-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 2 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Present perfect continuous tense †’ passive ™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√a--L?

2 Passive verb
. †’ à tense ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?subject, object
í∫’Jhç-îªúøç ᙫ?
ï¢√•’: 1. Perfect continuous
– öÀ.éÀ-®Ω-ù˝- π◊-´÷®˝, íÓ®Ωçôx
tenses (present, past and future) èπ◊
Passive voice ™‰ü¿’.
2. Active voice ™ verb à tense ™ Öçô’çüÓ, Passive ™ èπÿú≈
ÅüË tense ™ Öçô’ç-C/-Öç-ú≈L.
e.g.: Active: He waters the plants everyday.- verb - waters,
tense -present simple.
sentence passive: The plants are watered by him
v°æ¨¡o: 1) -O’®Ω’ passive forms exercise ™ Four ï¢√•’: 1) Four were killed and ten were injured
Ñ èπ◊
everyday. Verb - are watered - are + pp. Passive Ñ subject, the
™
plants. (sentence subject) Verb - are
-üËEo í∫’Jç* îÁ°æ¤hçüÓ, ÅC ü∆E were killed and ten injured in the acci- Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ •ü¿’©’, were È®çúø’ clauses èπÿ äéπõ‰
watered. (subject sentence
ûª®√yûª èπ◊ Åûªuçûª ´·êu-´’-®·† ´÷ô/- dent yesterday Four were
ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. (common) 鬕öÀd, four were killed and ten, injured
´÷-ô©’, verb). killed and ten were injured in the acci- Å--ØÌa. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’, Å®·ûË ten °æéπ\-† comma Öçõ‰
dent yesterday ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆? clear í¬ Öçô’çC. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’, ten °æéπ\†

v°æ¨¡o: 1. Past perfect, continuous, Future per- Did you bring my book yesterday? (last day
correct.
2) ÅüË ™„Ææ-Ø˛™ transformation principles (d)
™ shall be/ should be... ©èπ◊ + 1st RDW
comma ņ™‰ç éπü∆, Åçü¿’-éπE, ten Å-E é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Ç°œ,
injured Åçö«ç. 2) ÅçûË éπü∆? e.g.: You shall do
fect
ņç) – ÉD
í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. active Å®·ûË shall be/ should be... + pp it. (AV. verb: shall + 1st RDW) DEéÀ Passive
Have + pp/ has + pp - past action, time
2. Ø√ •’é˙ BÆæ’éÌî√a®√ Åçõ‰ Ñ ®ÓV Å®Ωnç™
DEo
passive ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÉC éπ®Ω-ÍédØ√? Voice: It shall be done by you -Verb: shall be +
not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æE, à ®ÓV/ á-°æ¤p-úø’
éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a? 3) What nonsense are you talking?; What done - shall be + pp (done) He
time
Å-E îÁ°æp-E) Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ éπü∆? Å™«Íí
Have you bought my book. should carry it (A.V.verb: should carry - should
Have you brought my book, correct. Past nonsense you are talking . ûËú≈ -à-N’-öÀ?
Did you bring (my) book last day - + 1st RDW). Passive: It should be carried
action, time stated 4) Were you, by any chance, in college last
Ñ È®çúÕç- (í∫ûªç™ á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD DEéÀ
by him. Verb: should be carried (should be +
yesterday, last year etc. evening? in the college
öÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? Å™«Íí ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç, ) Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥- ņ-´î√a? 鬙‰ñ¸ carried - pp)- 3) What nonsense are
Did you bring my book yesterday? cor- The
§Òü¿’l† ïJ-T† ü∆E í∫’Jç* ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ö«x-úø’- ¢Á’i-ûË ûÁL-ÆœçüË éπü∆? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L éπü∆? ÆæÈ®j-†üË éπü∆?
èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo present perfect ™‰ü∆ simple you talking? correct. What nonsense you are
rect.
talking correct question form 4)
past üËEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?
– áØ˛.-°ç-ôߪ’u, °∂æ’ö¸-Íé-Ææ®˝ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’-éπü∆?
Has he given the money?
has he given? (Åûªúø’ Éî√aú≈?), Has he college college
Has he taken your book? }Correct. Because
ã Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x í∫’-Jç-* -´÷-ö«x-úË-
taken? Åûªúø’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oú≈?– Å-ØÌî√a? ô-°æ¤púø’,in college In the college
ÅØË ÅØ√L.
has given, has taken - refer to past actions, College college
ï¢√•’: 1. Past
ņç. éÀ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç -™‰-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx ™ Ö†o-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
– G.îªçü¿’, ÆœJ-ÊÆúø’
time not stated. past in the college e.g.: My father was
perfect, continuous, Future
(á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD ûÁ-L-ߪ’E
390
°æ¤úË Åçö«ç.
actions.) in the college yesterday to meet the principal.
perfect tenses †’ í∫’-Jç-* -î √-™«
N´-®Ωçí¬ §ƒûª lessons ™ îÁ§ƒpç, (´÷ father èπ◊ college ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆?).
ZPHS, Ghatkesar Teacher

Y ou ar e mistaken
îª÷úøçúÕ. Å™«Íí O’®Ω’ ™ ņ’-
You go to school at 9.30/ You
2. Have you brought my book? – †’´¤y
éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’
attend school everyday. The school
Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a¢√? (ÉC correct) éπçõ‰ O’®Ω’ school
é¬ü¿’. áçü¿’-
èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπ†’éπ.

v°æ¨¡o: I. a) Please inform me the proper word for
the following. 'A' is having a job. The emol-
uments paid are not sufficient to meet
both ends. So 'A' is doing another job, to
have more salary to meet. - I am wishing
some sentence and words, whether they
are correct or not?
1. A second string to the bow.
2. A substitute job to meet the demand.
3. Mercenary (Adj). -Ñ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ single word
or sentence
ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
ï¢√•’: I Hope you don't mind noting the fol-
– >.N. °æü∆t-´A, äçíÓ©’
lowing: We don't say: a) A is having a job, b)
To meet both ends; but we say: a) A has a job,
b) To make both ends meet.
(@Nûªç í∫úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊
î√L-†çûª Ææ秃-Cç-îªôç)
II. a) Doing a second job for additional income
= Make (some, a little, etc) money on the
side
b) A job a person does in addition to their main
= a sideline.
v°æ¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√é¬u-™x -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-C -O’ lesson -™ -É-*-aç-C.
È®ç-úÓ -¢√éπuç èπÿ-ú≈ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË-Ø√? é¬éπ-§Ú-ûË éπÈ®é˙d
-¢√éπuç -ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ.
1. If you study well. (If you are study well.)
2. He went to a movie last night. (He went
for a movie last night.)
3. Whom do you help? (Whom do you help
to?)
4. She came here to join a college. (She
came here to join in a college.
5. To join a software institute. (To join in a
software institute.)
6. How are you? (How you are?)
ï¢√•’: 1. If you are study well - ÉC ûª°æ¤p-éπü∆?
– ñ„.G.Æœ. ê´’tç
Are study verb from
™«çöÀ
Please remember: The verb must be in
™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?
one of the 6 forms given here: 1) The be
i) A teacher by profession, he makes
some money on the side by writing
stories. (´%Ah-Kû√u teacher Åûª†’.
éπü∑¿©’ ®√Æœ ´’J-éÌçûª Ææ秃-Cç--èπ◊ç-
ö«úø’.)
ii) A teacher, writing stories is his
sideline (sideline = a job in addi-
tion to the main job)
M.SURESAN
iii) a) A second string to the bow: The correct
form of this expression is, a) Have more
then string to your bow; b) Have another/
more strings to your bow.
The meaning of these expressions is, "to have
more than one plan, idea or skill you can use
it you need to." It does not mean an addition-
al job.
b) A substitute job means a job that you do
instead of the job that you are doing now,
not an additional job.
c) Mercenary means doing anything just for
the sake of money. The men who work for a
goonda are mercenaries because they do
anything just for money.
form; 2) the be form + the ... ing form; 3) The
be form + the past participle; 4) have/ has/
had/ shall have/ will have, etc... + past par-
ticiple; 5) The Doing Words and 6) shall,
should, will, would etc + the 1st RDW.
You see that are (be form) + study (1 st
RDW) is not among the 6 forms of the verb.
be from
í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: Doing Words
ûª®√yûª
®√ØË-®√´¤.
2. Went for a movie
ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
3. ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’. Help ûª®√yûª to preposition
®√ü¿’. (I help/ helped him Åçö«-¢Ë’ -é¬-F
I help/ helped to him ņç)
4. Join in ûª°æ¤p. Join a college correct.
5. ÉC èπÿú≈ -´·-ç-ü¿’ -¢√éπuç ™«í¬ØË.
6. How you are? ÉC correct question form
é¬ü¿’ í∫ü∆?(Question: Verb always before
the subject)
v°æ¨¡o: 1. English ™ formal, informal 3. È®çúø÷ Åçûª Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† sentences 鬴¤.
words ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† ¢√éπuç: Among those pens the one
àN’öÀ? with the black refill is mine OR Among
2. '´÷ô ûª°æp-úøç— – ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ those the pen with the black refill is mine.
à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? O’ sentences ™ mine among those ÅØËC
3. The pen which has black ÆæÈ®j† word order é¬ü¿’. É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ clarity
î√-™« ´·êuç. Åçü¿’-éπE, Among those pens,
refill is mine among those.
The pen that has black refill is mine among ´·ç-ü¿’çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
those – OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? 4. The pens that are blue in colour, correct.
(The blue pens are mine/ mine are the
4 The pens that are blue in colour are mine.
.
The pens those are blue in colour are blue pens simple
Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ éπü∆?)
mine. - OöÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d? 5. È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË sentence *´®Ω ´*a-†-
°æ¤púø’ 'depend upon' better. I depend on
5 Depend on, depend upon -
. ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ?
him - depend, sentence -´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC
6
. †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»´¤, †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ 鬕öÀd, on ¢√ú≈ç (upon ¢√úÕØ√ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’).He
°æú≈f´¤. - is not to be depended upon - Ééπ\úø depend
You have mistak-
sentence *´®Ω ´*açC. 鬕öÀd depend upon
Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™
en, You are mistaken
ÅE ®√ߪ’-´î√a? É™« ¢√úøôç better (on ¢√úÕØ√ ûª°æ¤p ™‰ü¿’).
7 Happy Sankranti to everybody.
6. †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»´¤ = You have made a
.
Happy Sankranti everybody.
mistake. †’´¤y §Ò®Ω-°æ-ú≈f´¤ = You are mis-
– OöÀ™ àC
taken. You have mistaken - Ñ sentence
éπÈ®é˙d?
8. Enter the house, enter into the house ™ -àç -§Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’ -îËÆœç-D -îÁ°æp-ôç -™‰-ü¿’, sen-
´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ à-N’öÀ? tence °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. You have mistaken him
9. English vocabulary éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´’ç* for his brother - ÅûªE ûª´·túÕ-E /ņo†’ Åûª-
°æ¤Ææhéπç Ææ÷*ç-îªçúÕ. -úÕí¬ §Ò®Ω-•-ú≈f´¤ †’´¤y. You have mistaken
ï¢√•’: 1.Formal Åçõ‰ ã °æü¿l¥A v°æ鬮Ωç îËÊÆ ÅE,
– Ç®˝.-P´, È®j™‰y-éÓ-úø÷®Ω’ ÅE ´C-™‰ÊÆh -ü∆Eo -á-™« §Ò®Ω-•-úÕçC ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.
7. Both are correct. Happy sankranthi to
´·êuçí¬ ´÷†´ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-™x. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡}ûÓ, íÌ°æp everybody = v°æA ¢√Jéà džçü¿ Ææçvé¬çA.
¢√∞¡}ûÓ, ´’†èπ◊ -Åçûªí¬ °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ¢√∞¡}ûÓ– -á-™« Happy Sankranthi every body = (O’ áü¿’-
-Åç-õ‰ -Å-™« -´÷-ö«x-úøç éπ-ü∆?(ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ûÓØÓ, ņo-ü¿- ®Ω’í¬ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡}†’)every body ÅE °œL*
´·t-©-ûÓØÓ -´÷-ö«x-úÕ-†-ô’x). î√-™« íı®Ω-´çí¬, ã °æü¿l¥-
¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-Ææç-vé¬çA ûÁ-©°æôç.
Aí¬ ¢√JûÓ ´÷ö«-x-úøû√ç. ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´u´-£æ«-JçîË B®Ω’ 8. äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™ éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªôç – Enter a place.
èπÿú≈ äéπ °æü¿l¥-Aí¬ Öçô’çC. ÉC formal. äéπ offi-
ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç, Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™éÀ Cí∫úøç
cer ûÓØÓ, ã °ü¿l ´uéÀh-ûÓØÓ ´’†ç formal í¬ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, enter into an agreement/ into
Öçö«ç. ´’† friends ûÓ informal í¬ Öçö«ç.
a conversation, etc.
´’† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’™-ûÓ, ´·êuçí¬ ûª©’x-©ûÓ informal 9. Vocabulary
éπçô÷ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ -ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬙‰
í¬ Öçö«ç. îªü¿-´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. O©-®·-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English
2. Failing the word - fail your / his/ their word.
îªü¿-´çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm