Referencing Citing

Why?
To acknowledge the work of others
To give your work credibility and reliability
To demonstrate that you have read and considered the relevant literature or the
body of knowledge on which you have based your work
To validate points that you have made
To enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further
information
To follow academic writing standards
To avoid plagiarism
Citing is the process of giving credit to the sources you used to write your paper.
Citations can be located in the text or at the end of the work in a bibliography.
What?
If you knew a piece of information before you started doing research, generally
you do not need to credit it.
You do not need to cite well-known facts, such as dates, which can be found in
many encyclopaedias.
ll other information such as !uotations, statistics, and ideas should always be
cited in your papers.
Key Questions
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Elements of referencing
CITIN means formally recogni2ing, within your text! the resources from
which you have obtained information. It takes the opinion, conclusion,
statements from another writer3s work.
"I"#I$R%&'( is the list of sources you have used.
RE)ERENCE is the detailed description of the item from which you have
obtained your information.
'o* to cite the *or+ in the te,t -in.te,t citing/0 t*o *ays
Information.prominent method0 The statement is regarded as being generally
accepted within the field of study4
Children express an interest in books and pictures from an early age
5,urphy, 67789.
%uthor.prominent method0 The author and date of publication form part of the
construction of the sentence. This formulation can be used with appropriate
reporting words to reflect a viewpoint4
,urphy 567789 claimed that children as young as six months are able to
follow a simple story se!uence.
'o* to cite the *or+ in the te,t12
3ingle author0. The work of .reece 5677:9 was concerned to emphasise the
importance of !uality in social research.
T*o authors 0. In the book by 0asford and +levin 567789 .....
4ore than t*o authors0 There are indications that passive smoking is
potentially threatening to the health.......... 5-rancome and ,arks, 677;< 0unton,
6778< 1upton, 67789
+ome =erbs used to report the views of others 5usually in past tense9
Writing a5out others6 *or+0 ver5s for citations -'arvard %&% style/
/niversity of .ortsmouth
http4>>www.port.ac.uk>departments>studentsupport>ask>resources>handouts>referencingan
dcitation>filetodownload,?@AB6,en.pdf
%llege
%ssert
Claim
Consider
Contend
7eclare
7emonstrate
E,plain
)ound
8udge
Report
3ho*
3tate
3uggest
3urmise
Warn
Reporting
something the
author did
Reporting something the
author stated
Reporting the author9s
opinion
"&'&% +T%$)C&% "&'&% +T%$)C&%
observe, discover,
notice, demonstrate,
find, report,
describe, determine,
discern, show,
assess, study,
analyse, calculate,
examine, investigate,
identify, prove,
establish, conclude
comment,
describe,
discuss,
point out,
note,
remark,
write
affirm,
emphasise,
stress,
maintain,
stipulate,
explain,
conclude,
clarify,
identify
accept,
believe,
consider,
view, see,
!uestion,
!uery, think,
suggest,
propose,
suspect,
speculate
argue,
assert,
claim,
contend, deny,
recommend,
reDect,
advocate,
maintain,
conclude
E ,ahoney 5677B, pp.6FG6@9 esta5lished that this reaction is in fact:
E "hen +mith and +ampson 567B7, p.7B9 contended that this position *as
untena5le! they *ere:
E ,artin and 0aker 567BF9 e,amined the issue from a different perspective;
E It has 5een claimed -$63hea! <==>! p;?@/ that:
It is also possible to cite an author without using a reporting verb, either by simply
restating the author3s point, or by using the phrase Haccording to34
E +tudy skills are increasingly used by #igher &ducation institutions
5,alley,677B, p.@B9
E ccording to ,alley 5677B, p.@B9, study skills are increasingly used by #igher
&ducation institutions.
The cause of &uropean integration has been further hampered by the conflict between
competing interests in a range of economic activities 5%oche 6BF9. #owever, #obart and
1yon have argued that this is a symptom of a wider disharmony which has its roots in
socio-economic divisions arising from differing cultural attitudes towards the concept of
the market economy 56F69. ,orrison et al. have identified Iblack marketI economy
activity in post-reunification Cermany as one which exemplified this most markedly
577-6F69 ... #owever, ,ain has supported the view that black market economies are
not culture dependent 5cited In 'ay 6:9J &uropean-wide statistics indicate that figures
for participation in the black economy may be as high as ?F per cent 50randt 6@9.
'$W T$ CITE T'E RE)ERENCE IN T'E TEAT
The movement of money within the so-called black economy is regarded by -inance
,inisters in &urope as Ia success story they could emulateI (Ferry Times @:9.

+ome commentators appear to give approval to non-conventional economic activity4
Iblack economies build businessesI 5+aunders B@9.
QB$T%TI$N3 IN T'E TEAT
Reference #ist vs; "i5liography
% Reference #ist contains all the sources you actually used and IcitedI in the
text.
% "i5liography contains all the sources of information that you used as
IbackgroundH reading for the assignment - but you did not actually cite these
sources in the text.
.arts of a %eferente
$renstein! 7avid; There is Intelligent #ife on the We5;
Computerworld; C20C=.?2; Nov CD <===;
uthor4 $renstein, *avid.
Title4 There is Intelligent 1ife on the "eb.
Title of
.eriodical4
Computerworld.
=olume4 ?@4
.age5s94 ?7-:@.
*ate4 )ov ?F 6777.
"asic Rules for Referencing
%eferences > 0ibliography must be arranged alphabetically, according to author.
reference list must contain an entry for each in-text citation.
$ther sources, not cited in the text, should go in a separate 0ibliography.
lways note the full details of your references and !uotes as you read and write,
so that you do not forget your sources. It will then be easier to make the final list
of references.
Include a page number if your citation is a direct !uotation from your source.
0randt, '-#. H"orking the +ystem.3 ?6 *ecember @FFF. 6 pril @FF6.
Khttp4>>www.hvn.ac.uk>econ>trickco.htmL
#obart, '. and 1yon, . Socio-economic Divisions: the cultural impact. 1ondon4
Thames .ress, @FF@.
,orrison, -. et al. Europe of the Nations. &dinburgh4 1othian .ress, @FF6.
%oche, .. European Economic nte!ration. 1ondon4 ma2on .ress, 677?.
+aunders. C. 5ed.9 The Economics of "eality. *ublin4 +hamrock .ress, 677;.
H"here the money moves.3 Ferry Times, 6@ pril 6777, @:.
'$W T$ #%( $BT T'E RE)ERENCE #I3T $R T'E "I"#I$R%&'(
3T%N7%R7 7$CB4ENT%TI$N )$R4%T3
CIT%TI$N 3(3TE43
Citation systems
Note systems4 +e!uential numbers in the text which refer to either footnotes
5end of page9 or endnotes 5page at the end of the paper9.
&arenthetical referencing4 In-text citations enclosed within parentheses and
embedded in the paragraph.
Citation1Referencing styles -5y discipline/
%cademic disciplines use various referencing styles0

#%=%* %eferencing +tyle4 uthor-date 5most commonly used in the +ocial
+ciences and the +ciences9
=)C$/=&%4 uthor-number 5Council of Science Editors #CSE$, The
nternational Committee of %edical &ournal Editors #C%&E$'
,1 +tyle Cuide (%odern (an!ua!e )ssociation': uthor-page 5widely
accepted in the humanities9
C#ICC$ ,anual of +tyle (C%S' * T/%0I) Citation +tyle 5cover both
parenthetical and note citation systems9
I&&& (nstitute of Electrical + Electronic En!ineers'
. +tyle Cuide ()merican ,sycholo!ical )ssociation'
+,& Citation +tyle ()merican Society of %echanical En!ineers'
0I0T&M
$xford or $+C$1 (-.ford Standard for Citation of (e!al )uthorities'
Referencing styles0 a selection
'%RE%R7 %eferencing +tyle4 %uthor.date style 5authorIs name and date of
publication in the body of the text. The bibliography is given alphabetically by
author.
E%NC$BEER4 %uthor.num5er style 5using a number series to indicate
references. 0ibliographies list these in numerical order as they appear in the text.
The main text reads more easily. %eferences in the bibliography are directly
correlated to numbers, saving the reader time in searching alphabetically for the
first author of a reference.
4#%0 %uthor.page style 5author and page in parentheses within the text of the
paper, then sets out full references in a "orks Cited 5or "orks Consulted9 list.
&arenthetical %uthor.7ate References -social sciences . %&%/
It uses only initials for authorsI given names, it does not use !uotation marks or
angle brackets, uses minimal capitali2ation for titles of books and articles, and
italici2es volume numbers as well as Dournal titles.
inventions of one chimpan2ee are only the results of repeated random
Duxtapositions 5Tannenbaum, 1eung, +udha, N "hite, 677;9. &ven more
damagingly, .inker 5677:9 summari2es the skepticism of various original
researchers and observers about whether the signs produced in the
"ashoe proDect were really merican +ign 1anguage. #is conclusion is
that chimpan2eesI abilities at Oanything one would want to call languageO
5p. ??79 are almost nil.
References
.inker, +. 5677:9. The lan!ua!e instinct: /ow the mind creates
lan!ua!e. )ew York4 ,orrow.
Tannenbaum, %. =., 1eung, '., +udha, P. %., N "hite, ,. . 5677;9.
re-examination of the record4 .itty +ingIs creation of compound words.
&ournal of 0iostatistics1 21 ?;B-?7;.
Num5ered Note 3ystems -sciences! applied sciences IEEE1E%NC$BEER/
Citation.seFuence system. )umbered notes in the text match a numbered list of
sources at the end--given in the se!uence the sources were mentioned, not in
alphabetical order as in most other systems.
Castrointestinal symptoms in some patients have been found to be
related to specific life crises 56, @9 such as marriage, retirement, or
bereavement. )ausea in particular often lacks an organic cause 56, ?9, but
can be correlated with stressful events. recent large-scale study of
*anish medical records 5:9 found that B:Q of cases of reported nausea
were not resolved by medical treatment.
References
569 You C#, 1ee 'Y, Chey %Y, ,enguy %. &lectrogastrographic study of
patients with unexplained nausea, bloating and vomiting.
Castroenterology @FF;<A74?66-:.
5@9 *auphin P, Colomba P. )ausea as symptom in school-entering
children. +odeman ", editor. +tress-related illness. Copenhagen4
,unksgaard< @FF7.
5?9 +eaman "0. The case of the pancreatic pseudocyst. #ospital .ractice
@FFB +ept<6;5794@:-8.
5:9 +odeman ". ,ost reported nausea not medically resolved. -amily
practice research updates Rserial onlineS @FFB ug 5cited @FFB +ep
6;S<A5B94R; screensS. vailable from4
http4>>www.hosp.da>res>vol:>aug.html
&arenthetical %uthor.&age References -humanities . 4#%/
It gives author and page in parentheses within the text, then sets out full
references in a "orks Cited 5or "orks Consulted9 list.
Tygmundi confirms their continuing usefulness in contemporary
productions of other sixteenth-century plays. %enaissance audiences
would have recogni2ed hand-wringing as a signal for inner distress
50rown, "enaissance Sta!e 6669,
Wor+s Cited
0rown, Poan. The "enaissance Sta!e. Toronto4 / of Toronto ., 677;.
.rint.
U-. "itual and Drama in the Eli3a4ethan )!e. Toronto4 $xford /.,
@FFB. .rint.
,ahieu, line. )ctin! Sha5espeare. Toronto4 Cibson, @FF:. .rint.
+hakespeare, "illiam. /amlet, The Norton ntroduction to (iterature.
&d. lison 0ooth, P. .aul #unter, 'elly P. ,ays, and Perome 0eaty. Bth
ed. )ew York4 )orton, @FF6. 7:6-6F??. .rint.
+mith, Pasmine. O%enovating /amlet for Contemporary udiences.O
6T7 A; 5@FFA94 7;F-;7. ,ro8ect %use. "eb. @6 +ept. @FF7.
Tygmundi, *avid. Octing $ut the ,oralities for TodayIs udiences.O
Terma!ant Society -nline. ?6 )ov. @FF@. "eb. @@ ug. @FF7.
Traditional Endnotes or )ootnotes *ith 3uperscript Num5ers -humanities G
science . Chicago/
+uperscript numbers matching footnotes or endnotes.
Tygmundi confirms their continuing usefulness in contemporary
productions of other sixteenth-century plays.C %enaissance audiences
would have recogni2ed hand-wringing as a signal for inner distress,?
N$TE3
C *avid Tygmundi, Octing $ut the ,oralities for TodayIs udiences,O
Terma!ant Society -nline,
http4>>www.nouniv.ca>soc>termagant>moral.html< accessed @@ ugust
@FF;.
? Poan 0rown, The "enaissance Sta!e 5Toronto4 /niversity of Toronto
.ress, @FFF9, 666.
"I"#I$R%&'(
0rown, Poan. The "enaissance Sta!e. Toronto4 /niversity of Toronto
.ress, @FFF.
,ahieu, line. )ctin! Sha5espeare. Toronto4 Cibson, @FF:.
Tygmundi, *avid. Octing $ut the ,oralities for TodayIs udiences.O
Terma!ant Society -nline. http4>>www.nouniv.ca>terma>moral.html
5accessed @@ ugust @FF79.
#arvard /1 Tutorial
http4>>www.ul.ie>referencing>index.html
-T &xamples http4>>www.ul.ie>Vlibrary>referencing>ref.html
'%RE%R7 RE)ERENCIN TBT$RI%#3 H B#
+ome sources
/)I=&%+ITY $- T$%$)T$
http4>>www.writing.utoronto.ca>advice
1$)C I+1)* /)I=&%+ITY
http4>>www.liu.edu>cwis>cwp>library>workshop>citation.htm
/)I=&%+ITY $- I11I)$I+
http4>>www.cws.illinois.edu>workshop>writers>citation>
0%ITI+# ,&*IC1 ++$CITI$)
http4>>www.bma.org.uk>libraryWmedline>electronicWresources>factsheets>1I0%eference+ t
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http4>>www.port.ac.uk>departments>studentsupport>ask>resources>handouts>referencing an
dcitation>
1ink from4 )aculty of "usiness! Bniversity of 3outhern Queensland;
Created by4 Ilona E5erle
WRITIN 3KI##3; "y 8ason Wong
&resenter0 Eictor Ko
The 4odern #anguages %ssociation -4#%/ method
0ook by one
author
%oche, .. European Economic nte!ration.
1ondon4 ma2on .ress, 677?.
0ook by two
authors
#obart, '. and 1yon, . Socio-economic
Divisions: the cultural impact. 1ondon4 Thames .ress, @FF@.
0ook with more
than three authors
,orrison, -. et al. Europe of the Nations. &dinburgh4 1othian
.ress, @FF6.
0ook under
editorship
+aunders. C. 5ed.9 The Economics of "eality. *ublin4
+hamrock .ress, 677;.
Chapter in a book Pohannes, 0. H-unctional &conomics.3 The Na5ed Economy.
,. &douard 5ed.9. Cologne4 %hein .ress, @FFF4 6@F-?F.
+econdary
referencing
'ay, ". The ,ower of Europe. *over4 'entish .ress, @FF:.
5where the original text is not available and the reference
relates to a citation in a text that you have read, refer to the
latter9.
Pournal article +cott, %. 3 Informal Integration4 the case of the non-
monitored economy. &ournal or European nte!ration
Studies1 ? 5@9 5@FF:94 B6-7.
)ewspaper article H"here the money moves.3 Ferry Times, 6@ pril 6777, @:.
Internet references
including e-books
0randt, '-#. H"orking the +ystem.3 ?6 *ecember @FFF. 6
pril @FF6. Khttp4>>www.hvn.ac.uk>econ>trickco.htmL
%&%1'arvard Citation 3tyle
.ublication ,anual of the merican .sychological ssociation, ;th edition
5first printing9, @F6F
Colour codes4
%uthor-s/ 7ate Title of "oo+
Title of
%rticle
Title of
Periodical
Eolume &ages
&lace of
&u5lication
&u5lisher
$ther
Information
The 4odern #anguages %ssociation -4#%/ Citation 3tyle
,1 #andbook for "riters of %esearch .apers, ;th edition
Colour codes4
%uthor-s/ Title of "oo+ Title of %rticle
Title of
&eriodical
Eolume
&lace of
&u5lication
&u5lisher 7ate
$ther
Information
&ages
Chicago Citation 3tyle
The Chicago ,anual of +tyle, 68th edition
Colour codes4
%uthor-s/ 7ate Title of "oo+ Title of %rticle
Title of
&eriodical
Eolume &ages
&lace of
&u5lication
&u5lisher
$ther
Information
The 4odern #anguages %ssociation -4#%/ method
0ook by one author %oche, .. European Economic nte!ration.
1ondon4 ma2on .ress, 677?.
0ook by two
authors
#obart, '. and 1yon, . Socio-economic
Divisions: the cultural impact. 1ondon4 Thames .ress, @FF@.
0ook with more
than three authors
,orrison, -. et al. Europe of the Nations. &dinburgh4 1othian
.ress, @FF6.
0ook under
editorship
+aunders. C. 5ed.9 The Economics of "eality. *ublin4 +hamrock
.ress, 677;.
Chapter in a book Pohannes, 0. H-unctional &conomics.3 The Na5ed Economy. ,.
&douard 5ed.9. Cologne4 %hein .ress, @FFF4 6@F-?F.
+econdary
referencing
'ay, ". The ,ower of Europe. *over4 'entish .ress, @FF:.
5where the original text is not available and the reference relates to
a citation in a text that you have read, refer to the latter9.
Pournal article +cott, %.3 Informal Integration4 the case of the non-monitored
economy. &ournal or European nte!ration Studies1 ? 5@9 5@FF:94
B6-7.
)ewspaper article H"here the money moves.3 Ferry Times, 6@ pril 6777, @:.
Internet references
including e-books
0randt, '-#. H"orking the +ystem.3 ?6 *ecember @FFF. 6 pril
@FF6. Khttp4>>www.hvn.ac.uk>econ>trickco.htmL
The 4odern #anguages %ssociation -4#%/ method
"oo+ $+uda! 4ichael! and 7enise $+uda; 3tar Tre+ Chronology0 The
'istory of the )uture; Ne* (or+0 &oc+et! <==C;
"oo+ %rticle or
Chapter
8ames! Nancy E; IT*o 3ides of &aradise0 The Eden 4yth %ccording
to Kir+ and 3poc+;I 3pectrum of the )antastic; Ed; 7onald &alum5o;
Westport0 reen*ood! <=JJ; 2<=.22C;
8ournal %rticle Wilco,! Rhonda E; I3hifting Roles and 3ynthetic Women in 3tar
Tre+0 The Ne,t eneration;I 3tudies in &opular Culture <C;2 -<==</0
@C.K@;
Ne*spaper or
4agaLine %rticle
7i Rado! %licia; ITre++ing through College0 Classes E,plore 4odern
3ociety Bsing the World of 3tar Tre+;I #os %ngeles Times <@ 4ar;
<==@0 %C;
Encyclopedia %rticle
5well known reference
books9
3turgeon! Theodore; I3cience )iction;I The Encyclopedia
%mericana; International ed; <==@;
Encyclopedia %rticle
5less familiar
reference books9
'orn! 4aurice; I)lash ordon;I The World Encyclopedia of
Comics; Ed; 4aurice 'orn; 2 vols; Ne* (or+0 Chelsea! <=>K;
The 4odern #anguages %ssociation -4#%/ method
We5site #ynch! Tim; I73N Trials and Tri55le.ations Revie*;I &si &hi0
"radleyMs 3cience )iction Clu5; <==K; "radley Bniversity; J $ct;
<==>
Nhttp011***;5radley;edu1campusorg1psiphi173=1ep1@DCr;htmlO;
Ne*spaper or
4agaLine
%rticle on the
Internet
%ndreadis! %thena; IThe Enterprise )inds T*in Earths
Every*here It oes! "ut )uture ColoniLers of 7istant &lanets
WonMt "e 3o #uc+y;I %stronomy 8an; <===0 K?. ; %cademic
Bniverse; #e,is.Ne,is; "; 7avis 3ch*artL 4emorial #i5;!
"roo+ville! N(; > )e5; <=== Nhttp011*e5;le,is.
ne,is;com1universeO;
"oo+s featuring
reprinted
articles 5Cale
%eference 0ook9
3hayon! Ro5ert #e*is; IThe Interplanetary 3poc+;I 3aturday
Revie*; <> 8une <=K>0 ?K; Rpt; in Contemporary #iterary
Criticism; Ed; 3haron R; unton; Eol; <>; 7etroit0 ale Research!
<=J<; ?DC;
ale #iterature
Criticism
$nline
3hayon! Ro5ert #e*is; IThe Interplanetary 3poc+;I 3aturday
Revie*; <> 8une <=K>0 ?K; Rpt; in Contemporary #iterary
Criticism; Ed; 3haron R; unton; Eol; <>; 7etroit0 ale Research!
<=J<; ?DC; #iterature Criticism $nline; Thomson ale; "; 7avis
3ch*artL 4emorial #i5;! "roo+ville! N(; <@ Nov; 2DD>
Nhttp011galenet;galegroup;com1servlet1#itCrit?locI7PnyslQliQliuO;
ERIC
7ocument
)uss.Reinec+! 4arilyn; 3i5ling Communication in 3tar Tre+0 The
Ne,t eneration0 Conflicts 5et*een "rothers; 4iami0 3peech
Communication %ssn;! <==C; ERIC 7ocument Reproduction
3ervice E7CK?=C2;
The 4odern #anguages %ssociation -4#%/ method
0ook by one
author
%oche, .. European Economic nte!ration.
1ondon4 ma2on .ress, 677?.
0ook by two
authors
#obart, '. and 1yon, . Socio-economic
Divisions: the cultural impact. 1ondon4 Thames .ress, @FF@.
0ook with more
than three authors
,orrison, -. et al. Europe of the Nations. &dinburgh4 1othian
.ress, @FF6.
0ook under
editorship
+aunders. C. 5ed.9 The Economics of "eality. *ublin4
+hamrock .ress, 677;.
Chapter in a book Pohannes, 0. H-unctional &conomics.3 The Na5ed Economy.
,. &douard 5ed.9. Cologne4 %hein .ress, @FFF4 6@F-?F.
+econdary
referencing
'ay, ". The ,ower of Europe. *over4 'entish .ress, @FF:.
5where the original text is not available and the reference
relates to a citation in a text that you have read, refer to the
latter9.
Pournal article +cott, %.3 Informal Integration4 the case of the non-monitored
economy. &ournal or European nte!ration Studies1 ? 5@9
5@FF:94 B6-7.
)ewspaper article H"here the money moves.3 Ferry Times, 6@ pril 6777, @:.
Internet references
including e-books
0randt, '-#. H"orking the +ystem.3 ?6 *ecember @FFF. 6
pril @FF6. Khttp4>>www.hvn.ac.uk>econ>trickco.htmL