Summary as T1 about Nature of State and

The Historical of State

The Nature of The State
We can look the nature of state from the expert opinion. I will choose several expert opinion
about the nature of state.
1. GEORGE JELLINEK
State is organized power by group of people which live in certain place.
2. KRANEBURG
State is organization by the will of certain groups or by the nation self.
3. LOGEMENN
State is organization (working relation) society arrange and maintain certain society with
its authority.
4. KARL MARX and F.ENGELS
State is exploitation device from dominant class to the other.
5. MAX WEBER
State as monopolistic society in utilizing legal physical violence in certain territory.
6. BELLEFROID
State is law society lived immortally in certain place, complete with highest authority to
manage public importance.
7. ROGER H SOLTAU
State is device to arrange public issue in the name of society.
8. ROBERT M MAC IVER
State as orderly association in certain place based on legal system held by government
with coercive authority.
9. HAROLD J. LASKI
State is a connected society because have force authority and legality bigger than
individual or group which part of the society.
10. MIRIAM BUDIARJO
State is territory that the people ordered by the officials whose successful getting people
loyality to obey regulation because of its legal monopoly.






The Definition of State in Islamic Concept
In Islam discussion, State have mean daulah, khilafah, hukumah, imamah, dan kesultanan.

A. DAULAH
Daulah term derived from the Arabic Daulah; from dala-yadulu-daulah = rotate,
alternate, take turn or occur periodically. The meaning of this word is a social group live in
certain area and organized by government to control importence and benefit for society.

B. KHILAFAH
Khilaf term have means representation, alternation, khalifah position. This term
from Arab word Khalf that have mean representative, alternate , manager.
C. HUKUMAH
Hukumah term means government. In Persia language this term reads hukumet. This
term is not same as daulah (country). In addition, hukumah is different with khilafah
and imamah concept. Because this two concepts more have connection with politic or
domination format, while hukumah more have connection with government system.
D. IMAMAH
Imamah term often used if we want speak about country in Islam discussion. Munawir
Zadjali take from Mawardi opinion said imam is khilafah, king, president. So, Munawir
opine that Mawardi gave religion a chance to become a president besides political side.
E. KESULTANAN
Sultanate term can be interpreted by the authority. The word according to Lewis, often
appears in the Qur'an that means authority, sometime proofand more specific
effective authority. Sometime added with adjective mubin means clear authority.
From the explanation above, we know that state term in Islam have many kind. Historically,
almost all of that terms once practiced by Muslims.
Historical Approach
Development progress in using term of state
1. Ancient Greek Era : State = polis (city state)
2. Ancient Rome Era : State = Empiri, Empirio, Empirium
Vast expanse of state area (country state)
Emphazing on governmental aspect
State = belongs to a dynasty


3. Middle Age
Theoritical approach : State = civitas
Augustinus distinguished between civitas dei dan civitas terrene / diabolic, known as
Theory of Sun and Moon : King as reflection of divine / holly light of God. King as the
God representative in earth.
Secularism approach : Thomas Aquino : Two Swords Theory (Zwei Zwarden Theory)
differentiated between the power (sword) to govern the state (held by king the king)
and the power of God.
4. Nicolo Machiavelli : State = La Stato (Staat)
State = bands of specific status
Theory of Natures Law : State as status transation (from naturalis to civilis)
5. Theory of State Sovereignty in German
Terminology : Reich or Rijk
Regne Regnum = to govern (regering)