Hazen Value Determination

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1
2. SYSTEM CHARACTERISTIC AND PUMP DUTY POINT..........................................................1
3. DATA ACQUISITION........................................................................................................................3
4. HAZEN WILLIAM C VALUE AND PUMP DUTY POINT........................................................3
4.1. DANGI PUMPING SYSTEM..............................................................................................................4
4.2. PASIR BESAR RAW WATER PUMPING SYSTEM............................................................................6
4.3. SILANG PUMPING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................8
4.4. PALONG PUMPING SYSTEM.........................................................................................................10
5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................12
List of Graphs
Graph 1: - Dangi Pressure VS Flow
1.85
............................................................................... 4
Graph 2: - System Characteristic Curve for Dangi Pump................................................... 5
Graph 3: - Intake Pressure VS Flow
1.85
............................................................................... 6
Graph 4: - System Characteristic Curve for Intake Pump.................................................. 7
Graph 5: - Sialang Pressure VS Flow
1.85
............................................................................. 8
Graph 6: - System Characteristic Curve for Sialang Pump................................................ 9
Graph 7: - Palong Pressure VS Flow
1.85
........................................................................... 10
Graph 6: - System Characteristic Curve for Palong Pump............................................... 11

List of Tables
Table 1: - Sources of Design data..................................................................................... 12
Table 2: - Summaries of Pumps Duty Point and Target Flow......................................... 12

Appendix A: -Dangi Pumping System
Pipe Profile by GPS tracking A-i
Data for C value computations A-ii
Photos A-iii

Appendix B: -Intake Pumping System
Photos A-iii

Appendix C: -Sialang Pumping System
Photos A-iii

Appendix D: -Palong Pumping System
Photos A-iii
1
1. Introduction
New pumps are proposed to be installed to replace the existing old pumps. To ensure that
the required design flows can be achieved with the new pumps, the existing systems
characteristic need to be established. The parameters required to confirm system charac-
teristic are the pipeline parameters, pump characteristic curves and static lifts. Therefore,
this report shall investigate the availability of existing data and carry out necessary tests,
if necessary, to collect the missing data to establish the system characteristic curve to
confirm the achievable duty flows from the proposed new pumps.
2. System Characteristic and Pump Duty Point
The duty points on any pump are the flow rate against the total head along the designated
pump curves. Therefore pump curves are needed to determine the duty point. The duty
flow rate is the flow that is pushed through the conveying pipes from start end to delivery
end, against the total head, which is the sum of static lift and the friction loss in the con-
veying pipes. Therefore, the system characteristic parameters are required to determine
the duty point on a pump curve. The system characteristic is a function of various pa-
rameters as described below:
a) Pipe size the size of pipe or pipes if there are many different sizes involved
b) Pipe length the length of the pipeline from pump end to receiving reservoirs.
c) Pipe friction factor using Hazen William formula, this factor is termed as C.
d) Static head the different in water levels between suction and delivery.
The pipe frictional head loss is given by Hazen William formula as:
87 . 4 85 . 1
85 . 1
*
* * 67 . 10
d C
Q L
H
l
-----------------------------(1)
Where,
L length of pipe in m
Q Flow rate in m
3
/sec
2
d Pipe diameter in m
C Hazen William friction factor
Pump total head (H
t
) is the sum of static head (H
s
) plus pipe friction head loss (H
l
), as
shown below:
s l t
H H H
or
s t
H
d C
Q L
H
87 . 4 85 . 1
85 . 1
*
* * 67 . 10
-------------------------(2)
Let
87 . 4 85 . 1
*
* 67 . 10
d C
L
K
s t
H Q K H
85 . 1
* ---------------------------------(3)
Which is in the form of y=mx +c
Therefore, the plot of H
t
against Q
1.85
will be a straight line, where the y-intercept will be
the static head H
s
, and with gradient K. The Hazen William C can be calculated as shown
below.
85 . 1
87 . 4
*
* 67 . 10
d K
L
C -------------------------------------(4)
Hence, the valve of C will depend on L length of pipe and d diameter of the pipe. If
the pumping main have mix of pipe sizes in parallel and/or series, the actual C valve of
each pipe cannot be determined. But the duty point still can be determined base on sys-
tem characteristic equation (3), with K as the combined pipe characteristic, provided the
field measurements are accurate.
3
3. Data Acquisition
In Section 2 above, to obtain the C valve, the flow against the pressure readings at the
pipes are required (at least 3 point to confirm the set is straight line). The flow and pres-
sure reading will be taken from pumping system with calibrated flow and pressure meas-
urement equipment. For the pumping system without any or all the flow and pressure
measurement equipment, then new equipment shall used to take the readings.
For the pumping system without flow meter to measure the flow rate, externally mount
on flow meter will be used to measure the flow in the pipe. A good location and condition
of the exposed pipe are necessary for attaching the external flow meter to read accurately.
For pumping system without pressure meter, digital pressure meter shall be used to read
the pumping head. Provided an existing tapings on the pipe are available for attaching the
pressure meter.
Having collected the flow and pressure reading for a pumping system, verification on the
correctness of the data collected is necessary. From equation (3), the static head (Hs) can
be obtained from the graph of total head (Ht) against flow
1.85
. This static head (Hs) can be
verified, if the level of suction tank and receiving reservoir are known.
4. Hazen William C value and Pump Duty Point
The size and length of the pumping main is necessary to calculate the C value for the
flow and pressure reading obtained. Therefore, as-built drawings of the pumping main are
necessary. In the event that the as-built drawings are not available, field collection of
these data will be necessary. The pipe length and profile can be estimated using GPS
tracking, and the pipe size will be determined by site measurement on exposed pipe, or be
informed by the operators.
4
4.1. Dangi Pumping System
As-built drawings on the pipelines are not available, and GPS tracking is used to deter-
mine the length of the pumping main. The plot of the pipeline profile, using GPS tracking
is shown in Appendix A-1, and the length of the pipe is 2300m. The pipe size is obtained
from the sign board displayed at the entrance to the WTP, and it is shown as twin 380mm
diameter MS pipe.
The flow reading were taken form the flow meter in the control room, and the pressure
readings were taken using digital pressure meter connected to a tapping at the surge ves-
sel. The analysis of the flow-pressure readings and the graph of pressure against flow
1.85

is plotted in Graph 1.
Graph 1: - Dangi Pressure VS Flow
1.85

Nine (9) reading are taken and the plot shows a good straight line with correlation of
0.9988. The y-intercept, which is the static head, is 78.1m. The reservoir levels are TWL
Static head = 78.094 m (y-intercept)
Gradient K = 843.67 (Gradient)
C = (10.67*2300.00/ 843.67/0.38^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 78.96
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =707.29x +78.094
R
2
=0.9988
70.000
72.000
74.000
76.000
78.000
80.000
82.000
84.000
86.000
88.000
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012
Q^1.85
H
,
m
5
Pumping System Characteristic Curve
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Flow rate in l /sec.
H
e
a
d

i
n

m
4 pumps
Systemcurve
with min. lift
C=140
Systemcurve
with max. lift
C=78.96
pump duty point
at max. head
pumps Duty point
at min. head
189 232
=158.5m and BWL =152.4m as shown on a sign board at the reservoirs gate. The suc-
tion tank does not have any recorded levels, but site survey plan has indicated the ground
level is around 77m. The suction tank TWL and BWL are assumed to be 79m and 76m
respectively. Therefore, the static head calculated is between 79.5m to 82.5m, which is
close to the computed value. Hence, the static head obtained from the test is acceptable.
The calculated C value is 78.96, assuming the pipe is twin 380mm in diameter and
2300m long, without any branched pipes.
Based on the data collected, the system curves are plotted on the pump curves as shown
in Graph 2, to determine the duty points. The suction pipeworks from suction tank to the
pumps are buried, and detail record drawings are not available, hence, the station loss
cannot be calculated and is assumed to be 2m.
Graph 2: - System Characteristic Curve for Dangi Pump
The minimum duty flow rate is 189 l/s (=680 m
3
/hr) when four (4) new pumps are run-
ning. The flow will increased to 232 l/s (=835 m
3
/hr), if the pipes are replaced with new
pipe. The target flow, with 4 pump running is 555 m
3
/hr; as indicated in drg.
PAAB/NOO9-3/BWP-MIO-DG/PS/M/5001, which is less that the minimum flow of 680
m
3
/hr, Hence, the selected pumps is able to delivery the target flow.
6
C = (10.67*270.00/ 149.34/0.40^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 55.25
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =149.34x +45.393
R
2
=0.9926
50.500
51.000
51.500
52.000
52.500
53.000
53.500
54.000
54.500
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070
Q^1.85
H
,
m
4.2. Pasir Besar Raw Water Pumping System
is shown in Appendix B-1, and the length of the pipe is 270m. The pipe size, as told by
the operator, is 400mm diameter MS pipe.
There is no existing flow measurement at site and suitable location to attach the flow me-
ter cannot be found around the intake. Therefore, the flow measurement was taken at the
aerator by attaching the flow sensors to the vertical aerator pipe. The pressure readings
were taken using digital pressure meter connected to a tapping at the surge vessel. The
analysis of the flow pressure readings and the graph of pressure against flow
1.85
is plotted
in Graph 3.
Graph 3: - Intake Pressure VS Flow
1.85

A total three (3) reading were registered and the plot shows a straight line with correla-
tion 0.9928. The y-intercept, which is the static head, is 45.4m. There is no record for
river maximum and minimum levels, and also the level at aerator outlet are not available
7
as well. Therefore, based on the site survey plan and observation by the operators, the
maximum and minimum river water levels are assumed to be 30m and 22m respectively.
The aerator outlet also assumed to be 45.0m, based on ground survey plan of the WTP.
The static head calculated is between 23m to 15m, which do not agree with the static
head computed based on field test reading. A second field test was conducted on 4
th
, Dec.
2012, and the operator has in deed confirmed that the surge vessel at the intake is for the
old intake (ABJ V) and hence the pressure readings taken in previous is not the pressure
represent the new intake pump. There is not tapping on the existing pipe and hence, sec-
ond round of test to take the pressure reading is not possible. This confirmed that the
pressure readings taken are not valid.
Since the tests for C value of the raw water pipe is not successful, the investigation of
pump duty point was carried out based on common engineering practice. The pipe length
of 270m as indicated by GPS tracking is taken as correct. Assuming that the old raw wa-
ter pipe is 400mm diameter MS pipe; with C value of 90, and it is generally agreed that
any pipe with C value less than 90 is not cost effective to continue using, because of
the high energy loss from frictional losses. In addition, the suction pipeworks from river
to the intake are buried, and detail no record drawings are not available. Therefore actual
station losses cannot be calculated and station loss is assumed to be 2m. The system
curves are plotted on the pump curves as shown in Graph 4, and the duty point is 272 l/s
(=979 m
3
/hr), which is more than the target duty point of 227 l/s (=818 m
3
/hr).
Graph 4: - System Characteristic Curve for Intake Pump
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Flow rate in l/sec.
H
e
a
d

i
n

m
1 pumps
Systemcurve
with min. lift
C=120
Systemcurve
with max. lift
C=90
pump duty point
at max. head
pumps Duty point
at min. head
313
INTAKE SYSTEM
272
8
4.3. Silang Pumping System
is shown in Appendix C-1, and the length of the pipe is 3700m. The operator informed
that the pipe size is 250mm in diameter.
There is no existing flow measurement at site and flow measurements were recorded by
attaching the flowmeter to exposed manifold outside the pumping station. The pressure
readings were taken using digital pressure meter connected to a tapping at the surge ves-
sel. The analysis of the flow pressure readings and the graph of pressure against flow
1.85

Graph 5: - Sialang Pressure VS Flow
1.85

Nine (9) reading are taken and the plot shows a good straight line with correlation of
0.9982. The y-intercept, which is the static head, is 73.4m. The reservoir levels are TWL
=112.77m and BWL =108.5m as shown on a sign board at the reservoirs gate. The suc-
C = (10.67*3700.00/ 5928.6/0.25^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 107.14
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =5928.6x +73.448
R
2
=0.9962
74.000
76.000
78.000
80.000
82.000
84.000
86.000
0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002
Q^1.85
H
,
m
9
tion tank does not have any recorded levels, but site survey plan has indicated the ground
level is around 36m. The suction tank TWL and BWL are assumed to be 35m and 37m
respectively. Therefore, the static head calculated is between 75.77m to 77.77m. Hence,
the static head obtained from the test is acceptable. The calculated C value is 107.14,
assuming the pipe is 250mm in diameter and 3700m long, without any branched pipes.
Based on the data collected, the system curves are plotted on the pump curves as shown
in Graph 6, to determine the duty points. The suction pipeworks from suction tank to the
pumps are buried, and detail no record drawings are not available, hence the station loss
cannot be calculated and is assumed to be 2m.
Graph 6: - System Characteristic Curve for Sialang Pump
The minimum flow rate is 34 l/s (=122 m
3
/hr) when solo pump is running. The flow will
increased to 43 l/s (=155 m
3
/hr), if the pipes are replaced with new pipe. The target flow,
for solo pump running is 160m
3
/hr; 24% short off the target flow. Hence, the selected
pump is unable to delivery the target flow.

0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Flow rate in l/sec.
H
e
a
d

i
n

m
1 pumps
System curve
with min. lift
C=140
System curve
with max. lift
C=107.1
pump duty point
at max. head
pumps Duty point
at min. head
34 43
Sialang System
10
4.4. Palong Pumping System
is shown in Appendix D-1, and the length of the pipe is 10,000m. The operator informed
that the pipe size is 380mm in diameter.
There is no existing flow measurement at site and the manifolds are buried under ground
outside the pumping station. Similarly, there are no suitable tapings on any of the ex-
posed pipe for measuring of pressures. Therefore, both the flow and pressure measure-
ments are taken at the exposed pipe crossing outside the WTP. The analysis of the flow
pressure readings and the graph of pressure against flow
1.85
Graph 7: - Palong Pressure VS Flow
1.85

Four (4) reading are taken and the plot shows a good straight line with correlation of
0.9961. The y-intercept, which is the static head, is 35.7m. There were neither record
drawings of Palong reservoir nor any sign board at the gate showing the TWL and BWL
of the reservoir. Hence, the TWL and BWL of Palong reservoir are estimated using GSP
Gradient K = 1844 (Gradient)
C = (10.67*10000.00/ 1844/0.38^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 114.51
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =1844.9x +35.698
R
2
=0.9961
62.000
64.000
66.000
68.000
70.000
72.000
74.000
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Q^1.85
H
,
m
11
tracking as 101m and 96m respectively. Similarly, the suction tank does not have any re-
corded levels, but site survey plan has indicated the ground level is around 36m. The suc-
tion tank TWL and BWL are assumed to be 35m and 37m respectively. Therefore, the
static head calculated is between 64m to 66m, which is almost twice that obtained from
site measurements. Therefore, this confirmed that the readings taken are not valid.
A second field test was conducted on 4
th
, Dec. 2012, to repeat the test again, but the sec-
ond test recorded the pumping head was only 40+m only, which is lower than the previ-
ous test of 70+m. Therefore, the system characteristic curve cannot be determined.
Since the tests for C value of the pipe is not successful, the investigation of pump duty
point was carried out based on common engineering practice. The pipe length of 10,000m
as indicated by GPS tracking is taken as correct. Assuming that the old pumping main is
250mm diameter MS pipe; with C value of 90. It is generally agreed that any pipe with
C value less than 90 is not cost effective to continue using, because of the high energy
loss from frictional losses. In addition, the suction pipeworks from the suction tank to the
pumping station are buried, and detail no record drawings are not available. Therefore
actual station losses cannot be calculated and station loss is assumed to be 2m. The sys-
tem curves are plotted on the pump curves as shown in Graph 8, and the duty point is 80
l/s (=288 m
3
/hr), which is more than the target duty point of 72 l/s (=260 m
3
/hr).
Graph 8: - System Characteristic Curve for Palong Pump
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0 30 60 90 120
Fl ow rate i n l /sec.
H
e
a
d

i
n

m
1 pumps
Systemcurve
with min. lift
C=140
Systemcurve
with max. lift
C=90
pump duty point
at max. head
pumps Duty point
at min. head
80
96
Palong System
12
5. Conclusion
Ideally, all the data for estimation of pump duty flows should be available from record
drawings or inventory database. But almost non are available, and these data are obtained
by means of estimation or through mouth of experience operators. Therefore, the accu-
racy of the computed duty points are compromised. Table 1 below summarized the
source of data used in this report.
Table 1: - Sources of Design data
Out of the four (4) pumping system investigated, only one (1), Sialang pumping system,
is not able to achieve the target flow. Table 2 below tabulated the computed duty flows
and the targeted flow for all the four (4) pumping systems.
Table 2: - Summaries of Pumps Duty Point and Target Flow

Pumping
System
Pipe length,
m
Pipe size,
mm Reservoir Levels, m Suction Tank Levels, m
2300 380dia. X2 158/152 76/ 79
GPS Operator Sign Board Ground Survey plan
270 400 45 (areator) 22 / 30 (river)
GPS Operator Ground Survey plan Ground Survey plan
3700 250 112/ 108.5 35/37
GPS Operator Sign Board Ground Survey plan
10000 380 101/96 35/37
GPS Operator GPS Ground Survey plan
Dangi
Intake
Sialang
Palong
Pumping
System
Duty flow,
m3/hr
Target flow,
m3/hr
Diff. (%)
Dangi 680 555 123%
Intake 979 818 120%
Sialang 122 160 76%
Palong 288 260 111%
Appendix A: -Dangi Pumping System
Dangi Pipe 'C' Value Computation:

Pipe size = 0.38 m
Pipe length = 2300.00 m
Q, cum/hr Q, (1 pipe) P, bars Q, cum/s
Q
1.85
H,m
545.0 272.5 8.689 0.0833 0.010 85.283
538.0 269.0 8.676 0.0822 0.010 85.155
530.0 265.0 8.65 0.0810 0.010 84.900
428.0 214.0 8.41 0.0654 0.006 82.544
423.0 211.5 8.4 0.0646 0.006 82.446
414.0 207.0 8.376 0.0633 0.006 82.210
138.4 69.2 8.022 0.0211 0.001 78.736
137.1 68.6 8.017 0.0209 0.001 78.687
134.0 67.0 8.014 0.0205 0.001 78.657
C = (10.67*2300.00/ 843.67/0.38^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 78.96
Measured Computed
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =707.29x +78.094
R
2
=0.9988
70.000
72.000
74.000
76.000
78.000
80.000
82.000
84.000
86.000
88.000
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012
Q^1.85
H
,
m
Dangi Suction Tank

Dangi Reservoir
Appendix B: -Intake Pumping System
Pasirt Besar Raw Water Pipe 'C' Value Computation:

Pipe size = 0.40 m, area = 0.13 sq.m
Measured Computed
Q, cum/hr Q, (1 pipe) P, bars Q, cum/s Q
1.85
H,m V, m/s
768.0 768.0 5.51 0.2133 0.057 54.081 1.70
746.0 746.0 5.438 0.2072 0.054 53.374 1.65
619.0 619.0 5.213 0.1719 0.039 51.166 1.37
C = (10.67*270.00/ 149.34/0.40^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 55.25
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =149.34x +45.393
R
2
=0.9926
50.500
51.000
51.500
52.000
52.500
53.000
53.500
54.000
54.500
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070
Q^1.85
H
,
m
Intake
Aerator
Appendix C: - Sialang Pumping System
C
C
Sialang Pipe 'C' Value Computation:
Pipe size = 0.25 m
Measured Computed
1.85
H,m
119 119.0 8.571 0.0331 0.002 84.124
116.8 116.8 8.578 0.0324 0.002 84.193
119.7 119.7 8.574 0.0333 0.002 84.154
65.82 65.8 7.819 0.0183 0.001 76.743
64.48 64.5 7.817 0.0179 0.001 76.724
34.95 35.0 7.615 0.0097 0.000 74.741
86.32 86.3 8.096 0.0240 0.001 79.462
83.89 83.9 8.08 0.0233 0.001 79.305
83.53 83.5 8.068 0.0232 0.001 79.187
C = (10.67*3700.00/ 5928.6/0.25^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 107.14
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =5928.6x +73.448
R
2
=0.9962
74.000
76.000
78.000
80.000
82.000
84.000
86.000
0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002
Q^1.85
H
,
m
C
Sialang Suction Tank
Sialang Reservoir
Appendix D: - Palong Pumping System
D
D
Palong Pipe 'C' Value Computation:
Pipe size = 0.38 m
Measured Computed
1.85
H,m
430.5 430.5 7.3 0.1196 0.020 71.650
423.3 423.3 7.25 0.1176 0.019 71.159
420.2 420.2 7.18 0.1167 0.019 70.472
368.2 368.2 6.4 0.1023 0.015 62.816
Gradient K = 1844 (Gradient)
C = (10.67*10000.00/ 1844/0.38^4.87)^(1/1.85)
= 114.51
PLOT of Q^1.85 VS H
y =1844.9x +35.698
R
2
=0.9961
62.000
64.000
66.000
68.000
70.000
72.000
74.000
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Q^1.85
H
,
m
D
Palong Pumps
Palong Reservoir

Hazen Value Determination

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Hazen Value Determination

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CONTENTS

Dangi Pipe 'C' Value Computation:

Dangi Suction Tank

Appendix B: -Intake Pumping System

Pasirt Besar Raw Water Pipe 'C' Value Computation:

Вам также может понравиться