Chapt er 1

Di gi t al Li t er ac y
Di sc over i ng Comput er s
Technol ogy i n a Wor l d of Comput er s,
Mobi l e Devi c es, and t he I nt er net
ObjectivesOverview
Differentiateamong
laptops,tablets,andservers
Describethepurposeand
usesofsmartphones,digital
cameras,portablemedia
players,ebookreaders,and
gamedevices
Describetherelationship
betweendataand
information
Brieflyexplainvariousinput
options
DifferentiatetheInternet
fromtheweb,anddescribe
therelationshipamongthe
web,webpages,websites,
andwebservers
Explainthepurposeofa
browser,asearchengine,
andanonlinesocial
network
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ObjectivesOverview
Brieflydescribedigitalsecurity
risksassociatedwithviruses
andothermalware,privacy,
yourhealth,andthe
environment
Differentiatebetweenan
operatingsystemand
applications
Differentiatebetweenwired
andwirelesstechnologies,and
identifyreasonsindividualsand
businessesusenetworks
Discusshowsocietyuses
technologyineducation,retail,
finance,entertainment,health
care,travel,government,
science,publishing,and
manufacturing
Identifytechnologyusedby
homeusers,smalloffice/home
officeusers,mobileusers,
powerusers,andenterprise
users
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AWorldofTechnology
Becausetechnology
changes,youmustkeep
upwiththechangesto
remaindigitallyliterate
Digitalliteracyinvolves
havingacurrent
knowledgeand
understandingof
computers,mobile
devices,theInternet,and
relatedtechnologies
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Figure11
Computers
Acomputer isanelectronicdevice,operating
underthecontrolofinstructionsstoredinitsown
memory
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Accepts
data
(input)
Processing
Produces
information
(output)
ComputersandMobileDevices
Typesofcomputersinclude:
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Desktopandmobile
computers
Serversand
terminals
Smartphones,digital
cameras,ebook
readersandportable
mediaplayers
Gamedevices
Embedded
computers
DesktopsandMobileComputers
Apersonalcomputer(PC)isacomputerthatcan
performallofitsinput,processing,output,and
storageactivitiesbyitselfandisintendedtobe
usedbyonepersonatatime
Amobilecomputerisaportablepersonal
computer,designedsothatausercancarryit
fromplacetoplace
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DesktopsandMobileComputers
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DesktopsandMobileComputers
Adesktop,ordesktopcomputer,isapersonal
computerdesignedtobeinastationarylocation,
whereallofitscomponentsfitonorunderadesk
ortable
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DesktopsandMobileComputers
Alaptop,alsocalledanotebookcomputer,isa
thin,lightweightmobilecomputerwithascreen
initslidandakeyboardinitsbase
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Figure34
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DesktopsandMobileComputers
Atablet isathin,lightweightmobilecomputer
thathasatouchscreen
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Figure35
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DesktopsandMobileComputers
Ahandheldcomputer(ultramobilePCorUMPC)
isacomputersmallenoughtofitinonehand
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Figure37
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Servers
Aserver isacomputerdedicatedtoprovidingone
ormoreservicestoothercomputersordeviceson
anetwork
Rackserver
Bladeserver
Towerserver
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Figure38
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Servers
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Servers
Amainframe isalarge,expensive,powerfulserver
thatcanhandlehundredsorthousandsof
connecteduserssimultaneously
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Figure39
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Supercomputers
Asupercomputer isthefastest,mostpowerful
computer andthemostexpensive
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Figure310
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Terminals
Aterminal isacomputer,usuallywithlimited
processingpower,thatenablesuserstosenddatato
and/orreceiveinformationfromaserver,orhost
computer
Athinclientisaterminalthatlookslikeadesktopbut
haslimitedcapabilitiesandcomponents
Mostretailstoresuseapointofsale(POS)terminal
torecordpurchases,processcreditordebitcards,
andupdateinventory
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Figure311
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Terminals
AnATM (automatedtellermachine)isaself
servicebankingterminalthatconnectstoahost
computerthroughanetwork
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Figure312
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Terminals
Aselfservicekiosk isafreestandingterminalthat
usuallyhasatouchscreenforuserinteraction
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CloudComputing
Cloudcomputingreferstoanenvironmentof
serversthathouseandprovideaccessto
resourcesusersaccessthroughtheInternet
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Figure314
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MobileDevices
Asmartphone isanInternetcapablephonethat
usuallyalsoincludesacalendar,anappointment
book,anaddressbook,acalculator,anotepad,
games,browser,andnumerousotherapps
Manysmartphoneshavetouchscreens.Insteadof
orinadditiontoatouchscreen,somehavea
builtinminikeyboardonthefrontofthephone
orakeyboardthatslidesinandoutfrombehind
thephone
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MobileDevices
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Figure315
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MobileDevices
Adigitalcameraisamobiledevicethatallows
userstotakephotosandstorethephotographed
imagesdigitally
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Figure316
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MobileDevices
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Figure317
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MobileDevices
Aportablemediaplayer,sometimescalleda
personalmediaplayer,isamobiledeviceon
whichyoucanstore,organize,andplayorview
digitalmedia
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MobileDevices
Anebookreader(short
forelectronicbook
reader),orereader,isa
mobiledevicethatis
usedprimarilyfor
readingebooksand
otherdigital
publications
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Figure320
GameDevices
Agameconsoleisamobilecomputingdevice
designedforsingleplayerormultiplayervideo
games
Ahandheldgamedeviceisasmallmobiledevice
thatcontainsascreen,speakers,controls,and
gameconsoleallinoneunit
Gamecontrollersincludegamepads,joysticksand
wheels,dancepads,andavarietyofmotion
sensingcontrollers
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GameDevices
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Figure321
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EmbeddedComputers
Anembeddedcomputerisaspecialpurpose
computerthatfunctionsasacomponentina
largerproduct
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Consumer
electronics
Home
automation
devices
Automobiles
Process
controllersand
robotics
Computer
devicesand
officemachines
EmbeddedComputers
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Figure322
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DataandInformation
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Figure111
Fig. A computer processes data into information.
In this figure, the item ordered, item price,
quantity ordered, and amount received all
represent data (input). The computer processes
the data to produce the cash register receipt
(output or information).
DataandInformation
Akeyboard
containskeysyou
presstoenterdata
andinstructions
intoacomputeror
mobiledevice
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Figure112
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DataandInformation
Apointingdeviceisaninputdevice
thatallowsausertocontrolasmall
symbolonthescreencalledapointer
Somemobiledevicesandcomputers
enableyoutospeakdatainstructions
usingvoiceinputandtocapturelive
fullmotionimagesusingvideoinput
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MouseOperations:point,click,
rightclick,doubleclick,drag
Operate Touchpad: slide
fingertips across the surface of
thepad
DataandInformation
Ascannerisalightsensinginputdevicethat
convertsprintedtextandimagesintoaformthe
computercanprocess
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DataandInformation
Anoutputdeviceisanyhardwarecomponent
thatconveysinformationfromacomputeror
mobiledevicetooneormorepeople
Aprinter isanoutputdevicethatproducestext
andgraphicsonaphysicalmediumsuchaspaper
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Black&whiteandcolorprinters
Printersalsosupportwireless
DataandInformation
Adisplayisanoutputdevicethatvisuallyconveys
text,graphics,andvideoinformation
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Figure117
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DataandInformation
Speakersallowyoutohearaudiosuchasmusic,
voice,andothersounds
Earbuds
Headphones
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Figure118
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Noisecancellingtechnology
DataandInformation
Memoryconsistsofelectroniccomponentsthatstore
instructionswaitingtobeexecutedandthedataneededby
thoseinstructions
Acomputerkeepsdata,instructions,andinformationona
storagemedia,e.g.harddisk,USBflashdrive,solidstatedrive,
CD,
Astoragedevicerecords(writes)and/orretrieves(reads)items
toandfromstoragemedia
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DataandInformation
HardDisk SolidState
Drive
USBFlashDrive
MemoryCard OpticalDisc CloudStorage
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Figures119 124
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Backup
TheInternet
TheInternetisaworldwidecollectionofnetworksthat
connectsmillionsofbusinesses,governmentagencies,
educationalinstitutions,andindividuals
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Figure125
ISPsprovideuserstoaccesstheInternet
ExamplesofISPsareTOT,True,KSC,CS,Loxley,etc.
Otherservices:email,instantmessaging,
VoIP,FTP.
TheInternet
TheWorldWideWeb(orweb,forshort)isagloballibraryof
informationavailabletoanyoneconnectedtotheInternet
Theweb consistsofaworldwidecollectionofelectronic
documents,eachofwhichiscalledawebpage
Awebsite isacollectionofrelatedwebpages
Awebserverisacomputerthatdeliversrequested
webpagestoyourcomputer
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Comparewebpagesandwebsite
TheInternet
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Figure126
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Surfingtheweb=refertotheactivityofusinglinkstoexploretheweb
TheInternet
Abrowser issoftwarethatenablesuserswithan
Internetconnectiontoaccessandviewwebpages
onacomputerormobiledevice
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TheInternet
Asearchengineissoftwarethatfindswebsites,
webpages,images,videos,news,maps,andother
informationrelatedtoaspecifictopic
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TheInternet
Anonlinesocialnetwork(alsocalledsocial
networkingsite)encouragesmemberstoshare
theirinterests,ideas,stories,photos,music,and
videoswithotherregisteredusers
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Figure127
Email, IM,
VoIP,FTP.
DigitalSafetyandSecurity
Itisimportantthatusersprotecttheircomputers
andmobiledevices
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Virusesand
Other
Malware
Privacy
Health
Concerns
Environmental
Issues
Technologyaddiction
Technologyoverload
ewaste or
computers a
devices.
medicalrecor
creditcard,In
banking,taxre
viruses, worms,
trojan horses,
spyware, adware,
and zombies.
Protection is
required.
Malware=Malicioussoftware
DigitalSafetyandSecurity
Greencomputing involvesreducingtheelectricity
consumedandenvironmentalwastegeneratedwhen
usingacomputer
Strategiesinclude:
Recycling
Usingenergyefficienthardwareandenergysavingfeatures
Regulatingmanufacturingprocesses
Extendingthelifeofcomputers
Immediatelydonatingorproperlydisposingofreplacedcomputers
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ProgramsandApps
Software,alsocalledaprogram,tellsthe
computerwhattaskstoperformandhowto
performthem
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Figure128
SystemSoftware
Operatingsystem
Utilityprogram
ApplicationSoftware
Desktopapp,webapp,
mobileapp
Examples of app:
> Productivity: Word processing,
Presentation, Schedule and contact
management
Graphics and media: Photo editing,
Video and audio editing, media player.
Personal interest: Travel, mapping,
navigation, reference, educational,
entertainment
Communications: Browser, email,
VoIP, FTP
Security: Antivirus, Personal firewall,
spyware, Adware, malware, removers
ProgramsandApps
Installingistheprocessofsettingupsoftwareto
workwiththecomputer,printer,andother
hardware
Onceinstalled,youcanrunanapplicationsothat
youcaninteractwithit
Youinteractwithaprogramorapplication
throughitsuserinterface
Theuserinterfacecontrolshowyouenterdata
andinstructionsandhowinformationisdisplayed
onthescreen
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icons
ProgramsandApps
Asoftwaredeveloper,sometimescalledan
applicationdeveloperorcomputerprogrammer,is
someonewhodevelopsprogramsandappsorwrites
theinstructionsthatdirectthecomputerormobile
devicetoprocessdataintoinformation
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Figure129
Examplesofprograminglanguagethat
programmersuseare??
CommunicationsandNetworks
Inthecourseofaday,itislikelyyouuse,oruse
informationgeneratedby,oneormoreofthese
communicationstechnologies
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Chatrooms Email Fax FTP GPS
Instant
messaging
Internet Newsgroups RSS
Video
conference
Voicemail VoIP
Wireless
Internet
accesspoints
Wireless
messaging
services
Reallysimplysyndication(RSS):specificationthatenableswebcontenttobedistributed
tosubscriber.
CommunicationsandNetworks
Acommunicationsdevice ishardwarecapableof
transferringitemsfromcomputersanddevicesto
transmissionmediaandviceversa
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Figure130
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Examplesof
communication
devices:modem,
wirelessaccess
points,routers.
CommunicationsandNetworks
Examplesofwirelesscommunications
technologiesinclude:
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WiFi
Bluetooth
Cellularradio
Examples of wired
communications
Hotspot
UsingpublicWiFihotspots
safely:
Avoidtypingpwds and
financialinformation
Signoutwebsiteswhen
finishedusinganaccount
Disconnectyourwireless
connection
Donotleaveyour
computerunattended
Beawareofoverthe
shouldersnoopers
CommunicationsandNetworks
Anetwork isacollectionofcomputersand
devicesconnectedtogetherviacommunications
devicesandtransmissionmedia
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Figure131
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CommunicationsandNetworks
HomeNetworks
ConnecttotheInternet
Shareasinglehighspeed
Internetconnection
Accessphotos,music,
videos,andothercontent
Sharedevices
Playmultiplayergames
Connectgameconsolesto
theInternet
SubscribetoanduseVoIP
BusinessNetworks
Facilitatecommunications
Sharehardware
Sharedata,information,
andsoftware
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UsesofTechnologyinSociety
Education Government Finance Retail
Entertainment HealthCare Travel Science
Publishing Manufacturing
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CAD(Computeraided
design)/CAM
(Computeraided
manufacturing)
Apodcastisrecorded
mediathatuserscan
downloadorstreamtoa
computerorportable
mediaplayer.Examplesof
podcastsarelectures,
radioshows,political
messages,and
commentaries.
A blog is an informal website consisting of timestamped articles (posts) in a diary or
journal format, usually listed in reverse chronological order. Posts can contain text,
photos,links,andmore.
TechnologyUsers
HomeUser Small/Home
OfficeUser
MobileUser
PowerUser EnterpriseUser
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ChapterSummary
Basiccomputer
concepts
Variousmethods
forinput,output,
memory,and
storage
TheInternet
Digitalsecurityand
safetyrisksand
precautions
Usesoftechnology
applicationsin
society
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Chapt er 1
Di gi t al Li t er ac y
Di sc over i ng Comput er s
Technol ogy i n a Wor l d of Comput er s,
Mobi l e Devi c es, and t he I nt er net
Chapter1Complete