Bourdon Gage

are used to measure medium to very high pressures, They are safe even for high pressure measurement.
Accuracy is high especially at high pressures. An instrument used for checking pressure levels in hydraulic systems.
Parts:
-Case
The case holds all the moving parts of the pressure gauge in one place and protects the components from
damage.
-Bourdon Tube
The Bourdon tube is one of the most important parts of a pressure gauge, as it is the means by which a
gauge can detect pressure.the Bourdon tube flexes when it is subjected to pressure.
-Linkage
the linkage connects the Bourdon tube to the gear mechanism.
-Gear Mechanism
The gear mechanism is the recipient of the movement from the Bourdon tube and the linkage, and it is the
part that controls the movement of the pointer.
-Pointer, Dial Face, Window and Ring
The pointer is the visible part of the pressure gauge you see moving when pressure is being measured.
*In practice, a flattened thin-wall, closed-end tube is connected at the hollow end to a fixed pipe containing the fluid
pressure to be measured. As the pressure increases, the closed end moves in an arc, and this motion is converted into
the rotation of a (segment of a) gear by a connecting link which is usually adjustable. A small diameter pinion gear is on
the pointer shaft, so the motion is magnified further by the gear ratio. The positioning of the indicator card behind the
pointer, the initial pointer shaft position, the linkage length and initial position - all provide means to calibrate the
pointer to indicate the desired range of pressure for variations in the behaviour of the Bourdon tube itself. Differential
pressure can be measured by gauges containing two different Bourdon tubes, with connecting linkages.
Storage: Storage temperature should not exceed -4F (-20C) or 140F (60C) unless specified otherwise. Pressure
gauges shall be stored in their original packaging until ready for use. Threads and gauge orifices shall be kept clean and
free of debris until they are ready for installation.
Maintenance: If the accuracy of the gauge cannot be checked in place, the user can look for erratic or random pointer
motion, readings that are suspect especially indications of pressure when the user believes the true pressure is 0 psi.
Any gauge which is obviously not working should be removed from service. Other indications include bent or unattached
pointers due to extreme pressure pulsation or overpressure, broken windows which should be replaced to keep dirt out of
the internals, leakage of gauge fill, case damage or cracks, any signs of process media leakage through the gauge,
including its connection and/or discoloration of gauge fill that impedes readability.
*PRINCIPLES: Change in curvature of the tube is proportional to the difference of pressure inside from that outside the
tube.
Applications:
Tire pressure, pressure at the top or along the walls of tanks or vessels. They are used to measure medium to very high
pressures.



A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain on an object.
, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil
pattern. The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate.
[1]
As the object is
deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to change.
Application: A strain gauge is a device used to measured the strain (change in length as a proportion of the original
length) in an object as a result of an applied load. Most strain gauges are designed to measure strains in only one
direction.
Sensors for Internal Combustion Engine, Automotive , Impact , etc.
Physical operation
A strain gauge takes advantage of the physical property of electrical conductance and its dependence on the
conductor's geometry. When an electrical conductor is stretched within the limits of its elasticity such that it does not
break or permanently deform, it will become narrower and longer, changes that increase its electrical resistance end-to-
end. Conversely, when a conductor is compressed such that it does not buckle, it will broaden and shorten, changes that
decrease its electrical resistance end-to-end. From the measured electrical resistance of the strain gauge, the amount
of applied stress may be inferred. A typical strain gauge arranges a long, thin conductive strip in a zig-zag pattern of
parallel lines such that a small amount of stress in the direction of the orientation of the parallel lines results in a
multiplicatively larger strain measurement over the effective length of the conductor surfaces in the array of conductive
linesand hence a multiplicatively larger change in resistancethan would be observed with a single straight-line
conductive wire.
Maintenance: an overcoating is strongly recommended to maintain the rust-proofing effect.
Storing:Effective storing duration while the adhesive is properly kept in a cool,dry and dark place such as a refrigerator.


Quartz Gage
A pressure gage that uses a highly stable quartz crystal resonator whose frequency changes directly with applied
pressure.
parts: The metal bellows protecting the crystal, the sputtered metallic surfaces allowing one to connect wires to the crystal,
the glues used to bond and assemble the quartz pieces together and even the housing of the sensor are non-crystalline. All
of these parts along with the circuit used to measure the output of the crystal are the major sources of inaccuracy for a
quartz sensor.
Applications: measurements with high accuracy, good repeatability, high resolution. Quartz gauges are commonly used to
measure the changes in the reservoir.


U-Tube Manometer
an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure.The fluid whose pressure is being measured should
have a mass density less than that of the manometric fluid and the two fluids should not be able to mix readily - that is,
they must be immiscible.
*Applications
For Air pressure, pipe pressure
Very low maintenance cost. No need for recalibration
No electronic parts. Can be used anywhere
Traceable calibration certificate
Ideal for calibration of transmitters in clean-room applications
Differential pressure for flow applications
Baroscope for absolute pressure in metrology laboratories and aerospace applications
Calibration of handheld instruments used in HVAC applications

In its simplest form the manometer is a U-tube about half filled with liquid. With both ends of the tube open, the liquid
is at the same height in each leg.
When positive pressure is applied to one leg, the liquid is forced down in that leg and up in the other. The difference in
height, "h," which is the sum of the readings above and below zero, indicates the pressure.
When a vacuum is applied to one leg, the liquid rises in that leg and falls in the other. The difference in height, "h,"
which is the sum of the readings above and below zero, indicates the amount of vacuum.
Storage: store in sealed container .
Maintenace: Vacuum the tube after use to remove excess substances inside for next use.
p
d
= h
= g h (1)
where
p
d
= pressure
= specific weight of the fluid in the tube (kN/m
3
, lb/ft
3
)
= density (kg/m
3
, lb/ft
3
)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s
2
, 32.174 ft/s
2
)
h = liquid height (m, ft)
The specific weight of water, which is the most commonly used fluid in u-tube manometers, is 9.81 kN/m
3
or 62.4
lb/ft
3
.
Example - Differential Pressure Measurement in an Orifice
A water manometer connects the upstream and downstream of an orifice located in an air flow. The difference
height of the water column is 10 mm.
The pressure difference head can then be expressed as:
p
d
= (9.8 kN/m
3
) (10
3
N/kN) (10 mm) (10
-3
m/mm)
= 98 N/m
2
(Pa)
where
9.8 (kN/m
3
) is the specific weight of water in SI-units.
Inclined Manometer
It is basically the same U-tube manometer just the tube is inclined at certain angle this time. This results in more
deflection in the liquid level in the tube for the same change in pressure. This enables the measurement of small
pressure changes with increased accuracy.
the U-Tube is inclined to 45
o
.
The pressure difference head can then be expressed as:
p
d
= (9.8 kN/m
3
) (10
3
N/kN) (10 mm) (10
-3
m/mm) sin(45)
= 69.3 N/m
2
(Pa)
with equal pressure on liquid in well and indicating tube,
reading is zero. When positive pressure is imposed on liquid in indicating tube, liquid level is depressed in tube
and rises slightly in well. Reading is direct since scale is compensated for change of level in well.
Storage: store in sealed container .
Maintenace: Vacuum the tube after use to remove excess substances inside for next use.
Piezoresistive- Uses the piezoresistive effect of bonded or formed strain gauges to detect strain due to applied
pressure.
suited to measure absolute, gauge, vacuum, and differential pressures.
are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances.
*APPLICATION AREAS
Household Appliances: Washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners;
Automotive Applications: Oil level, gas level, air pressure detection;
Biomedical Applications: Blood pressure measurement, etc...
*BASIC PROCESSING STEPS
Diffusion (n-type and p-type)
Metallization
Anisotropic back-side etching
* The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon
substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the
diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of
the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the
material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the
resistors.

Storage: Store in a clean dry place
maintenance: Use according to proper method