America de Nord

Politic
Cum sunt alesi reprezentantii+presedinte
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of
two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D.C.
Both representatives and senators are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled
by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, and only
rarely to a third-party or as independents. Congress has 535 voting members: 435 Representatives and 100 Senators.
The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a district.
Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results, provided that
each state has at least one congressperson. Each state regardless of population has exactly two senators; at present
there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator serves a six-year term, with terms staggered, so
every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Widespread public dissatisfaction with the
institution has increased in recent years
The President and Vice-President are elected every four years. They must be at least 35 years of age, they must be
native-born citizens of the United States, and they must have been residents of the U.S. for at least 14 years. (Also, a
person cannot be elected to a third term as President.)
How Do the Political Parties Choose Their Candidates? That's up to the political parties. Most political parties hold
conventions, which are large meetings attended by "delegates." Some delegates are selected by state "primary"
elections, some are selected by state caucuses (very much like primaries, except with public voting instead of secret
ballots), and some are chosen for their prominence in the party. A majority of delegate votes is needed to win the
party's nomination. In most cases, the delegates let their chosen presidential candidate select a vice-presidential
candidate.
Candidates for President and Vice-President Run Together. In the general election, each candidate for President runs
together with a candidate for Vice-President on a "ticket." Voters select one ticket to vote for; they can't choose a
presidential candidate from one ticket and a vice-presidential candidate from another ticket.
The Electoral College. The national presidential election actually consists of a separate election in each of the 50
states and the District of Columbia; in these 51 elections, the voters are really voting for "electors" pledged to one of
the tickets. These electors make up the "Electoral College." (In most cases, the names of the electors aren't written
on the ballot; instead the ballot lets voters choose among "Electors for" each of the tickets, naming the presidential
and vice-presidential candidates each slate of electors is pledged to.)
Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives (there are two senators from each
state, but the number of representatives depends on the state population in the most recent census). The District of
Columbia, although it isn't a state, also participates in presidential elections -- it currently has three electors.
Impartire si atributiile fiecarei camere
Congresul 2 camere:
-Senatul 100 membri
Article I of the U.S. Constitution declares that the Senate can wield the following special powers:
Review and provide advice on presidential appointments and nominations.
The senate has the power to approve or deny an international agreement. It only needs a 2/3 vote of members to move to the
president who can then ratify it.
Elect the Vice President of the U.S., if necessary. This would only happen if state electoral votes were tied and the House
would have to be in agreement.
Create new legislationbills, laws, etc. The House and Senate can introduce new legislationusually at the subcommittee
levelbut the Senate has the most power to debate, modify, and even block proposed legislation. The exceptions are the
introduction of revenue-related bills or legislation governing the use of federal money. Only the House of Representatives can
introduce these.
Consider any legislation and bills introduced by the president.
Try any impeachment proceedings started in the House of Representatives. The Senate also has extensive investigative
power and can hold official hearings, summon witnesses, etc. A famous example of this is the 1973 Senate Watergate
Hearings.

-House of Representatives
According to the Constitution the U.S. House of Representatives has the following key powers:
Power to set in motion impeachment proceedings (it is up to the Senate to bring those proceedings into a trial setting).
Power to elect the President of the United States. This would only happen if electoral votes were tied. The Senate has the
power to do the same with the office of Vice President. Of course it cannot choose randomly, but must select from candidates
with the most electoral votes.
Power to introduce laws and legislation that specifically deal with revenue and taxes. Because revenue and taxes are issues
closely related to their constituents or the people that voted for them, the House is granted the power to introduce these.
Power to introduce laws and legislation other than revenue-related, but this is also a power shared with the Senate.

-Partidele politice si ideologia lor
Democratic Party- In recent decades, the party has adopted a centrist economic and socially progressive agenda,
with the voter base having shifted considerably to the right. Democrats began to advocate for more social justice,
affirmative action, a balanced budget, and a market economy tempered by government intervention (mixed
economy).
Republican Party- Republicans strongly believe that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors
behind economic prosperity. To this end, they advocate in favor of laissez-faire economics, fiscal conservatism, and
the elimination of government run welfare programs in favor of private sector nonprofits and encouraging personal
responsibility. ; they believe that reduced income tax rates increase GDP growth and thereby generate the same or
more revenue for the government from the smaller tax on the extra growth. The party opposes a government-run
single-payer health care system, believing such a system constitutes socialized medicine, and is in favor of a personal
or employer-based system of insurance, supplemented by Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid, which covers
approximately 40% of the poor.
Libertarian Party- Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and freedom of choice, emphasizing political freedom,
voluntary association and the primacy of individual judgment. While libertarians share a skepticism of authority, they
diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing political and economic systems
Green Party- It emphasizes environmentalism, non-hierarchical participatory democracy, social justice, respect for
diversity, peace, and nonviolence.
Constitution Party- The party asserts that the United States is a Christian nation founded on the Bible and that
jurisprudence should be restored to what the party claims is its "Biblical foundations". The party opposes euthanasia
and abortion, the latter including in cases of rape and incest, illegal immigration, seeks stricter controls on legal
immigration, believes in exercising a tariff system to counteract the U.S.' increasingly negative balance of trade. The
tariff system would levy additional import costs, the amount of which would vary proportionally with how much less
the exporting country's production costs are compared to that of U.S. companies.

Pentru Canada:
In Canada, there are 3 levels of government. Each level of government has different responsibilities.
Federal government (the Government of Canada) - Responsible for things that affect the whole country,
such as citizenship and immigration, national defence and trade with other countries.
Provincial and territorial governments (for example, the Province of Ontario) - Responsible for such things as
education, health care and highways.
Municipal (local) governments (cities, towns, and villages in Ontario) - Responsible for firefighting, city
streets and other local matters. If there is no local government, the province provides services.
Federal Government
At the federal level, there are 3 parts of government:
Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, is Canada's formal head of state. The Governor General represents the Queen
in Canada and carries out the duties of head of state.
The House of Commons makes Canada's laws. Canadians elect representatives to the House of Commons.
These representatives are called Members of Parliament (MPs) and usually belong to a political party. The
political party that has the largest number of MPs forms the government, and its leader becomes prime
minister.
The prime minister is the head of government in Canada. The Prime Minister chooses MPs to serve as
ministers in the cabinet. There are ministers for citizenship and immigration, justice and other subjects. The
cabinet makes important decisions about government policy.
The Senate reviews laws that are proposed by the House of Commons. Senators come from across Canada.
The prime minister chooses the senators.













Sistemul economic
Rezerva federala
- este banca central naional i sistemul naional aferent al acesteia al Statelor Unite ale Americii.
-detinuta de entitati private
-Bncile Sistemului federal de rezerv constituie simultan i bncile responsabile de emiterea i controlul monedei
americane ntr-o anumit zon de jurisdicie a naiunii (Federal Reserve District). Numrul de districte federale de
rezerv monetar = cu numrul de bnci regionale=12.
-condusa de 7 membri ai Consiliului numiti de Presedinte si acceptati de Senat
- Atributiile Rezervelor Federale cuprind patru domenii generale:
Dirijeaza politica monetara nationala, influentand sistemul monetar si conditiile acordarii de credit,
urmarind stabilitatea preturilor si accesibilitatea ratelor pe termen lung;
supravegheaza si regleaza institutiile bancare pentru a garanta siguranta bankingului national cat si a
sistemului financiar si de a proteja drepturile de credit ale clientilor;
mentine stabilitatea sistemului financiar si contine riscurile care ar putea sa apara pe piata financiara;
Furnizeaza servicii financiare institutilor de depozit, Guvernului Statelor Unite, cat si institutilor oficiale
straine, jucand un rol important in gestionarea sistemului national de plata;

Plafonul de indatorare

Aprobarea bugetului
-Presedintele emite niste cerinte pe care le are si niste puncte cheie care trebuie atinse, Senatul si House of ...
alcatuiesc cate o versiune a bugetului pe anul respectiv, care e ales printr-o majoritate de voturi din fiecare camera.
Presedintele are apoi 10 zile sa se decida daca aproba sau da veto bugetului si il trimite inapoi ca sa fie imbunatatit.
Cum a revenit dupa criza
Criza din 30
-In contextul celui de-al doilea Razboi Mondial, era cerere mai mare pentru produse de toate felurile-> America a
inceput sa coopereze din punct de vedere al importului si al exportului cu alte state ( de ex: Cu Marea Britanie-
schimb de marfuri) -> locuri de munca mai multe pentru oameni(ex : sectorul de manufactura, constructie: arme,
barci etc)-> scade rata somajului->oamenii au mai multi bani-> incep din nou sa cheltuiasca-> banii circula
Criza de acum
A host of other jobs measures contributed to the economic recovery, including the extensions of unemployment
insurance, the payroll tax cut and other tax cuts for business investment and hiring. The auto industry bailout is also
mentioned as part of the broader policy response that put the U.S. economy back on track, as well as investments in
social safety net programs that helped keep millions of Americans out of poverty.
Planul lor:
1. Ensure that a firm is allowed to fail in an orderly way and not be "rescued";
2. Ensure taxpayers are not on the hook for any losses, by applying losses first to the firm's investors and
including the creation of a pool funded by the largest financial institutions;
3. Apply appropriate checks and balances to the FDIC and Federal Reserve in this resolution process;
4. Require stronger capital and liquidity positions for financial firms and related regulatory authority.
[6]

Si-au revenit si datorita masivului ajutor de stat acordat diverselor sectoare economice, planul autoritatilor americane fiind
acela de a stimula cresterea economiei cu bani publici in 2009, urmand ca din 2010, expansiunea sa fie generata de
sectorul privat, pe masura ce programele publice de ajutorare vor fi retrase.

+si-au crescut foarte mult datoria























Sociale
- 1%,wall street movement
A inceput la New York pe Wall Street ca rezultat al nemultumirii fata de companiile care dadeau dovada de
inegalitate in drepturi si lacomie.-> s-a raspandit in mai multe state ale Americii. Lupta impotriva disperarii inegale de
venituri, impotriva puterii politice a corporatiilor.
We are the 99%--> This slogan is meant to describe the injustice of 1% of the U.S. population controlling a large
majority of the country's wealth.
-ei dau vina pe corporatii pentru instabilitatea din cadrul sistemului lor financiar si pentru rata mare a somajului
-corporatiile au primit bail out din banii Guvernului -> oamenii nu voiau sa li se duca banii pe corporatii care au
esuat-> de aici nemultumirea (Instead of the institutions responsible for the meltdown being held accountable, they
were deemed "too big to fail" and given large amounts of government money to remain in business and the leaders of
these institutions continued to receive exorbitant salaries and bonuses. While many Americans lost their jobs, savings,
pensions, houses, and other sources of comfort and livelihood, large corporations profited. In fact, many of the
institutions that had contributed largely to the downturn had constructed systems in such a way that they would profit
from a national macroeconomic collapse.

The government agreed to financially "bail out" large institutions that were suffering from the downturn under the
supposition that the improved health of these organizations would create jobs. However, after the government money
was received, these corporations continued to lay off workers while posting record profits and paying no taxes. Indeed
the only thing that seemed to increase were the bonuses of the top players in these firms. )
Cum fac corporatiile sa scape de plata
-tax havens, -stock options -shell companies companii care exista doar in scris, etc.
http://www.accounting-degree.org/accounting-tricks/ le-am gasit aici, le-am citit pe toate, nu cred ca are rost sa dau
copy paste.
Gay si marijuana
Atitudine pozitiva pentru gay : Canada 50-60 % ; Sua : 70-80%
-casatoria legala in 19 state din SUA si Canada, adoptia permisa in 16 state si Canada
-responsive la LGBT movements
Marijuana
-legal fara restrictii in 2 state: Washington si Colorado
- both medical and decriminalization laws: Oregon, Nevada, California, Alaska,Maine, New York,Vermont, Rhode
Island, Connetticut, Massachusetts
-medicala: Arizona, New Mexico,Montana, Michigan, Illinois, New Jeresy,New Hampshire, Hawaii
-decriminalizarea posesiei: Mississippi, Nebraska, Wisconsin,Ohio,North Carolina,Maryland
Canada: doar medicinala


Guantanamo bay
nchisoarea americana Guantnamo Bay, din Cuba, a fost nfiinat dup atacurile teroriste de la 11 septembrie 2001.
Iniial, ea trebuia s fie doar un centru de detenie temporar, un loc unde s fie adunai cei mai ri dintre cei ri
(teroriti), dar dup aproape doi ani a fost transformat ntr-o inchisoare permanenta. 660 de adulti si trei copii sunt
tinuti intr-o gaura neagra legala, fara nici o legatura cu lumea exterioara si fara vreo idee daca vor fi acuzati sau
eliberati. Unii pretind ca inchisoarea a devenit un experiment pe termen lung in tehnicile de interogare. Auzi
comentarii de la comandantul inchisorii despre cum isi imbunatatesc in mod constant tehnicile de interogare.
Experimenteaza, pur si simplu, in zonele lor de interes a declarat Richard Bourke, avocat n Louisiana.
-inchisoare de maxima securitate in care oamenii care sunt suspectati pentru orice conexiune cu teroristii sunt tinuti
fara drept de reprezentat legal, torturati etc.( rules on the safe and humane treatment of prisoners do not have to
conform to the Geneva Code)
-sunt torturati, nu au voie sa plece chiar daca nu sunt dovezi impotriva lor, au loc abuzuri sexuale, sunt legati de pat
cu zilele,

Import, export si petrol.

Militar

Sfere de influenta

Canada
Diferente intre ei si sua

Probleme sociale