Mall Management in India & Revival Strategies For Sick Malls

Punya Trivedi, PGDM Exec 2012-2013
1 | P a g e

Under Guidance of
Prof. Vilasini Jadhav
Asst. Professor Marketing
K.J.Somaiya Inst. Of Mgmt Studies & Research, Mumbai
2 | P a g e

DECLARATION

I, Punya Trivedi hereby declare that this project report is the record of authentic work carried
out by me during the period from Sept 2013 to Oct 2013 and has not been submitted to any
other University or institute for the award of any degree/diploma etc.

Punya Trivedi
PGDM Exec 2012-13
Date: 25
th
Oct, 2013

VOTE OF THANKS!

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my guide, Prof. Vilasini Jadhav, for helping me
with my study about Mall Management in India & Revival Strategies, without her support and
guidance this study wouldnt have been complete!

Punya Trivedi
PGDM Exec 2012-13
Date: 25
th
Oct, 2013

3 | P a g e

Executive Summary
As per Jones Lang LaSalle, a global real estate consulting baron, only a quarter of Indias 500+ malls are making
profits, rest all are bleeding, through this study, we try to find the reasons, issues and challenges faced by real
estate developers today.
The main reason found is malls are not differentiating themselves amongst themselves, everyone is trying to
imitate the successful strategies and ultimately resulting into a blood bath.
We also through this study, try and suggest few revival methodologies, through which a mall which is bleeding
can survive.

4 | P a g e

Contents
Mall Industry in General ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Mall Industry in India vis--vis West .......................................................................................................................... 9
Challenges faced by Malls ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Considerations while setting up a mall .................................................................................................................... 11
Capital Sources for Mall ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Private Funds ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Public Funds ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Revenue Sources .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Tenant Mix ........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Zoning .............................................................................................................................................................. 15
Importance of Tenant Mix ............................................................................................................................... 15
Benefits of Tenant Mix ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Types of tenants ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Common Area .................................................................................................................................................. 17
Leasing Administration ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Marketing and Promotion Activities .................................................................................................................... 18
Facilities Management ......................................................................................................................................... 19
Regulatory framework for Malls .......................................................................................................................... 20
Compliance during planning stage ................................................................................................................... 20
Compliance during development stage ........................................................................................................... 20
Insurance of Mall & Construction Labour ........................................................................................................ 20
Compliance during the launch ......................................................................................................................... 20
Compliances during Operational Life ............................................................................................................... 20
Certain Relevant Acts for Malls ........................................................................................................................ 20
Indian Mall Customer ............................................................................................................................................... 21
How to differentiate a mall? .................................................................................................................................... 22
Raghuleela ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
Center One ........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Inorbit Vashi ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Symptoms of Sickness .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Precautions & Revival strategies .............................................................................................................................. 26
5 | P a g e

Future of Shopping Malls ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Survey ....................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Appendix .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Case Study: Phoenix Marketcity, Kurla ................................................................................................................ 33
Photos .................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Questionnaire ...................................................................................................................................................... 38

6 | P a g e

Mall Industry in General

Build & They Shalt Come
Origins
Malls in its original meaning refers to the tracts for strolling. Now most of the malls are shopping malls, tracts to stroll
while you shop and to shop in while you stroll. The merchandisers sniffed out the attraction and seductive power of
strollers' habits and set about moulding them into life.
History
Undoubtedly, shopping malls, which are planned retail facilities, have been playing important roles in the retail
industry. In fact, the history of shopping mall development is long. Before cars, air-conditioning, or even electricity
came the first shopping mall. This was the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, which was built in Milan, Italy in 1878. After
that, more malls were developed around the world. After decades of evolution, the world's first modem mall,
designed by Victor Gruen, was built in Southdale, Minneapolis in the USA in 1956. Since then, there has been vigorous
development of new shopping malls and their value to the retail industry has been commonly recognised.
Indian Retail Industry
Indian retail Industry accounts for around 14-15 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP), i.e. estimated to be
worth around US$ 500 billion currently. India is a home to one of the top five retail markets in the world, offering
immense scope of growth and opportunities in this arena.
As of now, almost 90 per cent of the Indian retail sector is controlled by tiny family-run shops i.e. the unorganised
segment. Making retail sector the second largest employer after agriculture in India,
Thus, organised retailers have a lot of room for further penetration in this flourishing economy. In 2010, larger format
convenience stores and supermarkets accounted for about 4 per cent of the industry, and these were present only in
large urban centres. Now the trend is changing, and such concepts are mushrooming in smaller cities and towns as
well.
Organised retail segment is expanding at 20 per cent a year, driven by the emergence of shopping centers and malls
and growing middle class.
India Mall Story
The recent slowdown in the GDP rate, also followed with a slowdown in the Indian realty sector has surprisingly not
hampered the development of new malls across the country. India has 570 operational malls (as of May 2013) with a
total area of 180 million sq ft compared to just 225 malls that were up and running five years ago.
1

However, the growth in malls has been uneven, maximum number of newer sites are coming up in 9 most populous
cities in India in order of rankings by population i.e. (Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Ahmedabad, Pune & Surat)

1
Times of India article titled Malls more than double in five years dated 8
th
August, 2013.
7 | P a g e

The above mentioned 9 most populous cities account for more than 40% of mall sites, however other cities are also
gradually picking up in terms of newer sites.
Developers such as the Rahejas (Inorbit), Phoenix Mills (Market City), DLF and Prestige ( Forum) are now building
larger malls as these have a better chance of succeeding in an overcrowded marketplace (Asipac Consulting Report).
Industry experts say consumers prefer bigger malls which offer more brands under one roof rather than visiting
multiple malls, mirroring what happened in the mature retail markets years ago.
Are they making money?
With so many newer malls coming up, are they making ample of money, data from various sources says otherwise,
as reported by global real estate consulting giant Jones Lang LaSalle Property Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd. only about a
quarter of malls in India are making money, said Santhosh Kumar, chief executive of operations at real estate advisory
Ltd. While 35% are just about making ends meet, the rest are losing money.
2

Additionally, a recent Business Standard Article dated 26
th
August, 2013, asserts, the above fact, stating that India's
love affair with shopping malls over? If 120 new malls have come up in the last two years, 40 have downed shutters.
As per a study by Mirae Asset Management Company, it cites 7 main reasons for shutting down of malls;
1. Bad Location
2. Bad Architecture
3. No Multiplex
4. Poorly Designed Food Court
5. Bad Shopping Mix
6. Scale Problem (i.e. too small compared to a gigantic mall in same vicinity)
7. Bad Anchor Tenants
Each of the above points would be elaborately explained in the later part of the report!
Gone are the days of Build and they shall come even the conception that, larger malls helps in drawing crowds
isnt proving out to be a viable solution, the below image from a recent (Asipac report) explains the same!

2
HT Mint article titled Recipe for a successful mall dated 25
th
April, 2011.
8 | P a g e

Today, the business model is eventually changing for developers, who no longer prefer fixed rents, Phoenix Mills at
Phoenix Market City, Kurla, prefers to charge a variable rent i.e. as percentage of total sales from Anchor Tenants like
Reliance Fresh, Pantaloons etc, wherein from small independent outlets & Kiosks they prefer fixed rents.
Phoenix Market City, Kurla is a unique mix of Retail, Commercial, Fine Dining & Entertainment (Movieplexs &
Playzones) i.e. trying to diversify their risk!
Certain malls are purely surviving based on rentals received from Anchor Tenants i.e. Malls like Palm Beach Galleria
& City Center Mall of Navi Mumbai, former is surviving based on rentals received from Anchor tenants like
McDonalds, More (Aditya Birla Retail) & Big Cinemas, wherein the latter is surviving on rentals received from
Cinemax India Pvt Ltd, and one private spa outlet.
The challenge today faced by each of the malls is in terms of getting not just footfalls but attracting high percentage
of buyers, i.e. who are going to shop from the mall, rather than just window shop the brands!
However, to get high percentage of buyers one needs to get higher footfalls also, hence malls these days arrange
lot of inhouse events like Musical Evenings, Childrens competitions, Dance Shows, DJ Shows, Exhibitions & Other
forms of talent shows.
3

Increasingly, few regions have too many malls ultimately resulting into immense bleeding of each of the, malls,
however, there are certain exceptions, whereby a mall tries to differentiate itself from the other, and succeeds i.e.
through a win-win situation though accidental (Malls in Vashi, Navi Mumbai is a classic case, where 3 malls though
being extremely close to each other are doing extremely well, how we shall see it later)

3
Based on observation at Center One Mall, Vashi & Phoenix Market City, Kurla
9 | P a g e

Mall Industry in India vis--vis West

The farther west he went the more he was convinced that the wise men came from the east
Horace Russel (Jamaican Revolutionist)

Indian Malls and Malls in other parts of the world especially the West, are similar in terms of architecture and
features, however in terms of location and other facets they are quite distinctive!
Location
Malls in US and Europe, are away from the cacophony i.e. mostly in outskirts of the city, Mall of America i.e.
Americas largest mall is more than 11 miles away from Minneapolis & about 19 miles away from Saint Paul.
4

People prefer to drive such long distances, due to majority of population owns a Car, however when we compare this
with East, i.e. Asian countries, the malls are located in the heart of the city, or preferably, close to a locality i.e.
Catchment area.
Size of Catchment Area?
As per Shubhranshu Pani, managing director, retail services, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) India "Any location that has a
residential catchment with a population of 4 lakh or more in the vicinity will work,"
However, the above rule of catchment area, doesnt apply to the West
Clearances
Malls in India, require lot of clearances say environmental, labour, land, municipal, safety, commercial, tax i.e.
through different authorities, however in West, they have single window clearance system, allowing users to obtain
various licenses through one authorities.
Malls in both India & West have to undergo various Audits at regular intervals to ensure safety of the visitors.
Entertainment
West has tried to position their malls not just as Shopping hubs but also as entertainment hubs i.e. Movieplex,
Entertainment Parks, Play zones, regular activities i.e. College Parades, Annual Days, Dance Performances, Concerts
etc.
Wherein in India, current focus is more on Shopping, however, gradually it is more moving towards entertainment,
and Indian malls have started doing similar things as malls in West to pull the crowd.
Dr. Harvinder Singh of IMT Gaziabad feels that Just looking at a big and successful mall elsewhere in the world and
copy-pasting it in India doesnt work.

4
Saint Paul & Minneapolis famously known as Twin Cities are part of Minnesota in United States of America
10 | P a g e

Challenges faced by Malls

When somebody challenges you, fight back. Be brutal, be tough.
Donald Trump (American Real Estate Tycoon)
Managing mall is like riding a tiger, too many dilemmas faced by the developers or mall managers be it in terms of
tenant mix, business model or perhaps choosing a location!
Some of the key challenges broadly are as follows:
1. Positioning
2. Zoning (tenant mix and placement within mall)
3. Promotions and marketing
4. Facility management (infrastructure, footfalls, ambience)
5. Finance management
6. Planning the mall around anchor tenants
7. Lack of market research by developers
8. Tendency to lease out on a FCFS basis5
9. Perceive outsourcing as additional cost
10. Lack of accountability for in-house promotional activities
11. Improper planning for space (lack of parking space, single entry/ exit points)
12. Lack of skilled manpower
Choosing a business model
A very crucial challenge is in terms of deciding a business model, below table acts as guidance for the same;
6

Business Model Key aspects
Benefits for Mall
Developer
Benefits for Mall Management
Contract Model Fixed fee
Fixed cash outflows.
Risk minimization Higher inflows if mall is a
success
Revenue sharing
model
Percentage of
sales
Risk minimization
Share of revenues if mall is a
success which leads to higher
income
Partial revenue
sharing model
Fixed fee +
percentage of
sales
Risk minimization (fixed
fee less than that in the
case of contract)
Minimum payment guaranteed and
also portion of revenues in case of
success

Majority of Malls are increasingly going for revenue sharing model for Large Anchor Tenants, wherein they possess
large potential to pull the crowd and also help increasing the footfalls and mall management believes they would
make enough money as part of the revenue share.

5
First Come First Serve Basis may result into a lot of cannibalization of revenues, since stores of similar formats may come
up next to each other and ultimately lose out money.
6
Taken from http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Malls-in-India.asp accessed on 24th Oct, 2013.
11 | P a g e

Considerations while setting up a mall

I knew there was evil in the world. Death and taxes were all necessary evils. So was shopping
Lisa Shearin, (Author of book The Trouble with Demons)
Before a mall is set up, there are two aspects, which need a careful consideration, which are 1) What should be the
sources to fund a mall 2) What should be the sources of revenues to run the mall.
Development of malls is a capital-intensive business. It requires huge investments for buying land, and putting up
world-class infrastructure, at the same time to create an ambience that can attract tenants and customers.
As a shopping mall once built does not start attracting footfalls immediately and automatically, the developer has to
put in a considerable amount of money during the initial period to attract the shoppers. It also adds to the
requirement of finances for a shopping mall.
Capital Sources for Mall

Mainly there are two sources of capital sources as shown in the table below:

Private Funds
Internal accruals
Loan from banks
Loan against property (LAP)
Loan against future receivables
Note and mortgage
Contract for deeds
Private Equity Investors
Public Funds
Commercial mortgage backed securities
Corporate Bonds
Real Estate Invt. Trusts
Initial Public Offers
Real Estate Mutual Funds
12 | P a g e

Private Funds
Internal accruals
These include the retained earnings and depreciation charges. Managements of corporate houses use internal
accruals for a number of reasons. Since those are free sources, no fixed commitment i.e. interest is required to be
paid, in other words these are the cheapest source of funding available to any organization.
The problem of internal accruals is it may be misused.
Loans from Banks
Banks offer significant financing solutions to various reputed retail chains. The product offering includes providing an
upfront loan to the landowner and discounting the future receivables every month (or on an another frequency), thus
extending good liquidity in the hands of the landowner.
However, financing real estate development has never been popular, because of perceived opaqueness of pricing in
the market, lack of clarity and standardized practices and perception of real estate as a speculative bubble.
Loan against Property
The loan against property comes under the secured loan category where the borrower gives a guarantee by
presenting his/her property as security. The property loan or loan against property is a type of loan awarded by the
bank against the current assets of the customer.
Loan against Future Rent Receivables
The loan against future rent receivables has been developed keeping in mind the growth potential of real estate in
the metros and various urban centers, where many shopping malls are being developed. The mall owners approach
banks for loans against securitization of future rent receivables from their properties. As these owners lack the
financial resources required to improve the condition of their properties to enhance the prospects of earning higher
rent, they opt for this type of loan.
Note and Mortgage
Another financing instrument is the note and mortgage. A note is a promise to pay, while a mortgage is the pledge of
a specific parcel of real property as collateral to secure this promise. A note, also called promissory note, signed by
the mortgagor is a negotiable instrument that specifies the terms and conditions for the debt repayment.
Contract for Deeds
A contract for deeds is both a sales agreement and a financing instrument between the buyer-borrower-vendee and
the seller-lender-vendor. The full terms of the sale as well as the manner in which the loan will be repaid are
elaborated in this contract financing form. The buyer is granted the permission and control of the property during the
term of payment under the conditions specified in the contract. The seller delivers the deed to the buyer who
transfers full legal title when the terms of the contract are fully satisfied.

13 | P a g e

Private Equity Investor
Private equity (PE) investments are derived from high net-worth individuals as an essential source of early-stage
funding for high-risk ventures. Individuals often invest in malls through partnerships or specialist firms. Investments in
malls are typically made via private equity real estate fund, a collective investment scheme, which pools capital from
various investors. These funds have a ten year lifespan consisting of a 2-3 year investment period during which
properties are acquired, and a holding period during which active asset management will be carried out and the
properties will be sold.
Public Funds
Commercial Mortgage-backed Securities
CMBS are secured by the loan on a commercial property. A CMBS provides reasonable liquidity to investors investing
in real estate and shopping malls. The increased use of CMBS, like other types of MBS, is due to rapid rise in real
estate prices over the years.
These instruments however, are not being used in India, however in US they are highly popular, not to be forgotten
the famous Sub Prime Crises started with CMBS only, wherein the value of the underlying securities was rendered
worthless when the mortgage borrowers started defaulting. However CMBS still is a good way to raise money.
Real Estate Mutual Funds
Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 2005 approved the formation of real estate funds. At present REFs are
only open to high net-worth individuals, institutional investors and global investors. But the expected entry of REMFs
would herald a new era and open new avenues for commercial retail investors in the real estate sector. Although this
segment has been growing at a decent pace, its huge potential is still untapped, for example, it may attract huge
investments from institutions such as pension funds and insurance agencies. REMFs will offer the real estate
developers another source of funds, as the SEBI guidelines allow these funds to invest in the equity of public-listed or
privately held real estate developer companies as much as as 65% of their fund size.
However, the guidelines say that REMFs will have to invest at least 35% of the assets in those real estate properties
that are already completed and usable.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
An REIT is a trust that invests funds in properties on behalf of many investors. It operates just like a mutual fund but
the difference is that it invests only in properties earning rents. Rental income is a major source of income,
additionally REITs are obligated to distribute most of its profit as dividend to its holders.

14 | P a g e

Initial public offers (IPOs)
The most generic mode of mobilizing public money is through an IPO. Companies in manufacturing and services
sector have done so successfully in the past and Indian stock markets have been quite responsive to this mode.
Barring a few cyclical fluctuations, Sensex has mostly shown an upward swings during the recent past. A number of
players like DLF, Omaxe, Unitech, Parsvanath, HDIL etc. planned their IPOs in the past.
Revenue Sources
The revenues are very important for survival of any organization, they are a reason for its existence, for any
individual, it is very important to know, what are the various sources of revenues. The below diagram shows various
sources of revenues:

As per a study by Mirae Asset Management Company in India, following are the percentage of rental revenues from
various sources.

The above table, dispels the myth that Anchor stores earn maximum money for the malls, yes Anchor stores pull
customers, but are not a major source of revenue by themselves per-se.
Revenue
Sources
Lease Rentals
Kiosk Leasing
Renting common area for activation
Retail merchandise unit
Vending Machines
Sponsorship
Event marketing
Advertising & Promotion
Temporary leasing of empty stores
Parking facilities
Media activity inside mall
Food Courts
Miscellaneous Sources
15 | P a g e

Tenant Mix
Zoning
The concept refers to the division of the mall space into tenant-specific zones. The idea is to present each zone as the
hub or one-stop solution for a particular need category for a particular segment of consumers. Thus each zone is
turned into a cluster of stores selling complementary merchandise.
The below layout of Inorbit Vashi, those black boxes, shows partial zoning i.e. combining casual wears stores with a
Puma Footwear Store and with a Titan Shop, plus there is a Woodland Shop also in the opposite wing, depicts a
partial zoning.

Importance of Tenant Mix
The marketing and financial success of a shopping mall is dependent on many factors. The main success factors
include the tenant-mix, the quality of location and accessibility, catchment size and quality, car parking provision,
internal layout and good ambience. Among these success factors, the tenant-mix of a shopping mall widely
recognized as a critical factor for all parties concerned consumers, retail tenants and the developer/landlord.
Following are the categories of tenants by the goods they sell.
Comparison goods: The comparison goods group is epitomized by fashion and footwear, jewellery and expensive
household equipment. purchased at irregular intervals for long-term use, with suitability, quality, price and style
being important factors in their selection.
16 | P a g e

As a retail expert puts it, Two compatible businesses located in close proximity will show an increase in business
volume directly, then they would have achieved by not being in close proximity
Convenience goods: Those goods are the ones that are purchased regularly. Therefore in their use the convenience of
the seller location, selection and buying is important. Group includes food, newspapers and drinks products that are
typically sold from local corner and parade shops, supermarkets and unit shops, some of which are situated in
shopping malls.
Anchor Tenant: An anchor store is always relatively large and well regarded in terms of quality, price or function to be
a destination in its own right. Other outlets will cluster around it and will feed off the shopping traffic it generates.
Benefits of Tenant Mix
1. Attracting customers
2. Holding shoppers for a longer time
3. Encouraging cross-shopping and impulse buying
4. Imparting distinctive image to the mall
5. Ensuring 100% location to all the tenants
Types of tenants
1. Anchor Tenants: Those players which acquire relatively larger space and sell wide variety of products catering
to different consumer needs e.g. Pantaloons, Westside, Shoppers Stop, Central, Big Bazaar, Reliance Fresh,
Hypercity etc.
2. Micro-mini retail space: Smaller independent tenants, that have a single store in the mall e.g. Levis, Bata,
Hush-Puppies, Purple etc.
3. Entrepreneur Tenants: Those tenants are again similar to Micro-mini retail tenants, however those do have
brand of their own, perhaps an unknown brand, however, they sell products in their own accord, the
proportion of such stores is still extremely less.
4. Vanilla Tenants: Those tenants that survive by feeding on the traffic drawn by the Anchor Tenants, those
stores are around the Anchor Tenants e.g. There is a Spa Store next to Shoppers Stop in Inorbit, Vashi.
Tenants are categorized on following basis of lease contracts
1. Long-term
2. Medium-term
3. Short-term
4. Temporary/Seasonal e.g. Inorbit Vashi has lot of temporary Kiosks selling products like handmade candles,
lights and other decoratives for the festive season.

Tenant Mix Decisions
It is extremely crucial for a mall to take right steps in terms of allocating space, and also selecting the tenants, a wrong
partner may affect the malls image.
17 | P a g e

Common Area

Common areas of the mall are supposed to be an expense head, as the mall needs to spend money in their
maintenance and upkeep. However by placing temporary tenants in common areas, shopping malls can generate
revenues. What makes this proposition more profitable is the fact that tenants pay for the upkeep of common area.
Kiosks also in the common area makes mall a happening place, however while allocating the common area, mall
manager needs to take care of the seasonal trends/needs e.g. Diwali Candles during Diwali time etc.
Leasing Administration
Flaws in the leasing administration can be killing, City Center Mall of Vashi, Navi Mumbai, was on the verge of a
closure only due to flaws in the provisions of the lease agreements created, no clarity as to who will bear
maintenance charges, fees, fines and charges, security deposits etc.
The below two images show what City Center Mall was before and what it has become now!

A lease agreement must cover significant clauses and exigencies in the lease agreement.
Basically each parties responsibilities and actions must be clearly defined, along with default actions etc.

18 | P a g e

Marketing and Promotion Activities
Malls compete with other retail establishments and leisure activities to grab a share of the customers free time.
Besides, continuing growth in mall development means that consumers have several alternative malls to choose from
for their leisure or shopping trip.
The competition has forced mall developers to provide more stimulating environments and greater potential for
leisure satisfaction. It is also observed that traditional leisure activities are being emphasized to attract people to the
mall.
Another challenge for the mall developers is to attract the tenants. Prominent high-street locations can ensure huge
footfalls for a mall, enticing retailers to make a beeline for every square feet of retail space available.
Marketing & Promotion of the mall can be categorized as follows:

Certain malls like Inorbit & Phoenix Market City, go in for mass media, i.e. arrange certain events or say blood
donation camps and other such awareness drives, which eventually gets them in news, hence free promotion and this
pulls the crowd.

Planning &
Construction
Targeting Investors: Create a portfolio, project brochure, project/company
website, targetting real estate brokers, mass media etc.
Retail Tenants
Portfolio of retail options, database of target tenants, website of shopping mall,
leasing brochure, mass media advertising etc.
Launch &
Operations Phase
Mall Exteriors, Hoardings, Leaflets, Advertisements, Road shows, etc.
Theme based promotions, e.g. Mall of America, has has almost an yearly theme
since 2003, that experts say, helps bring about 40 million plus customers.
19 | P a g e

Facilities Management
Noise, Crowd & Chaos doesnt deter shoppers from shopping, in their favourite marketplaces. However, in contrast
ambience and facilities at a mall does deter customers from shopping, hence facilities at management must be
carefully managed.
Facilities management is a continuous process and also an integral part of the mall management. The advent of
technology has made the facilities management even more important as state-of-the-art systems, used in managing a
mall, need to be maintained in a useful operational condition to ensure their optimum and profitable utilization.
Security area is also a key concern, in todays era of disruptive elements like terrorists, Malls have always been and
will remain a soft target for such elements. Certain malls have very high surveillance systems, e.g. Phoenix Market
City, Kurla has a security camera outside every store, however in contrast Center One of Vashi, has a two cameras on
each side of the floor.
The below diagram shows the facilities offered in a mall

Mall management is the responsibility of the developer or the mall management company, the services are available
to all the tenants, lack of proper mall management, is one of the symptoms of sickness as some day or the other, the
tenant would get fed up or the customer or perhaps both. Leading to start in the down fall of the mall
Security and Safety comes topmost form majority of the customers based on our limited survey.

Utilities
Security &
Safety
Parking
Health &
Hygeine
Ambience
Building
Maintenance
Systems
20 | P a g e

Regulatory framework for Malls

Mall development is a very tedious business, as it involves getting approvals from a multitude of authorities. Every
state in India has its own set of regulations that govern the planning, development and operations of mall business.
There are over 20 major licences and permissions required even before breaking the ground of the proposed mall
site.
Compliance during planning stage
1. Plot acquisitions
2. Developing business plan/proposal i.e. to be submitted to the municipality

Compliance during development stage
1. Environment Impact Assessment Report
2. Permission from the Fire Brigade
3. Permission from the State Electricity Board
4. Permission from the Municipality
5. Permission for the Multiplex
6. Permission for the Food Court
Insurance of Mall & Construction Labour
Compliance during the launch
1. Occupancy Certificate
2. Assessment of Property Tax
3. Registration of Retailers

Compliances during Operational Life
1. Laws Related to Mall Operations
2. Labour Laws
3. Insurance
4. Renewal & Certification
5. Taxation & Return Filing
6. Environmental Laws
7. Municipal Issues
Certain Relevant Acts for Malls
1. Shops & Establishments Act
2. The Environment (Protection) Act
3. The Water Act (Prevention & Protection) & Other Water related Acts
4. Pollution related Acts i.e. Air & Noise Pollution related.
5. Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules
21 | P a g e

Indian Mall Customer

When I shop, the world gets better, and the world is better, but then it's not, and I need to do it again.
From movie Confessions of Shopaholic
Broadly an Indian customer can be categorized either as a focused buyer or an impulse buyer, a focused buyer is one,
who is predetermined and knows what he/she wants. However an impulse buyer is one, who doesnt know what
he/she wants.
Majority buyers turn out to be focused ones since, when they visit malls they know what they want, say visit a food
court, or buy pair of clothes etc.
However, the motives of visiting malls are changing also, lot of youngsters go to the malls, so that they can sit in Air-
conditioned environment, chat with friends, hang out etc. As per a tenant in Phoenix Market City, of the 100 people
that visit that Mall, only 20% are actual buyers, rest all others are window shoppers, perhaps few may visit food court
and have something there!
Below diagram explains some of the motives of a visitor to a mall

Some of the actions of visitors to Mall based on observations are as follows:
1. Chat with friends
2. Watch movies (PVR)
3. Bird watching (Both boys & girls but proportion of boys is high)
4. Shopping
5. Food Court (McDonalds & KFC are doing well, based on observation)
6. Reading Books
7. Coffee
8. Engaging Kids i.e. Games/Competitions/Snow World etc.
9. Beauty Treatment
10. Walking i.e. Taking a Stroll in air conditioned environment, this has been seen for large malls like Phoenix
Market City & Inorbit
22 | P a g e

How to differentiate a mall?

"Don't forget that it (your product or service) is not differentiated until the customer understands the difference."
Tom Peters.
Differentiation is a key, however it doesnt become a key unless it is evident to the customers, perhaps, we would
study 3 malls of Vashi Navi Mumbai, they have partly tried to differentiate and made money, over years pursuing
their own way!
The below map shows 3 circles innermost representing 1 mile radius from Vashi Railway Station, 2
nd
one is for 1.5
mile radius and 3
rd
one is 2 mile radius.
The one mile radius has 3 malls as identified below

Raghuleela
It is one of the unique malls of Navi Mumbai, which has commercial, retail & fine-dining facility, it has big Anchors
like Audi, Big Bazaar, Central, The Village & Fame (Multiplex) in its kitty, however the smaller shops are relatively like
small shops selling both branded and unbranded items.
The benefit Raghuleela has is it has a Multiplex, that is a key differentiator for it, since any of the other two malls do
not have it!
Additionally, it houses lot of small entrepreneur shops, which sell both branded and unbranded items, also at a
competitive pricing, hence it draws those people who are interested in fashion, but not the brand. Its drawback is the
food court, which isnt so attractive.

Center One
Inorbit
Raghuleela
23 | P a g e

Games section is not so happening, since not got anything apart from outdated video games and few slot old slot
machines, the most happening section in games section is a bowling alley for adults, apart from that it
The occupancy rate is around 80%, 20% shops are vacant.
Average footfalls are around 8000 on weekdays and 14000+ over weekends. (Based on numbers from Security Guard)
Center One
Center One is the first malls of Vashi to come near railway station, currently smallest in terms of the square feet area,
however it has given a run for money to other two malls, its Anchors include Pantaloons, Pop Tates (Recently),
Chroma & a Grocery Store of Food Bazaar format & a Benzer Store (Since the mall belongs to Benzer Group)
Center One has lot of brands, like Nike, Levis, Samsonite, Metro etc. Its food court is one of the best, with limited
varieties though, but mostly covering all delicacies except Pizza (Pizza Hut recently closed their shop, since they
moved to Inorbit with a restaurant)

However, for focused buyers, Center One is a Mecca, though limited shops i.e. in comparison to Inorbit, but good
collection of brands.
My favourite feature, which no other malls possess is the charging points for laptops, especially in evenings, its food
court is full of office people, perhaps also having meetings at times, making full use of laptop charging points. Gaming
24 | P a g e

section isnt so happening, since all it has got is outdated video games and ice hockey, the only benefit being here,
gaming is pretty cheap!
On a weekday it attract around 7000 footfalls, wherein on weekends, it is able to get around 12000 footfalls. (Based
on numbers from Security Guard)
Inorbit Vashi
Inorbit, Vashi is the youngest and the largest mall of Navi Mumbai, from house of Rahejas. Inorbit has been able to
get the best brands in its kitties, with around 7 Anchors like, Shoppers Stop, Hypercity, Westside, Landmark, Max,
Home Stop, Timezone, they have maximum footfalls per day, around 25000 on a weekday and 35000+ on weekends.
Its distinctive advantage is maximum brands under one roof, really big food court with too many options, however its
food court is most expensive. It is one of the best run malls in comparison to other two malls, staff is extremely
customer friendly, additionally, Inorbit is the only mall, that has created a Wifi zone, on each of its floors for visitors.

The store map is also extremely customer friendly, with clear directions to each section, they have also made
shopping guide, which lists the layout and other important sections and how to reach them.
The best website of all malls visited is that of Inorbit, highly organized, no cluttered etc.
The above feature definitely makes Inorbit the best mall of Navi Mumbai.

25 | P a g e

Symptoms of Sickness

Health is not valued till sickness comes
Thomas Fuller (English Writer)

Success is never sticky; its a fair weather friend, those malls which were once success stories, have become
nightmares for the developers who run them!
However, we based out of observation and literature has found out few symptoms, that if reviewed timely, the mall
developer can avert the sickness.
1. Delays in rental payments
2. Mall facilities are not properly managed
3. Frequent landlord and tenant conflicts
4. Lower footfalls
5. Too much dependence on few tenants i.e. either Anchor or Independent
6. Poor Food Court
7. Inability to have Promos and In-house Events few malls like Center One say though being a small mall has
around 200+ Promos each year.
8. Complacency

26 | P a g e

Precautions & Revival strategies
7

Tough times dont last forever, tough people do
Robert Sculler (Motivational Speaker & Author)

The economic slowdown has landed especially heavily on the old-line department stores that anchor many malls. As
their sales and profits have tanked, they've been pulling out of malls, much to the distress of the smaller merchants
who depend on the larger stores to feed them traffic. These trends are hitting the market capitalisations of most of
the largest owners of retail real estate. Of course, the slowdown was the catalyst, but competition from online
retailers has been the continued driver.
Cushman and Wakefield estimates only 50 per cent of the scheduled malls came up in the top eight cities of India in
2012. And only 250 new ones are being planned in the next two years, while there is space for at least 2,000 malls. A
clear marker for shopping centre distress.
Certain precautions as recommended by Devangshu Dutta, CEO of Third Insight a retail consulting firm, suggests
following, for new malls:
1. Fail-proof the business plan: Focus on the development of retail brands and not solely on quick returns on
investment. The primary responsibility should be that of catering to the consumer catchment and driving
footfalls for the retail occupants. The other requirements follow from this simple premise
2. Do a thorough re-checking of the catchment: Ask questions like can the catchment support the development
in terms of consumer footfall and spending? Is there a connect between the needs of the immediate
catchment and the occupants of the mall? Are there too many malls in the catchment area?
3. Offer good occupant mix: You cannot have mall occupants who have little relevance for the target consumer.
You cannot have the same type of retailer; this would cannibalise rather than provide a healthy mix
4. Ensure good access: Accessibility and connectivity to get the traffic smoothly in and out of the mall is a must;
ensure there is adequate parking space
5. Avoid under sizing: Most malls should be spread over 80,000 sq ft space or more. A small-sized is a straight
handicap because it will lack variety, which is de rigueur in the business, and you run the risk of getting
dwarfed by the next big mall that throws its hat into the ring
6. Focus on design: This involves making the mall brands visible, ensuring appropriate zoning in terms of
entertainment, multiplexes, kids areas, food courts etc. This will result in better customer flow management.

7
Based on an article in Business Standard dated 26
th
August, 2013 titled Is Indias Love Affair with Shopping Malls Over?
27 | P a g e

A brief note by Mr. Anuj Puri then Chairman & MD of Jones Lang LaSalle India, is as follows:
Why are malls fading away?
The initial euphoria of developing shopping centres has faded from the time retailers started insisting on
revenue share and minimum guarantee rather than the pure rent model. With the new scenario, retailers
ability to pay is limited by their sales. As a result, they offer rentals that they can afford, and mall developer
often begin to evaluate other asset categories like offices and residential, since offices provide fixed rentals
and residential comes with the inbuilt advantage of up-front cash neither of which are available in the
mall format.

Such a scenario can lead to a mall closing down as a retail establishment and reinventing itself into another
format.
In the case of older centres many of them were created without adequate planning or preparation, were
not in the right location, or did not have the right size or tenant mix. Following are the lessons worth
learning:

1. Ensure that you have the right size, format and tenant mix for a particular catchment
2. Provide adequate parking
3. Do not strata sell spaces
4. Provide professional mall management
5. Malls must, over a period of time, evolve their tenant mix and offerings so that sales and
therefore rentals continue to grow. In the event that a catchment does not sustain the
development or there is too much completion, retailers will choose the dominant mall.
6. When a shopping centre is not the preferred one for retailers, value retailers come in when even
value retailers cannot sustain, it is usually because of a combination of reasons. These could be:
bad location, bad design, lack of adequate parking, lack of professional mall management (often
the result of strata selling spaces) and a malls inability to find alternate usages of space.

Certain Revival Strategies are as follows:
1. Convert malls into commercial & retail partly Though this approach has disadvantage of being expensive,
since it may require an alteration in the architecture of the mall. But never-the less works! Some malls in
Ghatkopar which are not doing so well, have used this approach and worked for them. In short to identify the
alternative uses of malls i.e. to conduct classes, exhibitions or to host social gatherings and ceremonies.
2. Move from fixed rentals to variable i.e. commission based rentals, store owners will also come to your rescue
to save your mall. (This is not being practiced, since the quantum of investments required in real estate, mall
developers are overoptimistic, and hence they lose out. One must always remember, some money is better
than no money)
3. Focus on the basics to revive a mall, such as keeping things clean. If a tile is broken, fix it immediately. (CEO of
PROPCARE)
4. Create a good Food Court, since food court has the ability to drive malls, the worst thing to have happened at
each of the failed malls is, the Food Courts werent so great.
5. Get rid of Bad Stores As they say, One rotten fruit, has the potential to rot the entire container
28 | P a g e

6. Business model must be relooked, those giving higher rentals need not be given preference (CEO of DLF
Promenade)
7. Fix bad ambience, bad design, bad tenant mix and, finally, bad business models can prove costly for malls
8. Be innovative i.e. arrange as many promotions, events, as possible.
9. Do not run after brands as they may not run after you, create your own niche, though lot of people prefer
brands, but there are also lot of people, who prefer good products, if the products are good & unique, profits
will follow.
10. Dont copy your neighbors, as consumers are smart enough to figure out, it was whose idea, instead be
creative and innovative in doing events, involve the local community i.e. people from the catchment area,
engage them.
11. Focus on service, even most successful malls have poor service quality i.e. either Security guards are too
arrogant, or cleaning staff in the food court are non-courteous i.e. picking up waste while you are eating,
train them well.
12. Increasingly malls are having free WIFI zones and laptop charging Points those must be part of the mall.
13. Cosmetic face-lifting: Change the makeover of the mall.
14. Redevelopment: If desires of costumers are not met, a mall may need redesign and redevelopment e.g.
adding a multiplex in the mall.
15. Repositioning of the mall: For those malls where earlier a mall was positioned for specific buyers, now that
positioning is changed and the mall now caters to a newer segment, however this is not much prevalent in
India, since in India, malls do not go for specific positioning.
16. De-malling: The term de-malling originated in the US shopping mall industry. Under the mostly vacant mall
interior is being de-malled - demolished and turned inside out, putting the pedestrian flow outside the
building on the street. The old boutique stores that once filled the mall will be replaced with big-box retailers.
Another 50,000 square feet of smaller retail shops and restaurants will be built along a tree-lined Main
Streetin front of the mall.

29 | P a g e

Future of Shopping Malls

"The empires of the future are the empires of the mind."
Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister)
Shopping malls have a bright future in India, atleast for the next decade or so. It is because India is still in the growth
phase of mall development, whereas the market for malls in countries like the USA is already declining states Prof.
Harvindar Singh
However, it would be imprudent to think that the Indian shopping malls would continue to flourish in their natural
course. As they climb up along their life-cucle curve, there will be more competition. There would be other forces in
the environment as well, like customers and regulators. Internally, the mall development companies will have their
strengths and weaknesses. In the coming decades, the Indian shopping malls are likely to face the following
challenges:
1. Cloning of shopping malls: Copying one another rather than differentiating, this has already started
happening, for those malls which are opposite or close to each other.
2. Clustering of malls: Malls often come up in certain areas e.g. near Vashi Railway Station, 3 malls have come
up in its proximity, however large the catchment area, there would be some hit, that each one would take,
differentiation is the key!
3. Consolidation of Industry: This is something that is couple of years away, currently consolidation is
happening in amongst multiplex companies e.g. Fame is acquired by Inox, Cinemax is acquired by PVR etc.
4. Demalling: This concept is yet to come in India, as those parts of the malls which are vacant or not
functioning, are turned inside out.
5. No-click cloud checkout: Apples iTunes, Amazon and PayPal built their business on simplifying checkout:
making sure that the act of buying does not get in the way of intent to buy. Although social and
commerce seem natural allies, Facebook has not been able to deliver on its promise to leverage its millions
of customers to shop cross-channel. The company launched Facebook Credits in 2009 and phased them out
last year.
6. Virtual Shopping: Since Tesco opened its virtual grocery store on the subway in Seoul, South Korea, two
years ago, scan-and-shop-on-the-go signage has become more common. While it is still a media gimmick, it
has the potential of becoming a way of luring the shopper online.
7. Integration of Brick & Click: Like something online, go to the store, try and if you like, pick it!

30 | P a g e

Survey

Consumers dont know what they want
Steve Jobs (Ex. CEO Apple & Visionary)

The sample size has been 15 visitors, below are the charts, explaining the demographics:

2
6
7
Respondants
by mall
Center
One
Raghule
ela
Inorbit
4
5
5
1
Mode of
Transport
Walking
Auto
Train
31 | P a g e

Following are findings from the survey done on 15 people

Findings
Frequency of students visiting malls is high in the afternoon time
Food court is a very important section, choice & mix of it affects the footfalls directly, not location as
evident from the findings.
People recollect brands, i.e. recallibility is high, hence a mall should have good brands (however there
could be exceptions)
People really dont know what they want
Those who live nearby visit mall almost on a daily bais, however, those living far are less frequent.
Auto is a preferred mode of transport, only one mall i.e. Inorbit has an autostand, wherein other malls
dont have, visitor would have to walk some distance to reach the auto stand.
Maximum visitors who are willing to spend in range of Rs. 0 500
32 | P a g e

Conclusion

A conclusion is simply the place where you got tired of thinking.
Dan Chaon (American writer)
It is very crucial to differentiate for a mall to succeed, direct advertisements dont seem to be working as much
as word of mouth, the key is in engaging the customers, if they have good experience in the mall, have good
time, they are highly likely to become loyal customers.
Challenge today is in terms of actual buyer, visitors you may be able to attract however, need of hour is how
many are actual buyers, majority of the people visit malls to visit food court, however, yet food courts get
lowest proportion of the space i.e. less than 5% of the total space. This is a paradox.
To revive malls one needs to use innovative means like right tenant mix, use a mix of commercial & retail, go for
proper zoning, over and above prefer variable rentals over fixed, as the times are changing.
Newer forms of financing would also have to be explored e.g. Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities, REITs
etc. must be preferred, since the mall business is no longer with hefty margins, margins are becoming razor thin,
hence newer means are required.

33 | P a g e

Appendix
Case Study: Phoenix Marketcity, Kurla

The Phoenix Mills Ltd. began operations as a textile manufacturing company. Gradually the company entered the growing
real estate market in Mumbai with High Street Phoenix emerging as the most frequented destination in the city. Having set
a benchmark, the ideology and success story is being replicated as Market Cities across India.
8

Eventually in year 2011, three of its four present Phoenix Marketcities were launched -in Mumbai, Pune and Bangalore.
Phoenix Marketcity Concept:
Designed as a city within a city, Phoenix Marketcities are architecturally path-breaking and iconic destination assets in the
heart of Tier-I cities, each project a mixed use development lead by retail component. Phoenix Marketcity designs are
path breaking in the Indian context and have evolved out of a vision for India & driven with an obsession with quality.
Typically the largest mall in the city with a footprint well above 2 million sq. ft. of area and positioned in a prime location
with the city, each of the Phoenix Marketcity is designed and built on an unprecedented scale and quality. By including a
large and extensive mall with hypermarkets, high-end office spaces, hospitality and entertainment avenues, each Phoenix
Marketcity is an integrated mixed-use developments that are truly one-stop-destination for consumers, travelers and
businesses alike.
9

Phoenix Marketcity, Kurla
Phoenix Market City Mumbai, Kurla (PMC) is located in Mumbai's eastern suburb of Kurla with approximately 4.05 million
square foot (including 1.35 million square foot of parking) of developable area. Following is the detailed breakup of its
area
10
:
Total Land Area
1080000 sft
Total MALL + Other retail area Area
1660000 sft
Total Commercial Area
1000000 sft
Total Hotel Area
115000 sft
Entertainment Area(mall)
20000 sft
F & B Area(mall)
70000 sft
Multiplex(mall)
90000 sft
Health & Spa(Mall)
7000 sft
Parking(approx 2000 cars), Services and BOH Areas
(Mall+Hotel+Commercial)
2000 cars 1400000 sft

8
http://www.thephoenixmills.com/company-history.asp, accessed on 18
th
Oct, 2013.
9
http://www.phoenixmarketcity.in/about.aspx, accessed on 18
th
Oct, 2013
10
http://thephoenixmills.com/retail-market-city-mumbai-snap-shots.asp accessed on 18
th
Oct, 2013
34 | P a g e

Catchment Area:
Kurla is a city-centric location, with easy access to the airport. The catchment areas for this development are BKC, Andheri,
Santacruz, Bandra, Dadar, Wadala, Sion, Chembur, Ghatkopar and Saki Naka.
The below Map shows the Catchment area (Circle depicts 2 mile radius from Phoenix Market City):

Pull Strategy:
By hosting inhouse events (in October 2013)
1. Snow Dandiya @ Snow World 4
th
Oct, 2013
2. Flashmobs for Breast Cancer Awareness 19
th
Oct, 2013
3. Mahatma Gandhijis Birthday Celebration- 2
nd
Oct, 2013
4. Disney Sponsored bangle making competition for Kids 19
th
Oct, 2013
5. Live band 19
th
Oct, 2013
Apparently PMC is trying to stay in media through various awareness or engagement drives and in-house customer
engagement, through live bands and competitions.
As part of their digital marketing strategy, their website is very much updated, with forthcoming events and offers.
Strengths:
1. Houses more than 350 Indian and international brands
2. Shopping spot for central suburbs population
3. Attracts lot of focused buyers (based on conversation with a mall tenant.)
4. Good mix of retail and commercial (offices)
Phoenix Market
City
Kohinoor
35 | P a g e

Weakness:
1. Surrounded by slums hence, almost 70 to 80% people visiting are low income groups, visiting it for either taking a
walk, window shopping, or perhaps to experience Air Conditioner.
11

2. Getting to Phoenix Market City from Kurla station involves an auto ride through bumpy, intestinal roads crammed
with slums, industrial workshops and decrepit factories lots.
12

3. Long queues can be frustrating, since lot of localites are eager to get into the mall.
4. Signages are not clear, plus the map is too small and not so direction friendly.
Observations:
Only foreign and famous brands are doing extremely well, not so known brands struggle to survive as actual buyers turn
out to be extremely less, when compared with the total footfalls.
Visitors to PMC perform following activities:
11. Chat with friends
12. Watch movies (PVR)
13. Bird watching (Both boys & girls but proportion of boys is high)
14. Shopping
15. Food Court (McDonalds & KFC are doing well, based on observation)
16. Reading Books
17. Coffee
18. Engaging Kids i.e. Games/Competitions/Snow World etc.
19. Beauty Treatment
Fixed versus Variable Rent
For anchor tenants like Reliance, Lifestyle, Pantaloons etc, they give PMC a profit share, instead of a fixed payment of rent,
however for individual outlets PMC, charges a fixed rent.
Recommendations:
1. For loyal customers, PMC could introduce a loyalty card i.e. allowing users to express check-in the mall, from any
of the entrances, skipping the long queues, those cards can be issued by any of the mall tenants to its customers,
after taking their basic details. (Mall tenants excluding those serving food & beverages)
2. PMC through above is building database of its buyers and with permission of customers, it can update them
regularly for new events i.e. either through an email or a text message.
3. Have better signages along with which brands are present where? E.g. Gloria Jeans Coffee house is in the last
section; surely it is not to be seen, unless customer ventures in that alley out of curiosity. Floorings could be used
by mall to guide people i.e. with Arrows etc. Also on entrance they could have a board showing that on Ground
floor which are brands i.e. Grouping them in categories say Food & Beverages, the way name plates are there in
apartments.

11
Based on conversation with a mall tenant.
12
http://mumbaiboss.com/2012/12/17/a-tale-of-two-suburbs/ accessed on 18
th
Oct, 2013.
36 | P a g e

4. Have product launches, plays and more innovative shows like science exhibitions, where kids conduct scientific
experiments and they can experience science and learn at the same time.
5. Must have a kids care center, i.e. when parents are shopping child can play under supervision and be safe.
6. Food court is too small, hence expand it, since there is no ample place to sit.

37 | P a g e

Photos

38 | P a g e

Questionnaire
Customer Questionnaire:
1. What is the gender of respondent: Male / Female

2. Age of the respondent:

3. Annual family income: Less than Rs. 2 lacs/ Rs. 2-5 lacs / Rs. 5-10 lacs / Above Rs. 10 lacs

4. What is your profession: Student / Professional / Businessman / Housewife / Other (Specify)

5. Which area do you live in (incl. Sector):

6. How do you visit this mall: Car / Bike / Auto / Taxi / Bus / Train / Walking

7. What is the frequency of your visits to this mall? i.e. Daily, Weekly ____, Monthly____, Yearly_____
8. Why are you visiting this mall? Entertainment / Shopping / Food Court / Window Shopping / Chat with
Friends / Others (Specify) _________________
9. How much are you willing to spend in the mall? 0-500 / 501-1000 / 1001-1500 / 1501-2000 / 2001 &
Above
10. What is the most important feature of this mall in your opinion? Location / Ambience / Design / Deals /
Experience / Food Court / Brands / Others (Specify) _____________________
11. What do you like about this mall?

12. Which other mall do you prefer and why?

13. Any improvements or suggestions would you like to give for this mall?

14. Is there something that you would like to see in this mall, which is not there currently, something
unique, special etc

15. What do you dislike about this mall?

16. (Out coming customers) What do you recall about the mall?

Mall Management in India & Revival Strategies For Sick Malls

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Mall Management in India & Revival Strategies For Sick Malls

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Punya Trivedi, PGDM Exec 2012-2013

Вам также может понравиться