Abstract

This report is on about the Modal Analysis of Auto Simulation Rig to determine the
dynamic characteristics of the structure of a Rig. The approach use is experimental modal
analysis which is converting the original coordinates used in the structure vibration in to a
principal coordinates which is much easier to analyze. The experiment approach is
including making R measurements with T analyzer! modal excitation techni"ues!
and modal parameters excitation from a set of R.
Summary
#.$ %ntroduction
#.# &ibration
&ibration is the mechanical oscillations of an ob'ect about an e"uilibrium point. All
vibration is a combination of both forced and free vibration. The forced vibration can be
due to internally generated forces! unbalances! external loads and ambient excitation
whereas free vibration occurs when one or more of the natural modes of vibration of the
structure are excited.
Modes are inherent properties of a structure. (ach mode is defined by a natural
fre"uency! modal damping! and a mode shape. These are the dynamic characteristics of a
structure. There are two types of modes which are rigid body and flexible body modes.
All structures can have up to six rigid body modes! three translational modes and three
rotational modes.
#.) Modal Analysis
*ightly damped structures are typically analyzed with the +normal modes, method!
which is sub'ected to this report. The key to normal mode analysis is to develop tools
which allow one to reconstruct the overall response of the system as a superposition of
the responses of the different modes of the system. %n analysis! the modal method allows
on to replace the n-coupled differential e"uations with independent n-uncoupled
e"uations! where each uncoupled e"uation represents the motion of the system for that
mode of vibration.
#.. R Measurements
The re"uency Response unction /R0 is a fundamental measurement that isolates the
inherent dynamic properties of a mechanical structure. (xperimental modal parameters
which are the natural fre"uency! the damping and the mode shape are also obtained from
a set of R measurements.
igure #.#1 2lock 3iagram of an R
2ased on the figure #.#! an R is a measure of how much displacement! velocity or
acceleration response a structure has at an output 34! per unit of excitation force at an
input 34.
#.5 Reciprocal Theorem for 3ynamics *oads
A reciprocal theorem for dynamic loads is similar to Maxwell6s theorem for static load
which states that if a linear elastic body is kinematically supported and sub'ected to an
external force at the point 7! which produces a displacement 8 at another point 9! then
the same force p which apply to point 9 will give the same displacement 8 at point 7. %n
the experiment! two points will be selected to prove this theorem by simply calculate the
responses produce at each point are the same.
).$ 7roblem Statements
/#0 8se M3T9) and M(6scope to determine the dynamic characteristics of the first :
or ; modes of the structure below.
/)0 3emonstrate the Reciprocal Theorem by selecting two points on the structure.
Maintain one point as input and the other as output. 3etermine its Transfer
function. <ow! reverse the point for input and output and determine its Transfer
function. =ompare the two functions.
/.0 3etermine the harmonic response of the structure! using normal mode method for
damped vibration. MAT*A2 or other software can be used for matrix calculation
and animation. (ach student is given different problem as in Table #.
..$ Methodology
igure ..#1 Sources of Modal 7arameters
..# Analytical
The modal analysis method of analyzing linear mechanical systems and the benefits
derived1
/#0 Solve the undamped eigenvalue problem! which identifies the resonant
fre"uencies and mode shapes /eigenvalues and eigenvectors0.
/)0 8se the eigenvectors to uncouple or diagonalize the original set of couple
e"uations! allowing the solution of n-uncoupled sdof problems instead of
solving a set of n-coupled e"uations.
/.0 =alculate the contribution of each mode to the overall response. This also
allows one to reduce the size of the problem by eliminating modes that cannot
be excited and modes that have no outputs at the desired dof6s. Also! high
fre"uency modes that have little contribution to the system at lower
fre"uencies can be eliminated or approximately accounted for! further
reducing the size of the system to be analyzed.
/50 >rite the system matrix A. Assemble the input and output matrices! 2 and =!
using appropriate eigenvector terms.
..) (xperimental
The experimental techni"ue used is exciting modes with impact testing. The following
e"uipment is re"uired to perform the impact test!
/a0 An impact hammer with a load cell attached to its head to measure the input
force.
/b0 An accelerometer to measure the response acceleration at a fixed point and
direction.
/c0 A 5 channel T analyzer to compute Rs.
/d0 M3T9) and M(6scope post-processing modal software for identifying modal
parameters and displaying the mode shapes in animation.
..).# Task #
3etermining the dynamic characteristics of the first : modes of the structure below!
igure ..)1 Automobile Simulation Rig
Steps1
/#0 The Automobile Simulation Rig is divided in to #: points to define the
structure.
/)0 The accelerometer is attached at point # and the roving hammer is impacted at
fixed location near point # for : times to get the average response at point #.
/.0 Repeat steps /)0 for point ) to point #: by varying the accelerometer location
and fixing the impact location at near point #.
/50 5 channel T analyzer is used to compute the Rs between each impact
34 and the fixed response 34. Results are recorded.
..).) Task )
3emonstrating the Reciprocal Theorem by selecting two points on the structure.
Steps1
/#0 Two points are selected to demonstrate this task and maintain one point as
input and the other as output.
/)0 Accelerometer is attached to one of the point and gives an impact to the other
point for : times to get the average response.
/.0 Reverse the point for input and output and determine the response.
/50 =ompare the results.