Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Summer (DST)
not observed (UTC)
Drives on the left
Calling code
+267
ISO 3166 code BW
Internet TLD
.bw
Botswana /btswn/, officially the Republic of Botswana (Tswana: Lefatshe la Botswana),
is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to thems
elves as Batswana (singular: Motswana).[5]Formerly the British protectorate of B
echuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the
Commonwealth on 30 September 1966.[6]Since then, it has maintained a strong tra
dition as a stable representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninter
rupted democratic elections.
Geographically, Botswana is flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being t
he Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, N
amibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zam
bia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but at most is a few hundred m
etres long.[7]
A mid-sized country of just over two million people, Botswana is one of the most
sparsely populated nations in the world. Around 10 percent of the population li
ves in the capital and largest city, Gaborone. Once one of the poorest countries
in the world with a GDP per capita of about US$70 per year in the late 1960s Bo
tswana has since transformed itself into one of the fastest-growing economies in
the world, now boasting a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about $16
,400 per year as of 2013.[1] Its high gross national income (by some estimates t
he fourth-largest in Africa) gives the country a modest standard of living and t
he highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa.[8]
Botswana is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Development Comm
unity, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. Despite its politica
l stability and relative socioeconomic prosperity, the country is among the hard
est hit by HIV/AIDS epidemic, with around a quarter of the population estimated
to be infected.[9]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Ecology
2.2 Environmental problems
3 Politics and government
3.1 Foreign relations and military
4 Administrative divisions
5 Economy
5.1 Gemstones and precious metals
6 Demographics
6.1 Language
6.2 Religion
7 Culture
7.1 Music
7.2 Visual arts
7.3 Food
7.4 Sports
8 Education
9 Health
9.1 HIV/AIDS epidemic
10 Tourism
11 See also
12 Notes and references
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of Botswana
In the 19th century, hostilities broke out between Tswana inhabitants of Botswan
a and Ndebele tribes who were making incursions into the territory from the nort
h-east. Tensions also escalated with the Dutch Boer settlers from the Transvaal
to the east. After appeals by the Batswana leaders Khama III, Bathoen and Sebele
for assistance, the British Government put Bechuanaland under its protection on
31 March 1885.[10] The northern territory remained under direct administration
as the Bechuanaland Protectorate and is modern-day Botswana, while the southern
territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest provin
ce of South Africa. The majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South
Africa.
When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 out of the main British coloni
es in the region, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (now Lesotho) and Sw
aziland (the High Commission Territories) were not included, but provision was m
ade for their later incorporation. However, their inhabitants began to be consul
ted by the UK, and although successive South African governments sought to have
the territories transferred, the UK kept delaying; consequently, it never occurr
ed. The election of the Nationalist government in 1948, which instituted aparthe
id, and South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1961, ended any prosp
ect of incorporation of the territories into South Africa. An expansion of Briti
sh central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the 1920
establishment of two advisory councils to represent both Africans and Europeans
. Proclamations in 1934 regulated tribal rule and powers. A European-African adv
isory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consul
tative legislative council.
In June 1964, the UK accepted proposals for a democratic self-government in Bots
wana. The seat of government was moved in 1965 from Mafikeng in South Africa, to
the newly established Gaborone, which sits near its border. The 1965 constituti
on led to the first general elections and to independence on 30 September 1966.
Seretse Khama, a leader in the independence movement and the legitimate claimant
to the Ngwato chiefship, was elected as the first President, going on to be reelected twice.
The presidency passed to the sitting Vice-President, Quett Masire, who was elect
ed in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from
office in 1998, and was succeeded by Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own r
ight in 1999 and re-elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to Ian Khama
(son of the first President), who had been serving as Mogae's Vice-President sin
ce resigning his position in 1998 as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force to
take up this civilian role.
A long-running dispute over the northern border with Namibia's Caprivi Strip was
the subject of a ruling by the International Court of Justice in December 1999,
which ruled that Kasikili Island belongs to Botswana.[11]
Geography[edit]
Main articles: Geography of Botswana and Climate of Botswana
A lechwe in the Okavango Delta
At 581,730 km2 (224,607 sq mi) Botswana is the world's 48th-largest country. It
is comparable in size to Madagascar or France. It lies between latitudes 17 and 2
7S, and longitudes 20 and 30E.
The country is predominantly flat, tending toward gently rolling tableland. Bots
wana is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 70% of its land sur
face. The Okavango Delta, one of the world's largest inland deltas, is in the no
rthwest. The Makgadikgadi Pan, a large salt pan, lies in the north.
The Limpopo River Basin, the major landform of all of southern Africa, lies part
ly in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, the Notwane, Bonwapitse, Mah
alapswe, Lotsane, Motloutse and the Shashe, located in the eastern part of the c
ountry. The Notwane provides water to the capital through the Gaborone Dam. The
Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia
's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place calle
d Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makol
olo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia).
Ecology[edit]
Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and des
ert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where Blue Wildebeest, antelopes,
and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few rema
ining large populations of the endangered African Wild Dog. Chobe National Park,
found in the Chobe District, has the world's largest concentration of African e
lephants. The park covers about 11,000 km2 (4,247 sq mi) and supports about 350
species of birds.
The Chobe National Park and Moremi Game Reserve (in the Okavango Delta) are majo
r tourist destinations. Other reserves include the Central Kalahari Game Reserve
located in the Kalahari desert in Ghanzi District; Makgadikgadi Pans National P
ark and Nxai Pan National Park are in Central District in the Makgadikgadi Pan.
Mashatu Game Reserve is privately owned: located where the Shashe River and Limp
opo River meet in eastern Botswana. The other privately owned reserve is Mokolod
i Nature Reserve near Gaborone. There are also specialised sanctuaries like the
Khama Rhino Sanctuary (for Rhinoceros) and Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (for Flamingos
). They are both located in Central District.
Environmental problems[edit]
A baobab tree (Adansonia digitata)
Botswana faces two major environmental problems: drought and desertification. Th
e desertification problems predominantly stem from the severe times of drought i
n the country. Three quarters of the country's human and animal populations depe
nd on groundwater due to drought. Groundwater use through deep borehole drilling
has somewhat eased the effects of drought. Surface water is scarce in Botswana
and less than 5% of the agriculture in the country is sustainable by rainfall. I
n the remaining 95% of the country, raising livestock is the primary source of r
ural income. Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazin
g, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil
erosion of the country.[12]
Since raising livestock has proven to be profitable for the people of Botswana,
the land continues to be exploited. The animal populations have continued to dra
matically increase. From 1966 to 1991 the livestock population has increased fro
m 1.7 million to 5.5 million.[12]:64 Similarly, the human population has increas
ed from 574,000 in 1971 to 1.5 million in 1995, nearly a 200% increase. "Over 50
% of all households in Botswana own cattle, which is currently the largest singl
e source of rural income." "Rangeland degradation or desertification is regarded
as the reduction in land productivity as a result of overstocking and overgrazi
ng or as a result of veld product gathering for commercial use. Degradation is e
xacerbated by the effects of drought and climate change."[12] Environmentalists
report that the Okavango Delta is drying up due to the increased grazing of live
stock.[13] The Okavango Delta is one of the major semi-forested wetlands in Bots
wana and one of the largest inland deltas in the world; it is a crucial ecosyste
m to the survival of many animals.[13]
The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a
est sovereign credit rating in Africa and has stockpiled foreign exchange reserv
es (over $7 billion in 2005/2006) amounting to almost two and a half years of cu
rrent imports.
An array of financial institutions populates the country's financial system, wit
h pension funds and commercial banks being the two most important segments by as
set size. Banks remain profitable, well-capitalised, and liquid, as a result of
growing national resources and high interest rates.[21]
Botswana's competitive banking system is one of Africa's most advanced.[clarific
ation needed] Generally adhering to global standards in the transparency of fina
ncial policies and banking supervision, the financial sector provides ample acce
ss to credit for entrepreneurs.[citation needed] The opening of Capital Bank in
2008 brought the total number of licensed banks to eight.[citation needed] The g
overnment is involved in banking through state-owned financial institutions and
a special financial incentives program that is aimed at increasing Botswana's st
atus as a financial centre.[citation needed] Credit is allocated on market terms
, although the government provides subsidised loans.[citation needed] Reform of
non-bank financial institutions has continued in recent years, notably through t
he establishment of a single financial regulatory agency that provides more effe
ctive supervision.[citation needed] The government has abolished exchange contro
ls, and with the resulting creation of new portfolio investment options, the Bot
swana Stock Exchange is growing.[citation needed]
Botswana's trading partners in 2004.
The constitution prohibits the nationalisation of private property and provides
for an independent judiciary, and the government respects this in practice. The
legal system is sufficient to conduct secure commercial dealings, although a ser
ious and growing backlog of cases prevents timely trials. The protection of inte
llectual property rights has improved significantly. Botswana is ranked second o
nly to South Africa among sub-Saharan Africa countries in the 2009 International
Property Rights Index.
While generally open to foreign participation in its economy, Botswana reserves
some sectors for citizens. Increased foreign investment plays a significant role
in the privatisation of state-owned enterprises. Investment regulations are tra
nsparent, and bureaucratic procedures are streamlined and open, although somewha
t slow. Investment returns such as profits and dividends, debt service, capital
gains, returns on intellectual property, royalties, franchise's fees, and servic
e fees can be repatriated without limits.
Botswana imports refined petroleum products and electricity from South Africa. T
here is some domestic production of electricity from coal. In spite of one of th
e highest insolation levels in the world, Botswana has no significant solar ener
gy capacity.
Gemstones and precious metals[edit]
In Botswana, the Department of Mines and Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water
Resources, led by Hon Onkokame Kitso Mokaila in Gaborone, maintains data regardi
ng mining throughout the country. Debswana, the largest diamond mining company o
perating in Botswana, is 50% owned by the government.[22] The mineral industry p
rovides about 40% of all government revenues.[23] In 2007, significant quantitie
s of uranium were discovered, and mining was projected to begin by 2010. Several
international mining corporations have established regional headquarters in Bot
swana, and prospected for diamonds, gold, uranium, copper, and even oil, many co
ming back with positive results. Government announced in early 2009 that they wo
uld try to shift their economic dependence on diamonds, over serious concern tha
t diamonds are predicted to dry out in Botswana over the next twenty years.
Botswanas Orapa mine is the largest diamond mine in the world in terms of value a
nd quantity of carats produced annually.[citation needed] Estimated to produce o
ver 11 million carats in 2013, with an average price of $145/carat, the Orapa mi
ne is estimated to produce over $1.6 billion worth of diamonds in 2013.[24]
Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Botswana
A girl in the Okavango Delta.
The Tswana are the majority ethnic group in Botswana, making up 79% of the popul
ation. The largest minority ethnic groups are the BaKalanga, San or AbaThwa also
known as Basarwa. Other tribes are Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero and Bak
galagadi. In addition, there are small numbers of whites and Indians, both group
s being roughly equally small in number. Botswana s Indian population is made up
of many Indian-Africans of several generations, from Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzani
a, Mauritius, South Africa, and so on, as well as first generation Indian immigr
ants. The white population speaks English and Afrikaans and makes up roughly 3%
of the population.
Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the number
of Zimbabweans in Botswana has risen into the tens of thousands.[25]
Fewer than 10,000 San are still living the traditional hunter-gatherer style of
life. Since the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been trying to
move San out of their lands.[26] The UN s top official on indigenous rights, Pro
f. James Anaya, condemned Botswana s actions toward the San in a report released
in February 2010.[27][28]
Language[edit]
Main articles: Languages of Botswana and Setswana
The official language of Botswana is English although Setswana is widely spoken
across the country. In Setswana, prefixes are more important than they are in ma
ny other languages. These prefixes include Bo, which refers to the country, Ba,
which refers to the people, Mo, which is one person, and Se which is the languag
e. For example, the main tribe of Botswana is the Tswana people, hence the name
Botswana for its country. The people as a whole are Batswana, one person is a Mo
tswana, and the language they speak is Setswana. Other languages spoken in Botsw
ana include Kalanga (sekalanga), Sarwa (sesarwa), Ndebele, !X and in some parts Af
rikaans.
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in Botswana
Religion in Botswana (Pew Research)[29]
religion
percent
Protestant
66%
None
20%
Catholic
7%
Folk
6%
Other
1%
An estimated 70% of the country s citizens identify themselves as Christians. An
glicans, Methodists, and the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa mak
e up the majority of Christians. There are also congregations of Lutherans, Bapt
ists, the Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Roman Catholics, Seventh-day Advent
ists, Mormons and Jehovah s Witnesses in the country. In Gabrone, there is a Lut
heran History Centre which is open to the public.
According to the 2001 census, the country has around 5,000 Muslims, mainly from
South Asia, 3,000 Hindus and 700 Baha is. Approximately 20% of citizens espouse
no religion. Religious services are well attended in both rural and urban areas.
[30]
Culture[edit]
Dance at a cultural day
Main article: Culture of Botswana
A rondavel at a lodge near the Kalahari Desert.
Besides referring to the language of the dominant people groups in Botswana, Set
swana is the adjective used to describe the rich cultural traditions of the Bats
wana-whether construed as members of the Tswana ethnic groups or of all citizens
of Botswana. The Scottish writer Alexander McCall Smith has written popular nov
els (No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency series) about Botswana that entertain as wel
l as inform the reader about the culture and customs of Botswana.
Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Botswana
Botswana music is mostly vocal and performed sometimes without drums depending o
n the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Botswana folk mus
ic has instruments such as Setinkane (a Botswana version of miniature piano), Se
gankure/Segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument Erhu), Moropa (Mero
pa -plural) (a Botswana version of the many varieties of drums), phala (a Botswa
na version of a whistle used mostly during celebrations. It comes in variety of
forms too). Botswana cultural musical instruments are not confined only to the s
trings or drums. the hands are used as musical instruments too, by either clappi
ng them together or against phathisi( goat skin turned inside out wrapped around
the calf area; it is only used by men) to create music and rhythm. For the last
few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for
Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the Segaba instrument does
not have. It is the outsider that found a home within the culture. The highlight
of any celebration or event that shows especially happiness is the dancing. Thi
s differs by regime, age, gender and status in the group or if it s a tribal act
ivity, your status in the community. The national anthem is Fatshe leno la rona.
Written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete, it was adopted upon indepen
dence in 1966.[citation needed]
Visual arts[edit]
Textile art
Main article: Art of Botswana
In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and Gumare are
noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Botswana from Mokola Palm and loc
al dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets
used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for w
innowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. The art
istry of these baskets is being steadily enhanced through color use and improved
designs as they are increasingly produced for commercial use.
Other notable artistic communities include Thamaga Pottery and Oodi Weavers, bot
h located in the southeastern part of Botswana.
The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal
and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan (!Kung San/Bushmen) over twenty
thousand years ago within the Kalahari desert.
Food[edit]
Boerewors
Main article: Cuisine of Botswana
The cuisine of Botswana is unique but also shares some characteristics with othe
r cuisine of Southern Africa. Examples of Botswana food are pap, boerewors, samp
, vetkoek and mopani worms. A food unique to Botswana includes seswaa, heavily s
alted mashed-up meat.
Sports[edit]
See also: Botswana at the Olympics
Football is the most popular sport in Botswana, with qualification for the 2012
Africa Cup of Nations being the biggest achievement to date. Other popular sport
s are cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton,softball, handball, golf, and track and
field.[31][32] Botswana is an associate member of the International Cricket Coun
cil. Botswana became a member of The International Badminton Federation and Afri
ca Badminton Federation in 1991. Presently, the Botswana Golf Union offers an am
ateur golf league in which golfers compete in tournaments and championships.
Botswana won its first Olympic medal in 2012 when Nijel Amos won silver in the 8
00 metres. In 2011 Amantle Montsho became world champion in the 400 metres and w
on Botswana s first athletics medal on the world level. Another famous Botswana
athlete is high jumper Kabelo Kgosiemang, three times African champion.
The card game bridge has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana ove
r 30 years ago and grew in popularity during the 1980s. Many British expatriate
school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana s secondary schools. The
Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in 1988 and continues to organise t
ournaments. Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over 800 members.[33] In
2007, the BBF invited the English Bridge Union to host a week-long teaching pro
gram in May 2008.[34]
Education[edit]
Buildings of the new and old Botswana university. Botswana s economic growth has
had a positive impact on the university.
Main article: Education in Botswana
Botswana has made great strides in educational development since independence in
1966. At that time there were very few graduates in the country and only a very
small percentage of the population attended secondary school. Botswana increase
d its adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.[35]
With the discovery of diamonds and the increase in government revenue that this
brought, there was a huge increase in educational provision in the country. All
students were guaranteed ten years of basic education, leading to a Junior Certi
ficate qualification. Approximately half of the school population attends a furt
her two years of secondary schooling leading to the award of the Botswana Genera
l Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE). Secondary education in Botswana is
neither free nor compulsory.
After leaving school, students can attend one of the seven technical colleges in
the country, or take vocational training courses in teaching or nursing. The be
st students enter the University of Botswana, Botswana College of Agriculture, a
nd the Botswana Accountancy College in Gaborone. Many other students end up in t
he numerous private tertiary education colleges around the country. Notable amon
gst these is Botho University, the country s first private university which offe
eved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ http://www.limkokwing.net/botswana/
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Education and Skills Development: Home". Moe.gov.bw. 27 J
uly 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Library Partner Botswana Ministry of Education". Africanlibraryprojec
t.org. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
^ Jump up to: a b UNESCO-UNEVOC s Botswana profile
Jump up ^ BBC News website, Botswana brings back school fees. Retrieved 2009-237.
Jump up ^ "World Bank Botswana Data". Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Cancer Association of Botswana". Union for International Cancer Contr
ol. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
Jump up ^ Kallings LO (2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AI
DS". J Intern Med 263 (3): 21843. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x. PMID 1820
5765.
Jump up ^ "Global Report". UNAIDS. 2006.
Jump up ^ UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011. unaids.org
Jump up ^ "Exposing Botswana s Love Vocabulary". Exposing Botswana s Love Vocabu
lary. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ "HIV and Aids in Botswana". Avert (International Aids Charity). Retrie
ved 2009-07-23.
Further reading[edit]
Denbow, James & Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Westpo
rt, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33178-2.
External links[edit]
Find more about Botswana at Wikipedia s sister projects
Search Wiktionary
Definitions from Wiktionary
Search Commons Media from Commons
Search Wikiquote
Quotations from Wikiquote
Search Wikisource
Source texts from Wikisource
Search Wikibooks
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Search Wikivoyage
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Search Wikiversity
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Official website
Botswana entry at The World Factbook
Botswana from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Botswana at DMOZ
Botswana from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Botswana
Key Development Forecasts for Botswana from International Futures
Coordinates: 2439.5S 2554.5E
[show] v t e
Botswana topics
[show] v t e
Countries and territories of Africa
[show]
Languages
[show]
International membership
Categories: BotswanaCountries in AfricaBantu countries and territoriesEnglish-sp
eaking countries and territoriesLandlocked countriesLiberal democraciesMember st
ates of the African UnionMember states of the Commonwealth of NationsRepublicsSt
ates and territories established in 1966Member states of the United NationsCommo
nwealth republicsFormer British protectorates
Navigation menu
Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Ach
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
nglisc
Aragons
Armneashce
Arpetan
Asturianu
Avae
Azrbaycanca
Bamanankan
Bahasa Banjar
Bn-lm-g
()
Bikol Central
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Catal
Cebuano
etina
ChiShona
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deitsch
Deutsch
Din bizaad
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
spao
sperato
stremeu
usara
egbe
Fj Hd
Froyst
Fraas
Frys
Fufude
Gaege
Gaeg
Gagauz
Gdg
Gaego
Gy
/Ha--g
Hausa
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Igbo
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
IsiZulu
slenska
Italiano
Basa Jawa
Kapampangan
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Kongo
Kreyl ayisyen
Kurd
Latgau
Latina
Latvieu
Ltzebuergesch
Lietuvi
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingla
Lojban
Lumbaart
Magyar
Malagasy
Malti
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Nhuatl
Dorerin Naoero
Nederlands
Norfuk / Pitkern
Norsk bokml
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
Oromoo
Ozbekcha
Papiamentu
Piemontis
Plattdtsch
Polski
Portugus
Qaraqalpaqsha
Qrmtatarca
Ripoarisch
Romn
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Smegiella
Sng
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Sesotho sa Leboa
Setswana
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
SiSwati
Slovenina
Slovenina
lnski
Soomaaliga
/ srpski
Srpskohrvatski /
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
/tatara
Tshivenda
Trke
Trkmene
/ Uyghurche
Vneto
Vepsn kel
Tg Vt
Voap
Vro
Wao
Waray
Woof
Xtsoga
Yorb
Zazaki
Zeuws
emata
dt s
Ts page was ast modfed o 24 September 2014 at 17:49.
Text s avaabe uder te Creatve Commos Attrbuto-SareAe Lcese; add
toa terms may appy. By usg ts ste, you agree to te Terms of Use ad P
rvacy Pocy. Wpeda s a regstered trademar of te Wmeda Foudato, I
c., a o-proft orgazato.
Prvacy pocyAbout WpedaDscamersCotact WpedaDeveopersMobe vewW
meda Foudato Powered by MedaW