LIPIDS

PETER S. AZNAR, M.D., F.P.S.P.

Triglycerides (TG)
Main form of lipid storage

Transported mainly as chylomicron and
VLDL

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Good Cholesterol

Transports cholesterol from the cell to the
liver

Alpha pattern in lipoprotein electrophoresis
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Apolipoprotein A is the major protein portion
of HDL

Smallest transport protein
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Bad Cholesterol

Transports cholesterol to the cell

Beta pattern in lipoprotein electrophoresis

Apolipoprotein B is the major protein portion of
LDL
Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
Transports endogenous triglycerides

Pre-beta on electrophoretic pattern

Apolipoprotein C is the major protein
portion of VLDL

Chylomicron
Largest transport protein

Transports mainly TG
Cholesterol
Rate limiting enzyme: HMG CoA reductase

Methods: Liebermann-Buchard (green color)
Salkowski (red color)

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
Origin Gut Liver VLDL Liver, gut,
intravascular
metabolism
Density (g/ml
-1
) 0.94 0.94-1.006 1.019-1.063 1.063-1.21
Electrophoretic
mobility
Origin Pre-beta Beta Alpha
Major
apoproteins
B-48, C, E B-100, C, E B-100 A-1, A-11,C, E
Protein 1% 10% 20% 50%
Major lipids TG (90%) TG (90%) Cholesterol
(50%)
Phospholipids
(25%)
Function Transport of
dietary TG
Transport of
endogenous
TG
Transport of
cholesterol
esters
Reverse
cholesterol
transport

Normal
HDL
VLDL
LDL
= Point of application
Chylomicrons

Pre

Formula for VLDL:

VLDL = TG
5
Friedewalds formula:
LDL=Total cholesterol VLDL HDL.

Note: Cannot be used if TG value is over
400

Preparation for lipid profile must fast
for at least 12 hours
Troubleshooting for lipemic serum:
Ultracentrifugation

Blanking methods

Analyte Reference Range
Total cholesterol <200 mg/dL
HDL Cholesterol 35-75 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol 57-130 mg/dL
Triglyceride <200 mg/dL

Adult Reference Ranges for Lipids

Note: If TG is more than 1,000 patient is
susceptible to pancreatitis.

Xanthoma
a benign lesion on composed of lipid laden
foam cells, which are histiocytes containing
cytoplasmic lipid material
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