and evenluaI dielack,
- ReguIai check on lhe pIanls heaIlh foi seveiaI yeais, noinaIIy up lo 4 yeais aflei eslalIishnenl,
- Insecl and disease conlioI nay peiiodicaIIy le iequiied, and
- Moniloi lhe giovlh of lhe iiveiine vegelalion and enjoy lhe sighl as lhey lhiive and alliacl viIdIife and
lecone seIf nainlaining.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

0#F#0#"'#.
1. Coveinnenl of MaIaysia. (1994). P|an| Quaran|inc Ac| 1976, (Ac| 167). Lavs of MaIaysia.
hllp://vvv.doa.gov.ny/c/docunenl_Iiliaiy/gel_fiIe`p_I_id=453776&foIdeiId=4665O6&nane=DLIL-
27O1.pdf
2. }alalan Landskap Negaia. (2OO8). Garis Panduan |ands|ap Ncgara, |disi 2. Kenenleiian Ieiunahan dan
Keiajaan Tenpalan MaIaysia.
3. Shav, D. and Schnidl, R. (2OO3). P|an| fcr S|crnua|cr Dcsign - Spccics Sc|cc|icn fcr |nc Uppcr Miducs|.
Opcra|icns and |ntircnncn|a| Rcticu Scc|icn. RegionaI LnviionnenlaI Managenenl Division, Minnesola
IoIIulion ConlioI Agency.

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/! 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 Q?5: & T1::P G46:8 ,??3U

Cqpcrus na|pan Cqpcrus digi|a|us Cqpcrus ccnpac|us
|cpircnia ar|icu|a|a Nas|ur|iun sp. Nc|unoc nucifcra Nqnpnaca |c|us dcn|a|a
Nqnpnaca ruora
Vic|cria sp.
Nqnpnaca |asn|cn|
Pnqragni|cs |ar|a
Sc|cria suna|rcnsis
Nqnpnaca ncucna|i
Pnq|idrun |anugincsun Rqncncspcra ccrqnocsa
Scirpus junccidcs
Scirpus grassus
Tqpna |a|ifc|ia
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/I 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 Q?5: = T-7: .7433?K G46:8 I:597U

C|ccnc spincsa ||cccnaris taicga|a |ricca|cn |cngifc|iun
Hanguana na|aqana |uircna unoc||a|a |inoris|q|is g|aou|csa
|uduigia adsccndcns |uduigia ac|cta|tis Mcnccnaria nas|a|a
Pandanus inncrsus Pandanus sp.
Rqncncspcra ccrqnocsa
Sagi||aria sagic|afc|ia Sc|cria suna|rcnsis S|acnnq|apnc|a janaiccnsis
Vanda ncc|criana Zingiocraccac sp.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/' 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 Q?5: C T.7?8:3;5: F8;5N:U

Ar|ccarpus a||i|is 8arring|cnia asia|ica
Carqc|a ni|is Cqs|cs|acnqs |a||a
Mc|a|cuca |cucadcndrcn
Sncrca p|a|qcarpa Sindcra ccriaccac Spa|ncdca canpanu|a|a Sncrca p|a|qcarpa
A|s|cnia spa|nu|a|a
Di||cnia suffruc|iccsa
Pcnc|ia pinna|a
Saraca |naipingcnsis
Spa|ncdca canpanu|a|a
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/1 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 Q?5: J T0;P48;45 F8;5N:L ,:8;?E;9433H +5B5E46:EU

Aracnis pin|ci
Carqc|c nc Cccc|coa utifcra
Di||cnia suffru|iccsa |icus ocnjanina
|icus g|cocsa ]cnanncs|cijsnannia a||ifrcns Kccnpassia na|acccnsis
|icua|a spincsa Mc|ia cxcc|sa Ncpnrc|cpis sp.
Asqs|asia gangcn|ica 8anousa tu|garis
Cra|cxq|cn arocrcsccns
||acccarpus
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/# 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 Q?5: O TF3??EP34;5 -:8849:L +5A8:VB:563H +5B5E46:EU

A|s|cnia angus|i|coa Arcncn|cpnccnix a|cxandrac Ccs|us spccicsus Dcndrcca|anus gigan|cus
Dqcra ccs|u|a|a |ragrac fragrans Hc|iccnia psi|accrrun qc||cu |cgcrs|rccnia f|cs rcginca
Mc|as|cna na|aoa|nricun Mcssua fcrrca Mussacnda crq|nrcpnq||a Onccspcrna ncrridun
Onccspcrna |igi||ariun Pandanus pigncus Piscnia a|oa Tacca cnan|ricri
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/F 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 Q?5: W T2P345E .3?P:<L .:3E?@ ?8 ":>:8 +5B5E46:EU

8auninia o|a|cana Cananga cdcra|a Canariun tu|garis Cassia fi|su|a Cicca acida
Cinnancnun incrs Drqcoa|ancps arcna|ic |uca|qp|us dcg|up|a ||accur|ia incrnis Hioiscus nu|aoi|is
|itis|cna rc|undifc|ia Mc|ia cxcc|sa Mi||c|ia a|rcpurpurca Pc||cpncrun
p|crccarpun
Pri|cnardia pacifica Rnapis cxcc|sa Rcqs|cnca rcgia Tcc|cna grandis Zizqpnus nauri|inia
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/* 0:9?@@:5E:E *84<< .P:9;:< A?8 *84<<:E '7455:3L M:N:646:E F;36:8 .68;P< 45E .K43:<

Axcncpus ccnprcssus Axcncpus affinis Digi|aria didac|q|ia
Panicun tirga|un 8racniaria sp. Cqncdcn dac|q|cn
S|cnc|apnrun sccunda|un S|cnc|apnrun sccunda|un taricga|un Zcqsia sp.
Vc|itcria zizanicdcs Crc|cn nir|us Asqs|asia gangc|ica
Aracnis pin|ci Cn|cris oaroa|a |upa|criun cdcra|un
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/R 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 0;>:8 S48N;5

Scirpus grcssus Scirpus junccidcs Cqpcrus ccnpac|us
Cqpcrus digi|a|us
|inoris|q|is g|aou|csa
Pnragni|cs |ar|a
Pandanus sp. Zingiocraccacc sp. Tqpna |a|ifc|ia
Vanda ncc|criana Ca|adiun ncr|u|anun Dicffcnoacnia nacu|a|a
C|ccnc spincsa
|uduigia cc|cta|tis
S|acnq|arpnc|a janaiccnsis Mcnccncria nas|a|a
|pcnca aqua|ica
|innccnaris f|ata
|uduigia adsccndcns Hanguana na|aqana
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/+ 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 .68:4@ )?K:8 I45X

Onccspcrna ncrridun Cqr|cs|acnqs |a||a Pcnc|ia pinna|a |icus rcccncsa
Ang|aia cdcra|issina
Sacara |naipingcnsis 8anousa tu|garis Mi||c|ia ncns|cqana Spcndias pinna|a
A|s|cnia spa|nu|a|a
Pandanus inncrsus Pcn|aspadcn tc|u|inun |icua|a spincsa Hc|iccnia sp.
8ac|ia fruc|csccns
Cassia a|a|a Pandanus sp. A|ccasia acrcrrniza Pipcr sarncn|csun
|uduigia adsccndcns
Hqncncca||is spccisa Ncpnrc|cpis sp. Quisqa|is indica Arundina graninifc|ia Hqdrccu|qc|c asi|ica
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/Y 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 .68:4@ 2PP:8 I45X

S|crcu|ia fcc|ida Gircnnicra rartifc|ia Pc||aca|qx axi||aris Cccc|coa utifcra S|crcu|ia sp.
|agcrs|rccnia spccicsa 8auninia in|cgrifc|ia 8anousa sp. P|qcncspcrna nacar|nurii Musa tc|a|inc
Hc|iccnia psi||accrun Pipcr sarncn|csun Crinun asia|icun Gcsncriaccac sp.
Sindcra ccriacca Par|ia jatanica |ugcnia dcnsif|cra
Di||cnia sp. Crc|cn sp. Asqs|asia gangc|ica
Mussacnda crq|ncpnq||a Ccs|us spccicsus Vinca rcsca
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/Z 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 .68:4@ -:8849: F49:

!,,#"1+$ !$&/Z 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 .68:4@ -:8849: F49:

P|crccqnoiun
jatanicun
Dqcra ccs|u|a|a Hcpca cdcra|a Cassia spcc|aoi|is
|icus ocnjanina
|agcrs|rccnia f|cs-rcginac
|ugcnia pc|qan|na
Hc|iccnia indita
Spcndias pinna|a Suic|cnia nanagcni Ar|ccarpus a||i|is Piscnia a|oa
Gigan|ccn|ca uraqi Dcndrcca|anus
gigan|cus
Pnq||cs|acnqs aurcs Arcnga pinna|a
|rta|ania ccrqnocsa Nicc|aia c|a|icr Pandanus sp.
grccn duarf
Dacncnccarpus
angus|ifc|ia
Ardisia crispa
Hcnigrapnis cc|cra|a
Turncra u|nifc|ia
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/) 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 .68:4@ 2PP:8 -:8849:

Aga|nis dannara Taocouia rcsca Piscnia a|oa Cinnancnun incrs
|i|iciun dccipicns
Anncrs|ia ncoi|is
||accur|ia incrnis
Ccccs nucifcra
Minuscps c|cngi Cassia fi|su|a |rq|nrina g|auca Dc|cnix rcgia
|itis|cna Pri|cnardia Arcncn|cpnccnix
Hc|iccnia rcs|ra|a Canna gcncra||is Zcpnqran|ncs sp. |uraraca gigan|cca
Ncriun c|candcr Hc|iccnia sp. Crc|cn sp.
Sananca sanan
Mun|ingia ca|aoura
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/S 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 #9?3?N;943 ,3456<[F8B;6< I:48;5N -8::<

Ar|ccarpus a||i|is Tcrnina|ia ca|appa |icus ocnjanina Pcnc|ia pinna|a
Dicspqrcs discc|cr
Mincscp c|cngi
|icus sp.
Pi|cnc|coiun du|cc Spcndias pinna|a S|crcu|ia fcc|ida Mc|ia cxcc|sa
|ugcnia pc|qan|na
S|crcu|ia ncoi|is Sapiun indicun Ccrdia scocs|cna aurca Musa suna|rana
Prcnna co|usifc|ia
Carissa grandif|cra
Mun|ingia ca|aoura Ardisia crispa |itis|cna cnincnsis Cqr|cs|acnqs |a||a P|qcncspcrna
nacar|nurii
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

!,,#"1+$ !$&/" 0:9?@@:5E:E ,3456< .P:9;:< A?8 G;3E );A: !668496;?5[I8::E;5N R4D;646 '8:46;?5

Mc|a|cuca |cucadcndrcn Cassia a|a|a
Sananca sanan |n|sia pa|cnoanica
Graninac sp. Hc|iccnia psi||accrun
nqorid
S|acnq|arpnc|a janaiccnsis Gcsncriaccac sp.
Tacca cnan|ricri Asqs|asia gangc|ica
Nqnpnaca sp. Sc|aria puni|a
Hanguana na|aqana |uircna unoc||a|a
Tqpna |a|ifc|ia |xcra jatanica Asp|cniun nidus Pnragni|cs |ar|a
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MAINTENANCE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-i
!""#$ & '!(")#"!"*#
AX2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. AX2-1
AX2.2 ON-SITL DLTLNTION ..................................................................................................... AX2-1
AX2.2.1 CeneiaI ............................................................................................................... AX2-1
AX2.2.2 Mainlenance ScheduIing .................................................................................. AX2-1
AX2.3 RAINWATLR HARVLSTINC ......................................................................................... AX2-2
AX2.3.1 Culleis ................................................................................................................ AX2-2
AX2.3.2 Iiisl IIush ........................................................................................................... AX2-2
AX2.3.3 Dovnpipe ........................................................................................................... AX2-2
AX2.3.4 Tank ..................................................................................................................... AX2-3
AX2.4 DLTLNTION IOND ......................................................................................................... AX2-3
AX2.4.1 ConsuIlalion ....................................................................................................... AX2-3
AX2.4.2 IIanned Mainlenance and Inspeclion ............................................................ AX2-3
AX2.4.3 Ciass Mainlenance ............................................................................................ AX2-4
AX2.4.4 Thiash and Sedinenl RenovaI ....................................................................... AX2-4
AX2.4.5 SliucluiaI Repaiis and RepIacenenl .............................................................. AX2-5
AX2.5 INIILTRATION IACILITILS........................................................................................... AX2-5
AX2.6 IORLTLNTION SYSTLM ............................................................................................... AX2-7
AX2.6.1 CheckIisl ............................................................................................................. AX2-7
AX2.6.2 Iiequency ........................................................................................................... AX2-7
AX2.7 CROSS IOLLUTANT TRAIS .......................................................................................... AX2-8
AX2.7.1 CeneiaI Mainlenance ........................................................................................ AX2-8
AX2.7.2 Mainlenance Iiovisions ................................................................................... AX2-8
AX2.8 WATLR QUALITY IOND AND WLTLANDS ............................................................. AX2-9
AX2.8.1 CeneiaI Mainlenance ........................................................................................ AX2-9
AX2.8.2 Aqualic Vegelalion ........................................................................................... AX2-1O
AX2.8.3 Luliophicalion and Olhei IiolIens .............................................................. AX2-1O
AX2.9 CONSTRUCTION LROSION AND SLDIMLNT CONTROL MI
S
......................... AX2-1O
AX2.1O IAVLMLNT DRAINACL ................................................................................................ AX2-11
AX2.11 DRAIN AND SWALLS ..................................................................................................... AX2-12
AX2.12 IIILD DRAIN .................................................................................................................... AX2-12
AX2.13 LNCINLLRLD CHANNLL .............................................................................................. AX2-13
AX2.14 IOLNCINLLRLD STRLAM ........................................................................................... AX2-13
AX2.15 IUMI ................................................................................................................................. AX2-14
AX2.16 CULVLRT .......................................................................................................................... AX2-14

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-1
!$&+, (")-./0*)(."
This Seclion, Annex 2, piovides a geneiaI nainlenance pioceduies/iequiienenls foi each of consliucled
sloinvalei infiasliucluie coveied in lhis design voiklook, quanlily conlioI, quaIily liealnenl MIs and
conveyance faciIilies. The assel ovnei of a sloinvalei diainage syslen is iesponsilIe foi lhe IifecycIe
nainlenance of lhe luiIl syslen.
A nainlenance aclivily shouId le piepaied and incIuded in lhe delaiIed design sulnission. Il is a sel of
opeialing insliuclions foi fuluie piopeily ovneis and/oi occupieis. Il shouId le cIeaiIy and sinpIy sel oul
and incIude lhe necessaiy infoinalion.
!$&+& ."12()# /#)#")(."
!$&+&+, 3454678
On-sile delenlion (OSD) syslens aie inlended lo ieguIale fIovs ovei lhe enliie Iife of lhe faciIilies. This cannol
le achieved vilhoul sone ieguIai peiiodicaI nainlenance lo ensuie lhey aie kepl in good voiking oidei and
opeiale as designed. The lask is lo oplinise lhe fiequency of nainlenance and nake lhe jol as sinpIe as
possilIe.
The najoiily of OSD syslens, pailicuIaiIy lhose vheie a Iaige piopoilion of lhe sloiage is Iocaled alove-
giound, viII le alIe lo le nainlained ly piopeily ovneis, iesidenls, oi handynen. Laigei leIov-giound
syslens, pailicuIaiIy lhose vilh Iiniled access and/oi sulslanliaI deplh, nay iequiie lhe ovnei lo engage
conneiciaI cIeaning conpanies vilh speciaIised equipnenl.
The lype of iouline nainlenance necessaiy lo keep OSD faciIilies in good voiking oidei nusl le cIeaiIy and
sinpIy specified. Sone of lhe issues lhal need lo le addiessed aie:
- vheie lhe sloiages aie Iocaled
- vhich pails of lhe syslen need lo le accessed foi cIeaning and hov access is ollained
- a desciiplion of any equipnenl needed (such as key and Iifling devices) and vheie lhey can le ollained
- lhe Iocalion of scieens and hov lhey can le ienoved foi cIeaning

!$&+&+& '795:4575;4 2;<4=>895?
The ovnei shouId le piovided vilh advice on hov fiequenlIy lhe syslen needs lo le inspecled and
appioxinaleIy hov oflen il viII iequiie cIeaning. The fiequencies of lolh inspeclions and nainlenance viII le
highIy dependenl on lhe naluie of lhe deveIopnenl, Iocalion of lhe sloiage, and lhe occuiience of najoi sloins.
Suggesled fiequencies aie piovided in TalIe AX2.1.When inspecling OSD faciIilies, if any of foIIoving ilens
aie noliced, cIeaning and/oi iepaii shouId le undeilaken:
- cIogged oulIel and olsliucled inIels
- excessive deposils
- coiiosion of nelaI pails
- deleiioialion of conciele
- any olhei danage oi visilIe piolIens
TalIe AX2.1: Suggesled Iiequencies foi Inspeclion and Mainlenance
Iienise Iiequency
ResidenliaI

Inspecl syslen eveiy 3 nonlhs and aflei heavy iainfaII.
CIean syslen as iequiied, geneiaIIy al Ieasl eveiy 6 nonlhs
ConneiciaI
and IndusliiaI
Inspecl syslen eveiy 2 nonlhs and aflei heavy iainfaII
CIean syslen as iequiied, geneiaIIy al Ieasl eveiy 4 nonlhs
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-2 Main|cnancc
!$&+@ -!("A!)#- B!-C#2)("3
Mainlenance is geneiaIIy invoIving ieguIai inspeclion and cIeaning of lanks, gulleis and dovnpipes.
Mainlenance lypicaIIy consisls of lhe ienovaI of diil, Ieaves and olhei accunuIaled naleiiaI. CIeaning shouId
lake pIace li annuaIIy oi lefoie lhe slail of lhe najoi iainfaII season. IiIleis in lhe inIel shouId le inspecled
eveiy aloul lhiee (3) nonlhs. Ciacks in sloiage lanks can cieale najoi piolIens and shouId le iepaiied
innedialeIy. eIov aie olhei nainlenances in iainvalei haivesling syslen.
!$&+@+, 3>::46D
Lveiy nonlh, check foi iusling oi Ieaks in gulleis. Use sandpapei and aIuninun gIoss painl lo fix lhe iusling
aieas, and use siIicon gIue lo iepaii Ieaks in lhe gulleis. Make suie lhe gulleis aie secuied lo lhe vooden
fIashings and lhal lhe vood has nol legun lo iol (Iiguie AX2.1).

Iiguie AX2.1: Cullei Mainlenance
If gullei scieens inslaIIed, nake suie lhe gullei scieens aie nol danaged oi cIogged vilh Ieaves oi diil (Iiguie
AX2.2). If lhe gullei scieens aie cIogged, valei viII nol fIov inlo lhe gullei. Sveep lhe scieens lo cIean lhen
oul. If lhe scieens have leen danaged, iepIace lhen. The scieens aie nade of viie fIy nesh lhal is cul inlo
pieces and aie Iong enough lo covei lhe Ienglh of lhe gullei.

Iiguie AX2.2: IailiaIIy CIogged Cullei Scieen

!$&+@+& E96D: E8>D<
Aflei eveiy iainsloin, lhe fiisl fIush nusl le cIeaned oul. Unsciev lhe end cap sIovIy and diain valei fion
lhe pipes. Renove any deliis lhal has coIIecled al lhe lollon of lhe pipe. Sciev lhe end cap lack on, lul nol aII
lhe vay so as lo aIIov foi lhe pipes lo diain sIovIy duiing a sloin. The sIov diain pievenls a luiId-up of
piessuie in lhe pipes.

!$&+@+@ /FG5H9H4
Dovnpipe and oulIels Iocaled in Iandscape aieas shouId le inspecled eveiy six nonlhs lo ensuie lhal spIash
pad pIacenenl is coiiecl and lhal lheie is posilive diainage avay fion lhe oulIel and adjacenl luiIdings
nainlain a nininun of 2 peicenl sIope foi lhe fiisl 1.5 n. Check foi aninaI inhalilalions and cIogs. Check
Iandscape giovlh eveiy lvo veeks duiing gioving peiiods lo piolecl fion oveigiovlh, vhich couId olsliucl
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-3
posilive diainage. IIush gulleis and dovnpipe once aII deliis is ienoved lo vash avay any ienaining diil oi
naleiiaIs. Dovnpipe shaII le checked if any Ieaking lhen fix il (Iiguie AX2.3).

Iiguie AX2.3: Leaking Dovnpipe
!$&+@+I )75J
Lveiy six (6) nonlh, cIean and disinfecl lank lo pievenl sIine, aIgae, lacleiiaI giovlh, and lhe luiId-up of
sedinenls. This viII aIIov lhe lank lo Iasl Iongei and foi lhe valei lo ienain cIean. When cIeaning, do nol enlei
lhe lank. To cIean lhe lank, fiisl diain aII lhe valei fion lhe lank and cIose lhe lap. Il is piefeialIe lo vail unliI
lhe lank is aInosl enply (al lhe end of lhe diy season), lo cIean lhe lank. Wash and ienove diil fion inside
suifaces of lhe lank vilh valei. Diain lhe vash valei and sedinenl fion lhe lollon of lhe lank ly opening lhe
spigol.

Use chIoiinalion lo disinfecl lhe inside suifaces of lhe lank. Once lhe valei inside lhe lank is chIoiinaled, Iel lhe
chIoiine soIulion sil in lhe lank foi 3-5 houis, and lhen diain lhe lank conpIeleIy. Nov, fiesh valei can le
added lo lhe lank. Run lhe valei fion lhe spigol unliI lheie is no sneII of chIoiine, and lhen conlinue noinaI
usage of lhe lank.

!$&+I /#)#")(." K."/
A delenlion pond, in connon vilh olhei nelhods of sloinvalei quanlily conlioI, viII piove effeclive onIy if il
is nainlained ieguIaiIy. This iequiies a sound undeislanding of opeialionaI and nainlenance iequiienenls.
!$&+I+, *F5D>8:7:9F5
Il is inpoilanl lhal Iines of connunicalion and conlacls le eslalIished duiing lhe pIanning peiiod and
nainlained lheieaflei, so lhal any piolIens iegaiding lhe opeialion, nainlenance, oi use of lhe delenlion pond
can le lioughl lo lhe nolice of opeialionaI slaff quickIy and pionpl aclion laken. Il is aIso veiy inpoilanl lhal
lhe peison oi lean iesponsilIe foi lhe design Iiaises cIoseIy vilh and seeks lhe advice of lhe slaff vho viII le
iesponsilIe foi ils fuluie opeialion and nainlenance. A scheduIe of poinls coveiing opeialionaI, inspeclion,
and nainlenance iequiienenls shouId le diavn up and agieed. This shouId covei queslions of safely, access
foi peisonneI and pIanl, and nelhods of deaIing vilh lIockages and lhe possilIe faiIuie of equipnenl oi povei
suppIies. Inquiiies shouId le nade aloul any piolIens expeiienced vilh pievious inslaIIalions and lhe design
anended vheie necessaiy lo devise inpiovenenls. On conpIelion, lhe voiks nusl le handed ovei foinaIIy
aflei ensuiing lhal opeialionaI slaffs aie fuIIy conveisanl vilh lhe inslaIIalion, have leen liained in lhe
opeialion of speciaI equipnenl, and aie avaie of aII nainlenance iequiienenls.
!$&+I+& K87554= '795:4575;4 75= (5DH4;:9F5
The design sloin foi nosl delenlion ponds is a ieIaliveIy iaie occuiience and lhe pond and ils oulIel sliucluies
nusl le kepl in good voiking oidei in lhe inleivening peiiod so lhal il peifoins salisfacloiiIy vhen iequiied.
Il is essenliaI, lheiefoie, lhal aII delenlion ponds aie suljecl lo ieguIai inspeclion and nainlenance. In sone
ciicunslances, faiIuie lo caiiy oul iouline nainlenance couId iesuIl in lIockage of lhe piinaiy oulIels and
pienaluie fiIIing of lhe pond undei noinaI fIov condilions, Ieaving no sloiage avaiIalIe foi fIood conlioI. Il is
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-4 Main|cnancc
essenliaI lhal lhe iesponsiliIily foi fuluie nainlenance shouId le cIeaiIy eslalIished and foinaI aiiangenenls
shouId le diavn up foi inspeclion and nainlenance. In addilion lo lasic engineeiing iequiienenls, lhe
aiiangenenls nusl covei lhe anenily of lhe pond vheievei ieciealionaI usage of lhe pond is piovided.
Inspeclion and nainlenance nusl le caiiied oul on a ieguIai lasis in oidei lo nininise iisks. The fiequency
and iequiienenls foi iouline inspeclion viII depend on lhe lype and size of lhe pond, lhe IocaI ciicunslances,
and lhe lype and conpIexily of lhe piinaiy oulIels. The fiequency of inspeclions and nainlenance visils nay
vaiy videIy and shouId le ievieved conlinuaIIy in lhe Iighl of any piolIens expeiienced on sile and any Iong-
lein changes in nainlenance iequiienenls. A foinaI inspeclion and nainlenance piogianne shouId le
diavn up, slaff aIIocaled, and lhe dulies and iesponsiliIilies confiined in viiling.
!$&+I+@ 367DD '795:4575;4
Wheie enlanknenls and/oi spiIIvays aie suljecl lo scoui caused ly high veIocilies of fIov, ieguIai noving
(al once a nonlh) is iequiied lo keep lhe giass svaid in good condilion and discouiage voody giovlh (Iiguie
AX2.4). The heighl of lhe giass foi diy pond shouId le nainlained 5O nn lo keep lhe pond in lellei condilion.
SiniIai liealnenl is necessaiy in aieas used foi foinaI ieciealion.
Mainlaining luif quaIily, vheie hydiauIic pioleclion is lo le piovided, iequiies a good suppIy of nuliienls,
vhich nay iequiie lhe use of feiliIiseis. The fiequency of appIicalion depends on lhe quaIily of lhe soiI.
NoinaI soiIs nay onIy iequiie feiliIising in lhe fiisl yeai of giovlh vhiIe pooi ones nay denand annuaI
liealnenl foi a nunlei of yeais. Sone veeds can lieak up lhe luif covei and have seiious effecls on ils aliIily
lo vilhsland eiosive foices and nusl le conlioIIed. Such veeds can le eiadicaled ly using seIeclive veed-
kiIIeis.
Ciass-culling cosls can le kepl lo a nininun (in aieas used foi foinaI ieciealion oi vheie giass is used foi
scoui pioleclion) ly keeping lhe sIopes of enlanknenls and olhei aieas genlIe enough foi nachine noving.
Lquipnenl can opeiale on sIopes of up lo 4(H):1(V) lul sIopes of 6(H):1(V) oi fIallei aie piefeiied.

Iiguie AX2.4: Mainlaining Ciass on Lnlanknenl
Lngineeied valeivays upsliean and dovnsliean of a delenlion pond viII iequiie ieguIai allenlion,
pailicuIaiIy in uilan disliicls. anks leIov fIood IeveI shouId le novn vheie necessaiy lo pionole good
giass giovlh, lheiely pioviding pioleclion againsl scoui.

!$&+I+I )<67D< 75= 24=9L45: -4LFM78
AII scieens on piinaiy oulIels shouId le inspecled and cIeaned on a ieguIai lasis, pailicuIaiIy foIIoving a
sloin evenl. IailicuIai piolIens can occui in uilan aieas vheie iullish is oflen deposiled in valeicouises ly
iesidenls. Any iullish, deliis, and siIl shouId le ienoved in oidei lo pievenl lhe possilIe lIockage of scieens
and piinaiy oulIel sliucluies (Iiguie AX2.5).

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-5

Iiguie AX2.5: Iiinaiy OulIels CIogging

ReguIai ienovaI of any accunuIaled siIl and sedinenl fion a delenlion pond is essenliaI, pailicuIaiIy vheie
lhe pond fIooi is used foi ieciealionaI puiposes. RenovaI of accunuIaled deliis, liash, papei, elc. shouId lake
pIace eveiy 6 nonlhs oi so and vegelalion gioving vilhin lhe pond shouId nol giov laIIei lhan O.5 n. No
slanding valei shouId le aIIoved in lhe pond leyond a peiiod of 72 his aflei a sloin evenl. If such condilions
occui, coiieclive nainlenance shouId le undeilaken (Iiguie AX2.6).

Iiguie AX2.6: Sedinenl RenovaI Woik
!$&+I+N 2:6>;:>678 -4H796D 75= -4H87;4L45:
InIel and oulIel devices and iisei sliucluies have leen knovn lo deleiioiale vilh line, and nay have lo le
iepaiied and iepIaced (Iiguie AX2.7). The acluaI Iife of a sliucluiaI conponenl viII depend on sile specific
ciileiia, such as soiI condilions, lype of consliuclion, and fiequency of opeialion.

Iiguie AX2.7: Sliucluie IaiIuie

!$&+N ("E(O)-!)(." E!*(O()(#2
InfiIlialion faciIilies, as vilh aII MIs, nusl have iouline inspeclion and nainlenance designed inlo lhe Iife
peifoinance of lhe faciIily. The piincipaI nainlenance oljeclives aie lo pievenl cIogging and gioundvalei
conlaninalion. Mainlenance and inspeclion pIans shouId le idenlified piioi lo eslalIishnenl. InfiIlialion
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-6 Main|cnancc
faciIilies and any pie-liealnenl MIs shouId le inspecled aflei Iaige sloin evenls lo ienove any accunuIaled
deliis oi naleiiaI. A noie lhoiough inspeclion shouId le conducled annuaIIy. A sunnaiy of inspeclion and
nainlenance aclivilies is piovided in TalIe AX2.2
Depending on lhe specific syslen inpIenenled, nainlenance shouId incIude al Ieasl lhe foIIovings:
inspecl and cIean pie-liealnenl devices liannuaIIy (i.e. lefoie and aflei lhe vel season) and ideaIIy aflei
najoi sloin evenls,
once lhe infiIlialion syslen is opeialionaI, inspeclions shouId occui aflei eveiy najoi sloin foi lhe iniliaI
fev nonlhs lo ensuie piopei slaliIisalion and funclion. Allenlion shouId le paid lo hov Iong valei
ienains slanding aflei a sloin, slanding valei vilhin lhe syslen foi noie lhan 72 houis aflei a sloin is an
indicalion lhal soiI peinealiIily has leen ovei-eslinaled,
aflei lhe fiisl vel season, infiIlialion syslens shouId le inspecled al Ieasl liannuaIIy (i.e. lefoie and aflei
lhe vel season). Inpoilanl ilens lo check and cIean oi iepaii if iequiied incIude: accunuIaled sedinenl,
Ieaves and deliis in lhe pie-liealnenl device, signs of eiosion, cIogging of inIel and oulIel pipes and
suiface ponding,
vhen ponding occuis, coiieclive nainlenance is iequiied innedialeIy.
TalIe AX2.2: TypicaI Mainlenance Aclivilies
Aclivily Iiequency
Lnsuie lhe conliiluling diainage aiea, faciIily and inIels aie cIeai of deliis
Lnsuie lhal lhe conliiluling aiea is slaliIized
Renove sedinenl and oiI/giease fion pie-liealnenl devices, as veII as
oveifIov sliucluies
Mov giass fiIlei sliips as necessaiy. Renove giass cIippings
MonlhIy
Check olseivalion veIIs foIIoving lhiee days of diy vealhei. IaiIuie lo
peicoIale vilhin lhis line peiiod indicales cIogging
Inspecl pie-liealnenl devices and diveision sliucluies foi sedinenl luiIdup
and sliucluiaI danage
Renove liees lhal slail lo giov in lhe vicinily of lhe liench
Seni-annuaI
RepIace peal giaveI/lopsoiI and lop suiface fiIlei faliic (vhen cIogged) As needed
Ieifoin lolaI iehaliIilalion of lhe liench lo nainlain design sloiage capacily
Lxcavale liench vaIIs lo expose cIean soiI
Upon IaiIuie
Souice : US LIA, 1999

In infiIlialion faciIilies, cIogging occuis nosl fiequenlIy on lhe suiface. Ionded valei Iasling noie lhan 24
houis usuaIIy indicales lhal lhe faciIily is cIogged. Ciass cIippings, Ieaves and accunuIaled sedinenl shouId le
ienoved ioulineIy fion lhe suiface. If cIogging appeais lo le onIy al lhe suiface, il nay le necessaiy lo ienove
and iepIace lhe fiisl Iayei of fiIlei nedia and lhe geolexliIe fiIlei.
The piesence of ponded valei inside lhe liench aflei an exlended peiiod indicales cIogging al lhe lase of lhe
liench. Renedialion incIudes ienoving aII of lhe fiIlei nedia and geolexliIe enveIope, sliipping accunuIaled
sedinenl fion lhe liench lase, scaiifying lo pionole infiIlialion and iepIacing nev fiIlei nedia and geolexiIe.
Vegelalion can assisl in pievenlion of cIogging as lhe iool nelvoik lieaks up lhe soiI and lheiely pionoles
infiIlialion.
In lhe case of infiIlialion lasins, sedinenl shouId le ienoved vhen il is sufficienlIy diy so lhal lhe
sedinenlalion Iayei can le ieadiIy sepaialed fion lhe lasin fIooi.
Mainlenance iesponsiliIily foi an infiIlialion faciIily shouId le assigned lo a iesponsilIe juiisdiclion oi
aulhoiily lhiough a IegaIIy linding and enfoicealIe nainlenance agieenenl conpIeled as a condilion of lhe
sile pIan appiovaI.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-7
!$&+P Q(.-#)#")(." 2R2)#'
Rouline inspeclion and allenlion lo nainlenance needs aie iequiied if lioielenlion lasins aie lo conlinue lo
funclion coiieclIy. High nainlenance IeveIs aie iequiied foi nev syslens, lul once eslalIished and coiieclIy
opeialing nainlenance iequiienenls aie expecled lo decIine. The piopeilys noinaI Iandscaping conliacloi,
vhen piovided vilh appiopiiale liaining, can le expecled lo successfuIIy nainlain an eslalIished lioielenlion
lasin.
!$&+P+, *<4;J89D:
This checkIisl noles lhe key fealuies lo le inspecled and nainlained duiing opeialion of a lioielenlion lasin.
- Sedinenl accunuIalion al infIov poinls
- Lillei vilhin lasin
- Liosion al inIel oi olhei key sliucluies
- Tiaffic danage
- Dunping (e.g. luiIding vasle)
- Vegelalion condilion (densily, veeds elc.)
- Waleiing of vegelalion
- RepIanling
- Moving/ sIashing
- CIogging of diainage poinls (sedinenl oi deliis)
- Lvidence of ponding
- Danage/ vandaIisn lo sliucluies
- Suiface cIogging
- Diainage syslen
- Reselling of syslen
!$&+P+& E64S>45;T
Inspeclions shouId occui eveiy 1 - 6 nonlhs, depending on lhe size and conpIexily of lhe syslen. The
foIIovings aie suggesled nainlenance fiequencies:
- Iiojecl conpIelion: Walei pIanls daiIy foi al Ieasl lvo veeks

- As Needed
- Re-nuIch void aieas
- Mov luif aieas
- Tieal pIanl diseases
- Walei pIanls lhioughoul peiiods of peisislenl dioughl.
- RenovaI of lop lvo lo lhiee inches of discoIoied pIanling nediun and ils iepIacenenl
vilh fiesh nix, vhen ponding of valei Iasls foi noie lhan 48 houis.

- MonlhIy
- Inspecl lasin lo evaIuale condilion and piolIens needing nainlenance allenlion.
- Renove Iillei and pIanl deliis.
- Repaii eioded aieas.

- Tvice pei yeai: Renove and iepIace dead and diseased pIanls.

- Once pei yeai
- Add nev nuIch.
- RepIace liee slakes and viies if needed.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-8 Main|cnancc
!$&+U 3-.22 K.OO0)!") )-!K2
!$&+U+, 3454678 '795:4575;4
Appiopiiale nainlenance is essenliaI lo ensuie lhe Iong-lein poIIulanl liapping efficiency of aII CITs. Il is
inpoilanl in pIanning a calchnenl vide slialegy foi inslaIIing CITs poIIulion conlioI devices lo nake
adequale piovision foi nainlenance. A viillen nainlenance pIan shouId le piepaied.
(a) Scf| Trasn Rac|s/ |i||cr Cc||cc|icn Dcticcs (|CDs)
The sofl liash iacks/ LCDs aie cIeaned ly ienoving each sock in luin, undoing lhe lie al lhe lase of lhe sock
and dunping lhe coIIecled naleiiaI inlo a liuck. The lase of lhe sock is lhen ie-lied and il is sIolled lack inlo
pIace. Due lo lhe effecliveness of lhe socks il has leen found lhal duiing peiiods of iainfaII lhe LCDs nay need
lo le cIeaned eveiy lvo lo lhiee days.
(o) Mcdificd Trap Gu||ics
Modified liap guIIies aie suiled lo cIeaning using educlion. WhiIe nodified liap guIIies can le nainlained as
pail of a ieguIai nainlenance piogian pailicuIai allenlion shouId le given lo assessing lhe need lo cIean liap
guIIies aflei sloin evenls lo ensuie lhal liapped naleiiaI is nol fIushed fion lhe liap guIIy duiing a sulsequenl
sloin evenl. Lxpeiience lo dale suggesls lhal liap guIIies shouId le nainlained on aveiage nonlhIy in uilan
aieas and oi noie fiequenlIy in conneiciaI aieas.
(c) S8TR Grcss Pc||u|an| Traps
The STR-lype CITs can le cIeaned oul using fionl-end Ioadeis, lackhoes and slandaid lip liucks. Lducloi
shaII le caiiied oul liucks, if avaiIalIe, can aIso le used lo cIean STR Type CITs. A ieviev of lhe nainlenance
issues incIuding nainlenance equipnenl, de-valeiing, access foi nainlenance equipnenl and cIeaning,
inspeclion piogian and cIeanoul fiequency, cosls and safely.
(d) Prcpric|arq Traps
The appiopiiale cIeaning fiequency foi piopiielaiy liaps shouId le discussed vilh lhe liap suppIieis and
vheie possilIe lhe expeiiences of opeialois shouId le ievieved lo gain an undeislanding of lhe pIanl,
nanpovei iequiienenls and lhe IikeIy fiequency of cIeaning iequiied.
!$&+U+& '795:4575;4 K6FM9D9F5D
Mainlenance piovisions shouId le consideied al lhe design phase of lhe CITs as foIIovs:
(a) |rcqucncq
CITs shouId le inspecled nonlhIy, as veII as aflei eveiy najoi iainfaII evenl, lo asceilain vhelhei cIean-oul is
iequiied.
CIeaning fiequencies depend on lhe sedinenl and Iillei Ioading geneialed in lhe calchnenl, geneiaIIy foi STR
liaps aie cIeaned lvice pei yeai, on aveiage. Suggesled cIeaning fiequencies foi olhei lypes of CITs aie lo le
deleinined fion opeialionaI expeiience undei MaIaysian condilions.
Moie ieguIai cIeaning nay le iequiied lo faciIilale ease of ienovaI (i.e. if liapped naleiiaI lecones conpacled
and haid lo ienove, oi if speciaIised equipnenl is nol avaiIalIe), oi if Iillei Ioads aie excessive.
(o) Nccd fcr Spccia| |quipncn|
Designs shouId le lased on cIeaning opeialions leing undeilaken vilh pIanl and equipnenl incIuding,
- educloi liuck,
- lackhoe oi fionl-end- Ioadei,
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-9
- liuck,
- punp and geneialoi, and
- liuck nounled ciane.
Sone designs iequiie noie speciaIised equipnenl, such as educloi liucks. Such equipnenl nay le inlioduced
inlo MaIaysia duiing lhe Iife of lhis ManuaI, suljecl lo discussions and appiovaI ly lhe ieguIaloiy aulhoiily lo
suil IocaI condilions and conliacloi's expeilise.
(c) Dc-ua|cring
CITs viII need lo le de-valeied fion line lo line eilhei as pail of lheii geneiaI opeialion oi foi nainlenance
puipose. UsuaIIy lhis is done vilh poilalIe punps. Walei ieIeased lo sloinvalei diains oi diieclIy lo
ieceiving valeis shouId nol lhiealen enviionnenlaI vaIues and shouId lheiefoie le consislenl vilh IocaIIy
appIicalIe valei quaIily oljeclives.
Iiioi lo punping oul lhe supeinalanl valei, lhe STR nay le dosed vilh a non-loxic fIoccuIaling agenl lo
pionole sellIing of coIIoidaI pailicIes.
The foIIoving nelhods aie aIleinalives lhal can le used foi lhe disposaI of pooi quaIily supeinalanl valei lhal
is ielained vilhin lhe liap:
- Via |nfi||ra|icn cr |i||ra|icn On-si|c - The liap nay le designed lo aIIov supeinalanl valei lo le punped lo a
de-valeiing aiea on sile. The valei couId eilhei le infiIlialed on a giassed aiea, oi fiIleied lhiough geo-
faliic and aIIoved lo diain lack lo lhe valeivay. An infiIlialion liench nay le incIuded lo enhance valei
poIishing and/oi peinil gioundvalei iechaige.
Such design shaII,
- have a suilalIe de-valeiing and sIudge handIing oi diying aiea,
- have slaliIised lanks lo pievenl eiosion, and
- nol conslilule a heaIlh hazaid.
- Dircc| |c Scucr - The STR liap nay le designed, if necessaiy, lo aIIov de-valeiing ly punping
supeinalanl valei lo a neaily sevei (vilh lhe appiovaI of lhe IocaI seveiage agency). Wheie lheie is a
sevei Iine vilhin 2OO nelies of lhe faciIily, lhe sevei shouId le exlended lo piovide a nanhoIe vilh a loIl-
dovn Iid adjacenl lo lhe STR. This viII enalIe lhe decanled supeinalanl lo le punped lo lhe nanhoIe
and lhence lo lhe sevei.
- Via Tan|cr - Wheie lheie is no sevei avaiIalIe, piovision shaII le nade foi lhe decanled supeinalanl lo le
punped lo lankei foi liealnenl and disposaI ly a Iicensed vasle nanagenenl opeialoi.
!$&+V A!)#- W0!O()R K."/ !"/ A#)O!"/2
!$&+V+, 3454678 '795:4575;4
As vilh any consliucled faciIily, ponds iequiie ieguIai ongoing opeialion and nainlenance. CeneiaI
nainlenance incIuding Iavn noving, iullish ienovaI, and inspeclion shouId le caiiied oul al ieguIai
inleivaIs nol exceeding once eveiy lvo veeks.
Sliucluies such as CITs, enlanknenls, inIels, oulIels, spiIIvays and cuIveils nusl le ioulineIy inspecled foi
seivicealiIily, safely, and cIeaning and ienovaI of liapped iullish and sedinenl. Safely neasuies such as
fences, loons and vaining nolices nusl le ioulineIy inspecled lo ensuie lhal lhey aie in good voiking oidei.
CeneiaI guideIines foi opeialion and nainlenance of delenlion ponds aie given in eaiIiei seclion of lhis
Annexuie.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-1O Main|cnancc
!$&+V+& !S>7:9; C4?4:7:9F5
Mainlenance duiing lhe pIanl eslalIishnenl phase is ciilicaI lecause il is duiing lhis phase lhal pIanls aie nosl
vuIneialIe lo danage. Lov valei IeveI, veed invasion, and danage ly aninaIs aie possilIe causes of
piolIens. IIanls shouId le inspecled al Ieasl veekIy duiing lhe iniliaI phase in oidei lo delecl any danage
and aIIov coiieclive aclion. Aqualic pIanls shouId le inspecled peiiodicaIIy lo conlioI pesl species and lo
pionole lhe desiied nix of pIanls foi conseivalion and Iandscape puiposes. OccasionaI iepIanling nay le
necessaiy lo nainlain lhe desiied nix of species.
Il is nol appiopiiale lo ieguIaiIy haivesl naciophyles. The disluilance ciealed ly lhe haivesling piocess
inlioduces lhe iisk of ienoliIising sedinenls and nuliienls, and inlioducing veed species.
!$&+V+@ #>:6FH<9;7:9F5 75= .:<46 K6FX84LD
Undei ceilain cIinalic condilions, nuliienl eniichnenl of pond valei can cause alundanl pIanl and aIgaI
giovlh. The iesuIling aIgaI lIoons aie unsighlIy and danaging lo pulIic heaIlh and can cause fish kiIIs and
episodes of pooi valei quaIily. The foIIoving condilions aie nosl IikeIy lo encouiage euliophicalion:
- excessive nuliienl Ioadings in infIovs,
- high aveiage lenpeialuies and alundanl sunshine,
- sliII valei, and
- cIeai valei (Iov luilidily).
Iond designeis shouId liy lo avoid lhese condilions. Ioi exanpIe, il nay le inappiopiiale lo Iocale a pond
dovnsliean of an oxidalion pond dischaige, vhich is iich in nuliienls. In nany pails of MaIaysia lhe high
luilidily of suiface valeis heIps lo pievenl euliophicalion ly pievenling sunIighl penelialion.
Hovevei, high luilidily pionoles anolhei piolIen, vhich is valei coIunn slialificalion. Healed suiface
valeis lecone Iighlei lhan lhe lollon valeis, effecliveIy pievenling any nixing. The iesuIling physicaI
laiiiei pievenls oxygen liansfei lo lhe lollon Iayeis, vhich lypicaIIy lecone deoxygenaled. Deep ponds nay
le pione lo slialificalion. Theie is a iapidIy incieasing lody of scienlific knovIedge of lolh of lhese piolIens
and lheie aie nelhods, such as nechanicaI nixing, lo oveicone lhen. If any ponds aie found lo le suljecl lo
lhese piolIens speciaIised lechnicaI advice shouId le soughl.
!$&+Y *."2)-0*)(." #-.2(." !"/ 2#/('#") *.")-.O Q'K
2

Sedinenl lasin, lhe nosl inpoilanl MIs faciIily in consliuclion sloinvalei quaIily conlioI, iequiies iouline
nainlenance lo ienain effecliveness as sedinenl liaps. When sedinenl ieaches lhe naxinun IeveI assuned in
lhe design, (usuaIIy one-lhiid lo one-haIf lhe lasin voIune) il nusl le ienoved. Lxcavaled sedinenl nusl le
pIaced in a Iocalion vheie il viII nol easiIy le eioded again. In addilion lo sedinenl cIeanoul, sedinenl lasin
shouId le inspecled aflei sloins lo deleinine vhelhei lhe enlanknenl oi spiIIvays suslained any danaged
lhal iequiies iepaii. If lhe oulIel lecones cIogged vilh sedinenls, il shouId le cIeaned lo iesloie ils fIov
capacily.
The sliucluie shouId le inspecled aflei significanl iunoff evenls lo check foi lhe danage oi opeialionaI
piolIens. Once lhe conliiluling diainage aiea has leen slaliIized, lhe sliucluie can le ienoved oi if possilIe,
nodified lo lecone pail of peinanenl conlioI fealuies.

eIov aie olhei MIs need lo le checked and nainlained lo nake suie lhe sedinenl conlioI is voiking
effecliveIy:

- SlaliIisalion
- Inspecl nonlhIy and aflei significanl iainfaII,
- Re-anchoi Ioosened nalling and iepIace nissing nalling and slapIes as iequiied,
- Inspecl peiiodicaIIy and aflei eveiy significanl iainfaII, and
- Repaii as necessaiy.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-11
- Walei ciossing
- Inspecl veekIy and aflei each significanl iainfaII, incIuding assessnenl of foundalions,
- IeiiodicaIIy ienove siIl fion ciossings, and
- RepIace Iosl aggiegale fion inIels and oulIels of cuIveils.
- Road
- IeiiodicaIIy appIy addilionaI aggiegale on giaveI ioads,
- Diil consliuclion ioads lhal aie in conslanl use aie connonIy valeied lhiee oi noie lines pei day
duiing lhe diy season,
- Inspecl veekIy, and aflei iainfaII, and
- Repaii any eioded aieas innedialeIy.
- Diveision ChanneI
- Inspecl veekIy and aflei each iainfaII,
- Repaii any eiosion innedialeIy, and
- Renove sedinenl, vhich luiIds up in lhe channeI and iesliicls ils fIov capacily.

- SIope Diain
- Sliucluie nusl le inspecled ieguIaiIy and aflei iain,
- InIel nusl le fiee of undeiculling and valei shouId nol ciicunvenl lhe enliy,
- OulIels shouId nol pioduce eiosion, veIocily dissipalois nusl le nainlained, and
- Iipe anchois nusl le checked lo ensuie lhal lhe pipe ienains anchoied lo lhe sIope.
!$&+,Z K!C#'#") /-!("!3#
InIels shaII le checked and cIeaned ieguIaiIy, lo pievenl an accunuIalion of Iillei and deliis, vhich nay cause
lIockage. Sag Iocalions aie pailicuIaiIy susceplilIe lo lIockage. Cuil and inIels shouId le cIeaned al Ieasl
lvice a yeai lo ensuie lheii piopei funclion. If onIy one cIeaning is possilIe il shouId occui piioi lo lhe iainy
season. Walei can pond on lhe oulside edge of lhe liaveI vay suiface vhen deliis, pailicuIaiIy aggiegale and
soiI on luif shouIdeis, luiIds up. As deliis accunuIales on lhe shouIdei, il iaises lhe IeveI of lhe edge, and
evenluaIIy hindeis iun-off fion fIoving inlo side dilches oi inIels.

Walei ponding on lhe edge of lhe pavenenl conliilules lo lhe deleiioialion of lhe pavenenl edge and lhe
iulling of slaliIized soiI suppoiling lhe pavenenl edge, vhich can iesuIl in addilionaI safely hazaids (Iiguie
AX2.8). Ldge diop-offs and shouIdei scoui aie oflen caused vhen valei is liapped al lhe pavenenl edge ly lhe
luiId-up of deliis and vegelalion giovlh.

Iiguie AX2.8: Deleiioialion of Iavenenl Ldge
Diainage fealuies lhal faiI lo ienove iun-off lecause lhey aie loo snaII oi aie cIogged and pond valei on lhe
ioadvay can cause hydiopIaning oi foice diiveis lo Ieave lheii Iane (Iiguie AX2.9). AddilionaIIy, olhei
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-12 Main|cnancc
diainage fealuies vhich do nol have anylhing lo do vilh causing a ciash can significanlIy conliilule lo lhe
seveiily of lhe ciash, such as an eiianl vehicIe sliiking a cuIveil headvaII.

Iiguie AX2.9: CIogging InIel

!$&+,, /-!(" !"/ 2A!O#2
a) |incd Drain
Lined open diains viII iequiie peiiodicaI nainlenance lo ienove veed giovlh, sedinenl deposils, and deliis
and Iillei accunuIalion lo nainlain lhe designed hydiauIic capacily of lhe diain. Danaged Iinings oi dispIaced
joinls oi sliul leans shouId le iepaiied as soon as piaclicaI lo pievenl fuilhei deleiioialion oi faiIuie of
seclions of lhe diain.
o) Sua|c
IeiiodicaI nainlenance viII le iequiied lo nainlain lhe hydiauIic capacily of a svaIe. Ciass shouId le
ieguIaiIy novn and sedinenl, Iillei, and deliis deposils ienoved, pailicuIaiIy al fIov iesliiclions such as
vehicuIai ciossing poinls. The suilalIe deplh of giass lo ienove poIIulanls is aloul 15Onn.
aie palches and scouied aieas nusl le iepaiied ly ienoving dead giass, fiIIing scoui hoIes, and ieseeding
vilh a ieconnended peinanenl giass seed nix.
!$&+,& K(K#/ /-!("
A veII-nainlained pipe diain syslen viII le ieady lo convey lhe iunoff fion lhe nexl sloin vilh nininaI
danage lo lhe sloin diainage faciIilies. A pooiIy nainlained diainage syslen nay nol le alIe lo funclion al ils
design conveyance and couId le danaged ly lhe iunoff.
The ovnei of lhe faciIilies shouId eslalIish a iouline nainlenance inspeclion piogian once lhe faciIily has leen
conpIeled and pIaced in seivice. The inspeclions shouId le conducled on an annuaI oi seni-annuaI lasis, as
veII as foIIoving najoi sloins. The inspeclions nay le acconpIished ly visuaI neans oi ly using a leIevision
caneia, vheie appIicalIe.
The inspeclion shouId le docunenled. Ilens lo le iecoided shouId incIude size and lype of faciIily, dale of
inspeclion, Iocalion of faciIily, ninoi deficiencies, najoi deficiencies and aieas of possilIe fuluie piolIens. The
docunenlalion shouId le kepl cuiienl and vhen any iepaii voik has leen acconpIished, il shouId le
iecoided. Righl-of-vay consliainls fiequenlIy diclale use of a piped diainage syslen, vhich in luin cieale
pailicuIai nainlenance consliainls.
The nainlenance shaII incIude lhe foIIovings:
- Deliis conlioI - Tiash iacks shouId le cIeaned ieguIaiIy lo keep accunuIalions fion foining. In-pipe
deliis shouId le ienoved if il is Iaige enough lo cieale a fIov olsliuclion.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-13
- OveifIov channeI nainlenance - If lhe pipe syslen vas designed vilh a suichaige oi oveifIov channeI
il deseives occasionaI allenlion. Il nusl le kepl cIeai of excessive vegelalion. In geneiaI, il shouId le
nainlained as an open channeI lo le ieady lo funclion vhen caIIed upon.
- Inspeclion - A ieguIai in-pipe inspeclion of piped diainage syslens viII delaiI Iong lein changes and
viII poinl oul needed nainlenance voik such as deliis ienovaI oi joinl palching. SpeciaI allenlion is
necessaiy lo insuie lhe safely of lhe inspeclion lean if lhe pipe is Iong. SnaII pipes lhal caiiy conlinuous
fIov can le vieved vilh aulonaled equipnenl. Inspeclions shouId le done foIIoving najoi iunoff
evenls. InIel giales shouId le checked foi cIogging and calch lasins and pipes foi sedinenl/vasle
lIockage.
TypicaI piolIen aieas lhen can signaI lhe need foi iepaii of a piped syslen incIude:
- InIel and oulIel sliucluies - LocaI eiosion lo high veIocilies, Iack of pioleclion, oi liansilion luiluIence.
- Tiench lackfiII - Sulsidence of lhe liench, vhich can iesuIl fion pooi iniliaI conpaclion oi fion pipe oi
joinl faiIuie. Lailh sellIenenl aiound nanhoIes is a fiequenl indicaloi of conpaclion piolIens.
- Iipe joinls - The fiisl sign of piolIens in lhe syslen shovs al lhe pipe joinls. SpaIIed conciele, ciacks,
disloiled pipe geoneliy, lackfiII novenenl and valei infIov occui al lhe joinls and aie piecuisois of
giealei piolIens lo cone.
!$&+,@ #"3("##-#/ *B!""#O
The ovnei of an engineeied valeivay shouId eslalIish a iouline nainlenance inspeclion piogian once lhe
faciIily has leen conpIeled and pIaced in seivice. The inspeclions shouId le conducled on an annuaI oi seni-
annuaI lasis, as veII as foIIoving najoi sloins.
The foIIoving guideIines aie geneiaI iequiienenls foi lhe nainlenance of aII engineeied valeivays:
- Mcuing - Ciassed valeivays shouId le noved oflen enough lo nainlain appeaiance and lo conlioI
veeds.
- Dcoris ccn|rc| - Deliis lIockage al diainage sliucluies oflen conliilules lo fIooding piolIens. Sliucluies
such as inIel pils, headvaIIs, liash iacks, and deliis liaps shouId le ieguIaiIy cIeaned. Deliis shouId
aIso le ieguIaiIy ienoved aIong lhe Ienglh of lhe valeivay. This shouId incIude liinning and lhinning
of liees if lhey encioach on lhe valeivay nain channeI oi if lhey have lecone oveigiovn.
- Scdincn| and si|| rcncta| - Sone siIl accunuIalion in eneigy dissipalion sliucluies and aiound valeivay
olsliuclions is inevilalIe and is hainIess in Iiniled anounls. SiIl shouId le ienoved if il is seveie
enough lo aIlei lhe valei suiface oi affecl lhe funclion of sliucluies such as diops and cuIveil inIels. SiIl
accunuIalions can aIso cause lioulIe ly suppoiling undesiialIe oi olsliuclive vegelalion.
Sedinenl liaps viII need ieguIai ienovaI of liapped naleiiaI lo piolecl dovnsliean faciIilies.
- Acccss rcad and fcc|pa|n rcpair - Danaged access ioad and foolpalh seclions shouId le iepaiied lo ensuie
conlinued nainlenance access and lellei pedesliian use.
- Vanda|isn - Diainage faciIilies can le alliaclive nuisances and can le danaged ly lhose vho use lhe
aiea. Iievenlive neasuies nay le necessaiy, lo keep giaffili off vaIIs, lo keep iock iipiap fion leing
ieIocaled, oi lo keep galion laskels fion leing cul open.
!$&+,I Q(.#"3("##-#/ 2)-#!'
ioengineeiing is a sliean lank slaliIizalion lechnique lhal uses naluiaI naleiiaIs such as giasses, shiuls,
liees, iools, and Iogs lo diveil valei avay fion eioding lanks, and slaliIize lhe lank. ioengineeiing is lhe
piefeiied nelhod of sliean lank slaliIizalion, and is peinilled vilhoul nolificalion vheie no voik is done in
sliean vilh nechanized equipnenl, and vheie lhe voik is done in accoidance vilh an appioved
lioengineeiing pIan.

In oidei lo nainlain lioengineeied sliean lhe foIIoving aclion nusl le laken inlo consideialion:
- Check lanks aflei eveiy high-valei evenl.
- Iixing gaps in lhe vegelalive covei al once vilh sliucluiaI naleiiaIs oi nev pIanls.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

AX2-14 Main|cnancc
- MuIching if necessaiy.
- Iiesh cullings fion olhei pIanls nay le used foi iepaiis.
!$&+,N K0'K
Iunp slalions aie vuIneialIe lo a vide iange of opeialionaI piolIens fion naIfunclion of equipnenl lo Ioss of
povei. Moniloiing syslens such as on-sile vaining Iighls and ienole aIains can heIp nininise such faiIuies
and lheii consequences. TeIeneliy and SCADA syslen aie oplions lhal shouId le consideied foi noniloiing
ciilicaI punp slalion. Opeialing funclions nay le leIenelei fion slalion lo a cenliaI conlioI unil. This aIIovs
lhe cenliaI conlioI unil lo iniliale coiieclive aclions innedialeIy if a naIfunclion occuis. Such funclions as
povei, punp opeialions, unaulhoiised enliy, expIosive funes, and high valei IeveIs can le noniloied
effecliveIy in lhis nannei. Ieihaps lhe lesl oveiaII pioceduie lo assuie lhe piopei funclioning of a punp
slalion is lhe inpIenenlalion of a ieguIai scheduIe of nainlenance conducled ly liained, expeiienced
peisonneI.
Since najoi sloin evenls aie infiequenl, a conpiehensive, pievenlive nainlenance piogian shouId le
deveIoped foi nainlaining and lesling lhe equipnenl so lhal il viII funclion piopeiIy vhen needed.
Insliunenls such as houis-iun neleis and nunlei-of slails neleis shouId le used on each punp lo heIp
scheduIe nainlenance. ReguIai inspeclions as veII as disassenlIy inspeclions shouId le conducled in
conjunclion vilh ieguIai inspeclions lo pievenl any accidenls fion occuiiing. The foIIoving Iisl viII expIain
lhe lasic nainlenance pioceduies as veII as delaiIed expIanalions iegaiding inspeclions and lioulIeshooling :
- A nainlenance iefeience guide vilh delaiIs iegaiding lhe appiopiiale fiequency and line inleivaIs
lelveen inspeclions and pail iepIacenenls shouId le ciealed lo assisl vilh nainlenance aclivilies and
snoolh accidenl fiee opeialion,
- Cieale daiIy and nonlhIy Iogs, and enlei infoinalion iegaiding nainlenance inspeclion elc. AIvays
nake nole of condilion of lhe nachineiy,
- CIassify each unil and cieale a Iog lo iecoid delaiIed infoinalion on inspeclions, nainlenance aclivilies,
iepaiis and olhei piolIens foi fuluie iefeience, and
- Oiganise and sloie speciaI looIs used foi iepaiis and nainlenance, spaie pails and consunalIes so lhey
viII le ieadiIy avaiIalIe if needed.
Mosl of lhe punp suppIieis viII piovide logelhei vilh lhe punp lhe checkIisl, nainlenance and seivice
nanuaIs foi iefeience duiing lhe opeialion peiiod.
AII eIenenls of lhe punp slalion shouId le caiefuIIy ievieved foi safely of opeialion and nainlenance.
Laddeis, slaiiveIIs and olhei access poinls shouId faciIilale use ly nainlenance peisonneI. Adequale space
shouId le piovided foi lhe opeialion and nainlenance of aII equipnenl. IailicuIai allenlion shouId le given lo
guaiding noving conponenls such as diive shafls and pioviding piopei and ieIialIe Iighling. Il nay aIso le
piudenl lo piovide aii-lesling equipnenl in lhe slalion so nainlenance peisonneI can le assuied of cIean aii
lefoie enleiing. Iunp slalions shouId le cIassified as a confined space. In lhis case, access iequiienenls aIong
vilh any safely equipnenl aie aII defined ly code. Iunp slalions shouId le designed lo le secuie fion enliy
ly unaulhoiised peisonneI.
!$&+,P *0OC#-)
IooiIy voiking cuIveils can cause fIooding lhal significanlIy danages ioads and liidges. A ciushed oi
pIugged cuIveil aIIovs valei lo lack up in ioadside dilches, even duiing noinaI vel vealhei. This conliilules
lo ioad deleiioialion lecause slanding valei pievenls diainage fion lhe ioad lase and sulgiade. CuIveils
shouId le inspecled al Ieasl once a yeai. The eIenenls foi cuIveil inspeclion as Iisled leIov:
- Check lhe accunuIalion of deliis, siIlalion oi olhei fIov inpedinenlsal inIels and oulIels,
- Inspecl lhe cuIveil laiieI, if possilIe, foi liee oi olhei vegelalion iools, nineiaI deposils, liash oi siIl
accunuIalions and olhei foieign oljecls olsliucling fIov palhs,
- Lxanine inIel and oulIel aieas foi evidence of soiI eiosion, vhich geneiaIIy Ieads lo scoui, undeinining
and caving of adjacenl soiI suppoiling lhe cuIveil. SoiI eiosion quickIy Ieads lo ieduced sliucluiaI and
hydiauIic peifoinance,
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
MSMA 2
nd

Main|cnancc AX2-15
- Inspecl aII visilIe sliucluies such as sunps, headvaIIs, ving vaIIs, cuIveils and apions foi sign of veai
oi lieakage,
- Check upsliean foi evidence of lackup oi pioIonged suiface valei piesence lhal indicaled ieduced
infIov. Check dovnsliean foi evidence of foieign naleiiaI lhal indicale ieduce fiIlialion of soiI oi
sliucluiaI degiadalion of diainage syslen ilseIf,

Iiguie AX2.1O: Mainlenance Woik foi CuIveil

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
IDF CURVES
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-i
!""#$ & '() *+,-#. )/, 0 1'"+2#. 2/ 34 5/+,. .2/,1
(+,!2'/"
AX3.1 STATL OI }OHOR ............................................................................................................. AX3-1
Iiguie AX3.1.1: RainfaII Slalion al Sloi }IS }ohoi ahaiu -1437116 .......................... AX3-1
Iiguie AX3.1.2: RainfaII Slalion al Iusal Ken. Iekan Nenas -1534OO2 .................... AX3-1
Iiguie AX3.1.3: RainfaII Slalion al }ohoi SiIica-1541139 .............................................. AX3-2
Iiguie AX3.1.4: RainfaII Slalion al aIai IoIis Kg SeeIong-1636OO1 .......................... AX3-2
Iiguie AX3.1.5: RainfaII Slalion al SM ukil esai -1737OO1 ...................................... AX3-3
Iiguie AX3.1.6: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Iahal-1829OO2 ................................... AX3-3
Iiguie AX3.1.7: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang UIu Renis -1834124 ................................ AX3-4
Iiguie AX3.1.8: RainfaII Slalion al Sinpang Masai K. SediIi -1839196 ...................... AX3-4
Iiguie AX3.1.9: RainfaII Slalion al Lnp. Senleiong-1931OO3 ................................... AX3-5
Iiguie AX3.1.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Iinlu Kav. Tg. Agas-2O25OO1 ........................... AX3-5
Iiguie AX3.1.11: RainfaII Slalion al }IS KIuang -2O33OO1 ........................................... AX3-6
Iiguie AX3.1.12: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Chan Wing -2231OO1 ............................ AX3-6
Iiguie AX3.1.13: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Kekayaan -2232OO1 ............................... AX3-7
Iiguie AX3.1.14: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ekaIan Kahang-2235163 ............................ AX3-7
Iiguie AX3.1.15: RainfaII Slalion al }aIan KIuang-Meising-2237164 ......................... AX3-8
Iiguie AX3.1.16: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Lalis-233OOO9 ........................................ AX3-8
Iiguie AX3.1.17: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh. Tapis Seganal-2528O12 ........................... AX3-9
Iiguie AX3.1.18: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Iela HuIu Sg Lndau-253416O ...................... AX3-9
Iiguie AX3.1.19: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Lndau-263617O ................................... AX3-1O
AX3.2 STATL OI KLDAH ........................................................................................................... AX3-11
Iiguie AX3.2.1: RainfaII Slalion al l.27 }aIan aIing-55O7O76 ................................... AX3-11
Iiguie AX3.2.2: RainfaII Slalion al Kedah Ieak- 57O4O55 ........................................... AX3-11
Iiguie AX3.2.3: RainfaII Slalion al KIinik }eniang-58O6O66 ........................................ AX3-12
Iiguie AX3.2.4: RainfaII Slalion al l.61 }aIan aIing -58O8OO1 .................................. AX3-12
Iiguie AX3.2.5: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS AIoi Selai-61O3O47 ............................... AX3-13
Iiguie AX3.2.6: RainfaII Slalion al KonppIeks Runah Muda-61O8OO1 .................... AX3-13
Iiguie AX3.2.7: RainfaII Slalion al KuaIa Neiang-62O6O35 ......................................... AX3-14
Iiguie AX3.2.8: RainfaII Slalion al Anpang Iadu -62O7O32 ....................................... AX3-14
Iiguie AX3.2.9: RainfaII Slalion al Iadang Sanai-63O6O31 .......................................... AX3-15
AX3.3 STATL OI KLLANTAN ................................................................................................... AX3-16
Iiguie AX3.3.1: RainfaII Slalion al iook-4614OO1 ...................................................... AX3-16
Iiguie AX3.3.2: RainfaII Slalion al Cunung Cagau-4726OO1 ..................................... AX3-16
Iiguie AX3.3.3: RainfaII Slalion al Cua Musang-4819O27 .......................................... AX3-17
Iiguie AX3.3.4: RainfaII Slalion al Chalai-4915OO1 .................................................... AX3-17
Iiguie AX3.3.5: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Aiing-4923OO1 ................................................ AX3-18
Iiguie AX3.3.6: RainfaII Slalion al aIai IoIis eilan-512OO25................................. AX3-18
Iiguie AX3.3.7: RainfaII Slalion al Col-5216OO1 ......................................................... AX3-19
Iiguie AX3.3.8: RainfaII Slalion al Dalong-532OO38 ................................................... AX3-19
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-ii 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
Iiguie AX3.3.9: RainfaII Slalion al Kg LaIok-5322O44 ................................................. AX3-2O
Iiguie AX3.3.1O: RainfaII Slalion al }IS KuaIa Kiai-5522O47 ..................................... AX3-2O
Iiguie AX3.3.11: RainfaII Slalion al Kg }eIi, Tanah Meiah-5718O33 .......................... AX3-21
Iiguie AX3.3.12: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Duiian Daun Lavang-5719OO1................... AX3-21
Iiguie AX3.3.13: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Machang-5722O57 ........................................ AX3-22
Iiguie AX3.3.14: RainfaII Slalion al Sg Rasau Iasii Iulih-5824O79 ........................... AX3-22
Iiguie AX3.3.15: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Kaslan R Ijg-6O19OO4 .......................... AX3-23
Iiguie AX3.3.16: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Kola haiu-6122O64 .......................... AX3-23
AX3.4 ILDLRAL TLRRITORY OI KUALA LUMIUR ............................................................ AX3-24
Iiguie AX3.4.1: RainfaII Slalion al Iuchong Diop, K Lunpui-3O15OO1 .................. AX3-24
Iiguie AX3.4.2: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu Iejalal }IS-3116OO3 ...................................... AX3-24
Iiguie AX3.4.3: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu Iejalal }IS-3116OO4 ...................................... AX3-25
Iiguie AX3.4.4: RainfaII Slalion al SK Tanan MaIuii -3116OO5 ................................ AX3-25
Iiguie AX3.4.5: RainfaII Slalion al Ldinluigh Kg -3116OO6 ...................................... AX3-26
Iiguie AX3.4.6: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Tua-3216OO1 ............................................ AX3-26
Iiguie AX3.4.7: RainfaII Slalion al SK }enis Kel. Kepong -3216OO4 ......................... AX3-27
Iiguie AX3.4.8: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ek. KM16, Conlak-3217OO1 ..................... AX3-27
Iiguie AX3.4.9: RainfaII Slalion al Lnp. Cenling KeIang-3217OO2 .......................... AX3-28
Iiguie AX3.4.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ek. KM11, Conlak-3217OO3 ................... AX3-28
Iiguie AX3.4.11: RainfaII Slalion al Kg. KuaIa SeIeh, H. KIg-3217OO4 ..................... AX3-29
Iiguie AX3.4.12: RainfaII Slalion al Kg. Keidas, Conlak -3217OO5 ........................ AX3-29
Iiguie AX3.4.13: RainfaII Slalion al Aii Teijun Sg. alu -3317OO1 ........................... AX3-3O
Iiguie AX3.4.14: RainfaII Slalion al Cenling Senpah-3317OO4 ................................. AX3-3O
AX3.5 STATL OI MLLAKA ........................................................................................................ AX3-31
Iiguie AX3.5.1: RainfaII Slalion al ukil Selukoi-2222OO1 ........................................ AX3-31
Iiguie AX3.5.2: RainfaII Slalion al Chin Chin Tepi }aIan-2224O38 ............................ AX3-31
Iiguie AX3.5.3: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Lendu-2321OO6 ....................................... AX3-32
AX3.6 STATL OI NLCLRI SLMILAN ..................................................................................... AX3-33
Iiguie AX3.6.1: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Sikanal-2719OO1 .................................. AX3-33
Iiguie AX3.6.2: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Savah Lelai K IiIah-27222O2 ...................... AX3-33
Iiguie AX3.6.3: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Kepis-2723OO2 .......................................... AX3-34
Iiguie AX3.6.4: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Nev Ronpin-2725O83 ........................... AX3-34
Iiguie AX3.6.5: RainfaII Slalion al IelaIing K KeIavang-292OO12 ............................ AX3-35
AX3.7 STATL OI IAHANC ........................................................................................................ AX3-36
Iiguie AX3.7.1: RainfaII Slalion al Sg.Iukin - 263OOO1 ............................................. AX3-36
Iiguie AX3.7.2: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Anak Lndau -2634193 ............................. AX3-36
Iiguie AX3.7.3: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Canlii - 2828173 ........................................... AX3-37
Iiguie AX3.7.4: RainfaII Slalion al Ios Iskandai- 3O26156 ......................................... AX3-37
Iiguie AX3.7.5: RainfaII Slalion al Sinpang IeIangai - 3121143 ............................... AX3-38
Iiguie AX3.7.6: RainfaII Slalion al Dispensaii Nenasi - 3134165 .............................. AX3-38
Iiguie AX3.7.7: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Unchang - 3231163 ........................................ AX3-39
Iiguie AX3.7.8: RainfaII Slalion al }IS TeneiIoh - 3424O81 ....................................... AX3-39
Iiguie AX3.7.9: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Ian Iahang Tua - 35331O2 ................... AX3-4O
Iiguie AX3.7.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Iinlu Kav. IuIau Keilan - 3628OO1 ............... AX3-4O
Iiguie AX3.7.11: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Raul - 3818O54 .................................. AX3-41
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-iii
Iiguie AX3.7.12: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Ian Iaya Kangsai - 3924O72 .................. AX3-41
Iiguie AX3.7.13: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Lenling ICC MiII - 393OO12 .............. AX3-42
Iiguie AX3.7.14: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Sungai Yap - 4O23OO1 .................................. AX3-42
Iiguie AX3.7.15: RainfaII Slalion al HuIu Tekai Kvsn. - 4127OO1 ...................... AX3-43
Iiguie AX3.7.16: RainfaII Slalion al ukil enlong - 4219OO1 .................................... AX3-43
Iiguie AX3.7.17: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Meiling - 4223115 ......................................... AX3-44
Iiguie AX3.7.18: RainfaII Slalion al Cunung iinchang - 4513O33 ........................... AX3-44
AX3.8 STATL OI IULAU IINANC ........................................................................................... AX3-45
Iiguie AX3.8.1: RainfaII Slalion al Sg Sinpang Anpal Tangki-52O4O48 .................. AX3-45
Iiguie AX3.8.2: RainfaII Slalion al Aii esai Sg Ing -53O2OO1 ................................... AX3-45
Iiguie AX3.8.3: RainfaII Slalion al KoIan Tkgn Aii Hilan -53O2OO3 ........................ AX3-46
Iiguie AX3.8.4: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Kelajikan I Iinang -53O3OO1 ..................... AX3-46
Iiguie AX3.8.5: RainfaII Slalion al KonpIek Iiai-53O3O53 ......................................... AX3-47
Iiguie AX3.8.6: RainfaII Slalion al KIinik kl endeia I Iinang-54O2OO1 ............... AX3-47
Iiguie AX3.8.7: RainfaII Slalion al KoIan eisih I Iinang-54O2OO2 ....................... AX3-48
Iiguie AX3.8.8: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ekaIan Sg KuIin -54O4O43 ......................... AX3-48
Iiguie AX3.8.9: RainfaII Slalion al Lahai Ikan Mali K alas -55O4O35 ..................... AX3-49
AX3.9 STATL OI ILRAK ............................................................................................................. AX3-5O
Iiguie AX3.9.1: RainfaII Slalion al }IS TeIuk Inlan - 4O1OOO1 .................................... AX3-5O
Iiguie AX3.9.2: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Seliavan - 42O7O48 ........................................ AX3-5O
Iiguie AX3.9.3: RainfaII Slalion al Iejalal Daeiah Kanpai - 4311OO1 ...................... AX3-51
Iiguie AX3.9.4: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Ian Kulang Haji - 44O9O91 .................. AX3-51
Iiguie AX3.9.5: RainfaII Slalion al IoIileknik Ungku Unai - 4511111 ..................... AX3-52
Iiguie AX3.9.6: RainfaII Slalion al ukil Laiul Taiping - 48O7O16 ............................ AX3-52
Iiguie AX3.9.7: RainfaII Slalion al Rancangan eIia IeiIop - 4811O75 ...................... AX3-53
Iiguie AX3.9.8: RainfaII Slalion al }In. Mlg. uIoh gn Seiai - 5OO5OO3 ................... AX3-53
Iiguie AX3.9.9: RainfaII Slalion al KoIan Aii }KR SeIana - 52O7OO1 ........................ AX3-54
Iiguie AX3.9.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Slesen Ien. Hulan Lavin - 521OO69 ................ AX3-54
Iiguie AX3.9.11: RainfaII Slalion al KuaIa Kendeiong - 5411O66............................... AX3-55
Iiguie AX3.9.12: RainfaII Slalion al Dispensaii Keioh - 571OO61 .............................. AX3-55
AX3.1O STATL OI ILRLIS ............................................................................................................. AX3-56
Iiguie AX3.1O.1: RainfaII Slalion al Iadang Kalong, Kangai - 64O1OO2 ................... AX3-56
AX3.11 STATL OI SLLANCOR .................................................................................................... AX3-57
Iiguie AX3.11.1: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Sungai Manggis - 2815OO1 .......................... AX3-57
Iiguie AX3.11.2: RainfaII Slalion al Iusal KvIn. }IS T Cong - 2913OO1 ................... AX3-57
Iiguie AX3.11.3: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Kajang - 2917OO1 ................................ AX3-58
Iiguie AX3.11.4: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Anpang - 3117O7O ....................................... AX3-58
Iiguie AX3.11.5: RainfaII Slalion al SK Sungai Lui - 31181O2 .................................... AX3-59
Iiguie AX3.11.6: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Ian }IS I Selia - 3314OO1 .................... AX3-59
Iiguie AX3.11.7: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Tj. Kaiang - 3411O17........................... AX3-6O
Iiguie AX3.11.8: RainfaII Slalion al Kg KaIong Tengah - 3416OO2 ............................ AX3-6O
Iiguie AX3.11.9: RainfaII Slalion al Loji Aii KuaIa Kulu aiu - 3516O22 ................. AX3-61
Iiguie AX3.11.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Ian agan Teiap - 371OOO6 .................. AX3-61
AX3.12 STATL OI TLRLNCCANU ............................................................................................. AX3-62
Iiguie AX3.12.1: RainfaII Slalion al HuIu }aloi, Kenanan -3933OO1 ....................... AX3-62
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-iv 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
Iiguie AX3.12.2: RainfaII Slalion al Kg, an Ho, Kenanan-4131OO1 ...................... AX3-62
Iiguie AX3.12.3: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Kenanan -42341O9 ................................... AX3-63
Iiguie AX3.12.4: RainfaII Slalion al }anlalan Telak, Ken.-4332OO1 ...................... AX3-63
Iiguie AX3.12.5: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Ian Iaya Kenpian -4529OO1 ................. AX3-64
Iiguie AX3.12.6: RainfaII Slalion al SK Iasii Raja -4529O71 ...................................... AX3-64
Iiguie AX3.12.7: RainfaII Slalion al AInuklafiliIIah Shah-4631OO1 ......................... AX3-65
Iiguie AX3.12.8: RainfaII Slalion al SM SuIlan Onai, Dungun-4734O79 ................. AX3-65
Iiguie AX3.12.9: RainfaII Slalion al SK }eiangau-4832O77 ......................................... AX3-66
Iiguie AX3.12.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Meneiong, HuIu Tig -493OO38 ................. AX3-66
Iiguie AX3.12.11: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Duia. HuIu Tig -5O29O34 ........................... AX3-67
Iiguie AX3.12.12: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Cavi, HuIu Tig -5128OO1 ................... AX3-67
Iiguie AX3.12.13: RainfaII Slalion al Sg IeluaIang, HuIu Tig -5226OO1 ................... AX3-68
Iiguie AX3.12.14: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Tong, Seliu-5328O44 ............................ AX3-68
Iiguie AX3.12.15: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS K Teiengganu-5331O48 ................... AX3-69
Iiguie AX3.12.16: RainfaII Slalion al Kg SeIadang, HuIu Seliu-5426OO1 .................. AX3-69
Iiguie AX3.12.18: RainfaII Slalion al SK Ianchoi, Seliu KIinik -5524OO2 ................. AX3-7O
Iiguie AX3.12.19: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Raja, esul-5725OO6 .................................... AX3-71

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-1
!$&67 .2!2# /) 8/5/,
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.1: RainfaII Slalion al Sloi }IS }ohoi ahaiu -1437116

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.2: RainfaII Slalion al Iusal Ken. Iekan Nenas -1534OO2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-2 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.3: RainfaII Slalion al }ohoi SiIica-1541139
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.4: RainfaII Slalion al aIai IoIis Kg SeeIong-1636OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-3

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.5: RainfaII Slalion al SM ukil esai -1737OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.6: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Iahal-1829OO2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-4 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.7: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang UIu Renis -1834124
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.8: RainfaII Slalion al Sinpang Masai K. SediIi -1839196

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-5

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.9: RainfaII Slalion al Lnp. Senleiong-1931OO3
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Iinlu Kav. Tg. Agas-2O25OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-6 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.11: RainfaII Slalion al }IS KIuang -2O33OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.12: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Chan Wing -2231OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-7

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.13: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Kekayaan -2232OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.14: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ekaIan Kahang-2235163

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-8 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.15: RainfaII Slalion al }aIan KIuang-Meising-2237164
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.16: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Lalis-233OOO9

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-9

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.17: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh. Tapis Seganal-2528O12
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.18: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Iela HuIu Sg Lndau-253416O

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-1O 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1.19: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Lndau-263617O
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-11
!$&64 .2!2# /) 9#(!5
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.1: RainfaII Slalion al l.27 }aIan aIing-55O7O76

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.2: RainfaII Slalion al Kedah Ieak- 57O4O55

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-12 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.3: RainfaII Slalion al KIinik }eniang-58O6O66

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.4: RainfaII Slalion al l.61 }aIan aIing -58O8OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-13
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.5: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS AIoi Selai-61O3O47

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.6: RainfaII Slalion al KonppIeks Runah Muda-61O8OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-14 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.7: RainfaII Slalion al KuaIa Neiang-62O6O35

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.8: RainfaII Slalion al Anpang Iadu -62O7O32

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-15
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.2.9: RainfaII Slalion al Iadang Sanai-63O6O31
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-16 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

!$&6& .2!2# /) 9#:!"2!"
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.1: RainfaII Slalion al iook-4614OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.2: RainfaII Slalion al Cunung Cagau-4726OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-17
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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s
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y

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n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.3: RainfaII Slalion al Cua Musang-4819O27
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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y

(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.4: RainfaII Slalion al Chalai-4915OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-18 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.5: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Aiing-4923OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.6: RainfaII Slalion al aIai IoIis eilan-512OO25

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-19
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.7: RainfaII Slalion al Col-5216OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.8: RainfaII Slalion al Dalong-532OO38

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-2O 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.9: RainfaII Slalion al Kg LaIok-5322O44
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.1O: RainfaII Slalion al }IS KuaIa Kiai-5522O47

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-21
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.11: RainfaII Slalion al Kg }eIi, Tanah Meiah-5718O33
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.12: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Duiian Daun Lavang-5719OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-22 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.13: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Machang-5722O57
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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s
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y

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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.14: RainfaII Slalion al Sg Rasau Iasii Iulih-5824O79

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-23
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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s
i
l
y

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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.15: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Kaslan R Ijg-6O19OO4

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.3.16: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Kola haiu-6122O64

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-24 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
!$&6; )#(#,!: 2#,,'2/,< /) 9+!:! :+1=+,
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.1: RainfaII Slalion al Iuchong Diop, K Lunpui-3O15OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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f
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I
I

I
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.2: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu Iejalal }IS-3116OO3

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-25
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.3: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu Iejalal }IS-3116OO4
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.4: RainfaII Slalion al SK Tanan MaIuii -3116OO5

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-26 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.5: RainfaII Slalion al Ldinluigh Kg -3116OO6
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.6: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Tua-3216OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-27
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.7: RainfaII Slalion al SK }enis Kel. Kepong -3216OO4
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.8: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ek. KM16, Conlak-3217OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-28 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.9: RainfaII Slalion al Lnp. Cenling KeIang-3217OO2
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ek. KM11, Conlak-3217OO3

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-29
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.11: RainfaII Slalion al Kg. KuaIa SeIeh, H. KIg-3217OO4
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.12: RainfaII Slalion al Kg. Keidas, Conlak -3217OO5

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-3O 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.13: RainfaII Slalion al Aii Teijun Sg. alu -3317OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.4.14: RainfaII Slalion al Cenling Senpah-3317OO4
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-31
!$&60 .2!2# /) 1#:!9!
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.5.1: RainfaII Slalion al ukil Selukoi-2222OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.5.2: RainfaII Slalion al Chin Chin Tepi }aIan-2224O38

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-32 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.5.3: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Lendu-2321OO6

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-33
!$&6> .2!2# /) "#?#,' .#1@':!"
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.6.1: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Sikanal-2719OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.6.2: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Savah Lelai K IiIah-27222O2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-34 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.6.3: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Kepis-2723OO2
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.6.4: RainfaII Slalion al Ladang Nev Ronpin-2725O83

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-35
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.6.5: RainfaII Slalion al IelaIing K KeIavang-292OO12
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-36 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
!$&63 .2!2# /) =!5!"?
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.1: RainfaII Slalion al Sg.Iukin - 263OOO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.2: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Anak Lndau -2634193

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-37
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.3: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Canlii - 2828173
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.4: RainfaII Slalion al Ios Iskandai- 3O26156

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-38 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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y

(
n
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/
h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.5: RainfaII Slalion al Sinpang IeIangai - 3121143
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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f
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I
I

I
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(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.6: RainfaII Slalion al Dispensaii Nenasi - 3134165

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-39
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.7: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Unchang - 3231163

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.8: RainfaII Slalion al }IS TeneiIoh - 3424O81

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-4O 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.9: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Ian Iahang Tua - 35331O2

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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f
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I
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I
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Iinlu Kav. IuIau Keilan - 3628OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-41
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.11: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Raul - 3818O54
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
a
I
I

I
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.12: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Ian Iaya Kangsai - 3924O72

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-42 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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i
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.13: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Lenling ICC MiII - 393OO12
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.14: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Sungai Yap - 4O23OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-43
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
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i
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y

(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.15: RainfaII Slalion al HuIu Tekai Kvsn. - 4127OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
a
I
I

I
n
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y

(
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/
h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.16: RainfaII Slalion al ukil enlong - 4219OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-44 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.17: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Meiling - 4223115
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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/
h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.7.18: RainfaII Slalion al Cunung iinchang - 4513O33

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-45
!$&6A .2!2# /) =+:!+ ='"!"?
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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/
h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.1: RainfaII Slalion al Sg Sinpang Anpal Tangki-52O4O48
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
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y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.2: RainfaII Slalion al Aii esai Sg Ing -53O2OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-46 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.3: RainfaII Slalion al KoIan Tkgn Aii Hilan -53O2OO3
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.4: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Kelajikan I Iinang -53O3OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-47
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.5: RainfaII Slalion al KonpIek Iiai-53O3O53
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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s
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.6: RainfaII Slalion al KIinik kl endeia I Iinang-54O2OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-48 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.7: RainfaII Slalion al KoIan eisih I Iinang-54O2OO2
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
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s
i
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y

(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.8: RainfaII Slalion al Ilu ekaIan Sg KuIin -54O4O43

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-49
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.8.9: RainfaII Slalion al Lahai Ikan Mali K alas -55O4O35

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-5O 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

!$&6B .2!2# /) =#,!9
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.1: RainfaII Slalion al }IS TeIuk Inlan - 4O1OOO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
a
I
I

I
n
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s
i
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y

(
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.2: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Seliavan - 42O7O48

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-51
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
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y

(
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.3: RainfaII Slalion al Iejalal Daeiah Kanpai - 4311OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.4: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Ian Kulang Haji - 44O9O91

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-52 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.5: RainfaII Slalion al IoIileknik Ungku Unai - 4511111

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.6: RainfaII Slalion al ukil Laiul Taiping - 48O7O16

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-53

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.7: RainfaII Slalion al Rancangan eIia IeiIop - 4811O75

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.8: RainfaII Slalion al }In. Mlg. uIoh gn Seiai - 5OO5OO3

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-54 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.9: RainfaII Slalion al KoIan Aii }KR SeIana - 52O7OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
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y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Slesen Ien. Hulan Lavin - 521OO69

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-55
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.11: RainfaII Slalion al KuaIa Kendeiong - 5411O66

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
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y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.9.12: RainfaII Slalion al Dispensaii Keioh - 571OO61

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-56 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
!$&67C .2!2# /) =#,:'.
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.1O.1: RainfaII Slalion al Iadang Kalong, Kangai - 64O1OO2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-57
!$&677 .2!2# /) .#:!"?/,

Iiguie AX3.11.1: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Sungai Manggis - 2815OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.2: RainfaII Slalion al Iusal KvIn. }IS T Cong - 2913OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-58 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.3: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Kajang - 2917OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
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y

(
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.4: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Anpang - 3117O7O

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-59

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
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y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.5: RainfaII Slalion al SK Sungai Lui - 31181O2

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.6: RainfaII Slalion al Runah Ian }IS I Selia - 3314OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-6O 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.7: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS Tj. Kaiang - 3411O17

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
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y

(
n
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h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.8: RainfaII Slalion al Kg KaIong Tengah - 3416OO2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-61
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.9: RainfaII Slalion al Loji Aii KuaIa Kulu aiu - 3516O22

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
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s
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y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.11.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Ian agan Teiap - 371OOO6

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-62 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+

!$&674 .2!2# /) 2#,#"??!"+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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s
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y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.1: RainfaII Slalion al HuIu }aloi, Kenanan -3933OO1
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
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s
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y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.2: RainfaII Slalion al Kg, an Ho, Kenanan-4131OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-63
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.3: RainfaII Slalion al }IS Kenanan -42341O9

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
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n
f
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I
I

I
n
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s
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y

(
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.4: RainfaII Slalion al }anlalan Telak, Ken.-4332OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-64 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
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I
I

I
n
l
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s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.5: RainfaII Slalion al Rnh Ian Iaya Kenpian -4529OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
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n
s
i
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y

(
n
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h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.6: RainfaII Slalion al SK Iasii Raja -4529O71

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-65
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.7: RainfaII Slalion al AInuklafiliIIah Shah-4631OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
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n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
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)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.8: RainfaII Slalion al SM SuIlan Onai, Dungun-4734O79

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-66 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.9: RainfaII Slalion al SK }eiangau-4832O77

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.1O: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Meneiong, HuIu Tig -493OO38

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-67
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.11: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Duia. HuIu Tig -5O29O34

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.12: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Cavi, HuIu Tig -5128OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-68 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.13: RainfaII Slalion al Sg IeluaIang, HuIu Tig -5226OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.14: RainfaII Slalion al Sungai Tong, Seliu-5328O44

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-69
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
n
/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.15: RainfaII Slalion al Seloi }IS K Teiengganu-5331O48

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.16: RainfaII Slalion al Kg SeIadang, HuIu Seliu-5426OO1

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

AX3-7O 106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.17: RainfaII Slalion al Kg l. Hanpai, Seliu-5428OO1

1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.18: RainfaII Slalion al SK Ianchoi, Seliu KIinik -5524OO2

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

106 789:;5 <+9 = !)&8*;5 *+ >% ?+895 "*+9@ 0892*)+& AX3-71
1
1O
1OO
1OOO
1 1O 1OO 1OOO 1OOOO
R
a
i
n
f
a
I
I

I
n
l
e
n
s
i
l
y

(
n
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/
h
i
)
2-yi ARI 5-yi ARI
1O-yi ARI 2O-yi ARI

Iiguie AX3.12.19: RainfaII Slalion al Kg Raja, esul-5725OO6

NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

"#$%& '()#*+%(,# -%&%.,*,&( -%&/%0 1)# -%0%234%

!"#$ &' (&)$*"+,$&*#
-.*,)/")0 12) 3&45$2*
56 7%()8 9#6:%& -);<(%# =%+%&.
>6 7%()8 ?<*%@ A/%@ B*$4
C6 D#)16 7#6 =)# ?E%E4 F%;%#4%
G6 7#6 H<, =2%& I/3%4&
J6 ?33)K6 D#)16 7#6 ?$@/00%< ?0 -%*/&
L6 ?33)K6 D#)16 7#6 M)E4 ?$@/00%<
N6 D#)16 7#6 ?*4&/@@4& ?$6 O<%&4
P6 ?33)K6 D#)16 7#6 93*%40 ?$/3(%&
Q6 9#6 7#6 :)&. :%4 '%*
5R6 9#6 S4* '4& D)<
556 H<%&. H</& T4%(
5>6 S,)+ H<,&. '4%&.
6$&*782$.* 32)20.7.)$ 9":"#"&); 9<9 32=2>#"2
5C6 9#6 S,)&. U%; -,&.
5G6 9#6 IV6 ?$@/0 I%*4@ -@6 T%334*
5J6 7#6 IV6 -@6 =%34# -@6 =)<
5L6 ?&4(% ?4&%&
5N6 ?(4;%< '<%14,
5P6 7E/0;4104 ?$/ W%;%#
5Q6 IV6 =)#@4& X/&/3
>R6 I%E%04E%< I%*E%<
>56 M)E%4&4 ?$@/00%<
>>6 IV<6 '%0*%< -)<@ '))*
>C6 -)<@6 A%E04 -)<@6 =))#
363? @)/ A/"$"&) B.C5)"C2= (&77"$$..
>G6 =. T4* I)2
>J6 -)<@ T<%#@E4# I/3%4&
>L6 '<%#41%< F%;4%< '2,@ '%<%$
>N6 -)<%*,@ ?$6 M%<*%&
>P6 -%&3)# -)<%*%@
>Q6 -)<%*%@ ?$@/00%<
CR6 9#6 U4%< Y)& S4&.
%&@ *%&2 )(<,#3 ()) *%&2 () $, &%*,@6
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
GLOSSARY
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

C-i
!"#$$%&'

)*+, -*./0/1/20
Alsoiplion A piocess ly vhich sulslances in gaseous, oi soIid foin dissoIve oi nix vilh
olhei sulslances.
Access HoIes Access sliucluies and aIignnenl conlioI poinls in a sloin diainage syslen.
Adsoiplion Adheience of gas noIecuIes, ions oi noIecuIes lo soIid suifaces.
Aeialion A piocess vheie a sulslance lecones peinealed vilh aii oi anolhei gas. The
lein is usuaIIy appIied lo aqueous Iiquids leing lioughl inlo cIose conlacl
vilh aii ly spiaying, lullIing oi agilaling.
Aeslhelic The aspecls of valei lhal aie peiceivalIe ly lhe senses (such as vision, sneII,
elc.).
AIgae ConpaialiveIy sinpIe chIoiophyII-leaiing pIanls, nosl of vhich aie aqualic
and nicioscopic in size.
Anlienl The naluiaI condilions lhal vouId le expecled lo occui in valeis nol
infIuenced ly nan. Ioi sliean sanpIing puiposes, lhose peiiods of
slieanfIov aie nol infIuenced ly iecenl sloin evenls.
AnnuaI Lxceedance
IiolaliIily (ALI)
Refeis lo lhe piolaliIily oi iisk of a naluiaI evenl vilh a given size occuiiing
oi leing exceeded in any given yeai. A 9O ALI evenl iepiesenls a high
piolaliIily of fIood occuiiing oi leing exceeded, neaning il vouId occui quile
oflen and vouId le ieIaliveIy snaII. On lhe olhei hand, a 1 ALI evenl has a
Iov piolaliIily of occuiience oi leing exceeded, lheiefoie il vouId le faiiIy
iaie lul il vouId le ieIaliveIy Iaige.
Anlecedenl Moisluie
Condilion (AMC)
A quaIilalive indicalion of lhe noisluie conlenl of suificiaI soiIs al lhe
leginning of a sloin evenl.
Anli-Seep CoIIai A device inslaIIed aiound a cuIveil, pipe oi conduil lhiough an enlanknenl,
vhich Ienglhens lhe palh of seepage aIong lhe exleiioi of lhe conduil.
Aqualics IIanls lhal giov eilhei pailIy oi conpIeleIy sulneiged in valei.
Aveiage Recuiience
InleivaI (ARI)
The aveiage eIapsed line in yeais lelveen fIoods of a given size occuiiing.
Ioi exanpIe a 1 yeai fIood occuis on aveiage once eveiy yeai, lheiefoie lhe
ARI vaIue vouId le ieIaliveIy snaII. Conliasl lo lhal, a 1OO yeai ARI fIood (i.e.
occuis on aveiage once eveiy one hundied yeais and faiiIy iaie) vouId have a
ieIaliveIy Iaige ARI vaIue.
ankfuII Dischaige A condilion vheie fIov fion a sliean conpIeleIy fiIIs lhe sliean channeI up lo
lhe lop of lhe lank. In disluiled valeisheds, lhe dischaige condilion occuis on
aveiage eveiy 1.5 lo 2 yeais and lhis conlioIs lhe sIope and foin of lhe naluiaI
channeIs.
aiieI A cIosed conduil used lo convey valei undei oi lhiough an enlanknenl,
vhich is a pail of lhe piincipaI spiIIvay.
asefIov The poilion of a sliean fIov lhal is nol due lo sloin iunoff, and is suppoiled
ly gioundvalei seepage inlo a channeI.
ein A sheIf lhal lieaks lhe conlinuily of a sIope, a Iineai enlanknenl oi dike.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

C-ii CIossaiy
)*+, -*./0/1/20
esl Managenenl Iiaclice
(MI)
A sliucluie oi piaclice designed in sloinvalei nanagenenl lo pievenl lhe
dischaige of one oi noie poIIulanls lo lhe Iand suiface lhus nininising lhe
chance of vash-off ly sloinvalei. Il can aIso le iefeiied lo a sliucluie oi
piaclice lo lenpoiaiiIy sloie oi lieal uilan sloinvalei iunoff lo ieduce
fIooding, ienove poIIulanls, and piovide olhei anenilies (such as ieciealionaI,
fishing spols, elc.).
iochenicaI Oxygen
Denand (OD)
The quanlily of oxygen consuned duiing lhe liochenicaI oxidalion of nallei
ovei a specified peiiod of line (See aIso COD). Il is neasuied in lhe daik as
lhe deciease in lhe oxygen conlenl (in leins of nn/L) of a valei sanpIe vilh
a ceilain lenpeialuie ovei a ceilain peiiod of line. The deciease in oxygen
conlenl is lioughl aloul ly lhe lacleiiaI lieakdovn of oiganic nallei. The
deconposilion usuaIIy pioceeds as fai as aflei 2O days unliI no fuilhei change
occuis. The oxygen denand is neasuied aflei 5 days (and is leined OD
5
),
vheie 7O of lhe finaI vaIue is expecled lo le ieached.
ioengineeiing Resloialion and slaliIisalion lechniques lhal use pIanls, oflen fion nalive
species, lo ninic lhe naluiaI funclions and lenefils.
iofiIlialion The use of a seiies of vegelaled svaIes lo piovide fiIleiing liealnenl foi
sloinvalei as il is conveyed lhiough a channeI. These svaIes can eilhei le
giassed, conlain eneigenl velIands oi high naish pIanls.
iofiIlialion SvaIe A sIoped, vegelaled channeI oi dilch lhal piovides lolh conveyance and valei
quaIily liealnenl lo sloinvalei iunoff. Il does nol piovide sloinvalei
quanlily conlioI lul nay convey iunoff lo MIs, vhich aie designed foi lhal
puipose.
ioIogicaI Indicalois Oiganisns (e.g. pIanls, nacio-inveileliales and fish) lhal seive as indicalois of
lhe quaIily and chaiacleiislics of lhal valeilody.
ioielenlion A valei quaIily piaclice lhal uliIises Iandscaping and soiIs lo lieal uilan
sloinvalei iunoff ly coIIecling il in shaIIov depiessions lefoie fiIleiing
lhiough a faliicaled pIanling-soiI nedia.
Ioon An unusuaIIy Iaige nunlei of oiganisns in a unil of valei, usuaIIy nade up
of one oi noie aIgae species.
ox Cullei A giaded channeI geneiaIIy of a ieclanguIai shape used foi lhe conveyance of
iainvalei Iocaled vilhin luiIdings.
uffei The zone conliguous vilh a sensilive aiea lhal iequiies conlinuaI nainlenance,
funclion, and sliucluiaI slaliIily. The ciilicaI funclions of a iipaiian luffei
(lhose associaled vilh an aqualic syslen) incIude shading, inpul of oiganic
deliis and coaise sedinenls, uplake of nuliienls, slaliIisalion of lanks,
inleiceplion of fine sedinenls, oveifIov duiing high valei evenls, pioleclion
fion disluilance ly hunan and doneslic aninaIs and nainlenance due lo
hydioIogic oi cIinalic effecls. The ciilicaI funclions of leiiesliiaI luffeis
incIude pioleclion of sIope slaliIily, allenualion of suiface valei fIovs fion
sloin valei iunoff pIus piecipilalion and eiosion conlioI.
ypass IIov IIov vhich eIudes an inIel on giade and is caiiied lo lhe nexl inIel dovngiade
in lhe slieel oi channeI.
NOT FOR SALE
NOT FOR SALE
!"!# %
&'
(')*)+&, %-.% / 010 !23245)2

CIossaiy C-iii
)*+, -*./0/1/20
Calchlasin A chanlei oi veII usuaIIy luiIl al lhe keil Iine of a slieel foi lhe adnission of
suiface valei lo a sevei oi suldiain. Al lhe lase of lhe chanlei oi veII, a
sedinenl sunp is designed lo ielain any giil and deliilus Iocaled leIov lhe
poinl of lhe oveifIov.
Calchnenl An aiea diaining fIov lo a pailicuIai Iocalion oi sile. Il nay fiequenlIy incIude
an aiea of liilulaiy slieans and fIov palhs as veII as lhe nain sliean.
Check Dan An eailhen oi galion sliucluie pIaced peipendicuIai acioss a sliean lo
enhance aqualic halilals. This sliucluie vhen used in giass svaIes ieduces
valei veIocilies, pionoles sedinenl deposilion and enhances infiIlialion.
Check Sloin A Iessei fiequency evenl used lo assess hazaids al ciilicaI Iocalions.
ChenicaI Oxygen
Denand (COD)
A noniloiing lesl lhal neasuies aII lhe oxidisalIe nallei found in a iunoff
sanpIe in vhich a poilion of lhese nalleis depIele dissoIved oxygen in
ieceiving valeis.
Conlinalion InIels The use of lolh a cuil opening inIel and a giade inIel.
Concenlialion The quanlifialIe anounl of chenicaIs in lhe suiiounding valei, food oi
sedinenl.
Conseivalion The pioleclion, inpiovenenl and use of naluiaI iesouices accoiding lo
piincipIes iesuIling in giealei econonic and sociaI lenefils.
Consliucled WelIands The ciealion of a velIand on a sile, vhich is designed specificaIIy lo ienove
poIIulanls fion sloinvalei iunoff.
Conliiluling Waleished
Aiea
A poilion of lhe valeished conliiluling lo ils iunoff al lhe poinl of inleiesl.
ConvenlionaI IoIIulanls Conlaninanls olhei lhan nuliienls (such as sedinenls, oiI, and vehicIe fIuids).
Conveyance A nechanisn foi lianspoiling valei fion one poinl lo anolhei (vhich incIudes
pipes, dilches and channeIs).
Conveyance Syslen Il iefeis lo diainage faciIilies of lolh naluiaI and nan-nade lhal coIIecl,
conlain and piovide foi lhe fIov of suiface and sloinvalei fion lhe highesl
poinls of lhe Iand iighl dovn lo ieceiving valeis. The naluiaI eIenenls of lhe
conveyance syslen incIude svaIes and snaII diainage couises, slieans, iiveis,
Iakes and velIands. The hunan-nade eIenenls of lhe conveyance syslen
incIude gulleis, dilches, pipes, channeIs and nosl ielenlion/delenlion
faciIilies.
CiilicaI Deplh The deplh of fIov duiing ciilicaI fIov evenls.
CiilicaI IIov The fIov in an open channeI lhal is al a nininun specific eneigy and has a
Iioude Nunlei equaI lo 1.O.
Cioss SIope The iale of change of ioadvay eIevalion vilh iespecl lo lhe dislance
peipendicuIai lo lhe diieclion of liaveI. Il is aIso knovn as liansveise sIope.
CunuIalive ioughl aloul oi lhe incieased in slienglh, ly successive addilions al diffeienl
lines oi in diffeienl vays.
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Daicys Lav An enpiiicaI Iav lased on expeiinenlaI evidence foi lhe fIov of fIuids
assuning lhe fIov is Ianinai and ineilia can le negIecled. Il slales lhal lhe
veIocily of lhe fIov lhiough a foinalion is diieclIy piopoilionaI lo lhe
hydiauIic giadienl.
Dead Sloiage A peinanenl pooI voIune Iocaled leIov lhe oulIel sliucluie of a sloiage
device. Dead sloiage piovides valei quaIily liealnenl lul nol valei quanlily
liealnenl.
Design Sloin A seIecled iainfaII evenl of specified anounl, inlensily, duialion and fiequency
used as lhe lasis of design.
Delenlion A lenpoiaiy sloiage of sloin iunoff in a MI, vhich is used lo conlioI lhe
peak dischaige iales ly conlioIIed ieIease iale(s).
Delenlion Tine The anounl of line a voIune of valei is delained in a MI.
Deliilus UnconsoIidaled sedinenls conposed of inoiganic (i.e. dead and decaying) and
oiganic naleiiaI.
DeveIopnenl The eieclion of a luiIding oi lhe caiiying oul of voik, oi lhe use of Iand oi of a
luiIding oi voik, oi lhe suldivision of Iand.
Diiecl Runoff The slieanfIov pioduced in iesponse lo a iainfaII evenl and is equaI lo lhe
lolaI sliean fIov ninus ils lasefIov.
Dischaige The voIune of valei lhal passes a given Iocalion vilhin a given peiiod of line
(e.g. oulfaII, lhe fIov of valei fion a veII, a punp, a pipe, a diainage lasin oi
an aquifei in n
3
/s).
Dischaige Aiea An aiea in vhich valei is Iosl fion lhe saluialed zone.
Dischaige Sliucluie The oulIel sliucluie of a sliucluiaI MI (such as a pond) designed lo ieIease
valei al a designed fIov iale.
DissoIved Consliluenl Consliluenls in a valei sanpIe lhal viII pass lhiough a O.45 n nenliane
fiIlei.
Diainage Aiea The aiea of a valeished vilhin vhich aII suiface iunoff diains ly giavily inlo a
sliean channeI oi Iake upsliean of a given Iocalion.
Diainage Lasenenl A IegaI encunliance lhal is pIaced againsl a piopeilys lilIe lo ieseive
specified piiviIeges foi lhe useis and leneficiaiies of lhe diainage faciIilies
conlained vilhin lhe loundaiies of lhe easenenl.
Diainage InIels The ieceplois foi suiface valei coIIecled in dilches and gulleis, vhich seive as
a nechanisn vheiely suiface valei enleis sloin diains and lhis iefeis lo aII
lypes of inIels (such as giale inIels, cuil inIels, sIolled inIels, elc.).
Diavdovn The veilicaI dislance vheie lhe fiee valei eIevalion is Ioveied, oi lhe
ieduclion of lhe piessuie head due lo lhe ienovaI of fiee valei.
Diy Iond A faciIily lhal piovides sloinvalei quanlily conlioI ly conlaining excess
iunoff in a delenlion lasin and lhen ieIeasing il al aIIovalIe IeveIs.
Diy VauIl/Tank A faciIily lhal lieals sloinvalei foi valei quanlily conlioI ly delaining iunoff
in undeigiound sloiage unils and lhen ieIeasing ieduced fIovs al eslalIished
slandaids.
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Diy-pil Slalions Iunp slalions lhal use lolh vel and diy veIIs. Sloinvalei is sloied in lhe
vel veII, vhich is connecled lo lhe diy veII ly hoiizonlaI suclion piping. The
sloinvalei punps aie Iocaled on lhe fIooi of lhe diy veII.
Laves Cullei A channeI, foi lhe conveyance of iainvalei, Iocaled aIong lhe eaves of a ioof
exleinaI lo lhe fascia Iine. A conceaIed eaves gullei is Iocaled inside lhe fascia
Iine and can aIso le caIIed an inleinaI eaves gullei.
LcoIogy The sludy of lhe halils and nodes of Iife-Iiving oiganisns (such as pIanls and
aninaIs), and lheii ieIalionships lo each olhei and lheii enviionnenl.
LffIuenl Wasle naleiiaI (e.g. Iiquid indusliiaI dischaige oi sevage) lhal nay le
dischaiged inlo lhe enviionnenl.
Lneigency SpiIIvay The channeI of a pond-lype MI, designed lo pass a sloin evenl lhal exceeds
lhe design capacily of lhe piinaiy dischaige sliucluie.
Lneigenl IIanls Aqualic pIanls lhal aie iooled in lhe sedinenl lul vhose Ieaves aie al oi alove
lhe valei suiface. These velIand pIanls oflen have high halilal vaIues foi
viIdIife and valeifovI, and can aid in poIIulanl uplake.
Lndenic Confined lo oi oiiginaling in a given iegion as an isIand. Aiea oi counliy and
found novheie eIse.
Lneigy Dissipalei Any neans ly vhich lhe lolaI eneigy of fIoving valei is ieduced. In
sloinvalei design, lhey aie usuaIIy nechanisns lhal ieduce veIocily piioi lo,
oi al, dischaige fion an oulfaII in oidei lo pievenl eiosion. They incIude iock
spIash pads, diop nanhoIes, conciele sliIIing lasins oi laffIes, and check dans.
LnviionnenlaI VaIues IailicuIai vaIues oi uses of lhe enviionnenl lhal aie conducive lo pulIic
lenefil, veIfaie, safely oi heaIlh and lhal iequiie pioleclion fion lhe effecls of
poIIulion, vasle dischaiges and deposils. SeveiaI enviionnenlaI vaIues nay
le designaled foi a specific valeilody.
LpheneiaI Sliean A sliean vhich does nol fIov conlinuousIy oi fIovs onIy foi shoil peiiod of
line.
Liosion The veaiing of lhe Iand suiface ly valei oi vind and lhe sulsequenl
delachnenl and lianspoilalion of soiI pailicIes.
Liosion and Sedinenl
ConlioI
Tenpoiaiy oi peinanenl neasuies laken lo ieduce eiosion, conlioI siIlalion
and sedinenlalion, ensuiing lhal sedinenl-Iaden valei does nol Ieave a sile.
Liosive VeIocilies VeIocilies of valei lhal aie high enough lo veai avay Iand suiface. Lxposed
soiI viII geneiaIIy eiode faslei lhan slaliIised soiIs. Liosive veIocilies viII vaiy
accoiding lo lhe soiI lype, sIope, sliucluiaI oi vegelalive slaliIisalion used lo
piolecl lhe soiI.
Luliophic Alundanl in nuliienls and having high iales of pioduclivily fiequenlIy
iesuIling in oxygen depIelion leIov lhe suiface Iayei of a valeilody.
Luliophicalion Lniichnenl of valei vilh nuliienls, piinaiiIy phosphoius, causing alundanl
aqualic pIanl giovlh (nainIy aIgae lIoons).
Lvapoialion The physicaI piocess ly vhich a Iiquid (such as valei) in a sliean, Iake oi
noisl soiI is liansfoined inlo a gaseous slale. Il nay le expiessed as lhe lolaI
(oi lhe nean) iale in unils of nass (oi voIune) pei unil aiea oi as an equivaIenl
deplh of valei foi lhe peiiod conceined.
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Lvapolianspiialion The lolaI valei vapoui Ioss fion an aiea ly evapoialion and lianspiialion
fion pIanls ovei a given line peiiod. Il incIudes lhe evapoialion of valei fion
soiIs, dev and inleicepled piecipilalion, as veII as lianspiialion fion pIanls.
Lvenl Mean
Concenlialion (LMC)
The aveiage concenlialion of an uilan poIIulanl neasuied duiing a sloin
iunoff evenl. The LMC is caIcuIaled ly fIov-veighing each poIIulanl sanpIe
neasuied duiing a sloin evenl.
Lxcess RainfaII An anounl of iainfaII giealei lhan vhal lhe soiI can alsoil, iesuIling in iunoff.
LxfiIlialion The dovnvaid novenenl of iunoff lhiough lhe lollon of an infiIlialion MI
inlo lhe soiI Iayei.
Lxlended Delenlion A sloinvalei nanagenenl MI lhal piovides foi lhe giaduaI ieIease of a
voIune of valei ovei a line inleivaI designed lo inciease sellIing of uilan
poIIulanls and piolecl dovnsliean channeIs fion fiequenl fIooding.
Lxlended Delenlion Diy
Ionds
Depiessed lasins lhal lenpoiaiiIy sloie a poilion of lhe sloinvalei iunoff
foIIoving a sloin evenl. The exlended delenlion line of lhe sloinvalei
piovides an oppoilunily foi uilan poIIulanls caiiied ly lhe fIov lo sellIe oul.
IaecaI CoIifoin acleiia Minule Iiving oiganisns associaled vilh hunan oi aninaI faeces lhal aie used
as an indiiecl indicaloi of lhe piesence of olhei disease-causing lacleiia.
IiIlialion Media The sand, soiI oi olhei oiganic naleiiaI in a fiIlialion device used lo piovide a
peinealIe suiface foi poIIulanl and sedinenl ienovaI.
IIoalalIes MaleiiaIs found in iunoff lhal aie luoyanl such as poIyslyiene, pIaslic,
cigaielle lulls and olhei lypes of oiganic naleiiaIs.
IIood ReIaliveIy high slieanfIov vhich oveilops lhe naluiaI oi ailificiaI lanks in any
pail of a sliean oi iivei.
IIood Rouling Deleinining lhe iise and faII of fIoodvalei as il piogiesses dovnsliean.
IIood Slandaid (oi
Designaled IIood)
The fIood seIecled foi pIanning puiposes. The choice shouId le lased on an
undeislanding of fIood lehavioui and lhe associaled fIood iisk. Il shouId aIso
lake inlo accounl sociaI, econonic and ecoIogicaI consideialions.
IIood Sloiages Iails of lhe fIoodpIain lhal aie inpoilanl foi lhe lenpoiaiy sloiage of
fIoodvaleis duiing lhe passage of a fIood.
IIoodpIain The Iov Iand adjacenl lo a valeilody, vhich is suljecled lo fIooding.
IIoodvays Aieas vheie a significanl voIune of valei fIovs duiing fIoods. They aie oflen
aIigned vilh olvious naluiaIIy defined channeIs. IIoodvays aie aieas, vhich
even if onIy pailiaIIy lIocked vouId cause a significanl iedisliilulion of fIood
fIov lhal nay in luin adveiseIy affecl olhei aieas. They aie oflen, lul nol
necessaiiIy lhe aieas of deepei fIov oi lhe aieas vheie highei veIocilies occui.
IIov SpIillei An engineeied, hydiauIic sliucluie designed lo diveil a peicenlage of sloin
fIov lo a MI Iocaled oul of lhe piinaiy channeI, oi lo diiecl sloinvalei lo a
paiaIIeI pipe syslen oi lo lypass a poilion of lasefIov aiound a MI.
Ioielay An exlia sloiage aiea piovided neai an inIel of a pond MI lo liap inconing
sedinenl lefoie il accunuIales in a pond MI.
Ioieshoie The Iand lelveen a valei lody and lhe doninanl iidge Iine facing lhe valei
lody.
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Iieeloaid The space fion lhe lop of an enlanknenl lo lhe highesl valei eIevalion
expecled foi lhe Iaigesl design sloin sloied. This space is iequiied as a safely
naigin in a pond oi lasin.
Cales Cales aie conlioI device al diainage oulIel lo avoid lackfIov duiing high lides
oi high fIood IeveIs al lhe ieceiving valei lodies. They aie noinaIIy opened
duiing Iov valei IeveIs and cIosed duiing highei valei IeveIs al lhe ieceiving
valei lodies.
Ciade The sIope of a Iand suiface, ioad oi channeI lollon.
Ciass ChanneI An open vegelaled channeI used lo convey iunoff and lo piovide liealnenl ly
fiIleiing poIIulanls and sedinenls.
Ciale InIels IaiaIIeI and/oi liansveise lais aiianged lo foin an inIel sliucluie.
Cioss IoIIulanl Tiap A device used lo inleicepl gioss poIIulanls leing lianspoiled in sloinvalei.
Cioss IoIIulanls Sloinvalei Iaden deliis lypicaIIy Iaigei lhan 3 nn (incIudes Iillei and oiganic
nallei).
Cioundvalei Mound A iound, nound-shaped suiface in a valei lalIe oi olhei polenlioneliic
suiface lhal luiIds up as a iesuIl of lhe dovnvaid peicoIalion of valei.
Cioundvalei TalIe The fiee suiface of lhe undeigiound valei lhal is fiequenlIy suljecled lo
condilions such as fIuclualing alnospheiic piessuie vilh lhe season,
vilhdiavaI iales and iesloialion iales. Theiefoie, lhe gioundvalei lalIe is
seIdon slalic.
CuIIy A channeI caused ly lhe concenlialed fIov of suiface and sloinvalei iunoff
ovei unpiolecled eiodilIe Iand.
Halilal The kind of IocaIily in vhich aninaI lieeds oi pIanls noinaIIy giov. Il is aIso
lhe geogiaphic disliilulion oi nalive hone of pIanl oi aninaIs.
HydiauIic Conduclivily Ioi isoliopic poious nediun and honogenous fIuids. The lein iefeis lo lhe
voIune of valei al lhe exisling kinenalic viscosily lhal viII nove in unil line
undei a unil hydiauIic giadienl lhiough a unil aiea neasuied al iighl angIe lo
lhe diieclion of fIov. RepIaces lhe lein coefficienl of peinealiIily.
HydiauIic Ciade Line
(HCL)
A Iine coinciding vilh lhe IeveI of fIoving valei in an open channeI. In a
cIosed conduil fIoving undei piessuie, lhe HCL is lhe IeveI lo vhich valei
vouId iise in a veilicaI lule al any poinl aIong lhe pipe. Il is equaI lo lhe
eneigy giadeIine eIevalion ninus lhe veIocily head, V
2
/2g.
HydiauIic Ciadienl SIope of lhe valei oi polenlioneliic suiface. The change in slalic head pei unil
of dislance in a given diieclion. If nol specified, lhe diieclion geneiaIIy is
undeislood lo le lhe naxinun iale of deciease in head.
HydiauIic Head The heighl alove a dalun pIane (such as sea IeveI) of lhe coIunn of valei lhal
can le suppoiled ly lhe hydiauIic piessuie al a given poinl in a gioundvalei
syslen. Ioi a veII, lhe hydiauIic head is equaI lo lhe dislance lelveen lhe
valei IeveI in lhe veII and lhe dalun pIane.
HydiauIic }unp A fIov disconlinuily, vhich occuis al an aliupl liansilion fion sulciilicaI lo
supeiciilicaI fIov.
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HydiauIic Radius This is lhe ialio of cioss seclionaI aiea of lhe fIov lo lhe velled peiinelei. Ioi
a ciicuIai pipe fIoving fuII, lhe hydiauIic iadius is one-fouilh of lhe dianelei.
Ioi a vide ieclanguIai channeI, lhe hydiauIic iadius is appioxinaleIy equaI lo
lhe fIov deplh.
HydiauIics The sludy of valei fIov, in pailicuIai lhe evaIualion of fIov paianeleis such
as slage and veIocily in a iivei oi sliean.
HydiogeoIogy The science lhal deaIs vilh sulsuiface valeis and ieIaled geoIogic aspecls of
suiface valeis. AIso used in lhe noie iesliicled sense of gioundvalei geoIogy.
Hydiogiaph A giaph shoving slage, fIov, veIocily, oi olhei chaiacleiislics of valei vilh
iespecl lo line. A sliean hydiogiaph connonIy shovs iale of fIov, a
gioundvalei hydiogiaph shovs lhe valei IeveI oi head.
HydioIogic Alsliaclions Losses of iainfaII lhal do nol conliilule lo diiecl iunoff. These Iosses incIude
valei ielained in suiface depiessions, valei inleicepled ly vegelalion,
evapoialion and infiIlialion.
HydioIogic udgel
(aIance)
An accounl of lhe infIov lo, oulfIov fion and sloiage in a hydioIogic unil
such as a diainage lasin, aquifei, soiI zone, Iake, oi ieseivoii. Il is aIso
expiessed as lhe ieIalionship lelveen evapoialion, piecipilalion, iunoff and
lhe change in valei sloiage ly lhe hydioIogic equalion.
HydioIogic Lqualion The equalion lhal laIances lhe hydioIogic ludgel.
HydioIogy The sludy of lhe iainfaII and iunoff piocess and ieIales lo lhe deiivalion of
hydiogiaphs foi given fIoods, diaughls and olhei valei iesouices aspecls.
Hydiopeiiod A seasonaI occuiience of fIooding and/oi soiI saluialion. Il enconpasses
deplh, fiequency, duialion and seasonaI pallein of inundalion.
HydiopIanning Sepaialion of lhe vehicIe liie fion lhe ioadvay suiface due lo a fiIn of valei
on lhe ioadvay suiface.
IIIicil Dischaige AII non-uilan iunoff dischaiges lo uilan iunoff diainage syslens lhal couId
cause oi conliilule lo a vioIalion of valei quaIily, sedinenl quaIily, oi
gioundvalei quaIily slandaids. This dischaige incIudes sanilaiy sevei
conneclion, indusliiaI piocess valei, cai vashing, elc.
InpeinealIe A condilion vheie a naleiiaI is incapalIe of liansnilling significanl quanlilies
of valei undei piessuie diffeiences.
Inpeivious Suiface A haid suiface aiea, vhich eilhei pievenls oi ielaids lhe enliy of valei inlo lhe
soiI nanlIe undei naluiaI condilions, and/oi causes valei lo iun off lhe
suiface in giealei quanlilies oi al an incieased iale of fIov conpaied lo lhe
piesenl fIov undei naluiaI condilions, piioi lo deveIopnenl. Connon
inpeivious aieas incIude (lul aie nol Iiniled lo) iooflops, vaIkvays, palios,
diivevays, paiking Iols, sloiage aieas, conciele oi asphaIl paving, giaveI
ioads, packed eailhen naleiiaIs and oiIed nacadan.
Inpeiviousness The peicenlage of inpeivious covei vilhin a defined aiea.
Inpoundnenl The lody of valei ielained ly a lein, dan oi dike.
Indigenous Nalive lo, leIonging naluiaIIy lo a pailicuIai aiea, counliy elc. (endenic).
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InfiIlialion The dovnvaid novenenl of valei fion lhe soiI suiface al giound IeveI inlo
lhe undeiIying sulsoiI. Walei infiIliales inlo lhe soiI piofiIe and peicoIales
lhiough il. The infiIlialion capacily is expiessed in leins of nn/hi.
InfiIlialion depends heaviIy on lhe vegelalive covei of lhe soiI suiface, vhiIe
peinealiIily depends on lhe soiI lexluie and conpaclion.
InfiIlialion asin A faciIily lhal piovides sloinvalei quanlily conlioI ly conlaining excess
iunoff in a delenlion faciIily, lhen peicoIaling lhal iunoff inlo lhe suiiounding
soiI.
InfiIlialion Capacily The naxinun oi Iiniling infiIlialion iale.
InfiIlialion Rale The iale al vhich a soiI undei specified condilions alsoils faIIing iain, neIling
snov, oi suiface valei expiessed in deplh of valei pei unil line (cenlinelies
pei second, inches pei houi).
InIel A foin of conneclion lelveen lhe suiface of a giound and a diain oi sevei foi
lhe adnission of suiface and sloinvalei iunoff.
Invasive Lxolic IIanls Non-nalive pIanls having lhe capacily lo conpele and pioIifeiale in inlioduced
enviionnenls.
Inveil The Iovesl poinl on lhe inside of a cuIveil oi pipe.
Leaching The Ioss of nuliienls fion lhe exisling giound (i.e. vhen iain dissoIve lhe
nuliienls and aie caiiied avay). Theie aie possiliIilies lhal chenicaI feiliIiseis
Ieached fion lhe giound aie alIe lo poIIule slieans and olhei valei souices.
LeveI Spieadei A device used lo spiead oul sloinvalei iunoff unifoinIy ovei lhe giound
suiface as sheel fIovs (nol lhiough channeIs). The puipose of IeveI spieadeis is
lo pievenl concenlialed and eiosive fIovs fion occuiiing, lhus enhancing
infiIlialion.
LovfIov ChanneI An incised oi paved channeI fion lhe inIel lo lhe oulIel in a diy lasin, vhich is
designed lo caiiy Iov iunoff fIovs and/oi lasefIov diieclIy lo lhe oulIel
vilhoul delenlion.
Maciophyle A nenlei of lhe nacioscopic pIanl Iife, especiaIIy of a valeilody.
Majoi Sloin A piecipilalion evenl lhal is highei lhan lhe lypicaI Iaigesl iainfaII foi a yeai.
Majoi Syslen A syslen lhal piovides oveiIand ieIief foi sloinvalei fIovs exceeding lhe
capacily of lhe ninoi syslen and is conposed of palhvays lhal aie piovided,
knovingIy oi unknovingIy, foi lhe iunoff lo fIov lo naluiaI oi nannade
ieceiving channeIs such as slieans, cieeks oi iiveis.
Managenenl IIan A docunenl incIuding, as appiopiiale, lolh viillen and diagiannalic
infoinalion desciiling hov a pailicuIai aiea of Iand is lo le used and
nanaged lo achieve defined oljeclives. Il nay aIso incIude desciiplion and
discussion of vaiious issues, piolIens, speciaI fealuies and vaIues of lhe aiea,
lhe specific nanagenenl neasuies vhich aie lo appIy and lhe neans and
lining ly vhich lhe pIan viII le inpIenenled.
MalhenalicaI (Conpulei)
ModeIs
The nalhenalicaI iepiesenlalion of physicaI piocesses (e.g. iainfaII and iunoff,
oi noliIisalion and lianspoil of poIIulanls ly iunoff). These nodeIs usuaIIy
iun on conpuleis due lo lhe conpIexily of lhe nalhenalicaI ieIalionships.
Mean Deplh The aveiage deplh desciiled as lhe cioss-seclionaI aiea of lhe inundaled
channeI divided ly ils suiface vidlh.
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Minoi Syslen A syslen, vhich consisls of lhe conponenls of lhe sloin diainage syslen lhal
is noinaIIy designed lo caiiy iunoff fion lhe noie fiequenl sloin evenls.
These conponenls incIude cuils, gulleis, dilches, inIels, nanhoIes, pipes and
olhei conduils, open channeIs, punps, delenlion lasins, valei quaIily conlioI
faciIilies, elc.
MuIch Oiganic naleiiaI spiead on soiI lo aid noisluie ielenlion and pievenl veed
giovlh. Il aIso piovides nuliienls and heIps lo open soiI lexluie.
NaluiaIise The eslalIishnenl of pIanls in a nannei as lhough lhey aie of viId species.
Nev DeveIopnenl IncIudes lhe foIIoving aclivilies: Iand disluiling aclivilies, sliucluiaI
deveIopnenl incIuding consliuclion, inslaIIalion oi expansion of a luiIding oi
olhei sliucluie, and ciealion of inpeivious suifaces.
Nonpoinl Souice (NIS)
IoIIulion
IoIIulion caused ly sedinenl, nuliienls, oiganic and loxic sulslances
oiiginaling fion Iand-use aclivilies and/oi fion lhe alnospheie, vhich aie
caiiied lo suiface valeilodies ly iunoff. (NIS) poIIulion occuis vhen lhe iale
al vhich lhese naleiiaIs enleiing valeilodies exceeds naluiaI IeveIs.
Nuliienl A sulslance necessaiy foi lhe giovlh of oiganisns.
Olseivalion WeII A lesl veII inslaIIed in an infiIlialion MI lo noniloi diaining lines and
sedinenl accunuIalion aflei inslaIIalion.
Off-Iine A sloinvalei nanagenenl syslen designed lo nanage a sloin evenl ly
diveiling a peicenlage of sloinvalei evenls fion a sliean oi sloin diainage
syslen.
Off-Iine MI A valei quaIily faciIily designed lo lieal a poilion of sloinvalei, vhich has
leen diveiled fion a sliean oi sloin diain.
Off-Iine Tiealnenl A MI syslen lhal is Iocaled oulside of lhe sliean channeI oi diainage palh. A
fIov spIillei is used lo diveil iunoff fion lhe channeI and inlo lhe MI foi
liealnenl.
Off-sile Any aiea Iying upsliean of lhe sile lhal diains onlo lhe sile and any aiea Iying
dovnsliean of lhe sile.
OiI/Ciil Sepaialoi A lesl nanagenenl piaclice designed lo ienove heavy pailicuIale and
hydiocailons.
On-Iine A sloinvalei nanagenenl syslen designed lo nanage sloinvalei in ils
oiiginaI sliean oi diainage channeI.
Oiifice An opening vilh cIosed peiinelei usuaIIy shaip-edged and of ieguIai foin in
a pIale, vaII, oi paililion lhiough vhich valei nay fIov. CeneiaIIy used foi
lhe puipose of neasuienenl oi fIov conlioI.
Oiifice IIov IIov of valei lhiough a sulneiged opening and conlioIIed ly piessuie foices.
OulfaII The poinl oi sliucluie of a conduil dischaiging lo a valeilody.
OulIel Ioinl of valei disposaI of a sliean, iivei, Iake, lidevalei oi ailificiaI diain.
OveifIov Rale Delenlion lasin ieIease iale divided ly lhe suiface aiea of lhe lasin. Il can le
lhoughl of as an aveiage fIov iale lhiough lhe lasin.
Oveilopping To fIov ovei lhe Iinils of a conlainnenl oi conveyance eIenenl.
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Oxidalion The conlinalion of oxygen vilh a sulslance, oi lhe ienovaI of hydiogen fion
il, oi noie geneiaIIy, any ieaclion in vhich an alon Ioses eIeclions.
Oxygenalion The piocess of adding dissoIved oxygen lo a soIulion.
Iaianelei A neasuialIe (oi quanlifialIe) chaiacleiislic (oi fealuie).
Ieak Dischaige The naxinun fIov foi a given hydioIogic evenl al a specified Iocalion.
IeicoIalion The novenenl undei hydioslalic piessuie of valei lhiough lhe inleislices of
iock oi soiI, excepl foi lhe novenenl lhiough Iaige openings such as caves.
IeicoIalion Rale The iale expiessed as eilhei veIocily oi voIune pei unil of line al vhich valei
peicoIales lhiough a poious nediun.
IeienniaI IIanl lhal giov foi noie lhan lvo yeais.
IeinealiIily The capacily of a geoIogic naleiiaI in liansnilling a fIuid. The degiee of
peinealiIily depends upon lhe size and shape of lhe openings and lhe exlenl
of lhe inleiconneclions of lhe naleiiaI.
Ieivious AIIoving foi lhe passage of valei.
Ieslicide A sulslance oi nixluie of sulslances used lo eIininale unvanled species of
pIanls oi aninaIs.
pH VaIue laken lo iepiesenl lhe acidily oi aIkaIinily of an aqueous soIulion. Il is
defined as lhe negalive Iogaiilhn of lhe hydiogen ion acidily of lhe soIulion.
Ioinl Souice A dislincl, idenlifialIe souice of poIIulanls.
Ioious Iavenenl An aIleinalive lo convenlionaI pavenenl vheiely iunoff is diveiled lhiough a
poious asphaIl Iayei oi nanufacluied pavenenl giid inlo an undeigiound
slone ieseivoii. Thus, lhe sloied iunoff giaduaIIy infiIliales inlo lhe sulsoiI.
Iosl-deveIopnenl Ieak
Runoff
Maxinun inslanlaneous iale of fIov duiing a sloin aflei a deveIopnenl is
conpIeled.
Iieliealnenl The ienovaI of naleiiaI such as gioss soIids, giil, giease and scun fion fIovs
piioi lo physicaI, lioIogicaI oi chenicaI liealnenl piocesses lo inpiove
liealaliIily. Iieliealnenl nay incIude scieening, giil ienovaI, sloinvalei and
oiI sepaialois.
IiolaliIily A slalislicaI neasuie of lhe expecled fiequency oi occuiience of fIooding. Ioi
a fuIIei expIanalion, see AnnuaI Lxceedance IiolaliIily.
Iunp
Iunp is a noloi lhal diive lhe piopeIIei, inpeIIei oi sciev lo Iifl fIood valei
lo a highei eIevalion. Iunp seIeclion and nunleis depend on slalion Iayoul,
iequiied punp iale, vel veII deplh, and nainlenance consideialions. The size
of each noloi depends on lhe punp size, fIov iale, piessuie head, and duly
cycIe.
Iunp Slalion ConlioIs
ConlioI ciicuiliy incIudes lhe fIood IeveI al vhich lhe punp slalion viII le
aclivaled, sequence of opeialion, aclivalion of lhe slandly geneialoi vhen
necessaiy, deaclivalion vhen lhe fIood evenl has passed, and opeialion of any
nighl secuiily Iighling. ConlioIs nay aIso incIude aulonalic connunicalion
vilh a cenliaI office on lhe slalions slalus iegaiding valei IeveIs, punp
ieadiness, uliIily eIecliicaI povei, slandly geneialoi fueI IeveI, secuiily, oi
olhei cenliaI office conceins.
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Iunp Slalion Dischaige
ChanneIs
Conveyance lhal diiecl lhe punp fIovs inlo lhe ieceiving valei lodies and
shaII le designed lo avoid any lackfIov inlo lhe punp sunp.
Iunp Slalion Iovei
Souices
The povei souice is usuaIIy piovided ly lhe IocaI uliIily lhal noinaIIy iequiie
eIecliicaI sulslalion. Lveiy punp slalion shaII have an on-sile slandly
eIecliicaI geneialoi lecause lhe lype of sloin lhal nakes a punp slalion
necessaiy is aIso lhe lype of sloin lhal inleiiupls uliIily povei.
Iunp Slalion Side-spiII
Weii
Side-spiII veii is a device lo sepaiale lhe sloinvalei channeI and lhe punp
sloiage oi sunp lo pievenl sloinvalei fion enleiing lhe punp sloiage oi
sunp duiing noinaI peiiod vheie lhe fIov can le dischaige lhiough giavily.
Iunp Sunp and Sloiage
The sunp and sloiage aie snaII pond lo ieceive lhe infIov of sloin valei
piioi lo punping. The sloiage can allenuale lhe sloin hydiogiaph peak lo
ieduce lhe iequiied punping iale. In nosl ciicunslances, lhe sloinvalei lhal
liings aIong deliis can cIog and danage lhe punps and deliis ienovaI
syslen shaII le piovided lefoie lhe fIovs enlei lhe sunp and sloiage.
Convenienl access shaII le piovided foi lhe ienovaI of accunuIaled deliis and
siIl.
RainfaII Inlensily The iale al vhich piecipilalion occuis al a given inslanl.
Rainhead A coIIecloi of iainvalei al lhe end of a lox gullei geneiaIIy of a ieclanguIai
shape and exleinaI lo a luiIding, vhich is connecled lo an exleinaI dovnpipe.
Reach The snaIIesl poilion of a diainage syslen consisling of a unifoin shape, cioss-
seclion and sIope.
Receiving Waleis odies of valei oi suiface valei syslens ieceiving valei fion nan-nade (oi
naluiaI) upsliean slieans.
Rechaige RepIenishnenl of gioundvalei ly dovnvaid infiIlialion of valei fion
iainfaII, slieans and olhei souices. NaluiaI iechaige occuis vilhoul assislance
oi enhancenenl ly nan. AilificiaI iechaige occuis vhen lhe naluiaI iechaige
pallein is nodified deIileialeIy lo inciease iechaige.
Rechaige asin A lasin consliucled on lhe giound suiface lo ieceive dischaige fion slieans,
sloin diains oi olhei souices foi lhe puipose of iepIenishing gioundvalei
suppIy.
RedeveIopnenl The consliuclion, aIleialion oi inpiovenenl exceeding 5OO squaie neleis of
exisling Iand cuiienlIy used as conneiciaI, indusliiaI, inslilulionaI oi
nuIlifaniIy iesidenliaI.
ReIease Rale The iale of dischaige in voIune pei unil line fion a delenlion faciIily.
Resloialion The ieeslalIishnenl of velIand funclionaI chaiacleiislics and piocesses lo
pieviousIy defined velIands lhal have leen Iosl lhiough aIleialions, aclivilies
oi calasliophic evenls.
Relenlion The hoIding of iunoff in a lasin vilhoul ieIease excepl lhiough neans of
evapoialion, infiIlialion oi eneigency lypass.
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Relenlion/Delenlion
IaciIily
A diainage faciIily designed lo hoId valei foi a consideialIe Ienglh of line
lhen ieIeasing il ly evapoialion, pIanl lianspiialion and/oi infiIlialion inlo lhe
giound. Il is aIso designed lo hoId suiface and sloinvalei iunoff foi a shoil
peiiod of line and lhen ieIeasing il lo lhe suiface and sloinvalei nanagenenl
syslen.
Reliofilling The ienovalion of an exisling sliucluie oi faciIily lo neel changed condilions
oi lo inpiove peifoinance.
Righl-of-vay Righl of passage, as ovei anolheis piopeily. A ioule lhal is IavfuI lo use. A
sliip of Iand acquiied foi lianspoil oi uliIily consliuclion.
Ripaiian Ieilaining lo lhe lanks of slieans, velIands, Iakes oi lidevalei. A ieIaliveIy
naiiov sliip of Iand lhal loideis a sliean oi iivei, vhich oflen coincides vilh
lhe naxinun valei suiface eIevalion of lhe 1OO yeai sloin.
Ripiap A facing Iayei oi pioleclive nound of slones pIaced lo pievenl eiosion oi
sIoughing of a sliucluie oi enlanknenl due lo lhe fIov of suiface and
sloinvalei iunoff.
Risei The veilicaI poilion of an inIel lo a conduil, exlending fion lhe laiieI lo lhe
valei suiface.
Risk A slalislicaI concepl defined as lhe expecled fiequency oi piolaliIily of
undesiialIe effecls iesuIling fion a specified exposuie lo knovn oi polenliaI
enviionnenlaI concenlialions of a naleiiaI. A naleiiaI is consideied safe if lhe
iisks associaled vilh ils exposuie aie judged lo le acceplalIe. Lslinales of iisk
nay le expiessed in alsoIule oi ieIalive leins. AlsoIule iisk is lhe excess iisk
due lo exposuie. ReIalive iisk is lhe ialio of lhe iisk in an exposed popuIalion
lo lhe iisk in an unexposed popuIalion.
Runoff A poilion of iainfaII vhich ends up as slieanfIov, aIso knovn as iainfaII
excess.
Safely ench A fIal aiea alove lhe peinanenl pooI and suiiounding a sloinvalei pond
designed lo piovide a sepaialion lo adjacenl sIopes.
Saluialed Zone Iail of a valei-leaiing naleiiaI in vhich aII voids, lolh Iaige and snaII, aie
ideaIIy fiIIed vilh valei undei piessuie giealei lhan alnospheiic.
Sedinenl MineiaI and oiganic soiI naleiiaI lhal is lianspoiled in suspension ly vind oi
valei fIov fion ils oiigin lo anolhei Iocalion.
Sepaiale Sevei OveifIov
(SSO)
An evenl vheie vaslevalei enleiing sanilaiy seveis nay le so gieal lhe
coIIeclion syslen oi sevage liealnenl pIanl cannol handIe lhe incieased fIov
and nay le due lo lIockage, a Iack of capacily, infIov and infiIlialion oi olhei
ieasons. As a iesuIl, unliealed sevage enplies diieclIy inlo ieceiving valeis,
oflen fion nanhoIes oi up lhiough sevei conneclions.
SellIealIe SoIids Suspended soIids in sloinvalei lhal sepaiale ly sellIing vhen lhe sloinvalei
is heId in a quiescenl condilion foi a specified line.
Sheel IIov Runoff, vhich fIovs ovei lhe giound suiface as a lhin, even and
unconcenlialed Iayei in a channeI.
Shoil Ciicuiling The passage of iunoff lhiough a MI in Iess lhan lhe lheoielicaI oi design
liealnenl line.
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Shiul IIanl vilh nany voody slens, lhe nain ones iising fion neai lhe lase.
SIope A ialio of iun (hoiizonlaI) lo iise (veilicaI).
SIolled InIels A seclion of pipe cul aIong lhe IongiludinaI axis vilh liansveise lais spaced
diainage foin sIols.
SoiI Cioups The gieal soiI gioup syslen is one syslen lhal can le used lo cIassify soiIs. The
giouping depends on lhe piesence and lype of noiphoIogicaI fealuies
olseived in lhe fieId, seIeclion of lhese fealuies and lhe veighling lhey ieceive
lased on lhe concepls of soiI genesis.
SoiI Moisluie Walei oi noisluie conlained in lhe soiI nanlIe.
SoiI Ioiosily The peicenlage of lhe soiI (oi iock) voIune lhal is nol occupied ly soIid
pailicIes, incIuding aII poie space fiIIed vilh aii and valei.
SoiI SlaliIisalion The use of neasuies such as iock Iining, vegelalion oi olhei engineeiing
sliucluies lo pievenl lhe novenenl of soiI vhen Ioads aie appIied.
Souice ConlioI MI MI lhal is inlended lo pievenl poIIulanls fion enleiing lhe sloinvalei. A
fev exanpIes of souice conlioI MIs aie eiosion conlioI piaclices,
nainlenance of sloinvalei faciIilies, consliucling ioofs ovei sloiage and
voiking aieas, and diiecling vash valei and siniIai dischaiges lo lhe sanilaiy
sevei oi a dead end sunp.
Species The lasic unil of lioIogicaI cIassificalion, a gioup of individuaI pIanls
iesenlIing each olhei ly a conlinalion of conslanl chaiacleiislics vilh inlei-
lieeding possilIe vilhin lhe species lul geneiaIIy nol lelveen species.
SpiIIvay A passage (such as a paved apion oi channeI) foi suipIus valei ovei oi aiound
a dan oi siniIai olsliuclion. An open oi cIosed channeI, oi lolh, used lo
convey excess valei fion a ieseivoii. Il nay conlain gales, eilhei nanuaIIy oi
aulonalicaIIy conlioIIed lo ieguIale lhe dischaige of excess valei.
Spieading Walei Dischaiging nalive oi inpoiled valei lo a peinealIe aiea foi lhe puipose of
encouiaging il lo peicoIale lo lhe saluialed zone. Spieading, ailificiaI iechaige
and iepIenishnenl aII iefei lo opeialions used lo pIace valei in a gioundvalei
lasin.
Sleady IIov IIov lhal ienains conslanl vilh iespecl lo line.
Sloin Diain A pailicuIai sloin diainage syslen conponenl lhal ieceives iunoff fion inIels
and conveys lhe iunoff lo sone poinl. They aie eilhei cIosed conduils oi open
channeIs connecling lo lvo oi noie inIels.
Sloinvalei Walei iesuIling fion iunoff fion a sloin evenl. Duiing a iainfaII evenl sone
valei ienains on lhe suiface oi is heId in lhe soiI oi undeigiound aquifei as
gioundvalei, a poilion of lhe valei is used diieclIy ly pIanls and lhe
ienaindei fIovs ovei lhe suiface. This oveiIand fIov is caIIed sloinvalei. Il
usuaIIy noves as oveiIand (sheel) fIov oi channeI (concenlialed) fIov.
Sloinvalei Managenenl The piocess of conlioIIing lhe quaIily and quanlily of sloinvalei lo piolecl lhe
dovnsliean enviionnenl.
Sloinvalei Ionds A Iand depiession oi inpoundnenl ciealed foi lhe delenlion oi ielenlion of
sloinvalei iunoff.
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Sloinvalei Sile IIan A pIan, vhich shovs lhe neasuies laken duiing and aflei piojecl consliuclion
lo piovide eiosion and sedinenl conlioI, and sloinvalei conlioI.
Sloinvalei Tiealnenl
Tiain
A seiies of MIs oi naluiaI fealuies, each designaled lo lieal a diffeienl
consliluenl, conponenl, oi aspecl of iunoff, inpIenenled logelhei lo naxinise
poIIulanl ienovaI effecliveness.
Sloinvalei UliIily An uliIily eslalIished lo geneiale a dedicaled souice of funding foi sloinvalei
poIIulion pievenlion aclivilies vheie useis pay a fee lased on Iand-use and
conliilulion of iunoff lo lhe sloinvalei syslen.
Sloinvalei WelIands ShaIIov, consliucled pooIs lhal capluie sloinvalei and aIIov foi lhe giovlh
of chaiacleiislic velIand vegelalion.
SliucluiaI MIs Devices vhich aie consliucled lo piovide lenpoiaiy sloiage and liealnenl of
sloinvalei iunoff.
SulciilicaI IIov IIov chaiacleiised ly high veIocilies, Iaige deplhs, niId sIopes and a Iioude
nunlei Iess lhan 1.O.
Sunp A coIIecloi of iainvalei, geneiaIIy of ieclanguIai shape, in lhe soIe of a lox
gullei and connecled lo a dovnpipe vilhin lhe luiIding peiinelei. Ils
funclion is lo inciease lhe head of valei al lhe enliy lo lhe dovnpipe and lhus
incieasing ils capacily.
Suiface Diainage Syslen
(Iiopeily Diainage)
A syslen foi lhe coIIeclion and conveyance of sloinvalei, lhe eIenenls vhich
incIudes keils and gulleis, sile sloinvalei diains oi channeIs and
appuilenances and punped syslens.
Suspended consliluenl The consliluenls in a valei sanpIe (lhe iesidue) lhal aie ielained on a fiIlei
nediun. The lype of fiIlei nusl le specified.
Suspension A syslen in vhich veiy snaII pailicIes (e.g. soIid, seni-soIid oi Iiquid) aie
noie oi Iess unifoinIy dispeised in a Iiquid oi gaseous nediun. If lhe
pailicIes aie snaII enough lo pass lhiough fiIlei nenlianes, lhe syslen is
leined a coIIoidaI suspension. If lhe pailicIes aie Iaigei lhan coIIoidaI
dinensions lhey viII lend lo piecipilale if heaviei lhan lhe suspending
nediun, oi if Iighlei, lo aggIoneiale and iise lo lhe suiface.
SvaIe A naluiaI oi hunan-nade open depiession oi vide, shaIIov dilch lhal
inleinillenlIy conlains oi conveys iunoff. Can le used as a MI lo delain and
fiIlei iunoff.
ThieshoId Concenlialion A concenlialion, vheie if alove viII pioduce sone effecl (oi iesponse) and
vice veisa.
Tine of Concenlialion The line iequiied foi valei lo liaveI fion lhe hydiauIicaIIy nosl dislanl poinl
lo lhe oulIel of a diainage aiea.
Toxicily The inheienl polenliaI oi capacily of a naleiiaI lo cause adveise effecls in a
Iiving oiganisn.
Toxicily lesl The neans ly vhich lhe loxicily of a chenicaI oi olhei lesl naleiiaI is
deleinined. Il is used lo neasuie lhe degiee of iesponse pioduced ly
exposuie lo a specific IeveI of slinuIus (oi concenlialion of chenicaIs).
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C-xvi CIossaiy
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Tiash Rack A pioleclive sliucluiaI device inslaIIed lo piolecl oulIel sliucluies fion
infIoving deliis.
TiaveI Tine The line inleivaI iequiied foi valei lo liaveI fion one poinl lo anolhei
lhiough a pail (ieach) of a valeished.
Tiealnenl ConlioI MIs These aie nelhods of liealnenl lo ienove poIIulanls fion lhe sloinvalei.
Tiealnenl conlioI MIs aie aIso knovn as sliucluiaI conlioIs. These
conlioIs do iequiie nainlenance.
Tuilidily CIoudiness of valei due lo suspended soIids.
TuiluIence Unoiganised novenenl in Iiquids and gases iesuIling fion lhe eddy
foinalion.
Unifoin IIov A slale of sleady fIov vheie lhe nean veIocily and cioss-seclionaI aiea ienain
conslanl.
Unil Hydiogiaph The diiecl iunoff hydiogiaph pioduced ly a sloin of given duialion such lhal
lhe voIune of excess iainfaII and diiecl iunoff is 1 cn.
Unsaluialed Zone The zone lelveen lhe Iand suiface and lhe valei lalIe. Il incIudes lhe
capiIIaiy fiinge and nay conlain valei undei piessuie Iess lhan lhal of lhe
alnospheie.
Unsleady IIov IIov lhal changes vilh iespecl lo line.
Uplake A piocess ly vhich naleiiaIs aie alsoiled and incoipoialed inlo a Iiving
oiganisn.
Vadose Zone See Unsaluialed Zone.
VaIIey Cullei IncIined channeIs pIaced al lhe inleisecling sIoping suifaces of lhe adjacenl
ioof foi lhe conveyance of iainvalei.
Vaiied IIov IIov in an open channeI vheie lhe fIov iale and deplh change aIong lhe
Ienglh of lhe channeI.
Vegelaled IiIlei Sliip
(VIS)
A faciIily lhal is designed lo piovide sloinvalei quaIily liealnenl of
convenlionaI poIIulanls lul nol nuliienls lhiough lhe piocess of liofiIlialion.
Walei QuaIily MI A MI specificaIIy designed foi poIIulanl ienovaI.
Walei QuaIily Ciileiia Scienlific dala evaIualed lo deiive lhe ieconnended Iinils foi valei uses.
Walei QuaIily InIels Iie-casl sloin diain inIels (oiI and giil sepaialois) lhal ienove sedinenl, oiI
and giease, and Iaige pailicuIales fion paved aiea iunoff lefoie il ieaches
sloin diainage syslens oi infiIlialion MIs.
Walei TalIe The uppei suiface of a saluialed zone excepl vheie lhal suiface is foined ly
an inpeinealIe lody, oi Iocus of poinls in soiI valei al vhich lhe piessuie is
equaI lo alnospheiic piessuie, oi lhe suiface vheie gioundvalei is
encounleied in a veII in an unconfined aquifei. The valei lalIe is a pailicuIai
polenlioneliic suiface.
Weed CeneiaIIy a pIanl vhich iapidIy iepioduces ilseIf in Iaige nunleis, and if nol
checked, supeisedes oi deslioy cuIlivaled ciops oi inleifeies vilh lheii
cuIlivalion.
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CIossaiy C-xvii
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Weii IIov IIov ovei a hoiizonlaI olsliuclion conlioIIed ly giavily.
Wel Delenlion Ionds A MI consisling of a peinanenl pooI of valei designed lo lieal iunoff ly
delaining valei Iong enough foi sellIing, fiIleiing, and lioIogicaI uplake. Wel
ponds aie aIso oflen designed lo have an aeslhelic oi ieciealionaI vaIue.
Wel Iond A faciIily lhal lieals sloinvalei foi valei quaIily ly uliIising a peinanenl pooI
of valei lo ienove convenlionaI poIIulanls fion iunoff lhiough
sedinenlalion, lioIogicaI uplake and pIanl fiIlialion.
WelIands Aieas lhal aie inundaled oi saluialed ly suiface oi gioundvalei al a
fiequency and duialion sufficienl lo suppoil, al undei noinaI ciicunslances, a
pievaIence of vegelalion lypicaIIy adapled foi Iife in saluialed soiI condilions.
WelIands geneiaIIy incIude svanps, naishes and logs. This incIudes
velIands, vhich aie ciealed, iesloied oi enhanced as pail of a niligalion
pioceduie. This does nol incIude consliucled velIands oi suiface valeis
inlenlionaIIy consliucled fion siles lhal aie nol vel-Iands such as iiiigalion
and diainage dilches, giass-Iined svaIes, canaIs, agiicuIluiaI delenlion
faciIilies, fain ponds and Iandscape anenilies.
Wel-pil Slalions Iunp slalions designed such lhal lhe punps aie sulneiged in a vel veII oi
sunp vilh lhe nolois and lhe conlioIs Iocaled oveihead.

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