Physico-chemistry of surface

Bogdan KUCHTA
Bogdan Kuchta
Laboratoire MADIREL
Universit Aix-Marseille
Introduction
All object are finite they have a surface !!!
Interface in molecular biology contacts between nerve ends
Interfaces between phases li!uid"gas# solid"gas# $$$$# %
&pecial situation' porous materials big surface'
( )ery * divided + ' &pecific surface between ,$- and ./,,
m
.
g
(-
even -,,,, m
.
g
(-
%
( 0r porous ' in particular# pores with si1es below 2, nm
( And 3pulveri1ed4 ' grains of dimension below - m
These are nano-materials which are the most
interesting from the technological point of view
(dimensions !"" nm#$
%chematic
representation of
different types of
nanomaterials'
a% 5aolinite
b% clay 6de 7aris8# cement
c% gel of silica# polymers
d% porous glasses
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
&otion of interface
%eparation between two volume
phases
Although the word 6interface8 is used as
6surface8 and other way around# by surface
usually we understand the interface
between solid"gas or solid"li!uid$
If we tal5 about interface we need to
define what are the phases forming the
interface$
e'emple ' interface solid(gas 9
interface solid(li)uid
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
d / m
a / m
2
g
-1
nanomatriaux
tat collodal
tat divis
:volution of geometric surface
as a function of the diameter
of silica particles$
( Below -, ;m# we call it divided materials having
the specific surface up to ! m
*
g
-!
+
( Below ! ,m# we call it 6colloids8 9
( Below !" nm# we call it 3nano(materials4
<uel!ues applications des mat=riau> divis=s ou poreu>
Celles !ui r=sultent de leurs propri=t=s adsorbantes '
Purification des gaz atmosph?res confin=es% ou des liquides
alimentaires huiles# sucres# eau potable% ' charbons actifs
Rcupration de solvants tunnels de peinture% ou dessence
cannisters de r=servoirs d8automobiles% ' charbons actifs
Dessiccation des gaz ou des liquides ' gels de silice, zolithes
Affinage de leau potable ' charbons actifs
Stockage du ga1 naturel# de l8hydrog?ne ' nanotubes, zolithes,
charbons
limination de toxines ' alumines, magnsie, argiles, charbons
mmagasinement dnergie m=cani!ue ' silices poreuses hydrophobes
<uel!ues applications des mat=riau> divis=s ou poreu>
Celles !ui r=sultent de leur =tat finement divis- :
7oudres p!"tosanitaires ' soufre
Pigments ou c!arges pour mati?res plasti!ues ou caoutchoucs ' soufre,
noirs de carbone, silices prcipites, oxydes de titane ou de zinc
Agents glifiants pour peintures# colles# alcool solidifi= ' silice
pyrogne
@ati?res premi?res pour l8industrie des cramiques# avant frittage '
kaolin, alumine, magnsie, oxyde duranium, nitrures
#iants !"drauliques : pltres et ciments
lectrodes poreuses pour piles# accumulateurs# super(condensateurs '
carbone
Agents pour le relargage progressif d8engrais ou de principes actifs
m=dicamenteu> ' zolithes, gels ou verres poreux
7orous @aterials
0ne can say that the
pores are cavities that
are deeper then wider$
7ore e>ist in grains of
matter$ Also# we use
porosity inter(granular$
c
a
f
d
b
a : corrugation
b : bottle neck
c : opening
d : interconnection
e : close-ended
f : closed (isolated)
.ondensation capillaire
A @=canismes
Adsorption ( d=sorption
n
s
"m
s
7"7
0
Adsorption
d=sorption
C
B
Au point C
Au point B
Cas d un pore cylindrique: adsorption
Augmentation de la pression
Diminution du rayon de courbure
instabilits
P=/r
r
r
.ondensation capillaire
Cas d un pore cylindrique: dsorption
diminution de la pression
r
P
ads
diffrent de P
ds
P=2/r
.ondensation capillaire
Cas d un pore cylindrique ferm une e!trmit
P"ads#=P"des#
.ondensation capillaire
Autre origine de l$ystrsis
% Pores en fore de bouteille :
&idange pour le rayon de 'el&in
correspondant lou&erture
% !onnectivit : un pore peut se &ider
sil est la surface
ou sil est ad(acent
un autre pore d( &id "percolation#
.ondensation capillaire
Methods versus diension of "ores
a
c
b
d
e
f
micropores msopores macropores )*
ultra + super
microcapillaires / capillaires / macrocapillaires
nanopores
#$
%#
#$
$
#$
#
#$
&
#$
'
#$
(
#$
)
#$
*
$+'n #$n &n, #n #$$n #- # )$n,
n
, normes -.PAC
adsor"tion
remplissage
micropores
condensation
capillaire
thero"orotrie
"orotrie au ercure
icrocaloritrie d.adsor"tion
icrocaloritrie d.iersion