E NEUENSCHWANDER

Documenting Riemann's
Impact on tho Theory of
Complex Functions
a
long w~th Euler, Gauss, and HzIbert, Bernhard R~emann ~s one of the most ~llus-
tmous mat hemat i ci ans of all t~me H~s promi nence ~n the field of complex analy-
s~s may be appreciated s~mply by noting that ~n the Mathemat~sches Worterbuch
by Naas-Schmld [1961, Vol 2,510-524], the entnes related
to Rmmann' s function-theoretical work (Rmmann map-
ping theorem, Rmmann differential equation, Rmmann sur-
face, Rlemann-Roch theorem, Rmmann theta-functlon,
Rmmann sphere, Rmmann zeta-function, etc ) take up al-
most as much space as those related to all the work of
Euler or Gauss m total Rmmann' s contnbutlon to com-
plex analysis rests, on the one hand, on his publications,
especially his inaugural dissertation on the foundations of
complex analysis (1851) and his articles on the theory of
hypergeomet nc and Abehan functions (1856-57), but his
several lecture courses in this field are also very impor-
tant
These were given in the years from 1855 to 1862, and
regularly began with an introductory general part Rmmann
then turned either to the theory of elliptic and Abehan func-
tions or to hypergeometnc series and related transcen-
dental functions Much of the more advanced parts of
Rmmann' s courses were published m his Collected Papers
[Rmmann 1990, 599-692] and m a book by H Stahl
[Rlemann 1899], but not his introductory lectures on gen-
eral complex analysis Thus the latter gradually fell into
obhwon, despite their lntnnslc interest, and despite their
declsl've influence on later developments through the
closely related wnt mgs of Dur~ge, Hankel, Koemgsberger,
Neumann, Prym, Roch, and Thomae It therefore seemed
appropnate to publish them m a cntmal edition
[Neuenschwander 1996], m order to make them accessible
to a broader circle of readers For this edition, I also pre-
pared an extensive bibliography of the history of the m~-
pact and influence of Rmmann' s function theory
This newly assembled blbhography is mamly intended to
close---at least m the field of complex analysis--the con-
slderable gap existing between the blbhograplues of Purkert
and Neuenschwander, which were appended to the reprint
of Bernhard R~emann's Gesammelte Mathemat~sche Werke
[Rmmann 1990] The penod from 1892 to 1944, not system-
atically co~ered there, was scrutnuzed, usmg the indexes of
names m B~blwtheca Mathematzca (1887-1914), and the
Revue semestr~elle des Publ wat wns mathdmat~ques (1893-
1934/35), and exammmg the sections on "Gescluchte und
Plulosoptue" and "Funktlonentheone" (or "Analysis") m the
abstractmg journal Jahrbuch uber dze Fortschmtte der
Mathe~nahk (1868/71-1942/44) Additionally, I consulted
the holdings of older books in the libraries of the Institutes
of Mathematics at the Umversmes of Gottmgen and Zurich
Generally, I included only publlcanons which contmned ex-
plw~t reference to Rmmann' s work (e g, quotations with
9 1998 SPRINGER VERLAG NEW YORK VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3 1998 1 9
e x a c t i ndi c a t i on of l oc a t i on) , but even t hi s c r l t e n o n l ef t
mo r e t ha n 1,000 out of t h o s e 8,000 t i t l es p r o v i s i o n a l l y se-
l e c t e d on t he ba s i s of t he r e we ws a nd t he s y s t e ma t i c h-
b r a r y i ns pect i on, t he o n g ma l s we r e t he n l o o k e d up, t o
ma k e s ur e t ha t t he y me t t he c o n d mo n s f or i nc l us i on
Nat ural l y, t he ne w bl bhogr aphy Ls m no wa y c ompr e he n-
s we The ht er at ur e w[ uch r ef er s t o Rmmann' s pi one e nng wo r k
i s al mos t boundl es s Pur ker t , f or exampl e, exami ni ng a bout
t en j our na l s f r om t he fi rst 25 ye a r s af t er t he deat h of Ber nhar d
Ri emann, al r eady f ound mor e t han 500 pubhc a t mns r ef er r i ng
t o t us wor k Accor di ng t o da t a ba s e surveys, t he cont i nuat i on
a nd ext ens i on of Pur ker t ' s r e s e a r c h up t o t he pr e s e nt woul d
have t o t ake i nt o a c c ount a bout 30,000 pubhcat mns , al l of
w[ uch obwous l y cannot be e x a mme d mchv~dually wi t hi n a r ea-
s ona bl e t une Never t hel ess, I hope t hat t he ne w bl bhogr aphy
wi l l be c ome a usef ul t ool f or f ur t her mvesUgat~ons
I n t he f ol l owi ng I wi l l t r y t o i l l us t r at e s o me o f i t s pos -
s i bl e a ppl i c a t i ons , by s u r v e y mg t he i mp a c t of Ri e ma n n ' s
f unc t i on- t he or e t i c a l wo r k m t he f our mo s t i mp o r t a n t
Eu r o p e a n c ount r i e s Ge r ma n y , Fr ance, I t al y, a n d Gr e a t
Bn t mn Spe c i a l a t t e nt i on wi l l be gi ven t o t he d e v e l o p me n t s
i n Gr e a t Bnt mn b e c a u s e t h e y have not ye t b e e n a n a l y s e d
i n de t a i l Fo r mo r e s pe c i f i c mf or maUon, t he r e a d e r ma y
t ur n t o t he bi bl i ogr a phy i t s e l f
G e r m a n y : E a r l y a n d S u s t a i n e d R e c e p t i o n o f
R i e m a n n ' s M e t h o d s
Fo r a p r e h mma r y nnpr e s s l on of t he s i t uat i on m Ger many, l et
us f i r st l ook at t he r e f e r e nc e s t o Rmmann' s wo r k m Augus t
Le opol d Cr el l e' s mf l uent l al Journal f ur d~e re,he und ange-
wandte Mathemat~k It ~s not e wor t hy t hat t he f i r st of t he s e
r e f e r e nc e s goes b a c k t o Hel mhol t z [Crelle 55 (1858), 25-55],
who, a s we know, l a t e r d i s c u s s e d Rl e ma nn' s h y p o t h e s e s
c o n c e r mn g t he f o u n d a t i o n s of g e o me t r y He l mhol t z wa s
f o l l o we d i n c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r by l_apsc[utz, Cl ebs ch,
Chnst of f el , Schwar z, Bnl l , Fuchs, Gor dan, Lur ot h, a nd
Weber , al l of whom, e ve n t h o u g h t he y we r e n o t Rmma I m' s
i mme d i a t e pupi l s , di d a gr e a t de a l t o d~s s emi nat e t us i deas ,
a s di d [us own s t u d e n t s Roch, Thoma e , a nd Pr y m [Crelle
61 ( 1863) - 70 (1869)] Cl e b s c h a nd Br l l l - - h k e Kl ei n a n d
No e t h e r - - p u b h s h e d t he i r l a t e r wo r k p r i ma r i l y i n t he
Mathemat~sche Annalen, wh i c h s t a r t e d t o a p p e a r m 1869,
t hus , c ons ul t i ng Cr e l l e ' s Journal a l one p r o wd e s onl y m-
c o mp l e t e r e s ul t s f or t h e m Ac c o r d i n g t o our bi bl i ogr a phy,
o t h e r i mp o r t a n t e a r l y p r o mo t e r s of Rmma nn' s i d e a s m t he
Ge r ma n - s p e a k i n g wo r l d we r e Cant or , De de kmd, Du Bol s-
Re ymond, Dur~ge, Hankel , Koe mgs be r ge r , Ne uma nn,
Schl af h, and, m [us l a t e r year s , Sc hot t ky i
I t a l y : E n t h u s i a s t i c A p p r e c i a t i o n o f R i e m a n n ' s W o r k
An ~mpressi ve pmt ur e of t he e xt e nt t o w[ uch Rmmann' s wo r k
wa s a ppr e c i a t e d m I t al y i s gwe n by a s i mi l ar s t udy of t he ref-
e r e nc e s t o [us wr i t i ngs m t he Annal~ dz Matematwa pura
ed apphcata, a j our na l whi c h pl a ye d an out s t andi ng r ol e m
t he dms e mma t i on of Ri emann' s t hought s As ear l y as 1859,
Enr i co Bet t l , who was t o b e c o me Ri e ma nn' s fri end, t r ans-
l at ed [us &s s e r t a t mn [Annalz 2 (1859), 288-304, 337-356], t o
whi c h he s o o n r e t u r n e d m an e x t e n s i v e a r t i c l e on t he t he-
or y of el l i pt i c f unc t i ons [Annah 3 (1860), 65--159, 298-310,
4 (1861), 26- 45, 57- 70, 297-336] I n t he s a me vol umes , we
al s o f i nd a r e p o r t by Bet t i on Ri e ma n n ' s t r e a t i s e c onc e r n-
mg t he p r o p a g a t i o n of p l a n a r mr wa v e s [Annah 3 (1860),
232-241], a nd a r e p o r t by Angel o Ge noc c [ u on Ri e ma nn' s
i nve s t i ga t i on of t he n u mb e r of p r i me s l e s s t ha n a gi ven
b o u n d [Annals 3 (1860), 52-59] I n a l a t e r vol ume of t he
s a me j o u r n a l [Annalz (2) 3 ( 1869- 70) , 309-326], we f i nd a
Fr e n c h t r a n s l a t i o n of Rmma nn' s h y p o t h e s e s on t he f oun-
da t i ons o f g e o me t r y by t he Fr e n c h ma t h e ma t i c i a n J ul e s
Houel , wh o t ypi c a l l y di d not p u b h s h [us t r a n s l a t mn i n a
Fr e n c h j our na l , b u t i n t heAnnah We s h o u l d al s o me n t i o n
Euge mo Be l t r a ml and Fe hc e Cas or at i , t he l at t er havmg al-
r e a dy p r e s e n t e d Rmmann' s t he or i e s m 1868 m a b o o k
[ Casor at i 1868] a nd m s peci al l e c t ur e s gi ven m Mi l an
[ Ar menant e & J ung 1869, Casor aU & Cr e mo n a 1869] I n we w
of t [us e xc e l l e nt mt r oduc t i on a nd t r ml - bl azmg, i t is not sur -
p n s mg t ha t Rmma nn' s t he or i e s we r e wi de l y known m I t al y,
and t hat t he y we r e quot ed m mo r e t ha n thu-ty ar t i cl es m t he
Annalz a l one up t o 1890 2 As t o Rmma nn' s own s t ays m It al y,
a nd ot he r f ol l owe r s of RI emann t her e, s e e t he ar t i cl es of
Bot t azznu, Dmudonn(!, Lena, Ne ue ns c hwa nde r , Scher mg,
Tnconu, Vol t er r a, a nd WeI1 ci t ed m t he bi bl i ogr a phy
F r a n c e : H e s i t a n t R e c e p t i o n
In France, the situalaon was ra(hcaUy different Skmmung
t hr ough t he pa ge s of t he Journal de Mathdmat~ques pures et
apphqudes e &t e d by J os eph Llouvllle, one f i nds al mos t no ref-
er ences t o R] emann' s paper s bef or e 1878, a nd m ot her Fr e nc h
pubhcat ~ons up t o 1880 t hey al so s e e m t o be r el aavel y s par s e
Fu r t h e r mo r e , a c e r t mn c nt ] c a l r e s e r v e a s t o t he us e f ul ne s s
of Rmma n n ' s me t h o d s qui t e of t e n c o me s t h r o u g h Bn o t a nd
Bouquet , f or i ns t a nc e , wr i t e i n t he f o r e wo r d t o t he s e c o n d
e di t i on o f t he i r Thdor~e des f onct wns ell~pt~ques [ Bnot &
Bouque t 1875, I f ]
In Cauchy's theory, the path of the ~mag~nary [complex]
vartable ~s characterized by the movement of a poi nt on
a plane To represent thosefunctzons whzch assume sev-
eral values f or the same value of the vamable, Rzemann
regarded the plane as f ormed of several sheets, supemm-
posed and welded together, ~n order to aUow the vartable
to pass f rom one sheet to another, wh~le t~avers~ng a con-
nect~ng [branch] hne The concept of a many-sheeted sur-
face presents some d~ffienlt~es, despzte the beautiful re-
sults whwh R~emann achieved by th~s method, ~t dzd not
seem to us to offer any advantage f or our own ob2ectwe
Cauchy's zdea ~s very suitable f or representing multi-
valued f unct wns, ~t ~s suffw~ent to 2ozn to the value of
the variable the corresponding value of the functzon, and
1For b~bl~ographrcal detatls on particular articles by these authors c~t~ng R~emann see [Neuenschwander 1996 131-232]
2The authors of other arttcles in the Annah containing references to R~emann are Ascoh Beltramt Casoratl Cesaro Chnstoffel Dtnl Ltpsch~tz Pascal Schlafh Schwarz
Tonelh Volterra etc For details see [Neuenschwander 1996]
20 THE MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCER
wh e n t he v a ~a b l e has des cr i bed a cl osed
c u r v e and t he val ue o f t he f u n c t w n has
t her eby changed, to ~ndzcat e t hzs change by
an ~ndex
Onl y Houel , me n t mn e d above, t r i e d qui t e
e a r l y t o p r o mo t e Rl e ma n n ' s ~deas, and, t o-
g e t h e r wi t h Ga s t o n Da r boux, he s e v e r a l Umes
d e p l o r e d t he i r not be i ng b e t t e r k n o wn m
Fr a n c e [ Gl s pe r t 1985, 386- 390 et p a s s i m] A
r e we w o f Houe l ' s p mn e e n n g b o o k m t hi s f i el d
[ Houel 1867-1874, pa r t s 1 a n d 2 (1867/68)] con-
c l u d e s wi t h t he f ol l owi ng, qui t e ms t r u c t we
p a s s a g e [Nouvel l es An n a l e s de Ma t h e ma -
t ~ques (2) 8 (1869), 136-143]
Ma y t he ~ecept wn o f th~s wo r k encourage t he
autho~ to keep h~s pr om~s e to g~ve us, zn a t hud
part~ an e x p o s z t wn o f Rz e ma n n ' s t heori es,
wh i c h up to n o w have been al mos t u n k n o wn
~n out count r y, and wh wh out nei ghbour s cul-
t wa t e uut h so mu c h ar dour and s ucces s ~
@
lO /
I n s pi t e of Houel ' s effort s, t he s i t uat i on m ~ s ~
France seems to have changed fundamentally
onl y af t er 1880, whe n a ne w ge ne r a t i on of
Fr e n c h ma t h e ma h c mn s t o o k over , t he mos t / ~ /
p r o mi n e n t a mong t he m we r e Henr i Pomc a r e ~
(1854-1912), Paul Appel l (1855-1930), Emi l e
Pl c a r d (1856-1941), a nd l ~douar d Go u r s a t
( 1858- 1936) Wi t h t he s e a u t h o r s t he r e c e p t mn
of t he wo r k s of Rmma nn' s f o l l o we r s ( mmnl y
Cl e b s c h a n d Fuc hs ) n o w b e g a n t o l e a d t o a
mo r e t h o r o u g h r e a d mg o f Rmma nn' s own wnt -
mg s - - a s n u me r o u s quot at i ons m t hei r pubhca-
t mns pr ove As a ma mf e s t a t ] on of t he mcr eas -
mg appr ecl aOon of Rmmann' s me t h o d s among
Fr e n c h ma t he ma t mmns at t hat t une, we ma y
t a ke t he f act t hat , m 1882, Ge or ge s Snnar t wr ot e
a di s s er t at aon of 123 pages, n o w a l mos t com-
pl et el y f or got t en, m whi c h he t r i ed t o acquai nt Fr e n c h mat h-
e ma t mmns w~th Rmmann' s f unct mn- t heor et ~cal t r eat i s es I n
SLmart' s mt r odue t mn, we f i nd t he f ol l owmg s t at ement , wt uch
c onf i r ms my own a s s e s s me n t [ Sunar t 1882, 1]
5~
d c . / 4 Y 3 7
g z/ / ,Z. / 7 3 J-
/ 1~ 3 .' ,/-,4-d 7
F, gur e 1 D, scuss, on and r epr esent at i on of a br anch poi nt of an al gebr ai c f unct , on
on a Rl emann sur f ace, t a k e n f r o m Rmma nn' s l ect ur es ,n t he s u mme r s e me s t e r of
1861 The r epr oduced page c o me s f r om a set of l ect ur e not es ma d e by Eduar d
Schul t z e w, t h annot at i ons by He r ma n n Ama n d u s Schwar z , , t ,s k e pt ,n t he Schwar z
Na c hl a s s a t t he Ar c hw d e r Ber | , n- Br andenbur g, schen Ak a d e m, e der W, ssenschaf t en
,n Ber l , n T h e r e ex, st s a s, m, l ar r e pr e s e nt a t mn m t he ( pr obabl y) or , g, nal not es by
Schul t z e wh, ch ar e n o w k e pt m t he Ra r e Bo o k and Manuscr , pt Li br ar y a t Col umb, a
Un, ver sl t y ,n Ne w Yo r k Bot h manuscr , pt s we r e d, scover ed by t he aut hor , in 1979
and 1986, r espect , vel y For f ur t her , nf or mat , on and a t r anscr , pbon of t he t ext , see
Ne u e n s c h wa n d e r 1988 and 1996, pp 7 5 f and 84, MS S and $s
Me mo i r s ~equ~res a k nowl e dge o f R w ma n n ~ a n s ur f ac e s
[ and t hus, f ~naUy, o f R~e mann' s o wn wr t t ~ngs ] , t he u s e
o f wh i c h has become s t a n d a r d at c e r t ai n Ge r ma n ur n-
wet s 1 t~ es
We k n o w t he ma g mf i c e n t r es ul t s whz e h Rz e ma n n a r r t v e d
at ~n hz s t wo Me mo i r s c onc e r nz ng t he gener al theo~?] o f
anal y t z e f u n c t w n s a n d t he t heor q o f Ab e h a n f u n c t w n s ,
but t he me t h o d s wh i c h he u s e d - - a n d e x p l a i n e d p e r h a p s
too suec~net l y- - - a~e not wel l k n o wn ~n F~ance [ ] At
t he s a me t zme, however , R~e ma n n ' s met hod c o n t i n u e s to
hav e ma n y adhe r e nt s ~n Ge r ma n y , ~t s er ves as a bas~s
f o r ma n y z mp o r t a n t p u b h c a t w n s by f a mo u s ge ome t e r s ,
s uc h as Koe mgs be r ge r , Carl N e w ma n n [s~c], Kl ezn,
Dedekz nd, Weber, Pr y m, Fuehs , et c The r e adi ng o f t hes e
Gr eat Br i t ai n: A For got t en I nt e r e s t
In c o n t r a s t t o wh a t i s k n o wn a b o u t t he r e c e p h o n of
Rmma nn' s t h e o r i e s m t he t hr e e c o u n t r i e s a l r e a d y s ur veyed,
t hei r r e c e p t i o n m Gr e a t Bn t mn i s ht t l e s t u d md Let me
t h e r e f o r e p r o v i d e a mo r e d e t ml e d a c c o u n t
I n Gr e a t Bn t mn Rmma nn' s t h e o r i e s s e e m t o have be-
c ome k n o wn a n d mo r e wi de l y d i s s e mi n a t e d onl y a f t e r hi s
de a t h One of t he f i r st Bnt mh ma t h e ma t i c i a n s who c i t e d
Rmma nn f r e que nt l y wa s Ar t hur Cayl ey, who, a l r e a d y m
1865/66, me n t i o n e d t he i nve s t i ga t i ons o f Cl e bs c h a nd
3Other scattered early ctta0ons of R~emann s wnttngs are to be found tn Bertrand Darboux Elhot Emmanuel Herm~te Jonqu~eres Jordan Mane and Tannery For
further informa00n see [Neuenschwander 1996]
VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3 1998 21
Rmma n n on Ab e h a n I nt e gr a l s m hi s p a p e r s on t he t r ans -
f o r ma t i o n a nd hi gher s mgul a r ] t ms of a pl a ne c ur ve Cayl ey
a l s o d i s c u s s e d Rmma n n ' s wo r k i n l a t e r y e a r s m gr e a t de-
t ml a nd wi t h a p p r e c mt mn Thi s c a n be s e e n f r om hi s not e
on Rmma nn' s p o s t h u mo u s l y p u b h s h e d e a r l y s t u d e n t p a p e r
on g e n e r a h z e d i nt e gr a t i on a n d di f f e r e nt mt mn (1880), o r
f r om hi s pr e s ] de nt ml a d d r e s s t o t he Bnt mh As s o c l a t mn f or
t he Ad v a n c e me n t of Sc i e nc e (1883) Ot he r e a r l y c ] t a t mns
of Rmma nn' s p a p e r s m Gr e a t Br i t ai n a r e by W Th o ms o n
(1867 i f ) a nd J C Ma xwe l l (1869 i f ) The y o c c u r m con-
n e c t i o n wi t h He l mhol t z ' s p a p e r s on v o r t e x mor t on a nd w~th
Lmt mg' s s t udms on t o p o l o g y
A f e w ye a r s l at er , W K Chf f or d, H J S Smi t h, a nd J W L
Gl ms h e r al s o t h o r o u g h l y a n a l y s e d Rmma nn' s p a p e r s and,
on s e v e r a l oc c a s i ons , e mp h a s i z e d t he i r gr e a t i mp o r t a n c e
Cl i f f or d, f or e xa mpl e , as e a r l y a s 1873, t r a n s l a t e d Rl e ma nn' s
f a mo u s p a p e r on t he h y p o t h e s e s whi c h l i e at t he b a s e of
g e o me t r y mt o Enghs h f or t he j o u r n a l Nat ur e , a nd m 1877
he p u b h s h e d hi s i nf l uent i al me mo i r on t he c a n o n ma l f or m
a n d dms e c t mn of a Rmma n n s ur f a c e I n No v e mb e r 1876
Smi t h, m hi s p r e s i d e n t i a l a d d r e s s On t he Pr e s e n t St at e a n d
Pr os pe c t s o f s o me B~anc he s o f Pu~e Ma t h e ma t z e s t o t he
Lo n d o n Ma t he ma t i c a l Socmt y, r e p o r t e d m de t ml on
Rmma n n ' s a c hi e ve me nt s , t a k mg mt o a c c o u n t a s we l l t he
n e wl y p u b h s h e d f r a g me n t s m Rmma nn' s Co l l e c t e d
Ma t he ma t i c a l Wor ks Smi t h' s e l a b o r a t e a d d r e s s s e e ms t o
ma r k a n gut ml h i g h p o mt i n t he a p p r e c mt mn of Rmma n n ' s
wo r k s m Gr e a t Bn t a m Be c a u s e Lt ha s not y e t b e e n s t ud-
md m t hi s c ont e xt , I wi l l t r e a t It he r e m mo r e de t ml
At t he b e g mn mg of hi s a d d r e s s Smi t h o u t l i n e d r e c e n t
p r o g r e s s m n u mb e r t h e o r y a n d m p a r t mu l a r t he mvest ~ga-
t mn s on t he n u mb e r of p r i me s l es s t ha n a gi ven b o u n d He
wr o t e [ Snut h 1876-77, 16-18]
As to out s o f t he ser~es o f t he p mme n u mb e r s
t hems el ves , t he adv anc e s~nce t he t z me o f Eu l e r has been
g~eat, z f we t h~nk o f t he d~f f z cul t y o f t he pr obl em, but ve~:y
s ma l l z f we c o mp a r e wh a t has been done wz t h wh a t st~U
r e ma i n s to do We ma y me n t i o n , ~n t he f i r s t pl ace, t he
unde mons t ~at e d, a n d ~ndeed congectu~al, t h e o r e ms o f
Ga u s s and Legend~e as to t he a s y mp t o t z c v al ue o f t he
numbe~ o f p r i me s ~nf er~or to a g~ven h m~ t x [ ] The
me mo i r o f Be r n h a r d R~e ma n n , "Ueber d~e An z a h l de~
P mmz a h l e n u n t e r e~ner gegebenen Gr os s e, " c o n t a i n s ( so
f a r as I a m a wa r e ) t he onl y t nvest zgat ~on o f t he a s y mp -
t ot w f r e q u e n c y o f t he p r i me s whz ch can be ~ega~ded as
~ g o r o u s [ ] No l ess ~mpo~t ant t han t he ~nves t z gahon
o f R~e mann, but appr oac hi ng t he p~obl em o f t he a s y mp -
t ot zc l aw o f t he s e ~ e s o f p ~ me s f l o r a a d~f f erent s~de, ~s
t he cel ebrat ed me moz r , "Sur l es No t a b l e s t bem~e~s , " by
M Tc hgby c he f [ ] The me t h o d o f M Tchdbychef , pr o-
f o u n d a n d ~n~m~table as st ~s, ~s ~n p o i n t o f f a c t o f a v e r y
e l e me n t a r y charact er, and zn t hzs respect c o n h a s t s
s t r ongl y w~t h t hat o f R~e mann, whz ch depends t h~ough-
out on v e r y a b s t r u s e t he or e ms o f t he I nt e gr al Cal cul us
Si mt h t hen we n t on t o s pe a k of s ome br a nc he s of anal y-
si s whi ch a p p e a r e d t o hnn t o pr oi ms e muc h f or t he unmed] -
at e f ut ur e Her e he f ocus s ed on t he a dva nc e me nt of t he
"Int egral Ca l c ul us " He ment mned, a mong ot her wor ks,
Rmmann' s me mo i r on t he h y p e r g e o me t n c s er i es and t he un-
f i ms hed me mo i r on hnear di f f er ent i al equat mus w~th al gebr mc
coef f i ci ent s I n domg so he s t r e s s e d t he "gr eat beaut y and ong-
maht y" of t h e ma n n ' s r eas onmg a nd t he "fert~hty of t he con-
cept l ons of Cauchy and of Rmma nn" I n hi s cl osi ng r e ma r ks
S~ut h de s c r i be d t he wor k of Enghsh mat hemat ] cmns m t he
fi el d dunng t he l as t t en year s, nanung a mong ot her s Gl msher,
Cayley, a nd Chf f or d He was c onvmc e d t hat not hmg so hi n-
de r e d t he pr ogr e s s of mat hemat mal s cmnce m Engl and as t he
wa nt of a dva nc e d t r eat i s es on ma t he ma t ma l subj ect s, and
t hat t her e ar e at l east t hree t ~eat ~ses wh i c h we g~eat l y
n e e d - - o n e on Def zn~t e I nt egr al s , one on t he Theor y o f
Fu n c t i o n s ~n t he s e ns e ~n wh i c h t hat p h r a s e zs unde r -
st ood by t he school o f Ca u c h y and o f R~e mann, and one
( t hough he s houl d be a bold ma n who woul d u n d e r t a k e
t he t as k) on t he Hyperel l ~pt ~c and Abel ~an I nt egr al s
Smi t h c a l l e d on hi s c ol l e a gue s t o c l os e t hi s gap, a nd t o
s o me e x t e n t t h e y di d 4
As e a r l y as a b o u t 1871 t he Bn t mh As s o c mt mn f or t he
Ad v a n c e me n t o f Sc mnc e s e t up a s p e c i a l Co mmi t t e e on
Ma t he ma t ] c a l Ta b l e s t o whi c h be l onge d, b e s i d e s Smi t h, A
Cayl ey, G G St oke s , W Thoms on, a n d J W L Gl ms he r The
p u r p o s e s f or wh i c h t he Co mmi t t e e wa s a p p o i n t e d we r e (1)
t o f or m a s c o mp l e t e a c a t a l ogue a s p o s s i b l e of e xmt mg
ma t h e ma t ma l t a bl e s , a nd (2) t o r e p n n t o r c a l c ul a t e t a b l e s
n e c e s s a r y f or t he p r o g r e s s of t he ma t h e ma t i c a l s c mn c e s
The Co mmi t t e e dec~ded t o be gm w~th t he f i r st t ask, a nd m
1873, p r e s e n t e d b y t he c a r e of Gl ms h e r a huge c a t a l ogue
of 175 p a g e s on ma t h e ma t i c a l t a b l e s wh i c h wa s p n n t e d i n
4In a letter addressed to I Todhunt er Smith g~ves a s~m~lar more dtrect and succinct estimate of the present state of Mathematics tn Great t3nta~n France and Germany
It proves once agatn how highly he regarded the wor k of Rlemann and We~erstrass But I so heartily agree wi th much or rather wi th most of your book [Conflict of
Studies 1873] that I should not have troubled you with this letter if it were not that I cannot whol l y subscnbe t o your estimate of the present state of Mathemattcs
All that we have one may say comes t o us from Cambndge f or Dubhn has not of late qutte kept up the promtse she once gave Further I do not th~nk that we have
anything t o blush f or ~n a companson wtth France but France ~s at the l owest ebb ~s consci ous that she ~s so and ~s making great efforts t o recover her lost place
~n Sci ence
Again ~n M~xed Mathemati cs I do not know whom we need fear Adams Stokes Maxwel l Ta~t Thomson w~ll do to put against any hst even though ~t may con-
ta~n Helmholtz and Claus~us
But ~n Pure Mathemati cs I must say that I th~nk we are beaten out of s~ght by Germany and I have al ways felt that the Quarterly Journal ~s a m~serable spectacl e
as compared with Crelle [ s Journal] or even Clebsch and Neumann [Mathemat~sche Annalen] Cayl ey and Sylvester have had the hon s share of the modern Algebra
(but even ~n Algebra the whol e of the modern theory of equations substttut~ons etc is French and German) But what has England done rn Pure Geometry in the
Theory of Numbers ~n the Integral Calculus ? What a tnfle the symbol i c methods whi ch have been devel oped ~n England are compared w~th such wor k as that of
Rlemann and Weterstrass~ [H J S Smith Collected Mathematical Papers Introduction Vol 1 Ixxxv-l xxxw]
2 2 THE MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCER
z l ~ t l s
,-. 5
P
. s : . ~.=+1 , s ~ - - - ! $ = 6
= ~ , 2 = ~ :,-~-o
F~gure 2 D~scussmn and r epr esent at mn of t he br anch poi nt s of t he Rmma nn sur f ace
de f me d by t h e equat , on s ~ - s + z = O f r o m Casor at Cs not es of c onv e r s a t mns w, t h
Gust av Roch m Dr esden =n Oc t o b e r 1864 The not es c ompr i s e 12 numbe r e d pages At
t he end t he y gwe s o me mf or ma t mn on h=s e nc ount e r w=th Roch ( Oc t o b e r 8 - 1 3 ) and
Casor at Cs w=shes t o have a c opy of R~emann' s l ect ur es The l ast p a g e r epr oduced
a b o v e f r om Casor at , ' s not es of c onv e r s a t mns w, t h Roch cont ai ns o n e of t he f i r st
s c he ma t m r epr esent at i ons of a R=emann sur f ace in c r os s - s e c t i on ( " Sezl one nor mal e
al l e f r ont e" ) and v, ewed f r om a b o v e ( "Vedut a d= f r ont e") outs=de R, e ma nn' s own ma n-
uscnpt s Such r epr esent at mns l at er b e c a me ver y w, despr ead, a s can be seen f r om
s=m~lar dr awi ngs m Ne uma nn 1865, Houe l 1 8 6 7 - 1 8 7 4 Chf f or d 1877, Bo b e k 1884,
Ams t e m 1889, et c Thi s wa y of r epr esent i ng a R~emann sur f ace goe s b a c k m f a c t t o
R~emann h~mself, as can n o w be r ef er r ed f r om page 5 2 f r om Schul t z e' s l ect ur e not es,
whmh =s pubhshed her e f o r t he f i r st t , me ( Casor at Cs c onv e r s a t mn not es we r e d, s-
cover ed, st udmd, and m par t edi t ed by t he a ut hor dur i ng r esear ch m Pa wa f r om Spri ng
1976 o n wa r d s ) For f ur t her mf or ma t mn on Casor at Cs not es and t he Casorat = Nachl ass,
see Ne u e n s c h wa n d e r 1978, especi al l y pp 4, 19, 73 f f
t he a nnua l Report of the Br~ t~sh Assoc~a t~on I n 1875 a con-
t mu a t mn o f t i us r e p o r t wa s p r e s e n t e d , c o mp i l e d b y Ca yl e y
I t i nc l ude d, u n d e r t he h e a d i n g "Ar t 1 DlvTsors a n d Pr i me
Numbe r s , " n e w a ddi t i ona l r e f e r e n c e s t o t he t a bl e of t he f r e-
q u e n c y o f p r i me s i n Ga u s s ' s Collected Works a nd t o t he r e-
l a t e d a p p r o x mmt e f o r mu l a e b y Ga u s s a nd Le ge ndr e Bot h
r e p o r t s c o n t a me d no r e f e r e n c e t o Rmma nn' s f a mo u s p a p e r
on p r i me n u mb e r s I t ts onl y me n t i o n e d m laterAssoc~atwn
Reports on Ma t he ma t i c a l Ta bl e s (1877 ff ), a nd m a s e r i e s
of p a p e r s on t he e n u me r a t i o n of t he p r i me s a nd on f act or
t abl es whi ch Gl msher p r e s e n t e d t o t he Ca mbmdge
Ph i l o s o p h i c a l Soci et y, t he f i r st one be i ng r e a d on De c e m-
b e r 4, 1876 I n t he s e p a p e r s Gl a l s he r t h a n k e d
Smi t h f or hi s he l p on t he r e l e va nt ht e r a t ur e ,
a n d m a not e r e f e r r e d e x p h c l t l y b a c k t o
Smi t h' s a b o v e - me n t i o n e d a d d r e s s t o t he
Lo n d o n Ma t he ma t i c a l So c mt y m No v e mb e r
1876 f or specf f i c r e f e r e n c e s
Fur t he r der ai l s on t he ve r y i nt ens e l at er sci -
ent i f i c mt e r c ha nge b e t we e n Snut h and
Gl ms her a nd t hei r c o mmo n adm~rat l on f or
Rmmann can be ga t he r e d f r om Gl msher ' s
I nt r oduc t i on t o t us e(fi t l on of Snut h' s Collected
Mathematical Papens a n d f r om Smi t h' s pa-
p e r s t h e ms e l v e s 5 Fr o m 1877 o n wa r d s J W L
Gl ms he r ' s f a t he r J a me s wa s e n g a g e d m t he
p r o j e c t of t he c o n s t r u c t mn of f a c t o r t a bl e s of
n u mb e r s f r om 3,000,000 up t o 6,000,000, a nd
he onc e agai n d o c u me n t e d t he r e by t he gr eat
s upe r i or i t y of Rmmann' s f or mul a f or t he num-
be r s of pr i me s as c o mp a r e d wi t h t hos e of
Legendr e and Tc he byc he f f J a me s Gl ms her ' s
t abl es we r e ci t ed m t het r t t u] l by var i ous mat h-
e ma t mt a ns m Scandmav~an c o u n t r i e s ( Opper -
ma n n 1882 f , Gr a m 1884 f f , Lor enz 1891),
wh e r e Rmma n n ' s f u n c t mn - t h e o r e t ma l wo r k
h a d a l r e a d y e x c i t e d i n t e r e s t bef or e, as i s
s h o wn b y t he p u b l i c a t i o n s of Bons dor f f ,
Ml t t ag- Lef f l er , a nd s o me o t h e r s Mor eover , m
1884 W W J o h n s o n p u b h s h e d a de t a i l e d ac-
c o u n t of J a me s Gl a l s he r ' s f a c t o r t a b l e s a nd
t he d l s t n b u t mn of p r i me s m t he Ame r i c a n
j o u r n a l Annals of Mathemahcs, wh i c h mt r o-
d u c e d Rmma nn' s mv e s t i g a t mn s a nd t he wo r k
of t he Br i t i s h ma t h e ma t l c t a n s m t he Ne w
Wor l d
Fi nal l y, a t t e nt i on s h o u l d be pr od t o
An d r e w Rus s el l For s yt h, wh o we n t t o l i ve m
t he t o wn of Ca mb r i d g e a n d s t u d i e d not hi ng
b u t ma t h e ma t ms m t he s a me year , 1876, t ha t
Smi t h a n d Gl ms he r s t a r t e d t o d r a w a t t e n t mn
t o Rl e ma n n ' s wo r k I n hi s o b i t u a r y not i ce,
E T Wh i t t a k e r d e s c r i b e d Fo r s y t h ' s Theory of
Functwns (1893) as h a wn g h a d a g r e a t e r i n-
f l uence on Br i t i s h ma t h e ma t i c s t h a n a ny wo r k s i nc e
Ne wt o n ' s Pnnc~p,a Ac c or di ng t o Wh i t t a k e r [1942, 218],
p e r h a p s t he mo s t or i gi nal f e a t ur e of th~s wo r k wa s t he
me l di ng of t he t h r e e me t h o d s a s s o c mt e d wi t h t he n a me s
of Cauchy, Rmma nn, a n d We mr s t r a s s , wh i c h m t he cont i -
ne nt a l b o o k s we r e r e g a r d e d a s s e p a r a t e b r a n c h e s of mat h-
e ma t l c s Fu r t h e r mo r e , one c a n r e a d m t he Royal Soc mt y
Bmgr a phl c a l Me mo i r of He nr y F r e d e r i c k Ba k e r by W V D
Hodge t hat Fo r s y t h " r e nde r e d Ca mb n d g e ma t h e ma t i c s
gr e a t s e r vi c e by hi s ef f or t s t o b n n g a b o u t c l o s e r c o- ope r a -
t i on b e t we e n ma t he ma t ~c i a ns m t hi s c o u n t r y a n d t h o s e on
t he c ont i ne nt of Eur ope , a nd he ma d e i t e a s mr f or h~s
5In addi ti on t o Smi t h s London address d~scussed above see also h~s paper On the ~ntegrat~on of d~scont~nuous functions [1875) w=th a deta=led analys~s of R~emann s
memoi r on t he representati on of a functi on by a t ngonomet nc senes h~s paper On some discontinuous senes considered by R~ernann (1881) and h~s Memoir on the
Theta and Omega Functsons whi ch was wnt t en t o accompany t he Tabl es of t he Thet a Functions cal cul ated by J W L Gla~sher
JOLUME 20 NUMBER 3 1998 2 3
successors, mclu(hng Baker, to get the full benefit of the
work of the great German mast ers of the late nmet eent h
cent ur y"
As can be seen from W[uttaker' s obituary notice and
Forsyt h' s own recol l ect i ons of his undergraduat e days
[Forsyth 1935], there is a defimte link bet ween Forsyt h' s
later work m compl ex analysis and [us early studies in
Cambridge, where he came mto repeat ed cont act w~th
Glmsher, Cayley, and the works of Smith, who taught at
Oxford Cayley and Glmsher were also to be very instru-
ment al in Forsyt h' s career in pure mat hemat i cs and helped
[urn to overcome that "Cambridge atmosphere" m which
"all were reared to graduat i on on apphed mat hemat i cs ,,6
Accorchng to Whittaker, it was Glmsher who suggest ed to
Forsyt h that he write his fLrst book, the Tr e at i s e on d~f-
f e r e nt ~al e q u a t wn s (1885) His first two principal memoi rs
on t het a functions (1881/1883) and on Abel' s t heorem and
Abehan functions (1882/1884) were present ed by Cayley,
on the other hand, to the Royal Society In the first mem-
oir Forsyt h gives a list of 22 prmci pal papers in the field,
mcluchng among others Rmmann' s Theor t e de r Abel s chen
F u n c t w n e n as well as twelve other papers by the German
mat hemat i ci ans Jacobi, Rlchelot, Rosenhmn, Gopel,
Wemrstrass, Koemgsberger, Kummer, Borchardt, and
Weber The second memoi r on Abel' s t heorem and Abehan
functions contained a large section on Wemrst rass' s ap-
proach, which clearly shows that around 1882 Forsyt h was
al ready fully aware of the achievements of the German
mat hemat i ci ans in this field
Concl usi on
These bibhograplucal mvestlgaUons make it evident that
Rmmann' s ideas were more posltavely accept ed m Great
Britain, apparently even earher, than m France It seems they
were among the more important stimuh wluch, through the
efforts of Cayley, Clifford, Slmth, Glmsher, et c, later led to
the flounshmg of Enghsh pure mathematacs and function
theory under Hobson, Forsyth, Mathews, Baker, Barnes,
Hardy, IAttlewood, T~tchmarsh, and many others In England
and Italy Rmmann' s theories entered open t emt ori es, where
they found mathematmal commumtms eager to catch up m
pure mathematics In England this interest served to
broaden to the "Cambridge atmosphere," which was nearly
totally oriented towards natural philosophy and apphed
mathematics, m Italy it fitted m w~th a desire to built up a
modern mathematical education for the newly founded na-
tion (cf Neuenschwander 1986) In France, on the other
hand, Riemann' s ideas first faced a cold receptaon from the
well-estabhshed tradition of Cauchy and Briot & Bouquet
Allowing for a certmn politically mot i vat ed enthusiasm,
Welerstrass was therefore probabl y right when, m a l et t er
to Casorati dat ed 25 March 1867 (written m the early pe-
riod before the publication of Rmmann' s Collected
Mathematical Works m 1876), he especially emphasized
Italy' s role m the dissemination of Rmmann' s ideas In that
letter (see [Neuenschwander 1978, 72]) 7 he writes
The h a p p y r~se o f s c wn c e ~n y o u r f a t h e r l a n d wall n o wh e r e
el se be f o l l o we d wz t h mor e vz vz d z nt e r e s t t han her e z n
Nor t h Ge r ma n y , and y ou ma y be c e r t a i n t hat t he State
o f I t al y has n o wh e r e else so ma n y s~ncere and d~s~nter-
est ed f r i e n d s Wzt h pleca~ure we are t heref ore r eady to con-
t ~nue t he al l i ance bet ween y ou and u s - - w h w h ~n t he po-
l ~t wal f i e l d has had s uch good resul t s- - - al so ~n s cwnce, so
t hat al so ~n t hat a~ea t he bar r i e r s ma y mo r e and mor e be
overcome, w~t h w h w h u n h a p p y pol i t i c s has f o r so l ong sep-
arat ed t wo gener al l y congeni al n a t w n s The pape~ whz c h
you s e nt to me pr ov e s to me once agai n t hat our s c i e n t i f i c
e nde av our s ar e bet t er under s t ood and appreczat ed ~n I t al y
t han ~n F~ance and Engl and, par t z c ul ar l y ~n t he l at t er
count r y, wh e r e an o v e r wh e l mi n g f o r ma h s m t hr eat ens to
s t i f l e a n y f e e l z ng f o r deeper ~nvest~gat~on How s~gn~f i cant
~t ~s t hat o u r R wma n n , whos e l oss we c annot s u f f i c i e n t l y
deplore, ~s st ud~ed and honour ed out s i de Ge r many , onl y
~n I t al y, ~n Fr a n c e he ~s c e r t ai nl y acknowl edged e x t e r nal l y
but l~ttle underst ood, and ~n En g l a n d [ at l east before 1867],
he has r e ma i n e d al mos t u n k n o wn
No t e a d d e d t n p r o o f In a recent issue of this j ournal
(vol 19, no 4, Fall 1997) there appeared an article by
Jeremy Gray w[uch gives the reader a very welcome sum-
mary m Enghsh of Riemaim' s i nt roduct ory lectures on gen-
eral compl ex analysis Gray' s paper is largely based on my
preprmt R~ e ma n n s Vor l es ungen z u r Fu n k t ~o n e n t h e o me
Al l ge me ~ne r Te~l, Darmstadt 1987 and on Roch 1863/65
(cf Neuenschwander 1996, p 15) but does not mention the
substantially expanded version which appeared m Sprmg
1996 and which has been revi ewed m MR 97d 01041 and
Zbl 844 01020 The published version also contams, be-
sides what was m the original prepnnt , the above-men-
tioned extensive bibliography of papers and treatises that
were influenced by Rmmann' s work, as well as a list of all
known lecture notes of [us courses on compl ex analysis
From this list [Neuenschwander 1996, 81 ff ], one can in-
fer that Cod Ms Rmmann 37 compri ses notes of three dif-
ferent courses (not j ust one, as suggest ed by Gray), and its
first part is t hereby quite easily dat abl e to the Winter se-
mest er 1855/56 On page 111 of Cod Ms Rmmann 37 one
6Accordtng to Forsyth s own recollecttons as early as h~s student years he t ook an exceptional ~nterest tn pure mathematics and went for one term in hts third year to
Cayley s lectures where at the beginning the very word plunged him ~nto complete bewilderment From other passages of Forsyth s recollections one may see that
already at that t~me he made h~s first timid ventures outside the range of Cambridge textbooks and ploughed through among others a large part of Durege s Elhpt~sche
Funct~onen Further details may be gathered from the following personal confession by Forsyth Something of d~fferenttal equations beyond mere examples the ele
merits of Jacobean elhpttc functtons and the mathemattcs of Gauss s method of least squares I had learnt from Glatsher s lectures and by worktng at the matter of
the one course by Cayley whtch had been attended I began to understand that pure mathemattcs was more than a collectton of random tools matnly fashioned for
use ~n the Cambndge treatment of natural phtlosophy Otherwtse very nearly the whole of such knowledge of pure mathematics as ~s m~ne began to be acquired only
after my Tnpos degree In that Cambndge atmosphere we a l l were reared to graduation on applied mathematics [Forsyth 1935 172]
7Nottce that h~s charactertzatton of the s~tuat~on ~n England ts strtktngly stm~lar to that of Smtth (see note 4) or Forsyth (see note 6)
2 4 THE MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCER
AUTHOI
ERWIN NEUENSCHWANDER
Instrtut fur Mathemattk
Abt Re~ne Mathemabk
Un~vers~tat Zunch-lrchel
Wtnterthurerstrasss 190
8057 Zunch Switzerland
Erw~n Neuenschwander ts Professor of the History of
Mathematics at the University of Zurich He took his degrees
under B L van der Waerden ~n Zurich He has published sev-
eral papers on ancient, medieval, and n~neteenth-century
mathematics, and especially on Rtemann, to whom h~s latest
book ~s devoted Dunng the pest couple of years, he has also
taken an ~nterest ~n the h~story of the other exact so|ences and
on the ~nteracttons between science, philosophy, and society
The p~cture shows h~m before the t omb of Rtemann at Selesca
(near Verban~a, Italy) on the occes~on of the Verban~a R~emann
Memonal Conference ~n July 1991
reads "Fortsetzung ;m Sommersemester 1856 [Continua-
tion m the Summer semester of 1856]," and on page 193 of
the same manuscript "Theone der Functmnen complexer
Groigen mlt besonderer Anwendung auf die Gauf~'sche
Re;he F(a,/3, % x) und verwandte Transcendenten Winter-
semester 1856/57" Furthermore, ;t should be noted that
Rmmann' s lectures on general complex analys;s developed
gradually from 1855 to 1861 [Neuenschwander 1996, 11 f ],
and that m 1861 he also treated We|erstrass' s factonzatmn
theorem for enUre functions w;th prescribed zeros, intro-
ducing to th;s end logarithms as convergence-producing
terms [Neuenschwander 1996, 62-65], which ;s quite re-
markable, although not mentioned by Gray 1997
Acknowl edgment s
I am indebted to Robert B Burckel (Manhattan, Kansas),
Ivor Grattan-Gumness (Enfield), and Samuel J Patterson
(Gottmgen) for various suggestmns concernmg both con-
tent and language The present art;cle was written under a
grant from the Swiss National Foundation
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25 THE MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCER