Transcultural Nursing

Introduction:
The field of transcultural nursing is an essential area of study and
practice in nursing. Nurses must be aware of knowledge of culture to
understand peoples view of care, identify their cultural beliefs and values. It
reflects the need for respect and acknowledgement of the wholeness of all
human beings. It is essential to remember that regardless of race, ethnicity,
culture or heritage every human beings is cultural unique.
Meaning
. !ulture is an accepted set of values, belief and behaviors shared with
in a social group.
"#Nolt, $
%. !ulture is a patterned behavioral response that develop over time
through social and religions customs and intellectual and artistic
activities.
"#&otter ' &erry,$
Definition
Transcultural nursing is defined as a culturally competent practice of
field that is client centered and research focused.
"(tokes. $

Purpose
To contribute to the development of theoretically based transcultural
nursing and the advancement of transcultural nursing practice.
Goal
To increase the delivery of culturally competence care to individuals,
families, groups, communities and institution.
Objectives
. To apply transcultural nursing framework to guide nursing practice in
diverse health care settings across the life span.
%. To analyse ma)or concerns and issues encountered by nurses in
providing transcultural nursing care to individuals, families, groups,
communities.
*. To e+pand the theoretical basis for using concepts from the natural
and behavioral sciences and from the humanities in order to provide
culturally competent and culturally congruent nursing care.
Features
Transcultural nursing requires that nurses formally study the
nature, scope, concepts, theories, research methods and
knowledge domains related to the field.
It is quite different from the traditional areas of nursing. Its
theories, researchers methods and practitioners e+plicitly focus
on the discovery of comparative cultural nursing knowledge of
people and institutions that are culturally different or alike.
%
Development of Transcultural Nursing
,-. # /r. 0adeleine leiniger noticed and studies the cultural
/ifferences in the perception of care.
,1- # 2eininger earned a doctorate in cultural anthropology
,1-#,1, # 2einniger offered first courses and teleculture offered in
Transcultural Nursing.
,3* # 4irst academic department in transcultural nursing
established.
,3. # Transcultural society established as the official
organi5ation.
,36 # 4irst advanced degree programmes.
,66 # Transcultural nursing society initiated certification
e+amination.
,6, # 7ournal of transcultural nursing "7TN$
,, # /r. leininger published culture and diversity and
8niversity. 9 theory of nursing in which she outlined her
theory and its research applications.
,,- # /r. leiniger#publihsed Transcultural nursing, concepts,
theories research and practice.
%::% # /r. leiniger published, transcultural ; transcultural
nursing, concepts theories research and practice.
*
Importance of transcultural Nursing
2einiger ",,-$ cites right factors that influenced her to establish
transcultural nursing.
. There was a marked increase in the migration of people within and
between countries world wide, transcultural nursing is needed because
of the growing diversity that characteri5es our national and global
population.
%. There has been a rise in multicultural identities, with people identities
there cultural beliefs, values and life ways to be understood and
respected by nurses and other health care providers.
*. The increased use of health care technology sometimes conflicts with
cultural values of clients.
.. !ultural conflicts, classes and violence have an impact on health care
as more cultures interact with one another,
-. There is an increase in the number of people traveling and working in
many different parts of the world.
1. There is an increase in legal suits resulting from cultural negligence of
health care practice.
3. There has been a risk of feminism and gender issues, with new
demand on health care systems to meet the needs of woman and
children.
6. There has been an increased demand for community and culturally
based health care services endives environmental contents.
.
Scope of transcultural Nursing
. !ulture includes are human activities taking material and non#material
forms and e+pressions, culture includes the political, economic, social
and religions educational and environmental in which human being
live and function.
%. Nursing as a culturally based discipline and profession means
searching for documenting the structural features and functions of
nursing with its cultural values and institutional e+pressions world
wide.
*. Transcultural knowledge is the true epistemological base from which
to advance nursing knowledge as a discipline and profession. This
knowledge will be the power house for e+plaining nursing practice as
a basis for cultural healing, health and well being of clients.
Transcultural assessment model
9 transcultural assessment model is offered that greatly minimi5es the
time needed to conductive a comprehensive assessments in an effort to
provide culturally competent care.
<lements of this model are#
. !ommunications
%. (pace
*. (ocial organi5ation
.. Time
-. <nvironmental control
1. =iological variations.
-
!ommunication
(pace
!ulture
(ocial >rgani5ation
Time
<thnicity
<nvironmental !ontrol =iological variations
?eligion
0odel of the client with in a culturally unique heritage and the cultural
phenomena that have an impact on nursing care.
1
!lient unique
cultural being
1 !ommunications
!ommunication provides the means, which people connect. It
establishes sense of commonality with others and permits the sharing of
information, signals or messages in the form of ideas and feelings.
!ommunication and culture are closely interwined,
communication is the means by which culture is transmitted and
pressured#culture influences how feelings are e+pressed and what verbal
and non verbal e+pressions are appropriate.
!ultural patterns of communication are found on child raring
practices. !ommunication practices of individual, groups affect the
e+pression, ideas, feelings, decision making and communication
strategies.
" space
&ersonal space is the area surrounds a persons body. It includes
the space and the ob)ects within space, individual tend to divide
surrounding space in to regions of front back, right and left
/imension of space
Intimate @one personal @one (ocial @one
3
I Intimate #one$
8sed for comforting and counseling and is reserved for people
who are considered close.
II Personal #one$
Is maintained with friends in some counseling interactions,
touch can occur in the intimate and personal 5ones.
III Social #one$
8sed when impersonal business is conducted, with people who
are working together sensory involvement and communication are
often less intense in the social 5one.
% Social organi&ation
(ocial organi5ation refers to how a cultural group organi5ations
itself around particular units such as families, racial or ethic groups,
religions group community or social groups cultural behaviour or how
one acts in certain situations, in socially acquired, not generically
inherite and thus is usually learned in the family, ne+t to family,
religion is the second most important social organi5ation.
' Time
!ultural groups construct system of time that measure social events
and agricultural activities. (ense of time is not intake but is developed
early as a result of e+periences linked to the individual culture.
6
( )nvironmental !ontrol
<nvironmental control refers to the ability of an individual,
from a particular group to plan activities to co#ordinate with nature. It
also refers to the individual perception of his or her ability to control
factors in the environment.
Perception of *ealt* and illness
Aealth practices such as eating, nutritiously subscribing to prevention
health services, available in the community and installing ha5ards and
pollution.
!ontrol devices are all believed to have a positive effect on the
individual who in turn can positively effect the environment.
!ultural health practices:
It is categori5ed as#
. <fficacious "=eneficial$
%. Neutral
*. /ysfunctional
.. 8ncertain
1 )fficacious !ultural Practices
These practices that are viewed as beneficial to the clients
health status, although they can differ vastly from modern scientific
practices.
,
" Neutral cultural *ealt* practices
These have no effect on health status of an individual. 9lthough
some health care parishioners may consider mental health practices
irrelevant. The nurse must remember that such practices may be
e+tremely important because they may be linked to beliefs. That are
closely insegrated with an individuals behavior.
*. /ysfunctional cultural health practices:
These are harmful must be aware of practice that are
dysfunctional and should work to establish educational training
programmes that will help individuals identity, dysfunctional health
practices and develop beneficial practices.
.. 8ncertain health practices:
Those that have no proven effect. These include such things as
swelling a new born infant to maintain body temperature and using an
abdominal binder for the mother and infant to prevent umbilical
hernias. Aowever, these practices are based on tradition and provide
comfort to the individuals who practice such activities.
The nurse should always identify the clients health practices
and respect themB unless these practices are harmful, they should be
incorporated in to the clients individuali5ed plan of care.
-. =iological variations:
It is becoming more evident to nurses that a body of scientific
knowledge does e+ist concerning biological differences. Information
:
about biological differences is increasing in the literature resulting in a
field of study known as biological ecology.
=io cultural ecology studies diverse human population by means of
this three ways, culture, human biology and ecology interaction
system and focuses on specific locali5ed individuals and populations
with in a given environment.
Nurse should integrate the cultural needs of their clients into the
plan of care. <ach cultural group has its own unique, communication
pattern, space and time orientation, social organi5ations, perception of
environmental control and biological variation.
Factors affecting development of transcultural Nursing:
. 0ore pressure on nursing to address multicultural needs, was the
rapid in flow of immigrants.
%. Technical advances continue to bring peoples of the world closer,
creating a demand for nurses who understand other culture.
Principles of culturall+ competent care$
. 9cknowledge the clients situation and be sensation to the need to have
cultural specific content.
%. ?espect cultural norms, values and communications time patterns.
*. &rovide support for the cultural client to implement of possible his C
her own solutions to care.
.. /evelop interpersonal competence and sensitive on the part of the
nurse.

Transcultural nurse practice$

<ach culture has specific that we must be sensitive to in order
to provide culturally diverse care.
De need to educate the client and family on causation of illness
within the conte+t of the clients cultural believes.
<stablished methods for communication early in the care giving
situation. These communication interventions must meet the
clients and health care providers needs simultaneously, they
must be reliable and they must be understood by all.
De should try to incorporate the clients cultural medical
practices into the plan of care
The access to health care for culturally diverse population may
be limited due to the cultural and language differences.
,dvantages of Transcultural Nursing$
Transcultural nursing knowledge has both a humanistic and
scientific dimension to be e+plicated and used.
Transcultural nursing is unique and different from the traditional
sub fields of medical, surgical, psychiatric and other areas.
Transcultural nursing are providing different kinds of nursing
care services to people of different cultural backgrounds, that
have not been previously available to people.
Nurses prepared through master, doctoral and post doctoral
programmes in transcultural nursing comprise. The leadership
%
groups to guide nurses in the development and implementation of
cultural specific and universal transcultural knowledge.
Issues in Transcultural Nursing$
. Need leadership and financial barriers for development and
maintenance of transcultural nursing programmes to meet social
needs.
%. 2ack of knowledge present in leaders and followers and prepared to
teach transcultural nursing.
*. /ifficulty to reduce culture boundness and ethnocentric research,
teaching and practice tendencies in nursing and provide multicultural
knowledge.
.. /ifficulty to give training to professional nurse to practice nurse to
practice nursing care in different culture.
Future direction of transcultural nursing:
Transcultural nursing is the new hope d imperative direction for l
nurse and health care providers.
&redicted great increase of immigrants, travelers and employees
from every place in the world, nurses must know why to care for
with different culture.
Transcultural nursing is the holistic beneficial and rewarding way to serve
human being world wide and to e+pand nurses views of the true nature and
scope of human care services.
(ummary:
*
(o for we have discussed regarding definition, history, importance,
health model, factors, principles, advantages and issues of transcultural
nursing.
!onclusion
Transculture knowledge for nurses is very important to provide
good nursing care to patient according t their value beliefs and change in
culture.

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th
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clinical 7udgementF
th
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page No. *:#*:-.
*. &otter and perrys "%::$ E4undamental of NursingF -
th
edition, vol.I
mosby, 0issouri, page no: .#-.
.