L3 Fuzzy11

Advance Topics in Mathematical Methods ME7100
Fuzzy sets,System and

Modelling
Fuzzy sets were introduced by Zadeh in 1965 to represent/manipulate
data and information possessing nonstatistical uncertainties.
L.A.Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets, Information and Control, 8(1965) 338-353.

There are two main characteristics of fuzzy systems that give them
better performance for specific applications.

Fuzzy systems are suitable for uncertain or approximate reasoning,
especially for the system with a mathematical model that is difficult
to derive.
Fuzzy logic allows decision making with estimated values under
incomplete or uncertain information.
Classical sets or crisp set
A = {12, 24, 36, 48, }
Notation: A = {x | x = 12n, n is a natural number}

A = {cities adjoining Hyderabad}

A = {Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Rangareddy}

e
e
= X
A x
A x
x
A
if 0
if 1
) (
Classical sets vs. Fuzzy set
A = {cities near from Hyderabad}
A = {Hyderabad, Adilabad, Khammam, Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar,
Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy, Warangal, Bidar,
Gulbarga,.., Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore,., Delhi,
Islamabad, Kabul, Kathmandu, Singapore. Rome, London,
Paris.}
Is the above information precise? : No it is Fuzzy not clear,
distinct, or precise; blurred

Definition of fuzzy logic : A form of knowledge representation suitable for
notions that cannot be defined precisely, but which depend upon their
contexts.

Fuzzy set : example 1
What is near: A distance less the D kilometer
D = 100; if we are interested in adjoining cities
D = 200/300/400; if we are interested in cities in AP
D = 300/400/500..; if we are interested in cities in AP or Karnataka
D= 3000/4000/if we are interested in cities in India AP or Karnataka

Information is not precise and is context based

Fuzzy set :: example 1
What is not near (far): A distance more the D kilometer

Say, D = 200; if we are interested in cities in AP
Lets make some rules:
1. If 0 D 100; very near ( depending upon road condition and traffic one can reach within 2 hr)
2. If 50< D 150; near ( depending upon road condition and traffic one can reach within 3hrs)
3. If 100< D 200; far ( depending upon road condition and traffic u can reach within 6hrs)
4. If D> 200; very far


100 200 300
0
1

100 200 300
0
1

100 200 300
0
1

100 200 300
0
1


100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
Fuzzy set :
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
Distance (x)
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p

(
x
)

Fuzzy set :
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
Distance (x)
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p

(
x
)

Fuzzy set :
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
100 200 300
0
1
Distance (x)
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p

(
x
)

Imp. Note: + sign stands for the union of membership grades; /
stands for a marker and does not imply division.
Fuzzy set :
100 200 300
0.25
1
100 200 300
1
100 200 300
0.75
1
X=75
0
1
Distance (x)
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p

(
x
)

A(x=75) = 0.25/very near + 0.75/near + 0.0 far + 0.0/very far
A(x=300) = 0.00/very near + 0.00/near + 0.0 far + 1.0/very far
Fuzzy set : Example 2
150 210 170 180 190 200 160
Height, cm
Degreeof
Membership
150 210 180 190 200
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
160
Degreeof
Membership
Short Average Tall
170
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fuzzy Sets
CrispSets
Short Average Tall
Negnevitsky, Pearson Education, 2005
Fuzzy set :
A fuzzy set A can be denoted as

If x is discrete

If x is continuous

Example 2. The membership function of the fuzzy set of real numbers close
to 1, is can be defined as

A x x
A
x X
i i
i
=
e
( ) /
A x x
A
X
=
}
( ) /
Triangular Fuzzy Number :
Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number :
Operations on crisp sets

Intersection Union
Complement
Not A
A
Containment
AA
B
B A AA B
Operations on fuzzy sets

Intersection: The intersection of A and B is defined
as

Intersection: The union of A and B is defined as

Complement
0
x
1
( x)
0
x
1
Containment
0
x
1
0
x
1
AB
Not A
A
Intersection
0
x
1
0
x
AB
Union
0
1
AB
AB
0
x
1
0
x
1
B
A
B
A
( x)
( x) ( x)

Complement
0
x
1
( x)
0
x
1
Containment
0
x
1
0
x
1
AB
Not A
A
Intersection
0
x
1
0
x
AB
Union
0
1
AB
AB
0
x
1
0
x
1
B
A
B
A
( x)
( x) ( x)

Important: Operations on fuzzy sets are also fuzzy, i.e., union
of intersection may be treated different ( different operators)

Eg. min-max operator

Union ( fuzzy OR)

)] x ( ), x ( [ max ) x (
B A B A
=
+


Eg. Min and max operator

Intersection ( fuzzy AND)

)] x ( ), x ( [ min ) x (
B A B A
=
-


Eg. min-max operator

Min-max : intersection distributive over union

) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
x x
C A B A C B A + - + + -
=
min[ A, max(B,C) ]=min[ max(A,B), max(A,C) ]


Eg. Min, max and min-max operator

Min-max : union distributive over intersection

) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
x x
C A B A C B A - + - - +
=
max[ A,min(B,C) ]= max[ min(A,B), min(A,C) ]


Eg. sum-product operator

) ( ) ( ) (
A
x x x
B B A
=
-
] 1 ), ( ) ( [ min ) (
A
x x x
B B A
+ =
+
Fuzzy System
Input
Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier
Output
Fuzzy Knowledge base
a) Fuzzification information
b) Fuzzy Rules
c) Inference method
d) Defuzzification method

Fuzzy System
Input
Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier
Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base
Fuzzier : Crisp input to a linguistic variable using
the membership functions
Eg: If 0 D 100; very near
Fuzzy System
Input Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base
Fuzzy Rule: There are many Fuzzy rules

e.g. Zadeh Mamdani rule (( commonly known as Mamdani Rule)
If x is A and y is B then z

if D is near and T is moderate then customers = more
if D is very near and T is high then customers = reasonable
if D is near and T is high then customers = reasonable
if D is V near and T is high then customers = less
if D is far or very far then customers = less
If D =75 and T =21 how many customers will be there ???????

Fuzzy System
Input Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base
Fuzzy Rule: There are many Fuzzy rules

e.g. Takagi, Sugeno & Kang( commonly known as Sugeno Rule)
If x
i
is A
i
and y
i
is B
i
then z
i
=f(x
i
,y
i
)
(f(x
i
,y
i
) is a polynomial of x and y)

if D is near and T is moderate z = 3D+2T +1
if X is very small and Y is very large then z = xy
Fuzzy System
Input Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base
Fuzzy Rule: Sugeno Rule

if D is near and T is moderate z = 3D+2T +1
if X is very small and Y is very large then z = xy
Fuzzy System
Input Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base
Inference: converts the fuzzy input to the fuzzy output, i.e., computation
of output fuzzy membership grade and their aggregation
Fuzzy System
Input Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base
Defuzzifier: converts the fuzzy output to crisp output

Centroid of area (COA)
Bisector of area (BOA)
Mean of maximum (MOM)
Smallest of maximum (SOM)
Largest of maximum (LOM)

Fuzzy System
Input Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base

Centroid of area (COA)
Bisector of area (BOA)
Mean of maximum (MOM)
Smallest of maximum (SOM)
Largest of maximum (LOM)

( )
,
( )
A
Z
COA
A
Z
z zdz
z
z dz
=
}
}
*
,
{ ; ( ) }
Z
MOM
Z
A
zdz
z
dz
where Z z z
'
'
=
' = =
}
}
( ) ( ) ,
BOA
BOA
z
A A
z
z dz z dz
|
o
=
} }
Used in Mamdani
FIS
Fuzzy System
Input Fuzzifier
Inference
Engine
Defuzzifier Output
Fuzzy
Knowledge base

Weighted sum
Weighted Average

Used in Mamdani
Sugeno FIS
Fuzzy System
Mamdani FIS with Max-min inference
R1:If x =A1, y=B1 then Z=C1
R2: If x =A2, y=B2 then Z=C2
Fuzzy System
Mamdani FIS with Max-Product inference
R1:If x =A1, y=B1 then Z=C1
R2: If x =A2, y=B2 then Z=C2

Advantages of the Sugeno Method

It is computationally efficient.

It works well with linear techniques (e.g., PID control).

It works well with optimization and adaptive techniques.

It has guaranteed continuity of the output surface.

It is well suited to mathematical analysis.

Advantages of the Mamdani Method

It is intuitive.

It has widespread acceptance.

It is well suited to human input.
Fuzzy system example (Mamdani)
(1) fuzzification
Fuzzy Distance Fuzzy temperature Fuzzy Visitor
If D =75 and temperature =25 how many customers are accepted?
(2) Rule
R1 : If Distance is near and temperature is pleasant then sufficient visitors
R2 : If Distance is very far or temperature is harsh then no visitors
R3 : If Distance is near and temperature is bad then less visitors
R4 : If Distance is far and temperature is reasonable then less visitors
R5 : If Distance is very near and temperature is pleasant then more visitors

R1

R2

R2
(2) Rule

R3

R4

R5
(2) Rule
Max- min operator

R1

R2

R2
min

(2) Rule

R3

R4

R5
(2) Rule
Max- min operator

R1

min

( )
,
( )
A
Z
COA
A
Z
z zdz
z
z dz
=
}
}
( ) ( ) ,
BOA
BOA
z
A A
z
z dz z dz
|
o
=
} }
*
,
{ ; ( ) }
Z
MOM
Z
A
zdz
z
dz
where Z z z
'
'
=
' = =
}
}

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Advance Topics in Mathematical Methods ME7100

Fuzzy sets,System and

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