Theory Numbers Khmer

PaBEckdac; nig viFIEckGWKøIt
PaBEckdac;kñúg Z
 niymn&y
cMnYKt;rWuLaTIb a CaBhuKuNéncMnYnKt; b luHRtaEtman
cMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb q mYyeTotEdl a  b  q .
kñúgkrNIenH b ehAfatYEckén a .
 Knøw¼RsayPaBEckdac´
edIm,IRsayfacMnYKt;rWuLaTIb a Eckdac;nwgcMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb b
eKRtUvRsay[eXIjfa a  b  q Edl q CacMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb .
lMhat´TI1
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn A  2 12
 312 Eckdac;nwg 97 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
eKman A  2  3  (2 )
12 12 4 3
 (34 )3
 (24  34 )(28  24.34  38 )
 97(28  64  38 )
dUcenH A  212  312 Eckdac;nwg 97 .
-1- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

lMhat´TI2
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn ³
A  32010  7 2010  37 2010  3  777670
Eckdac;nwg B  3  7 670 670
 37670 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa A Eckdac;nwg B
tamsmPaB
a 3  b 3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c2  ab  bc  ca)
ebIeKyk a  3 , b  7 , c  37
670 670 670
ehIy abc  3 .7 .37  777 eK)an A  B  Q

670 670 670 670
Edl Q  3  7  37  21  111  259

1340 1340 1340 670 670 670
dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg B .
sMKal´
edIm,IRsaybBa¢ak;smPaB ³
a 3  b 3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c2  ab  bc  ca)
eKRtUvtag
f (x)  (x  a)(x  b)(x  c)
 x 3  (a  b  c)x 2  (ab  bc  ca)x  abc

eday f (a)  f (b)  f (c)  0 eK)an ³
a 3  (a  b  c)a 2  (ab  bc  ca)a  abc  0 (1)
 3
b  (a  b  c)b  (ab  bc  ca)b  abc  0 (2)
2
 3
 c  (a  b  c)c 2
 (ab  bc  ca)c  abc  0 (3)
bUksmIkar (1) , (2) nig (3) rYcdak; a  b  c CaktþarYm
enaHeK)ansmPaBdUcxageRkam ³
a 3  b 3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c2  ab  bc  ca) >
lMhat´TI3
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn ³ A  113  168  141  427
n n n n
Eckdac;nwg 7 Canic©RKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .
dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa A Eckdac;nwg 7
tamrUbmnþ a  b  (a  b)(a  a b  ...  b )
n n n 1 n 2 n 1
eK)an A  (427  168 )  (141  113 )

n n n n
 (427  168)m1  (141  113)m 2

 259m1  28m 2  7(37m1  4m 2 )
dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 7 RKb; m 1 , m 2  IN * .

lMhat´TI4
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn ³ A  90  118  168  287
n n n n
Eckdac;nwg 91 Canic©RKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .
dMeNa¼Rsay
tamrUbmnþ a  b  (a  b)(a  a b  ...  b )
n n n 1 n 2 n 1
eK)an A  (287  168 )  (118  90 )

n n n n
 (287  168)m1  (118  90)m 2

 119m1  28m 2
 7(17m1  4m 2 ) , m1 ,m 2  IN
dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 7 .
mü:ageTot A  (287  118 )  (168
n n
 90n )n
 (287  118)k 1  (168  90)k 2

 169k 1  78k 2
 13(13k 1  6k 2 ) , k 1 ,k 2  IN
dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 13 .
eday 7 nig 13 bfmrvagKña dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 7  13  91 .

 rebobRsayPaBEckdac´tamGnumanrYmKNitviTüa
edIm,IRsayfacMnYKt;rWuLaTIb a  f (n) Eckdac;nwgcMnYnKt;
n
rWuLaTIb b edayeFIVvicartamkMeNIneKRtUvGnuvtþn_dUcxageRkam ³
- cMeBaH n  1 RtUvbgðajfa a  f (1) Eckdac;nwg b
1
- ]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  k KW a  f (k) Eckdac;nwg b

k
- RtUvRsayfavaBitcMeBaH n  k  1
KW a  f (k  1) Eckdac;nwg b edayyk a  f (k)
k 1 k
Casmμtikmμ .
edIm,IRsayfa a  f (k  1) Eckdac;nwg b CadMbUgeKRtUv
k 1
KNnaplsg a  a  f (k  1)  f (k) rYcsresr

k 1 k
f (k  1)  f (k)  b  g(k) rYceKTaj)an ³

f (k  1)  f (k)  b .g(k) eday f (k) Eckdac;nwg b enaH
eKTaj)an f (k  1)  f (k)  b.g(k) Eckdac;nwg b .
- snñidæan ³ a  f (n) Eckdac;nwg b .
n

lMhat´TI5
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn A  n(n  1)(2n  1)
n
Eckdac;nwg 6 Canic©cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * .
dMeNa¼Rsay
n
-cMeBaH n  1 eK)an A  6 Eckdac;nwg 6

1
-]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  k KW A  k(k  1)(2k  1)

k
Eckdac;nwg 6 .
-eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitcMeBaH n  k  1 KW ³
A  (k  1)(k  2)(2k  3) Eckdac;nwg 6 .
k 1
eKman A  A  (k  1)[(k  2)(2k  3)  k(2k  1)]

k 1 k
Ak 1  Ak  6(k  1)2
eKTaj A  A  6(k  1) eday A Eckdac;nwg 6
k 1 k
2
k
dUcenH A  A  6(k  1) Eckdac;nwg 6 .

k 1 k
2
dUcenHcMeBaHRKb; n  IN * cMnYn A  n(n  1)(2n  1)

n
Eckdac;nwg 6 .
sm:al; ³ n(n  1)(2n  1)  6(1  2  ...  n ) .
2 2 2

lMhat´TI6
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn A  10  18n  1
n
n
dMeNa¼Rsay
n

1
-]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  k KW A  10  18k  1 k
k
Eckdac;nwg 27 .
A  10  18(k  1)  1 Eckdac;nwg 27 .
k 1
k 1
eKman A  A  10  18(k  1)  1  10  18k  1

k 1 k
k 1 k
Ak 1  Ak  9.10k  18
 9(10k  1)  27
 9(10  1)g(k)  27
 27[3g(k)  1] , g(k)  IN *
eKTaj A  A  27[3g(k)  1]
k 1 k
eday A Eckdac;nwg 27 enaH A  A  6(k  1)

k k 1 k
2
Eckdac;nwg 6 . dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 27 cRKb; n  IN * .

n

lMhat´TI7
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn A  4  6n  1
n
n
dMeNa¼Rsay
n

1
-]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  k KW A  4  6k  1 k
k
Eckdac;nwg 9 .
A  4  6(k  1)  1 Eckdac;nwg 9 .
k 1
k 1
eKman A  A  4  6(k  1)  1  4  6k  1
k 1 k
k 1 k
Ak 1  Ak  3.4k  6
 3(4k  1)  9
 3(4  1)g(k)  9
 9[g(k)  1] , g(k)  IN *
eKTaj A  A  9[g(k)  1]
k 1 k
eday A Eckdac;nwg 9 enaH A  A  9[g(k)  1]

k k 1 k
Eckdac;nwg 9 . dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 9 cRKb; n  IN * .

n

lMhat´TI8
edayeFIVvicartamkMeNIncUrRsaybBa¢ak´facMnYn ½
A 2
n
6 n 1
9 Eckdacńwg11 Canic©cMeBa¼RKb´
n 1
cMnYnKt´FmμCati n .
dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak´facMnYn A  2  9 Eckdacńwg11
n
6 n 1 n 1
-ebI n  0 eKán A  2  9  11 Bit ( Eckdacńwg11 )

0
-ebI n  1 eKán A  2  9  209  11  19 Bit

1
7 2
( Eckdacńwg11 ).
eyIg«bmafavaBitdl´tYTI p KW A  2  9 p
6 p 1 p 1
Eckdacńwg11 eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl´tYTI P  1 KW
A 2
p 1
6p 7
9 Eckdacńwg11
p 2
eyIgman A  2  9 p 1
6p 7 p 2
A p 1  2 6 ( 2 6p 1  9 p 1 )  (9 p  2  2 6 .9 p 1 )
A p 1  64 A p  9 p 1 ( 9  64)
A p 1  64 A p  55.9 p 1

edaytamkar«bma A Eckdacńwg11 ehIy 55.9
p
p 1
Eckdacńwg11 .
eKTaján A  64A  55.9 Eckdacńwg 11 Bit .
p 1 p
p 1
dUcen¼cMnYn A  2  9 Eckdacńwg11 Canic©cMeBa¼

n
6 n 1 n 1
RKbćMnYnKt´FmμCati n .
lMhat´TI9
eK[ E  831  743  709  610 , n  IN
n
n n n n
cUrbgHajfa E Eckdacńwg 187 Canic©RKb´ n  IN .

n
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgHajfa E Eckdacńwg 187 Canic©RKb´ n  IN ½
n
eday 187  11  17 Edl 11 nig 17 CacMnYnbfmrvagKña .

dUcen¼edIm,IRsayfa E Eckdacńwg 187 eyIgEtUvRsay
n
[eXIjfa E Eckdac´ 11 nig 17 .

n
eKman a  b  (a  b)(a  a b  ....  b )  (a  b) . N

n n n 1 n 2 n 1
Edl N  a  a b  .......  b
n 1 n 2 n 1
eKán E  831  743  709  610 , n  IN

n
n n n n
- 10 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

 831n  743 n   709 n  610 n 
 (831  743) p  (709  610) q
 88 p  99q  11 ( 8p  9q ) ; p , q  IN *
eKTaján E Eckdacńwg
n 11 .
müa¨geToteKman½
E n  831n  743 n  709 n  610 n , n  IN
 ( 831n  610 n )  ( 709 n  743 n )
 ( 831  610 )   (709  743 ) 
 221   34   17 (13   2  ) ; ;   IN *
eKTaján E Eckdacńwg 17 .
n
dUcen¼ E Eckdacńwg 187 Canic©RKb´ n  IN .

n
lMhat´TI10
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn E  447  462  122  124
n
n n n n
Eckdac;nwg 221 Canic©cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn E Eckdac;nwg 221
n
eyIgeXIjfa 221  13  17 Edl 13 nig 17 bzmrvagKña

dUcenHedIm,IRsayfa cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg 221 eKRtUvRsay
n
[eXIjfacMnYn E vaEckdac;nwg !#pg nig Eckdac;nwg !& pg.

n

eKman E n  447 n  462 n  122 n  124 n
En  (447n  122n )  (462n  124n )

tamrUbmnþ a  b  (a  b)(a  a b  ....  b
n n n 1 n 2 n 1
)
eyIg)an E  (447  122).p  (462  124).q

n 1 1
 325p 1  338q 1  13 ( 25p 1  26q 1 )

Edl p , q  IN * .
1 1
TMnak;TMngenHbBa¢ak;fa cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg !# .

n
müa:geToteKman E  (447  124 )  (462  122

n
n n n n
)
 ( 447  124).p 2  (462  122).q 2
 323p 2  340q 2
 17 (19p 2  20q 2 ) , p 2 , q 2  IN *
TMnak;TMngenHbBa¢ak;fa cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg !& .
n
dUcenHsrubesckþIeTAeyIg)an cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg 221 Canic©

n
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

viFIEckEbbGWKøIt
 niymn½y
eFIVviFIEckEbbGWKøIténcMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb a nigcMnYnKt;FmμCati
b KWkMNt;cMnYnKt;rWLaTIb q nigcMnYnKt;FmμCati r Edl
a  b.q  r ehIy 0  r  b .
a ehAfatMNagEck b ehAfatYEck q ehAfaplEck
nig r ehAfasMNl; .
 RTwsþIbT
ebI a CacMnYnKt;rWuLaTIb nig b CacMnYnKt;FmμCati enaHman
cMnYnKt;rWLaTIbEtmYyKt; q nigcMnYnKt;FmμCati r EtmYy
Kt;Edl a  bq  r eday 0  r  b .

lMhat´TI11
edaHRsaysmIkar 47x  29y  1 kñúgsMNMucMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV .
dMeNa¼Rsay
edaHRsaysmIkar 47x  29y  1 kñúgsMNMucMnYnKt;rWLaTIhV
eyIgman 47  29  1  18 naM[ 18  47  29
29  18  1  11
naM[ 11  29  18  29  (47  29)  29  2  47
18  11  1  7
naM[ 7  18  11  (47  29)  (29  2  47)
b¤ 7  47  2  29  3
11  7  1  4
naM[ 4  11  7  (29  2  47)  (47  2  29  3)
b¤ 4  3  47  29  5
7  4 2  1
naM[ 1  4  2  7  (3  47  29  5).2  (47  2  29  3)
b¤ 1  47  (8)  29  (13)
eK)an 47x  29y  47  (8)  29  (13)

b¤ 47(x  8)  29(y  13)
naM[ xy  13
8  29q
 47q , q  Z

dUcenH x  29q  8 , y  47q  13 , q  Z .
lMhat´TI12
eK[cMnYnKt;viC¢man n .
eKdwgfa n Ecknwg 7 [sMNl; % ehIy n Ecknwg 8 [sMNl;#
k> etIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg 56 [sMNl;b:unμan ?
x> rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 5616  n  5626 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> etIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg 56 [sMNl;b:unμan ?
tamsmμtikmμeKdwgfa n Ecknwg 7 [sMNl; % naM[man
q  IN Edl n  7q  5 (1)
1 1
ehIymüa:geTot n Ecknwg 8 [sMNl; # enaHnaM[man

q  IN Edl n  8q  3 ( 2)
2 2
tam ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)anRbBn½æ  nn  87qq  53 ((12))

1
 2
 8n  56q 1  40 ( 3)
b¤ 
 7n  56q 2  21 (4)

dksmIkar ¬# ¦ nig ¬$¦ eK)an n  56(q  q )  19
1 2
tag q  q  q , q  IN
1 2
eK)an n  56q  19 .
TMnak;TMngenHmann½yfa cMnYn n enaHEcknwg 56 [sMNl; !( .
x> rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 5616  n  5626
eKman n  56q  19 naM[ 5616  56q  19  5626
b¤ 5597
56
q
5607
56
b¤ 53
99   q  100 
56
7
56
naM[ q  100 .
cMeBaH q  100 eK)an n  5600  19  5619 .
dUcenHcMnYn n enaHKW n  5619 .

lMhat´TI13
eK[cMnYnKt;FmμCati m nig n .
eKdwgfa m Ecknwg 5 [sMNl; 3 ehIy n Ecknwg 5 [sMNl; 4
k> cUrbgðajfa m  n Eckdac;nwg 5 .
2 2
x> rksMNl;énviFIEck m  n nwg 5 . 3 3
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> bgðajfa m  n Eckdac;nwg 5
2 2
eday m Ecknwg 5 [sMNl; 3 ehIy n Ecknwg 5 [sMNl; 4

enaHeKmancMnYnKt;FmμCati q nig q Edl m  5q  3
1 2 1
nig n  5q  4 .
2
eK)an m  n  (5q  3)  (5q  4)

2 2
1
2
2
2
m 2  n 2  5(5q12  5q 2 2  6q1  8q 2  5)
dUcenH m  n Eckdac;nwg 5 .
2 2
x> sMNl;énviFIEck m  n nwg 5 3 3
eK)an m  n  (5q  3)  (5q

3 3
1
3
2  4)3
m 3  n 3  5q  33  43  5(q  18)  1 Edl q  IN *
dUcenH m 3
 n3 Ecknwg 5 [sMNl; 1 .

Knøw¼bMElgsV&yKuN
 eTVFajUtun
n
(x  y)   C(n,k).xn k y k 
n
k 0
 viFIbMElgsV&yKuN
ebI a CacMnYnKt;rWuLaTIbEcknwg b CacMnYnKt;FmμCati [plEck
CacMnYnKt;FmμCati q nigsMNl;CacMnYnKt;FmμCati r
enaHeK)an a  bq  r eday 0  r  b .
eK)an a  (bq  r)
n n
tameTVFajÚtuneK)an ³
n
(bq  r)   C(n,k)(bq)n k r k 
n
k 0
n 1
  C(n,k)(bq)n k   C(n ,n)r n
k 0
n 1
 b   C(n,k)bn 1k qn k   r n
k 0
 b  f (n)  r n , f (n)  IN *
dUcenH a n
 (bq  r)n  b.f (n)  r n , f (n)  IN *

lMhat´TI14
k> rksMNl;énviFIEckEbbGWKøIténcMnYn 2 nwg 7 .2012
x> kMNt;cMnYnKt;viC¢mantUcbMput k edIm,I[ 2  k Eckdac;nwg 7

2012
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> sMNl;énviFIEckEbbGWKøIt
eKman 2  8  7  1
3
eK)an 2  (7  1)  7q  1 , q  IN *
2010 670
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarnwg 2  4 eK)an ³
2
22012
 4  7q  4 .
tamTMnak;TMngxagelIenHbBa¢ak;fa 2 Ecknwg 7 [sMNl; 4 .
2012
x> kMNt;cMnYnKt;viC¢mantUcbMput k
tamsMrayxagelIeyIg)an ³
22012
 k  4  7q  4  k Edl q  IN *
ehtuenHedIm,I[ 2  k Eckdac;nwg 7 luHRtaEt 4  k Eckdac;
2012
nwg 7 .
dUcenH k  3 CacMnYnKt;viC¢mantUcbMputEdlRtUvrk .

lMhat´TI15
k> rksMNl;énviFIEckEbbGWKøIténcMnYn 3 nwg 11 .
2012
x> kMNt;cMnYnKt;viC¢mantUcbMput k edIm,I[ 3  k Eckdac;nwg 11

2012
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> sMNl;énviFIEckEbbGWKøIt
eKman 3  243  22  11  1
5
eK)an 3  (22  11  1)  11q  1 , q  IN *

2010 402
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarnwg 3  9 eK)an ³
2
32012
 9  11q  9 .
tamTMnak;TMngxagelIenHbBa¢ak;fa 3 Ecknwg 11 [sMNl; 9 .
2012
x> kMNt;cMnYnKt;viC¢mantUcbMput k
tamsMrayxagelIeyIg)an ³
32012
 k  9  11q  9  k Edl q  IN *
ehtuenHedIm,I[ 3  k Eckdac;nwg 11 luHRtaEt 9  k Eckdac;
2012
nwg 11 .
dUcenH k  2 CacMnYnKt;viC¢mantUcbMputEdlRtUvrk .

lMhat´TI16
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn 2222  5555 Eckdac;nwg 7 .
5555 2222
dMeNa¼Rsay
eKman 2222  317  7  3
eK)an 2222  (317  7  3)  7q  3 ,q  IN *
5555 5555
1
5555
1
ehIy 5555  793  7  4

eK)an 5555  (793  7  4)  7q  4 ,q  IN *
2222 2222
2
2222
2
eKTaj 2222  5555  7(q  q )  3  4

5555 2222
1 2
5555 2222
eKman 3  104  7  1
6
enaH 3  (104  7  1)  7q  1 , q  IN *
5550 925
3 3
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 3  243 eK)an 3  243  7q  243

5 5555
3
ehIy 4  9  7  1
3
enaH 4  (9  7  1)  7q  1 , q  IN *
2220 740
4 4
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 4  16 eK)an 4  16  7q  16
2 2222
4
eK)an 3  4  7(q  q )  259  7(q  q  37)

5555 2222
3 4 3 4
eKTaj 2222  5555  7(q  q  q  q  37)

5555 2222
1 2 3 4
dUcenH 2222  5555 Eckdac;nwg 7 .

5555 2222

lMhat´TI17
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn 2  3 Eckdac;nwg 7 RKb; n  IN .
n 2 2n  1
dMeNa¼Rsay
RsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn 2  3 Eckdac;nwg 7
n 2 2n  1
eKman 3  7  2
2
eK)an 3  (7  2)  7q  2 , q  IN *
2n n n
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 3 eK)an 3  3  7q  3  2
2n 1 n
ehIy 2  2  2
n 2 n 2
eK)an 2  3  2 (2  3)  3  7q
n 2 2n 1 n 2
 7(2n  3q)
dUcenH cMnYn 2 n 2
 32n 1 Eckdac;nwg 7 .

lMhat´TI18
eK[ m nig n CaBIrcMnYnKt;viC¢manEdl 1  m  n .
cUrkMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n edIm,I[cMnYn 22 nig 22 manelx m n
BIrxÞg;cugeRkaydUcKña .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n ³
edIm,I[cMnYn 22 nig 22 manelxBIrxÞg;cugeRkaydUcKñaluHRtaEt
m n
22  22 Eckdac;nwg 100 .
n m
eKman 22  22  22 (22  1)
n m m nm
eday 22 CacMnYnKU nig 22  1 CacMnYness .

m n m
ehtuenH 22 (22  1) Eckdac;nwg 100  4  25 luHRtaEt

m nm
22 Eckdac;nwg 4 nig 22
m
 1 Eckdac;nwg 25 .
n m
cMnYn 22 Eckdac;nwg 4 luHRtaEt m  2 .

m
müa:geToteKman 22  96  5  4
2
elIkCakaereK)an 22  (96  5  4)
4 2
224  (96  5)2  2(96  5).4  42

 (962  154)  25  6
 25a  6 , a  962  154

eK)an 22  (25a  6)  25q  6
4p p p
, q  IN
eday 6  5  1 enaHeK)an ³
p
6  (5  1)   C(p,k)5k
p p
k 0
p
 1  5p   C(p,k)5k
k 2
p
eKTaj 22 4p
 1  5p  25q   C(p,k)5k
k 2
p
b¤ 22 4p
 1  5p  25q   C(p,k)5k
k 2
p
eday 25q   C(p,k)5 Eckdac;nwg 25 ehtuenH 22  1
k 4p
k 2
Eckdac;nwg 25 luHRtaEt 5p Eckdac;nwg 25 eBalKWeKRtUv[

p  5k , k  IN * .
dUcenH 22  1 Eckdac;nwg 25 luHRtaEt n  m  4p  20k
n m
eday m  2 enaH m  n  (n  m)  2m  20k  4  24

dUcenHtémøGb,brmaén m  n KW 24 .

lMhat´TI19
eK[ f (n)  n  2n Edl n  IN *
2
cUrkMNt;RKb;témø n edIm,I[ f (n) Eckdac;nwg 7 .

dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;RKb;témø n ³
-krNITI 1 ³ ebI n Eckdac;nwg 7 enaHeK)an n  7k , k  IN *
eK)an f (7k)  49k  14k  7k(7k  2) Eckdac;nwg 7 .
2
dUcenHeK)an n  7k , k  IN * CacemøIy .
-krNITI2 ³ ebI n Eckmindac;nwg 7 enaHeK)an n  7k  r
Edl k  IN * nig r  1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .
eK)an f (7k  r)  (7k  r)  2(7k  r)
2
 49k 2  14kr  r 2  14k  2r

 7k(7k  2r  2)  r 2  2r
edIm,I[ f (7k  r) Eckdac;nwg 7 luHRtaEt r  2r Eckdac;nwg 7
2
eday r  1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 enaHtémøEdleFIV[ r  2r
2
Eckdac;nwg 7 manEt r  5 .
dUcenH n  7k  5 , k  IN * CacemøIy .

lMhat´TI20
eK[ f (n)  n  7n  18 Edl n  IN *
2
cUrbgðajfamantémø n eRcInrab;minGs;EdleFIV[cMnYn f (n)

Eckdac;nwg 121 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;RKb;témø n ³
eKman f (n)  n  7n  18
2
 (n 2  4n  4)  (11n  22)
 (n  2)2  11(n  2)
eyIgBinitüeXIjfaebI (n  2) Eckdac;nwg 11 enaH (n  2) 2
nig 11(n  2) suTæEtEckdac;nwg 121 enaHeK)an f (n) Eckdac;nwg

121 Edr .
tag n  2  11k  n  11k  2 , k  IN .
dUcenHeKGacsnñidæanfamantémø n eRcInrab;minGs;EdleFIV[cMnYn
f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 .

lMhat´TI21
eK[ f (n)  4n  7n  34 Edl n  IN *
2
cUrbgðajfaKμan n EdleFIV[cMnYn f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 eT.

dMeNa¼Rsay
karbgðaj
eKman f (n)  4n  7n  34
2
 (4n 2  4n  1)  (11n  33)

 (2n  1)2  11(n  3)
eyIgeXIjfaedIm,I[ f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 luHRtaEt n  3 nig
2n  1 Eckdac;nwg 11 naM[eKman q ,q  IN * Edl
1 2
n  3  11q nig 2n  1  11q .

1 2
eK)an 2(n  3)  (2n  1)  22q  11q 1 2
b¤ 11(2q  q )  7 CasmIkarKμancemøIykñúgsMNMu IN * BIeRBaH

1 2
GgÁTImYyénsmIkarEckdac;nwg 11 EtGgÁTIBIrminEckdac;nwg 11 .
dUcenH Kμan n EdleFIV[cMnYn f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 eT.

lMhat´TI22
eK[ f (a)  16a  50a  13 Edl a  Z
2
kMNt;RKb;témø a EdleFIV[cMnYn f (a) Eckdac;nwg 49

dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;RKb;témø a
eKman f (a)  16a  50a  13
2
 (16a 2  8a  1)  (42a  14)

 (4a  1)2  7(6a  2)
edIm,I[ f (a) Eckdac;nwg 49 luHRtaEteKman p , q  Z Edl
4a  1  7p nig 6a  2  7q .
eK)an 3(4a  1)  2(6a  2)  21p  14q
7  7(3p  2q)
b¤ 3p  2q  1
eKGacsresr 3(p  1)  2(q  1)
eKTaj p  1  2k nig q  1  3k RKb; k  Z
b¤ p  2k  1 , q  3k  1
7k  3
eKTaj)an 4a  1  7(2k  1) naM[ a 2


eday a  Z enaH 7k2 3  Z .
edIm,I[ 7k2 3  Z luHRtaEt k CacMnYnKt;essKW ³
7(2  1)  3
k  2  1 ,   Z enaHeK)an a   7  2
2
dUcenH a  7  2 ,   Z .
lMhat´TI23
cUrbgðajfaebI n Eckdac;nwg 3 enaH 2  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 .
n
¬ n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man ¦
dMeNa¼Rsay
karbgðaj
ebI n Eckdac;nwg 3 enaH n  3p , p  IN *
eK)an 2  1  2  1
n 3p
 (8  1)(8p 1  8p  2  ....  8  1)
 7( 8p 1  8p  2  ....  8  1)
dUcenH ebI n Eckdac;nwg 3 enaH 2 n
1 Eckdac;nwg 7 .

lMhat´TI24
cUrkMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x edIm,I[ x  5x  x  7x  13
5 3 2
Eckdac;nwg x  2 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x ³
BinitüGnuKmn_ f (x)  x  5x  x  7x  13
5 3 2
tamrUbmnþBnøat Taylor GnuKmn_ f (x) GacsresrCaes‘rIsV½yKuN

énktþa (x  2) dUcxageRkam ³
x2 (x  2)2 (x  2)5 (5)
f (x)  f ( 2)  f '( 2)  f ''( 2)  ...  f ( 2)
1! 2! 5!
eday f (2)  32  40  4  14  13  39
ehIy f '(x)  5x  15x  2x  7 enaH f '(2)  19
4 2
f ''(x)  20x  30x  2 enaH f ''( 2)  278

3 2
---------------------------------------------
nig f (x)  120 enaH f (2)  120
(5) (5)
eK)an f (x)  39  19(x  2)  139(x  2)  ...  (x  2)

2 5
dUcenHedIm,I[ f (x) Eckdac;nwg x  2 luHRtaEt 39 Eckdac;nwg

x  2 . eday 39  3  13 enaHeK)an x  1 b¤ x  11 .

lMhat´TI25
kMnt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x edIm,I[ x  3x  15x  26x  2012
5 3 2
Eckdac;nwg (x  1) . 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x
tag f (x)  x  3x  15x  26x  2012
5 3 2
tamrUbmnþBnøat Taylor GnuKmn_ f (x) GacsresrCaes‘rIsV½yKuN

énktþa (x  1) dUcxageRkam ³
x1 (x  1)2 (x  1)5 (5)
f (x)  f ( 1)  f '( 1)  f ''( 1)  ...  f ( 1)
1! 2! 5!
eKman f (1)  1  3  15  26  2012  2025
f '(x)  5x  9x  30x  26 enaH f '( 1)  0
4 2
f ''(x)  20x  18x  30 enaH f ''( 1)  32

3
---------------------------------------------
nig f (x)  120 enaH f (1)  120
(5) (5)
GnuKmn_ f (x) Gacsresr ³

f (x)  2025  16(x  1)2  ...  (x  1)5
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) Eckdac;nwg (x  1) luHRtaEt 2025
2

Eckdac;nwg (x  1) . eday 2025  45
2 2
 32  32  52
eK)an (x  1)  3 enaH x  2
2 2
b¤ (x  1)  5 enaH x  4
2 2
b¤ (x  1)  9 enaH x  8
2 2
b¤ (x  1)  15 enaH x  14
2 2
b¤ (x  1)  45 enaH x  44
2 2
dUcenH x  {2 , 4 , 8 , 14 , 44 } .
lMhat´TI26
kMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x edIm,I[ x  10x
3 2
 115x  237
Eckdac;nwg 343 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x
tag f (x)  x  10x  115x  237
3 2
 (x  1)3  7(x  1)2  49(2x  5)

 (x  1)2 (x  8)  49(2x  5)
edIm,I[ f (x) Eckdac;nwg 343 luHRtaEt ³ x  1 nig 2x  5
Eckdac;nwg 7 b¤ x  8 Eckdac;nwg 343 nig 2x  5 Eckdac;nwg 7 .
-krNI x  1 nig 2x  5 Eckdac;nwg 7 enaHeKman q , q 1 2  IN *
 x  1  7q
Edl  2x  5  7q 1
 2
eK)an 2(x  1)  (2x  5)  14q  7q 2 1

7  7(2q1  q 2 )
1  2q1  q 2
2(q1  1)  (q 2  1)
 q1  1  k  q1  k  1
eKTaj  b¤ 
q 2  1  2k q 2  2k  1 , k  IN
eKTaj)an x  1  7(k  1) b¤ x  7k  6 , k  IN
dUcenH x  7k  6 , k  IN CacemøIy .
-krNI x  8 Eckdac;nwg 343 nig 2x  5 Eckdac;nwg 7
 x  8  343m
eK)an  2x  5  7m , m ,m  IN *
1
 2 1 2
eKman 2(x  8)  (2x  5)  686m  7m 2 1

21  686m1  7m 2
3  98m1  m 2
eKGacsresr 98(m  1)  m
1 2  95
m  1  k m  k 1
naM[ m  95  98k b¤ m
1 1
 98k  95 , k  IN
 2  2
dUcenH x  343(k  1)  8  343k  335 RKb; k  IN .

lMhat´TI24
kMnt´rkelxGBaØat x nig y éncMnYn 5x2y edIm,I[cMnYnen¼
Eckdacńwg 7 ehIycMnYnen¼CakaerRákd .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´rkelxGBaØat x nig y ½
edaycMnYn 5x2y Eckdacńwg 7 ehIynigCakaer®ákdena¼
naM[vaEckdacńwg 49 .
eyIgman 5x2y  5000  100x  20  y
5x2y  5020  100x  y
2x  y  22
5x2y  49 (102  2x  )
49
2x  y  22
cMnYn 5x2y ekItmankalNa 49
 IN *
eday 0  x , y  9 ena¼ naM[

22  2x  y  22  49
22 2x  y  22 2x  y  22
  1 eKTaj 1
49 49 49
¦ y  27  2x (1)
eyIgán 5x2y  49 (103  2x)

edIm,I[cMnYnen¼Cakaer®ákdluu¼RtaEt
103  2x  k 2 , k  IN *
k 2  103
eKán x
2
eday 0 x9
k 2  103
eKTaj 0
2
9 ¦ 103  k 2  121
naM[ k  11
121  103
cMeBa¼ k  11 ena¼ x
2
9 ehIytam
(1) : y  27  2(9)  9 .
dUcen¼ x  9 ; y  9 nig
5x2y  5929  77 2 .
lMhat´TI25
kMnt´rkelxGBaØat a nig b éncMnYn aab edIm,I[cMnYnen¼
Cakaer®ákdehIycMnYnen¼Eckdacńwg 7 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´rkelxGBaØat a nig b
eKman aab  110a  b
edaycMnYnen¼Cakaer®ákd ehIyEckdacńwg 7 ena¼vaRtUvEt
Eckdacńwg 49 .
12a  b
eyIgman aab  110a  b  49 (2a 
49
)
cMnYnen¼ekItmankalNa 12a49 b  IN *
eday 0  a  9 , 0  b  9 ena¼ 0  12a  b  117
eKTaján 12a  b  49 ¦ 12a  b  98
-krNI 12a  b  49 ena¼eKán b  49  12a
eday 0  b  9 ena¼ 0  49  12a  9
¦ 3  124  a  4  121 naM[ a  4
cMeBa¼ a  4 ena¼ b  1 .
kñúgkrNIen¼eKán aab  441  212 .
dUcen¼ a  4 , b  1 CacemøIy .
-krNI 12a  b  98 ena¼eKán b  98  12a
eday 0  b  9 ena¼ 0  98  12a  9
¦ 7  124  a  8  122 naM[ a  8
cMeBa¼ a  8 ena¼ b  2 .
kñúgkrNIen¼eKán aab  882 (minEmnCakaerRákd ) .

lMhat´TI26
kMnt´rkelxGBaØat x nig y éncMnYn 4x87y edIm,I[
cMnYnen¼Eckdacńwg 7 ehIycMnYn 4x87y CaKUbéncMnYnKt´
dMeNa¼Rsay
eKman 4x87y  40000  1000x  870  y
4x87y  40870  1000x  y
4x87y  7 ( 5838  143x)  (4  y  x)
edIm,I[ 4x87y Eckdacńwg 7 lu¼RtaEt 4  y  x
Eckdacńwg 7 .
eday 0  x , y  9 ena¼ 5  4  y  x  13
eKTaj 4  y  x  0 ¦ 4  y  x  7 .
-krNI 4  y  x  0
eKán 4x87y  7(5838  143x)
eday 4x87y CaKUbéncMnYnKténa¼
5838  143x  49k 3 , k  IN
49k 3  5838
eKTaj x  143
eday 0  x  9 ena¼ 5838  5838  143x  7125
eKTaj 5838  49k 3  7125
¦ 119  497  k 3  145  49
20
naM[ k  5
49(5)3  5838 287
cMeBa¼k5 ena¼x
143

143
 IN *
-krNI 4 yx  7
eKán 4x87y  7(5838  143x)  7  7(5839  143x)
eday 4x87y CaKUbéncMnYnKténa¼
5838  143x  49k 3 , k  IN
49k 3  5839
eKTaj x  143
eday 0  x  9 ena¼ 5839  5839  143x  7126
eKTaj 5839  49k 3  7126
¦ 119  498  k 3  145  49
21
naM[ k5
49(5)3  5839
cMeBa¼ k  5 ena¼x
143
2 .
ebI x  2 ena¼ 4 y2  7 ¦ y5 .
dUcen¼ x  2 , y  5 ehIy 42875  (35)3 .

lMhat´TI27
kMnt´rkelxGBaØat x nig y éncMnYn 7x4y edIm,I[
cMnYnen¼Eckdacńwg 11 ehIycMnYnen¼Cakaer®ákd .
dMeNa¼Rsay
rkelxGBaØat x nig y
eyIgman 7x4y  7000  100x  40  y
7x4y  100x  y  7040
7x4y  11 (9x  640)  x  y
edIm,I[cMnYnen¼Eckdacńwg 11 lu¼RtaEt x  y Eckdacńwg
11 . eday 0  x , y  9 ena¼eKán x  y  11
eKán 7x4y  11(9x  640)  11
7x4y  11(9x  640  1)  11(9x  641)
eday 7x4y Cakaer®ákdena¼
9x  641  11 k 2 , k  IN *
11k 2  641
eKTaj x
9
ehIy x0
ena¼ ¦
11k 2  641  0 k7
eKán k  { 8 , 9 } .
11(8)2  641
-cMeBa¼ k8 ena¼ x
9
7
ehIy y  11  x  4
11(9)2  641 250
-cMeBa¼ k  9 ena¼ x  9

9
( mi n yk )
dUcen¼ x  7 , y  4 .
epÞógpÞat´ ½
cMeBa¼ x  7 , y  4 eKán 7x4y  7744  882 Bit .
lMhat´TI28
eK[sVúItnBVnþ (U) mantY 5 , 9 , 13 ,17 ......
nigsIVútnBVnþ (V) mantY 7 , 13 , 19 , 25,....
k> etIkñúgcMeNam $( tYénsIVút U manb:unaμntYEdlCakaerR)akd ?
cUrkMnt;rktémøéntYTaMgenaH.
x> etIkñúgcMeNam $( tYénsIVút V manb:unaμntYEdCakaerR)akd ?
cUrkMnt;rktémøéntYTaMgenaH.
K> etIkñúgcMeNam $(tYénsIVútTaMgBIrenHmanb:unμantYEdlmantémøesμIKña ?

dMeNa¼Rsay
k> etIkñúgcMeNam $( tYénsIVút U manb:unaμntYEdlCakaerR)akd ?
tYTI p énsIVútnBVnþ (U) EdlmantYTImYy U1  5 nigplsgrYm
d  9  5  4 kMnt;eday Up  5  4(p  1)  4p  1
cMeBaHRKb; p  IN * .
cMeBaHRKb; 1  p  49 ]bmafa Up  N 2 , N  IN *
N2  1
eK)an 4p  1  N naM[ p  4 (1)
2
tamTMnak;TMng (1) edIm,I[ p CacMnYnKt;luHRtaEt k CacMnYness .

ebI N  2r  1 , r  IN * ¬cMnYness ¦
(2r  1)2  1
enaH p  4
 r2  r
Et 1  p  49 naM[ 1  r 2  r  49 eday r  IN *
eK)an 1  r  6
b¤ r  { 1 , 2 , 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 } ehIy p  {2,6,12, 20, 30,42}
dUcenHkñúgcMeNam $( tYénsIVút U man ^ tYEdlCakaerR)akd .
tYTaMgenaHKW U 2  4(2)  1  9  32

U 6  4(6)  1  25  52
U12  4(12)  1  49  7 2
U 20  4(20)  1  81  92
U 30  4(30)  1  121  112
U 42  4(42)  2  169  132
x> etIkñúgcMeNam $( tYénsIVút V manb:unaμntYEdCakaerR)akd ?
tYTI k énsIVútnBVnþ (V) EdlmantYTImYy V1  7 nigplsgrYm
d  13  7  6 kMnt;eday Vk  7  6(k  1)  6k  1
cMeBaHRKb; k  IN * .
cMeBaHRKb; 1  k  49 ]bmafa Vk  t 2 , t  IN *
t2  1
eKTaj)an 6k  1  t naM[ k  6 (2)
2
tam (2) edIm,I[ k CacMnYnKt;viC©manluHRtaEt t 2  1 Eckdac;nwg ^

eyIgyk t  6m  r Edl m  IN * , r   ,  5  r  5
eK)an t 2  1  (6m  r)2  1  6(6mr 2  2mr)  r 2  1
edIm,I[ t 2  1 Eckdac;nwg ^ luHRta r 2  1 Eckdac;nwg ^ .
eday 5  r  5 enaHeK)an r  {  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5}
-cMeBaH r  1 enaH r 2  1  12  1  0 yk

-cMeBaH r  2 enaH r 2  1  22  1  3 ¬minyk¦
-cMeBaH r  5 enaH r 2  1  52  1  24 yk
dUcenHeK)an
t  6m  5, t  6m  1 , t  6m  1, t  6m  5
Eday
6m  1  6(m  1)  5  6m' 5
6m  5  6(m  1)  1  6m' 1
dUcenHtémø EdlRtUvykmanEt t  6m  5 , t  6m  1
t
-ebI t  6m  5
(6m  5)2  1
eK)an k  6
 6m 2  10m  4
eday 1  k  49 naM[ 1  6m 2  10m  4  49

b¤ eKTaj)an 2  m  3
kñúgkrNIenHeKTaj)antémø k  { 8 , 28 }
(6m  1)2  1
-ebI t  6m  1 eK)an k  6
 6m 2  2m
eday 1  k  49 naM[ 1  6m 2  2m  49 b¤ 1  m  3

kñúgkrNIenHeKTaj)antémø k  { 4, 20 , 48}
dUcenHeKTTYl)antémø k  { 4,8, 20, 28,48}
dUcenHkñúgcMeNam $( tYénsIVút V man % tYEdlCakaerR)akd .
tYTaMgenaHKW V4  6(4)  1  25  52
V8  6(8)  1  49  7 2
V20  6(20)  1  121  112
V28  6(28)  1  169  132
V48  6(48)  1  289  17 2
K> etIkñúgcMeNam $( tYénsIVútTaMgBIrenHmanb:unμantYEdlmantémøesμIKña ?
-tYTI p énsIVútnBVnþ (U) EdlmantYTImYy U1  5 nigplsgrYm
d  9  5  4 kMnt;eday Up  5  4(p  1)  4p  1
cMeBaHRKb; p  IN * .
-tYTI k énsIVútnBVnþ (V) EdlmantYTImYy V1  7 nigplsgrYm
d  13  7  6 kMnt;eday Vk  7  6(k  1)  6k  1
cMeBaHRKb; k  IN * .
cMeBaH 1  p  49 nig 1  k  49 ebI Up  Vk enaHeK)an ³
p  3r
4p  1  6k  1 b¤ 2p  3k naM[ 
 k  2r , r  IN *

1  3r  49
eday 1  p  49 nig 1  k  49 eK)an 
1  2r  49
eKTaj 1  r  16 b¤ r  { 1, 2, 3,.....,16 } .
dUcenHkñúgcMeNam $(tYénsIVútTaMgBIrenHman16 tYEdlmantémøesμIKña .
lMhat´TI29
cMnYnKt;viC¢man n Ecknwg * [sMNl; ! . cMnYn n enaHEcknwg %
[sMNl; @ .
k-ebIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg $0 [sMNl;b:unμan ?
x-rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 3940  n  4000 .
( RbLgGaharUbkrN_eTACbün éf¶TI 02 Ex sIha qñaM 2001 )
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> ebIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg 40 [sMNl;b:unμan ?
]bmafa n Ecknwg * [plEck q1  IN nigsMNl; ! nig cMnYn
n enaHEcknwg % [plEck q 2  IN nigsMNl; @
 n  8q1  1 ( 15)
tamGWKøIt eyIg)an  n  5q  2 (16 )
 2
  15n  120q1  15 (1)
b¤ 
 16n  80q 2  32 (2)

bUksmIkar ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eyIg)an
n  80q 2  120q1  17  40q  17
Edl q  2q2  3q1 .
tamTMnak;TMng n  40q  17 bBa¢ak;fa ebIcMnYn n enaHEcknwg 40
[sMNl; r  17 .
x> rkcMnYn n enaHedaydwgfa 3940  n  4000
eyIgman n  40q  17 eday 3940  n  4000
eKTaj 3940  40q  17  4000
b¤ 98  403  n  100  1740
eday q  IN naM[eKTaj)an q  { 99 , 100}
ehIy n  { 3977 , 4017 } .
dUcenH n  { 3977 , 4017 } .
lMhat´TI30
cUrkMnt´RKb´KU éncMnYnKt´viC¢manebIeKdwgfa ½
(m ; n )
m2  n2  13(m  n ) .

dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´RKb´KU (m ;n ) ½
eKman m  n  13(m  n) (1)
2 2
-krNITI1 m  n
eKán 2n  26n naM[ n  13
2
dUcen¼ m  n  13 .
-krNITI2 m  n
eyIgBinitüeXIjfaebI (m ;n ) CaKUcemøIyrbs´ (1) ena¼eKán
(n ; m ) k¾CaKUcemøIyrbs´ (1) Edr .
snμtfa m  n . tamvismPaB Cauchy Schwarz

eyIgman (m  n)  2(m  n )
2 2 2
(m  n )2  26(m  n )
m  n  26
eday m  n ena¼eKán 2m  m  n  26 ¦ m  13
eday m  IN * ena¼eKTaj 1  m  12 .
müa¨geTotsmIkar (1) Gacsresr ½
n 2  13n  m 2  13m  0 ( 2)

DIsRKImINg´   169  4(m  13m) 2
smIkar (2) mancemøIykñúg IN * kalNa  CakaerRákd

éncMnYnKt´viC©maness .
eKyk 169  4(m  13m)  (2k  1) k  IN
2 2
eKán 168  4(m  13m)  (2k  1)  1  4k (k  1)

2 2
eKTaj k (k  1)  42  m(13  m) eday 1  m  12

ena¼témøEdlGacrbs´plKuN k (k  1) KW ½
k (k  1)  { 54 , 64 , 72 , 78 , 82 , 84 } .
kñúgtémøTaMgRáMmYyen¼témøEdlCaplKuNcMnYnKt´tKñamanEt
témø 72  8  9 mYyKtÉdlRtUvnwg m  { 3 ; 10 } .
-cMeBa¼ m  3 eKán n  13n  30  (n  15)(n  2)  0
2
naM[ n  15 .
-cMeBa¼ m  10 eKán n  13n  30  (n  15)(n  2)  0
2
naM[ n  15 .
srubmkeKTTYlánKUcemøIy®áMKUKW ½
(m ; n )  { ( 3 ;15 ); (10 ;15) ; (13 ;13 ) ; (15 ; 3 ) ; (15 ;10 ) } .

lMhat´TI31
k¿cUrkMntélxénGBaØat a , b , c , d éncMnYn abcd kñúgráb´
eKal 10 ebIeKdwgfa ½
abcd  9  dcba
x¿cMeBa¼témø a , b , c , d EdlánrkeXIjxagelIcUrbBa¢ak´fa
cMnYn abcd nig dcba suTæEtCakaer®ákd .
dMeNa¼Rsay
k¿kMntélxénGBaØat a , b , c , d ½
eKman abcd  9  dcba (1)
tamTMnak´TMng (1) eKTajántémø a EtmYyKt´KW a  1 .
cMeBa¼ a  1 eKán 1bcd  9  dcb1 (2)
tamTMnak´TMng (2) eKTaján d  9 eRBa¼ d  9  81
manelxxagcugesμI 1 .
cMeBa¼ d  9 eKán 1bc9  9  9cb1 (3)
tamTMnak´TMng (3) eKTaján b  0
( eRBa¼ b  9 minGacmanRtaTukeT )
cMeBa¼ b  0 eKán 10c9  9  9c01 (3)
tamTMnak´TMng (3) eKTaján c  8 eRBa¼ c  9  8  9  72
Efm 8 [elxxagcugesμI 0 .
cMeBa¼ c  8 eKán 1089  9  9801 .
dUcen¼ a  1 , b  0 , c  8 , d  9 .
x¿bBa¢ak´facMnYn abcd nig dcba suTæEtCakaer®ákd ½
cMeBa¼ a  1 , b  0 , c  8 , d  9 eKán ½
abcd  1089  33 nig dcba  9801  99
2 2
suTæEtCakaer®ákd .

lMhat´TI32
snμtfa HUNSEN CacMnYnmYymanelxRáMmYyxÞgÉdl
H , U , N , S , E , N Caelx .
eBlEdleKKuNcMnYnen¼nwg 3 eKTTYlTæplCacMnYnmanelx
RáMmYyxÞg´KW STRONG Edl S , T , R , O , N , G Caelx
cUrrkcMnYn HUNSEN nig STRONG
cMeBa¼ N  6 , S  3 nigcMeBa¼ N  8 , S  9 .
(GkßrxusKñatagedayelxxusKña ).
HUNSEN
 3
STRONG
dMeNa¼Rsay
rkcMnYn HUNSEN nig STRONG
eKman ½
HUNSEN
 3
STRONG

k¿cMeBa¼ N6 , S3
HU 63E6
 3
3TRO6G
tamtaragRbmaNviFIKuNen¼bBa¢ak´fa H1
cMeBa¼ H  1 taragviFIKuNeTACa ½
1U 63E6
 3
3TRO6G
tamtaragviFIKuNen¼eKTaján G  8 eRBa¼ 6 3
manelxagcugesμI 8 .
cMeBa¼ G  8 taragviFIKuNeTACa ½
1U63E6
 3
3TRO68
tamtaragviFIKuNen¼eKTaján E  5 eRBa¼ E 3 Efm 1
manelxcugeRkayesμInwg 6 .
cMeBa¼ E  5 taragviFIKuNeTACa ½

1U6356
 3
3TRO68
tamtaragviFIKuNen¼eKTaján O  0 eRBa¼ 3 3 Efm 1
manelxcugeRkayesμInwg 0 .
cMeBa¼ O  0 taragviFIKuNeTACa ½
1U 6356
 3
3TR 068
tamtaragviFIKuNen¼eKTaján R  9 eRBa¼ 6 3 Efm 1
manelxcugeRkay
esμInwg 9 .
cMeBa¼ R  9 taragviFIKuNeTACa ½
1U6356
 3
3T9068
tamtaragen¼bBa¢ak´fa U minGacFMCag 2 eTehIyedayGkßr
xusKñatagedayelxxusKñaena¼eKTaján U  2 EtmYyKt´
BIeRBa¼ O  0 , H  1 ehIy U minGacyktémø 0 ¦ 1
dEdleTotáneT .
cMeBa¼ U  2 taragviFIKuNeTACa ½
126356
 3
3T9068
tamtaragviFIKuNen¼eKTaján T7 BIeRBa¼fa ½
126356
 3
379068
edayeRbobeFobtaragviFIKuN ½
HUNSEN 126356
 3 nwg  3
STRONG 379068
eKTaján ½
HUNSEN  126356 nig STRONG  379068
CacMnYnEdlRtUvrk .

x¿cMeBa¼ N  8 , S  9
eyIgeda¼RsaytamrebobdUcxagelIeKán ½
318928
 3
956784
edayeRbobeFobtaragviFIKuN ½
HUNSEN 318928
 3  3
nwg
STRONG 956784
eKTaján ½
HUNSEN  318928 nig STRONG  956784
CacMnYnEdlRtUvrk .

lMhat´TI33
cMnYnmYymanelxbYnxÞgÉdlelxxÞg´vaerobtamlMdab´
a;a;b;b .
rkcMnYnena¼ebIeKdwgfavaCakaerRákd .
dMeNa¼Rsay
rkcMnYnEdlCakaerRákd ½
tag N CacMnYnEdlRtUvrk
eyIgán N  aabb  1000a  100a  10b  b
N  1100a  11b
N  11 (100a  b )  11 99a  (a  b ) (1)
eday 0  a  9 nig 0  b  9 ena¼ 0  a  b  18
tamTMnak´TMng (1) edIm,I[ N GacCakaerRákdlu¼RtaEt
a  b CaBhuKuNén 11 ehIy 0  a  b  18 ena¼eKRtUv[
a  b  11 EtmYyKt´ .
TMnak´TMng (1) Gacsresr N  11 99a  11  11 (9a  1)

2
ehtuen¼ N Cakaer®ákdkalNa 9a  1 CakaerRákd .

eday 1  a  9 naM[ 10  9a  1  81 eKTaj ½

9a  1  16 (Kμan¦skñúg IN )
9a  1  64 naM[ a  7 ehIy b  11  7  4
9a  1  81 (Kμan¦skñúg IN ) .
dUcen¼cMnYnEdlRtUvkMnténa¼KW 7744  88 . 2
lMhat´TI34
cUrkMntélx a nig b edIm,I[cMnYn abba CaKUbéncMnYnKt´ .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMntélx a nig b
tag N  abba  1000a  100b  10b  a
N  1001a  110b
N  11 ( 91a  10b )
edIm,I[ N CaKUbéncMnYnKt´lu¼RtaEt
91a  10b  112 k 3  121k 3 , k  IN *
eday 0a9 , 0b9 ena¼ 0  91a  10b  909

eKán 0  121k  909 3
smmUl 0  k  121 909

 7
3 62
121
naM [ k 1
eKTaján 91a  10b  121 naM[ b  12110 91a

eday b  0 ena¼ 12110 91a  0
121  91
¦ a  121
91
 1
30
91
naM [ a  1 ehIy b 
10
3 .
dUcen¼ a  1 , b  3 nig abba  1331  11 . 3
lMhat´TI35
cUrkMnt´RKb´KUtémøKt´viC¢man ( a , b ) ebIeKdwgfacMnYn ½
2
2
a
2ab  b  1
CacM
3
n n
Y Kt´ v C
i m
¢ anEdr .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´RKb´KUtémøKt´viC¢man ( a , b ) ½
2
yk 2ab a b  1  k Edl k  IN *
2 3
eKán a  2kb a  k (b  1)  0 (1)

2 2 3
DIsRKImINg´énsmIkar   4k b  4k(b  1) 2 4 3
  ( 2kb 2  b ) 2  4k  b 2

smIkar (1) mancemøIykñúg IN * lu¼RtaEt  CakaerRákd
mann&yfa   (2kb  b)  4k  b  d
2 2 2 2
Edl d CacMnYnKt´.
2
-ebI 4k  b  0 ¦ k  b4
2
eyIgTTYlán a  2b k  b2  b 2 b ¦ a  b2
3
2
eday a , b CacMnYnKt´viC¢man ehtuen¼eKRtUv[ ½

b  2p , p  IN
( 2p ) 2
eKTaj a  2( 2p )
4
2
 p  8p 4  p
ehIy a
2p
2
p .
dUcen¼
(a , b )  ( 8p 4  p , 2p ) ; ( p , 2p ) , p  IN *
-ebI 4k  b  0
2
eKán (2b k  b)  4k  b  d  (2b k  b  1) , k  IN *

2 2 2 2 2 2
¦ 4k (b  1)  (b  1)  0 eKTaján b  1
2 2
kñúgkrNIsmIkar (1) køayCa a  2k a  0 naM[ a  2k 2
dUcen¼ ( a , b )  ( 2k , 1 ) cMeBa¼RKb´ k  IN * .
-ebI 4k  b  0
2
eKán (2b k  b)  4k  b  d  (2b k  b  1)

2 2 2 2 2 2
smmUl (2b k  b)  4k  b  (2b k  b  1)  0

2 2 2 2 2
¦ b (4k  3)  2b(b  1)  (4k  1)  0 ( minBitkñúg

2
IN * )
srubmkeKánKUcemøIybImanragdUcxageRkam ½
( a , b )  ( 2k , 1 ) ; ( k , 2k ) ; ( 8k 4  k , 2k )
Edl k  IN * .
lMhat´TI36
cUrkMnt´RKb´KUtémøKt´ m , n  3 ebIeKdwgfacMeBa¼RKb´
cMnYnKt´viC¢man a eKman aa aa 11 CacMnYnKt´ .
m
n 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMnt´RKb´KUtémøKt´viC¢man ( m , n ) ½
edIm,I[ aa aa 11 CacMnYnKt´lu¼RtaEt a  a  1
m
n 2
n 2
CaktþarYmén a  a  1 ehIy m  n .
m
eyIgyk m  n  k , k  IN *

eyIgán ½
am  a  1  an  k  a  1
 ak (an  a 2  1)  (1  a )(ak  1  ak  1)
tamTMnak´TMngen¼edIm,I[ a  a  1 CaktþarYmén a  a  1
n 2 m
lu¼RtaEt n  k  1 nig k  2 .
dUcen¼ (m , n )  ( 5 , 3 ) .
lMhat´TI37
eK[bIcMnYnKt´viC¢man a , b , c Edl a  b  c  10 .
cUrrktémøFMbMputén P  a  b  c .
dMeNa¼Rsay
rktémøFMbMputén P  a  b  c
eyIgman a  b  c  10 naM[ c  10  a  b
eyIgán P  ab(10  a  b)  b a  b (10  b) a 2
tag P(a)  ba  (10b  b ) a

2 2
eKán P' (a)  2ab  10b  b 2
ebI P'(a)  0 eKTaján a  5  b2

eday P'' (a)  2b  0 , b  IN *

ehtuen¼ P(a) mantémøGtibrmacMeBa¼témø a  5  b2 .
eday a  IN * ena¼ b RtUvEtCacMnYnKU
ebI b  2k ena¼ a  5  k
ehIy c  10  (5  k )  2k  5  k
 a  5k 1

eday a , b , c  IN * ena¼  b  2k  1 ¦ 1 k  4
 c  5k 1

-cMeBa¼ k  1
eKán a  4 , b  2 , c  4 naM[ P  4  2  4  32
-cMeBa¼ k  2
eKán a  3 , b  4 , c  3 naM[ P  3  4  3  36
-cMeBa¼ k  3
eKán a  2 , b  6 , c  2 naM[ P  2  6  2  24
-cMeBa¼ k  4
eKán a  1 , b  8 , c  1 naM[ P  1  8  1  32
dUcen¼témøGtibrmaén P  a.b.c esμInwg 36 .

lMhat´TI38
bgðajfaKμancMnYnKt; x ; y ; z NaEdlepÞógpÞat;smIkar
x  y  8z  6 eT.
2 2
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfaKμancMnYnKt; x ; y ; z EdlepÞógpÞat; x  y  8z  6 eT
2 2
eyIg)an x  y  2(4z  3) (1)

2 2
-ebI x CacMnYnKU nig y CacMnYnessenaH x  y CacMnYness

2 2
dUcenHsmIkar (1) KμancemøIy ¬eRBaH 2(4z  3) CacMnYnKU¦ .

-ebI x CacMnYnessnig y CacMnYnKUenaH x  y CacMnYness
2 2
dUcenHsmIkar (1) KμancemøIy¬ eRBaH 2(4z  3) CacMnYnKU ¦.

-ebI x CacMnYnKU y CacMnYnKU enaHeKGactag
x  2m ; y  2n ( m , n  Z )
smIkar (1) Gacsresr (2m)  (2n)  2(4z  3)
2 2
b¤ 2(m  n )  4z  3 CasmIkarKμanb¤skñúgsMNMucMnYnKt; .
2 2
¬ eRBaH 2(m  n ) CacMnYnKU ehIy 4z  3 CacMnYness ¦

2 2
-ebI x CacMnYness y CacMnYnessenaHeKGactag

x  2m  1 ; y  2n  1 cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt; m nig n .

smIkar (1) Gacsresr (2m  1)  (2n  1)  2(4z  3)
2 2
b¤ 4m  4m  4n  4n  2  8z  6
2 2
b¤ m(m  1)  n(n  1)  2z  1 CasmIkarKμanb¤skñúgsMNMucMnYnKt; .

¬ eRBaH m(m  1) ; n(n  1) CacMnYnKU ehIy 2z  1 CacMnYness ¦
srubmksmIkar x  y  8z  6 KμancemøIykñúgsMNMucMnYnKt; .
2 2
dUcenH KμancMnYnKt; x ; y ; z EdlepÞógpÞat; x  y  8z  6 eT .

2 2
lMhat´TI39
cUrbgðajfa F  43nn  17
13
cMeBaHRKb; n  IN CaRbPaKsRmYlmin)an
dMeNa¼Rsay
snμtfa 4n  17 nig 3n  13 mantYEckFMbMputesμI d .
eyIg)an 4n  17  ad nig 3n  13  bd Edl a nig b bfmrvagKña
eyIgman 4(3n  13)  3(4n  17)  (4b  3a)d
12n  52  12n  51  (4b  3a )d
1  (4b  3a ) d
eday 4b  3a nig d suTæEtCacMnYnKt;enaHeKTaj)an d  1
naM[ 4n  17 nig 3n  13 CacMnYnbfmrvagKña .
dUcenH F  43nn  17
13
CaRbPaKsRmYlmin)an .

lMhat´TI40
eK[ x nig y CacMnYnBit .
eKdwgfa x  y , x  y nig x  y CacMnYnsniTan .
2 2 3 3 4 4
cUrRsayfa xy nig x  y CacMnYnsniTan .

dMeNa¼Rsay
Rsayfa xy nig x  y CacMnYnsniTan
eyIgman x y  12  (x  y )  (x  y ) CacMnYnsniTan
2 2 2 2 2 4 4
x  y  ( x  y )  3x y ( x  y ) CacMnYnsniTan
6 6 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
ehIy x y  12  (x  y )  (x  y )  CacMnYnsniTan
3 3 3 3 2 6 6
3 3
eyIgTaj)an xy  xx yy CacMnYnsniTan .2 2
x3  y 3
müa:geTot xy  2
x  y 2  xy
CacMnYnsniTan .
dUcenH xy nig x  y CacMnYnsniTan .

lMhat´TI41
cUrbgðajfa Pn  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)(n  4)
Eckdac;nwg 120 cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * .
dMeNa¼Rsay
karbgðaj
eKman Pn  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)(n  4)
cMeBaH n  1 : P1  1  2  3  4  5  120 Eckdac;nwg 120
]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  k KW Pk Eckdac;nwg 120
eK)an Pk  k(k  1)(k  2)(k  3)(k  4)  120q ,q  IN *
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitcMeBaH n  k  1 KW Pk 1 Eckdac;nwg 120 .
eKman Pk 1  (k  1)(k  2)(k  3)(k  4)(k  5)
Pk 1  Pk  (k  1)(k  2)(k  3)(k  4)[(k  5)  k]
Pk 1  Pk  5(k  1)(k  2)(k  3)(k  4)
(k  4)! (k  1)(k  2)(k  3)(k  4)
eday C(k  4,4) 
4!.k !

24
eK)an Pk 1  120q  120C(k  4,4) Eckdac;nwg
120 .
dUcenH Pn  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)(n  4)
Eckdac;nwg 120 cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * .

lMhat´TI42
cUrbgðajfa Pn  n(n  1)(n  2)....(n  k)
Eckdac;nwg (k  1)! cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * nig k  IN * .
dMeNa¼Rsay
karbgðaj
eKman Pn  n(n  1)(n  2)....(n  k)
cMeBaH n  1 : P1  1  2  3....  (k  1)  (k  1)! Eckdac;nwg
(k  1)! Bit .
]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  p KW Pp Eckdac;nwg (k  1)!
eK)an Pp  p(p  1)(p  2)...(p  k)  (k  1)!q ,q  IN *
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitcMeBaH n  p  1 KW Pp1 Eckdac;nwg (k  1)!
eKman Pp1  (p  1)(p  2)(p  3)...(p  1  k)
Pp1  Pp  (p  1)(p  2)...(p  k)[(p  1  k)  p]
Pp1  Pp  (k  1)(p  1)(p  2)...(p  k)
eday C(p  k ,k)  (pk!p!k)!  (p  1)(p k2)...(p

!
 k)
eK)an Pp1  (k  1)!q  (k  1)!C(p  k ,p) Bit

dUcenH Pn  n(n  1)(n  2)...(n  k) Eckdac;nwg (k  1)! .
lMhat´TI43
edaHRsaysmIkarkñúgsMNMu IN * ³
k> x  y  2012 x> 3 x  3 y  3 999
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> x  y  2012
eKman 2012  503  4
eK)an x  y  2 503
eKTaj)an x  503 nig y  503
dUcenH x  503 , y  503 .
x> 3 x  3 y  3 999
eKman 999  27  37
eK)an 3 x  3 y  3 3 37
eKTaj 3 x  3 37 , 3 y  2 3 37 naM[ x  37 , y  296
b¤ 3 x  2 3 37 , 3 y  3 37 naM[
dUcenH x  37 , y  296 b¤ x  296 , y  37 .

lMhat´TI44
edaHRsaysmIkarkñúgsMNMu IN * ³
k> x2  y 2  111
x> x3  y 3  61
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> x2  y 2  111
eK)an (x  y)(x  y)  111  3  37
eday x  y  x  y Canic©RKb; x , y  IN *
x  y  1
eK)an  x  y  111 naM[ x  56 , y  55

x  y  3
b¤  naM[ x  20 , y  17
 x  y  37
dUcenH x  56 , y  55 b¤ x  20 , y  17 .
x> x3  y 3  61
eK)an (x  y)(x2  xy  y 2 )  1  61
eday x2  xy  y 2  x  y Canic©RKb; x , y  IN *
x  y  1
eK)an  2 naM[ x  5 , y  4
 x  xy  y  61
2
dUcenH x  5 , y  4 .
lMhat´TI45
edaHRsaysmIkarkñúg Z
k> xy  7x  3y  194
x> x2  (y  1)x  y  405
dMeNa¼Rsay
k> xy  7x  3y  326
eKGacsresr (xy  7x)  (3y  21)  21  194
b¤ (x  3)(y  7)  173
eyIgeXIjfa 173 Eckmindac;nwgcMnYnbfm 2 , 3 , 5 ,7 ,11 , 13 eT
ehIy 132  169  173 enaH 173 CacMnYnbfm .
x  3  1
eKTaj)an  y  7  173 naM[ x  4 , y  166

 x  3  173
b¤  naM[ x  176 , y  6
y  7  1
 x  3  1
b¤  naM[ x  2 , y  180
 y  7  173
 x  3  173
b¤  naM[ x  170 , y  8
 y  7  1

x> x2  (y  1)x  y  405
smIkarenHGacsresrdUcxageRkam ³
x 2  xy  x  y  405
x(x  y)  (x  y)  405
(x  1)(x  y)  405
eday 405 CacMnYnbfmenaHeKTaj)an ³
x  1  1
 naM[ x  0 , y  405
 x  y  405
 x  1  405
 naM[ x  404 , y  403
x  y  1
 x  1  1
 naM [ x  2 , y  403
 x  y  405
 x  1  405
 naM[ x  406 , y  405
 x  y  1

lMhat´TI46
eK[cMnYn E(m ,n )  2m  2n Edl m  n  1 nig m ,n  IN *
cUrkMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n edIm,I[ E(m ,n ) Eckdac;nwg 448
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n
eKman m  n  1 enaH 2m  2n RKb; m ,n  IN *
eK)an E(m,n)  2n (2mn  1) eday 448  7  26
ehtuenHedIm,I[ E(m,n)  2n (2mn  1) Eckdac;nwg 448
luHRtaEt 2n Eckdac;nwg 26 eBaHKW n  6
nig 2mn  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 .
eKman 23  1  7 enaHedIm,I[ 2mn  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 luHRtaEt
m  n CaBhuKuNén 3 eBalKW m  n  3k , k  IN *
eKman m  n  (m  n)  2n  3k  12
dUcenHedIm,I[ m  n mantémøGb,brmaluHRtaEt k  1
dUcenH témøtUcbMputén m  n KW m  n  15 .

lMhat´TI47
eKmancMnYn E(m ,n )  3m  3n
Edl m  n  1 nig m ,n  IN * .
cUrkMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n edIm,I[ E(m ,n ) Eckdac;nwg 9801
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n
eKman 9801  34  112
eK)an E(m ,n )  3m  3n  3n (3mn  1)
edIm,I[ E(m ,n ) Eckdac;nwg 9801 luHRtaEt 3n Eckdac;nwg 34
nig 3mn  1 Eckdac;nwg 112 .
edIm,I[ 3n Eckdac;nwg 34 luHRtaEt n  4 .
mü:ageToteKman 35  1  242  2  112
ehtuenH 3mn  1 Eckdac;nwg 112 luHRtaEt m  n Eckdac;nwg 5
enaHeK)an m  n  5q , q  IN *
eday m  n  (m  n)  2n  5q  8  13 RKb; q  IN *
dUcenH témøtUcbMputén m  n KW m  n  13 .

lMhat´TI48
cUrkMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x , y , z ebIeKdwgfa
13 1996
x2

y 2

z
1997
.
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x , y , z ³
eKman 13 x

2
1996
y 2

z
1997
(*)
tag d CatYEckrYmFMbMputén x nig y enaH x  md nig y  nd

Edl m nig n CacMnYnKt;viC¢manbfmrvagKña .
tamsmIkar (*) eKGacsresr m13d  1996 2 2
nd

z
2 2
1997
b¤ 13  1997n  1996  1997m  m n d z
2 2 2 2 2
eday m nig n CacMnYnKt;viC¢manbfmrvagKñaenaHeyIgRtUvman ³

13  1997 Eckdac;nwg m nig 1996  1997 Eckdac;nwg n .
2 2
edayeKman 1966  2  449 ehIy 13 , 449 , 1997

2
CacMnYnbfm
dUcenHtémø m nig n bMeBjlkçxNÐxagelIenHKW m  1 , n  1
b¤ m  1 , n  2 .
-krNI m  1 , n  1
eK)an d z  (13  1996).1997  7 .41.1997
2 2
eday 1997 bfmCamYy 41 nig 7 enaHeKTaj)an d  1 b¤ d  7

dUcenHeK)ancemøIy x  1 , y  1 , z  4011973
b¤ x  7 , y  7 , z  81877 .
-krNI m  1 , n  2
eK)an d z  (13  449).1997  2 .1997
2 9
eKTaj)an d  1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 .
dUcenHeKTaj)ancemøIy ³
( x , y , z )  (1 , 2 , 1022464) ; ( 2 , 4 , 255616) ; (4 , 8 , 63904)
(8 , 16, 16976) ; (16 , 32 , 3994)

lMhat´TI49
eK[ A  11.2  31.4  41.5  ....  19971.1998
nig B  10001.1998  10011.1997  10021.1996  ....  19981.1000
cUrbgðajfa AB CacMnYnKt; ?
dMeNa¼Rsay
bgðajfa AB CacMnYnKt; ³
eKman A  11.2  31.4  41.5  ....  19971.1998
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 1       ...  
2 3 4 5 6 1997 1998
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 (1    ....  )  2(    ....  )
2 3 1998 2 4 6 1998
1 1 1 1 1 1
 (1    ...  )  (1    ...  )
2 3 1998 2 3 999
1 1 1 1
    ..... 
1000 1001 1002 1998
eday A
1

1000 1001
1
 .... 
1
1998
(1)
nig A
1

1998 1997
1
 .... 
1
1000
( 2)
bUkTMnak;TMng (1) & ( 2) eK)an ³

1 1 1
2 A  2998(   ...  )  2998 B
1000.1998 1001.1997 1998.1000
eKTaj)an A
B
 1499 CacMnYnKt; .

lMhat´TI50 ¬RbLgKNitviTüaGULaMBicGnþrCatiqñaM 1977 ¦
eK[BIcMnYnKt;viC¢man a nig b . eBlEdl a2  b2 Ecknwg a  b
enaHeK)anplEck q nigsMNl; r .
cUrkMNt;RKb;KU (a , b ) edaydwgfa q2  r  1977 .
dMeNa¼Rsay
kMNt;RKb;KU (a , b )
tamviFIEckEbbGWKøIteKGacsresr a2  b2  (a  b)q  r (*)
Edl 0  r  a  b  1 .
eKman r  a  b  1 enaH q2  r  q2  a  b  1
b¤ q2  a  b  1  1977
b¤ q2  a  b  1978 (**)
eKman r  0 enaH a2  b2  (a  b)q  r  (a  b)q
(a  b)2
tamvismPaB a  b  2
2 2
(a  b)2
eK)an (a  b)q  2 b¤ a  b  2q
tamvismPaB (**) eKGacsresr q2  2q  1978
b¤ (q  1)2  1979  442  43
eKTaj q  1  45 b¤ q  44
mü:ageTot q2  q2  r  1977  442  43
eKTaj)an q  44 .
BIlTæplxagelIenHeKTaj)an ³
q  44 ehIy r  1977  442  41
smIkar (*) Gacsresr a2  b2  44(a  b)  41
b¤ (a  22)2  (b  22)2  1009
tag u | a  22 | nig v | b  22 | Edl u , v  IN
eK)ansmIkar u2  v 2  1009 .
eyIgdwgfaRKb;kaeréncMnYnKt;manelxcugeRkay {0,1,4,9,5,6 }
ehtuenHplbUkkaerénBIcMnYnKt;EdlmanelxcugeRkayesμI 9 luHRtaEt
elxcugeRkayénkaercMnYnnImYyesμIerogKña 4 nig 5 b¤ 5 nig 4
b¤ 0 nig 9 b¤ 9 nig 0 .
BIsmIkar u2  v 2  1009  312  48 eKTaj)an 0  u  31
]bmafa u  v enaH 2u2  u2  v 2  1009
eKTaj u2  1009 2
 222 
41
2
b¤ u  23
ehtuenH 23  u  31 .
eday u2 RtUvmanelxcugeRkay { 0 , 4 , 5 ,9}

enaHeKGaceRCIserIstémø u CadMbUgdUcxageRkam ³
u  {30, 28, 25, 23, 27 }
eday u2  v 2  1009 enaH v 2  1009  u2
-ebI u  30 enaH v  1009  900  109 minyk
-ebI u  28 enaH v  1009  784  15 yk
-ebI u  25 enaH v  1009  6225  384 minyk
-ebI u  23 enaH v  1009  529  480 minyk
-ebI u  27 enaH v  1009  729  280 minyk
eday u2  v 2  1009 CasmIkarqøúHehtuenHebI (a ,b ) CacemøIy
rbs;smIkarenaH (b ,a) k¾CacemøIyrbs;smIkarEdr .
eKTaj)ancemøIy u  28 , v  15 b¤ u  15 , v  28
| a  22 | 28
-krNI u  28 , v  15 eK)an | b  22 | 15

eKTaj)an a  50,b  37 b¤ a  50 , b  7 .
-krNI u  15 , v  28 eK)an || ab  22 | 15
22 | 28

a  37 ,b  50 b¤ a  7 , b  50 .
dUcenH (a,b)  {(50, 37);(37,50);(7,50);(50,7)} .

lMhat´TI51¬RbLgKNitviTüaGULaMBicGnþrCatiqñaM 1967 ¦
eK[ k , m , n CacMnYnKt;FmμCatiedaydwgfa m  k  1 CacMnYn
bfmFMCag n  1 . eKyk cs  s(s  1) . cUrRsayfaplKuN ³
(cm 1  ck )(cm  2  ck )(cm  3  ck )...(cm  n  ck )
Eckdac;nwgplKuN c1 .c2 .c3 ...cn .
dMeNa¼Rsay

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PaBEckdac; nig viFIEckGWKøIt

-1- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

ehIy abc  3 .7 .37  777 eK)an A  B  Q

Edl Q  3  7  37  21  111  259

-2- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

eK)an A  (427  168 )  (141  113 )

 (427  168)m1  (141  113)m 2

-3- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

eK)an A  (287  168 )  (118  90 )

 (287  168)m1  (118  90)m 2

 (287  118)k 1  (168  90)k 2

-4- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

- ]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  k KW a  f (k) Eckdac;nwg b

KNnaplsg a  a  f (k  1)  f (k) rYcsresr

f (k  1)  f (k)  b  g(k) rYceKTaj)an ³

-5- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

-cMeBaH n  1 eK)an A  6 Eckdac;nwg 6

-]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n  k KW A  k(k  1)(2k  1)

eKman A  A  (k  1)[(k  2)(2k  3)  k(2k  1)]

dUcenH A  A  6(k  1) Eckdac;nwg 6 .

dUcenHcMeBaHRKb; n  IN * cMnYn A  n(n  1)(2n  1)

-6- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

-cMeBaH n  1 eK)an A  27 Eckdac;nwg 27

eKman A  A  10  18(k  1)  1  10  18k  1

eday A Eckdac;nwg 27 enaH A  A  6(k  1)

Eckdac;nwg 6 . dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 27 cRKb; n  IN * .

-7- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

-cMeBaH n  1 eK)an A  9 Eckdac;nwg 9

eday A Eckdac;nwg 9 enaH A  A  9[g(k)  1]

Eckdac;nwg 9 . dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 9 cRKb; n  IN * .

-8- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

-ebI n  0 eKán A  2  9  11 Bit ( Eckdac´nwg11 )

-ebI n  1 eKán A  2  9  209  11  19 Bit

-9- Prepared by Lim Phalkun

dUcen¼cMnYn A  2  9 Eckdac´nwg11 Canic©cMeBa¼

cUrbgHajfa E Eckdac´nwg 187 Canic©RKb´ n  IN .

eday 187  11  17 Edl 11 nig 17 CacMnYnbfmrvagKña .

[eXIjfa E Eckdac´ 11 nig 17 .

eKman a  b  (a  b)(a  a b  ....  b )  (a  b) . N

eKán E  831  743  709  610 , n  IN

- 10 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

dUcen¼ E Eckdac´nwg 187 Canic©RKb´ n  IN .

Eckdac;nwg 221 Canic©cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .

eyIgeXIjfa 221  13  17 Edl 13 nig 17 bzmrvagKña

[eXIjfacMnYn E vaEckdac;nwg !#pg nig Eckdac;nwg !& pg.

- 11 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

En  (447n  122n )  (462n  124n )

eyIg)an E  (447  122).p  (462  124).q

 325p 1  338q 1  13 ( 25p 1  26q 1 )

TMnak;TMngenHbBa¢ak;fa cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg !# .

müa:geToteKman E  (447  124 )  (462  122

dUcenHsrubesckþIeTAeyIg)an cMnYn E Eckdac;nwg 221 Canic©

- 12 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

- 13 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

- 14 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

ehIymüa:geTot n Ecknwg 8 [sMNl; # enaHnaM[man

tam ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)anRbBn½æ  nn  87qq  53 ((12))

- 15 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

- 16 - Prepared by Lim Phalkun

x> rksMNl;énviFIEck m  n nwg 5 . 3 3

eday m Ecknwg 5 [sMNl; 3 ehIy n Ecknwg 5 [sMNl; 4

eK)an m  n  (5q  3)  (5q  4)

x> sMNl;énviFIEck m  n nwg 5 3 3

eK)an m  n  (5q  3)  (5q