1.

__________ are significantly larger

than their neutral atom counterparts.
1) Anion
2. __________ are significantly smaller
than their neutral atom counterparts.
1) Cations
3. __________ atoms have less room to
stabilize charge by spreading it out; this
makes them bond more strongly to water
resulting in greater __________
__________ __________.
1) Small
2) Heats of
hydration
4. The __________ elements make ions by
forming the closest __________
__________ electron configuration.
1)
Representative
2) Noble gas
5. __________ form cations;
__________ form anions.
1) Metals
2) Nonmetals
6. "[ ]" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates
concentration
7. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates
standard state
conditions
8. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates
that a reaction
that can reach
equilibrium
9. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates
resonance
structures
10. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates
change
11. "" when placed above or below a
reaction arrow.
1) Indicates
the addition of
heat
12. 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen
is __________.
1) Protium
13. According to the photoelectric effect, if
the __________ is low enough, no
electrons at all will be emitted regardless
of the number of photons.
1) Frequency
14. All Group 4A elements but __________
can form two additional bonds with
Lewis bases.
1) Carbon
15. All metals but __________ exist as
solids at room temperature.
1) Mercury
16. All the 1+ ions formed by Group 1B. 1) Cu+
2) Ag+
3) Au+
4) Hg2+
17. All the 2+ ions within the periodic table. 1) Mn2+
2) Fe2+
3) Co2+
4) Ni2+
5) Pt2+
6) Cu2+
7) Zn2+
8) Cd2+
9) Sn2+
10) Pb2+
18. All the 3+ ions within the periodic table. 1) Cr3+
2) Fe3+
3) Au3+
4) Hg3+
5) Al3+
6) Bi3+
19. The amount of actual product formed after
a real experiment runs to completion.
1) Actual
yield
20. The amount of charge experienced by an
electron (the second electron) after
shielding.
1) Effective
nuclear
charge
(Zeff)
21. The amount of product (expected) to be
produced when a reaction runs to
completion.
1)
Theoretical
yield
22. Applied the quantized energy theory to
create an electron ladder model for
hydrogen with each rung representing an
allowed energy level for the electron.
1) Neils
Bohr
23. Approximately the mass of one proton or
one neutron.
1) Atomic
mass unit
(amu)
24. Arises from the dual nature of matter and
states that there exists an inherent
uncertainty in the product of the position
of a particle and its momentum, and that
this uncertainty is on the order of Planck's
constant.
1)
Heisenberg
Uncertainty
Principle
25. An atom of a specific isotope. 1) Nuclide
26. A bond where two electrons are shared by
two nuclei.
1) Covalent
bond
27. The building blocks of all compounds that
cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances by chemical means.
1) Elements
28. Characteristic of metals that allows them
to be easily hammered into thin strips.
1)
Malleability
29. Characteristic of metals that allows them
to be shiny.
1) Luster
EK (C) Lec. 1 - Atoms, Molecules, and Quantum
Mechanics - Notecards
Study online at quizlet.com/_rb4b3
30. Characteristic of metals that allows them
to transfer energy in the form of electricity.
1) Electrical
conductivity
31. Characteristic of metals that allows them
to transfer energy in the form of heat.
1) Thermal
conductivity
32. Characteristic of metals that make them
easily stretchable.
1) Ductility
33. A chemical written above a reaction arrow. 1) Indicates
a catalyst
34. The combination of protons and neutrons
within the nucleus.
1) Nucleons
35. Completely unreactive, sometimes even
being called inert gases.
1) Noble
gases
36. Crystal that are single metal atoms bonded
together by delocalized electrons, which
allow then to efficiently conduct heat and
electricity, and be malleable and ductile.
1) Metallic
crystals
37. Crystal that consists of oppositely charged
ions held together by electrostatic forces;
salts are a common example
1) Ionic
crystal
38. Crystals that are composed of individual
molecules held together by intermolecular
bonds; ice is a common example.
1)
Molecular
crystals
39. Crystals that consist of an infinite network
of atoms held together by polar and
nonpolar bonds; diamond and crystal
SiO2 are common examples.
Network
covalent
crystals
40. Defined by carbon-12, where one atom of
12C has an atomic weight of 12 amu.
1) Atomic
mass unit
(amu)
41. Demonstrates that electromagnetic energy
is quantized (i.e. comes only in discrete
units related to the wave frequency).
1) Planck's
quantum
theory
42. Describes the electrostatic forces holding
an electron to its nucleus.
1)
Coulomb's
law
43. Designates the shell level of an atom. 1) Principal
quantum
number (n)
44. Designates the subshell in an atom and the
shape.
1)
Azimuthal
quantum
number (l)
45. Designes the precise orbital of a given
subshell within an atom.
1) Magnetic
quantum
number
(ml)
46. Each horizontal row in the periodic table. 1) Period
47. Each vertical column in the periodic table. 1) Groups
or families
48. Electron affinity values for the noble gases
are ___________.
1)
Endothermic
49. An electron can only transition to a higher
energy level through absorbing a
___________.
1) Photon
50. An electron that absorbs energy will jump
to a higher energy level, entering an
__________ state.
1) Excited
51. Electrons move easily from one
__________ atom to the next
transferring energy or change in the form
of heat or electricity.
1) Metal
52. The electrons which contribute most to an
element's chemical properties located in
the outermost shell of an atom.
1) Valence
electrons
(VE)
53. Element that can form two, three, four, or
even six bonds through the ability of pi
bonding.
1) Sulfur
54. Element unique in that its chemical and
physical characteristics do not conform
well to any family; it is a nonmetal that is
a colorless, odorless, diatomic gas.
1) Hydrogen
55. Elements that are harder, more dense,
and melt at higher temperatures than
alkali metals.
1) Alkaline
earth metals
56. Elements that can form 3 covalent bonds. 1) Group 5A
elements
57. Elements that can form four covalent
bonds with nonmetals.
1) Group 4A
elements
58. Elements that can further bond with a
Lewis base to form a sixth covalent bond.
1) Group 5A
elements
59. Elements that form 2+ cations and are
less reactive than alkali metals.
1) Alkaline
earth metals
60. Elements that react exothermically with
water to produce the metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas, and in nature, exist only in
compounds.
1) Alkali
metals
61. Elements that react with hydrogen to form
hydrides such as NaH.
1) Alkali
metals
62. Elmenets with low densities and low
melting points that easily form 1+ cations
and are highly reactive, reacting with
most nonmetals to form ionic
compounds.
1) Alkali
metals
63. Energy is always required to break/form a
bond?
1) Energy is
always
required to
break a bond
64. The energy necessary to achieve a
complete separation between two
atoms.
1) Bond
dissociation
energy (bond
energy)
65. The energy necessary to detach a
second electron from the same atom.
1) Second
ionization energy
66. The energy necessary to detach an
electron from a neutral atom.
1) First
ionization energy
67. The energy necessary to detach an
electron from a nucleus.
1) Ionization
energy
68. The energy released when an electron
is added to a gaseous atom.
1) Electron
affinity
69. Equation defining the relationship
between an amu and grams.
1) 6.022x10^23
amu = 1 gram
70. Equation for Coulomb's law. 1) F =
(kq1q2)/(r^2)
71. Equation for determining the number
of total electrons within an orbital
within a shell.
1) (n^2)*2
72. Equation for determining the number
of total orbitals within a shell.
1) n^2
73. Equation for Planck's quantum
theory.
1) E = hf
Where,
E = change in
energy
h = Planck's
constant
(6.626x10^-34
J*s)
f = frequency
74. Equation for the energy of a photon. 1) Ephoton = hf
Where,
Ephoton =
energy of the
photon
h = Planck's
constant
(6.626x10^-34
J*s)
f = frequency
75. Equation for the KE of an ejected
electron.
1) KE = hf -
Where,
KE = kinetic
energy
h = Planck's
constant
(6.626x1-^-34
J*s)
f = frequency
= work function
of the metal
76. Equation for the percent
yield.
1) (Actual yield/theoretical
yield) x 100
77. Equation for wavelength
of a photon.
1) = h/(m*v)
78. Equation to determine
moles of a substance given
in grams.
1) Moles = grams / atomic or
molecular weight
79. Explain how a covalent
bond works.
1) In a covalent bond,
negatively charged electrons
are pulled toward both positive
charged nuclei by electrostatic
forces. This "tug of war"
between the nuclei for the
electrons hold the atoms
together; coming too close
together, and the positively
charged nuclei repel one
another. Nonetheless, these
repulsive and attractive forces
achieve a balance to create a
bond
80. The first quantum
number.
1) Principal quantum number
(n)
81. Five characteristics that
distinguish metals.
1) Ductility
2) Malleability
3) Thermal conductivity
4) Electrical conductivity
5) Luster
82. For the __________
__________ the
principal quantum
number for electrons in
the outermost shell is
given by the period in the
periodic table; for the
__________
__________ it lags one
shell behind the period;
for the __________ and
__________ it lags two
shells behind the period.
1) Representative elements
2) Transition metals
3) Lanthanides and actinides
83. Formula for detailing the
exact number of elemental
atoms in each molecule.
1) Molecular formula
84. Four examples of physical
reactions.
1) Melting
2) Evaporation
3) Dissolution
4) Rotation of polarized light
85. The four orbital shapes of
the azimuthal quantum
number (l).
1) s (l = 0)
2) p (l = 1)
3) d (l = 2)
4) f (l = 3)
86. The four reaction types. 1)
Combination
2)
Decomposition
3) Single
displacement
(single
replacement)
4) Double
displacement
(double
replacement or
metathesis)
87. The four types of crystals. 1) Ionic
2) Network
covalent
3) Metallic
4) Molecular
88. The fourth quantum number. 1) Electron
spin quantum
number (ms)
89. Group 1A elements. 1) Alkali
metals
90. Group 2A elements. 1) Alkaline
earth metals
91. The Group 6A elements. 1) Chalcogens
92. The Group 7A elements. 1) Halogens
93. Group of elements that are all gases at
room temperature.
1) Noble
(inert) gases
94. Group of elements that generally have
lower melting points than metals and
form negative ions.
1) Nonmetals
95. Group of elements that have diverse
appearances and chemical behaviors.
1) Nonmetals
96. Group of elements that have large atoms
that tend to lose electrons to form
positive ions or form positive oxidation
states.
1) Metals
97. Group of elements that have some
characteristics that resemble metals
and some that resemble nonmetals.
1) Metalloids
98. Groups of atoms that form repeated,
separate, and distinct units in
molecular compounds.
1) Molecule
99. Halogens are highly reactive; of the
group, __________ and __________
are diatomic gases at room
temperature; __________ is a
diatomic liquid; and __________ is a
diatomic solid.
1) Fluorine
2) Chlorine
3) Bromine
4) Iodine
100. Halogens other than
__________ can take an
oxidation state as high as +7
when bonding to highly EN atoms
like oxygen.
1) Fluorine
101. Has a sharp melting point and a
characteristic shape with a well
ordered structure of repeating
units which can be atoms,
molecules, or ions.
1) Crystal
102. Holds together the nucleons. 1) Strong nuclear
force
103. Holds together the three quarks
that make up each nucleon.
1) Strong nuclear
force
104. How do you calculate the percent
composition of an element by
mass?
1) Multiply an atom's
atomic weight by the
number of atoms it
contributes to the
empirical formula
2) Divide the result by
the weight of all the
atoms in the
empirical formula
3) Multiply the
fraction by 100 to
have the percent
composition by mass
105. Hydrogen combines with all
halogens to form gaseous
__________ __________ that
are soluble in water forming
__________ __________.
1) Hydrogen halides
2) Hydrohalic acids
106. Identifies a potential isotope of
an element.
1) Number of
neutrons
107. The identity number of any
element.
1) Atomic number
108. In Hund's rule, upward arrows
represent electrons with
__________ spin, and
downward arrows represent
electrons with __________ spin.
1) Positive
2) Negative
109. In nature, oxygen exists as O2
(__________) and O3
(__________).
1) Dioxygen
2) Ozone
110. Ions with the same number of
electrons.
1) Isoelectric ions
111. The larger this quantum number,
the greater the size and energy of
the electron orbital.
1) Principal quantum
number (n)
112. A listing of the shells and subshells in
order from lowest to highest energy
level, with a superscript to show the
number of electrons in each subshell for
a given atom.
1) Electron
configuration
113. Lists the elements from left to right in
the order of their atomic numbers.
1) Periodic
table
114. The lower the energy level of a system,
the more __________ the system.
1) Stable
115. The mass of one _____________ is
over 1800 times smaller than the mass
of a nucleon.
1) Electron
116. Metals typically form __________
__________ such as BaO.
1) Iron oxides
117. The minimum amount of energy
required to eject an electron.
1) The work
function ()
of the metal
118. Molecular substances are typically
made from this group of elements
within the periodic table.
1) Nonmetals
119. The most common form of pure sulfur. 1) The yellow
solid S8
120. The most common form of sulfur found
in nature.
1) Na2S
121. The most commonly used measurement
of EN that ranges from values of 0.79 for
cesium to a value of 4.0 for fluorine.
1) Pauling
scale
122. Named after their cation and anion. 1) Ionic
compounds
123. Nature tends to seek the ___________
energy state.
1) Lowest
124. Nonmetals typically form __________
__________ such as SiO2 or CO2.
1) Covalent
oxides
125. The nuclear charge Z minus the average
number of electrons between the
nucleus and the electron in question.
1) Effective
nuclear
charge (Zeff)
126. The number of carbon atoms in 12
grams of 12C.
1) Mole
(Avogadro's
number,
6.022x10^23)
127. The number of protons plus neutrons. 1) Mass
number
128. The number of protons. 1) Atomic
number
129. Of the 4A elements, what is the only
element that forms strong pi bonds to
make strong double and even triple
bonds?
1) Carbon
130. Of the 5 periodic trends:
Which increase going from left to
right and bottom to top?
1) Energy of
Ionization
(ionization
energy)
2) Electron
affinity
3)
Electronegativity
131. Of the 5 periodic trends:
Which increase going from right to
left and top to bottom?
1) Atomic radius
2) Metallic
character
132. Of the Group 5A elements, what is
the only element that cannot form
five covalent bonds through using d
orbitals?
1) Nitrogen
133. Only Group 5A element that can
form four covalent bonds by
donating its lone pair of electrons to
form a bond.
1) Nitrogen
134. The point where the energy level
between the two atoms is the lowest.
1) Bond length
135. Positive ions are called
__________; negative ions,
__________.
1) Cations
2) Anions
136. Quantum number that has values of
either -1/2 or +1/2.
1) Electron spin
quantum number
(ms)
137. The reactant that is completely used
up if the reaction were run to
completion.
1) Limiting
reagent
138. A reaction that moves to the right
until the supply of at least one of the
reactants is depleted.
1) Running to
completeion
139. Reaction type that assumes the
form:
A +BC -> B + AC
1) Single
displacement
(single
replacement)
140. Reaction type that assumes the
form:
AB + CD -> AD + CB
1) Double
displacement
(double
replacement or
metathesis)
141. Reaction type that assumes the
form:
C -> A+B
1) Decomposition
142. Reaction type that assumes the
form:
A+B -> C
1) Combination
143. The relative number of atoms of one
element to another represented by a
ratio of whole numbers.
1) Empirical
formula
144. Rules for
naming acids.
Acids are named based on their anions:
1) If the name of the anion ends in -ide, the
acid name starts with hydro- and ends in -
ic, as in hydrosulfuric acid (H2S)
2) If the acid is an oxyacid, the ending -ic is
used for the species with more oxygens and
-ous for the species with fewer oxygens, as
in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sulfurous acid
(H2SO3).
145. Rules for
naming an
ionic
compound.
1) Put the cation name in front of the anion
name as in barium sulfate (BaSO4) or
sodium hydride (NaH)
146. Rules for
naming binary
molecular
compounds
(compounds
with only two
elements).
1) Name begins with the name of the elect
that is farthest to the left and lowest in the
periodic table; name of the second element
is given the suffix -ide and a Greek number
prefix is used on the first element if
necessary (e.g. dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4)
147. Rules for
naming ionic
compounds
with different
charges.
1) If the cation is metal and capable of
having different charges (copper 1+ or 2+),
then its name is followed by a Roman
numeral in parentheses (copper (I) ion or
copper (II) ion)
2) Older method is to add -ic ending of the
cation with the greater positive charge and
-ous to the cation with the smaller charge,
as in cupric (Cu2+) and cuprous (Cu+) ions.
4) If the cation is made from a nonmetal,
the cation name ends in -ium such as
ammonium (NH4+)
148. Rules for
naming
monatomic
and
polyatomic
anions.
1) Monoatomic anions and simply
polyatomic anions are given the suffix -ide,
such as hydride ion (H-) or hydroxide ion
(OH-)
2) Polyatomic anions with multiple oxygen
send with the suffix -ite or -ate depending
upon the relative number of oxygens
-More oxygenated receives -ate suffix, such
as nitrite ion (NO2-) versus nitrate ion
(NO3-).
-If there are more possibilities, prefixes
hypo- (least) and per- (most) are used; as in
hypochlorite (ClO-), chlorite (ClO2-),
chlorate (ClO3-) and perchlorate (ClO4-)
3) If an oxyanion has a hydrogen, the word
hydrogen is added as in hydrogen
carbonation ion (HCO3-)
149. The second most EN element that is
divalent and can form strong pi bonds
to make double bonds.
1) Oxygen
150. The second quantum number. 1) Azimuthal
quantum
number (l)
151. The section A group elements from the
periodic table.
1)
Representative
(or main-
group
elements)
152. The section B group elements from the
periodic table.
1) Transition
metals
153. The seven base units in the SI system
that correspond with the following
physical quantities:
1) Mass
2) Length
3) Time
4) Electric current
5) Temperature
6) Luminous intensity
7) Amount of substance
1) Mass =
Kilogram (kg)
2) Length =
Meter (m)
3) Time =
Second (s)
4) Electric
current =
Ampere (A)
5)
Temperature =
Kelvin (K)
6) Luminous
intensity =
Candela (cd)
7) Amount of
substance =
Mole (mol)
154. Showed that electrons and other
moving masses exhibit wave
characteristics that follow the equation
= h/(m*v)
1) Louis de
Broglie
155. Small atoms don't have __________
orbitals available to them for bond
formation; any atom without this
orbital cannot make more than four
bonds.
1) d
156. A solid with not characteristic shape
that melts over a temperature range.
1) Amorphous
solid
157. Solids with repeated structural units. 1) Polymers
158. States that any orbital on the subshell of
any atom can only hold up to two
electrons and no more.
1) Electron
spin quantum
number (ms)
159. States that each subshell within an
atom will have orbitals with quantum
numbers from -l to +1.
1) Magnetic
quantum
number (ml)
160. States that electrons will not fill any
orbital in the same subshell until all
orbitals in that subshell contain at
least one electron, and the unpaired
electrons will have parallel spins.
1) Hund's rule
161. States that elementary particles can
only gain or lose energy and certain
other quantities in discrete units.
1) Quantum
mechanics
162. States that no two electrons in the
same atom have the same four
quantum numbers.
1) The Pauli
Exclusion
principle
163. States that the KE of electrons
increases only when intensity is
increased by increasing the frequency
of each photon.
1) Photoelectric
effect
164. States that the more we know about
the momentum of any particle. the
less we can know about the position,
and vice-versa.
1) Heisenberg
Uncertainty
Principle
165. States that with each new proton
added to cease a new element, a new
electron is added as well.
1) Aufbau
principle
166. A substance made from two or more
elements in definite proportions.
1) Compound
167. Symbol representing the mass
number, or number of protons plus
neutrons.
1) A
168. Symbol repressing the atomic
number, or number of protons.
1) Atomic
number
169. Tend to get smaller with increasing
atomic number because more protons
pull inward on the same number of
electrons.
1) Isoelectric
ions
170. The tendency of an atom to attract a
electron in a bond that it share with
another atom.
1)
Electronegativity
(EN)
171. The third quantum number. 1) Magnetic
quantum
number (ml)
172. Three examples of chemical
reactions.
1) Combustion
2) Metathesis
3) Redox
173. The three important isotopes of
hydrogen.
1) Protium (1H)
2) Deuterium
(2H)
3) Tritium (3H)
174. The three second period elements
that are small enough to form strong
pi bonds.
1) Carbon
2) Nitrogen
3) Oxygen
175. The three sections the period table
is divided into.
1) Nonmetals (on
the right; dark
orange)
2) Metals (on the
left; light orange)
3) Metalloids
(yellow-shaded
diagonal that
separates metals
from nonmetals)
176. Through the photoelectric effect, the
KE of electrons only increases when
the intensity is increased by
increasing the __________ of each
photon.
1) Frequency
177. Tiny particles all mass consists of. 1) Atoms
178. Trend for atomic radius. 1) Increases from
left to right and
top to bottom on
the periodic table
179. Trend for electron affinity. 1) Increases from
left to right and
bottom to top on
the periodic table
180. Trend for EN. 1) Increases from
left to right and
bottom to top on
the periodic table.
181. Trend for ionization energy. 1) Increases from
left to right and
bottom to top on
the periodic table
182. Trend for metallic character. 1) Increases from
right to left and
top to otto on the
periodic table.
183. Trend for Zeff (effective nuclear
charge).
1) Increases going
from left to right
and from top to
bottom on the
periodic table
-Each additional
electron is pulled
more strongly
toward the
nucleus
184. True or False: Energy is released
during the breaking of any bonds.
1) FALSE: Energy
is NEVER
re;eased when
breaking a bond
185. True or False: Every element
has an EN value.
1) FALSE: EN values
are UNDEFINED for
NOBLE GASES.
186. True or False: Heavier alkaline
earth metals react equivalently
to lighter alkaline earth metals.
1) FALSE: Heavier
alkaline earth metals
are MORE reactive
than lighter alkaline
earth metals
187. True or False: Isotopes have
similar physical properties.
1) FALSE: Isotopes
have similar
CHEMICAL properties
188. True or False: It is possible for
more than one electron in the
same atom to have the same
quantum numbers.
1) FALSE: It is NOT
possible for more than
one electron in the
same atom to have the
same quantum
numbers.
189. True or False: Neutrons are a
bit smaller in mass contrasted
to protons.
1) FALSE: Protons and
Neutrons are
approximately equal in
size and mass
(neutrons are very
slightly heavier)
190. True or False: The noble gases
follow every periodic trend.
1) FALSE: The noble
gases DO NOT follow
the trends for EN and
electron affinity
191. Two atoms will only form a bond
if they can ___________ their
overall energy level by doing so.
1) Lower
192. Two or more atoms of the same
element that contain different
numbers of neutrons.
1) Isotopes
193. The two types of solids. 1) Crystalline
2) Amorphous
194. Typically, only electrons from
the __________ and
__________ shells are
considered VE.
1) s
2) p
195. When a compound undergoes a
reaction and changes its
molecular structure to form a
new compound.
1) Chemical reaction
196. When a compound undergoes a
reaction and maintains its
molecular structure and
identity.
1) Physical reaction
197. When an electron falls from a
__________ energy rung to a
__________ energy rung,
energy is released from the
atom in the form of a photon.
1) Higher
2) Lower
198. When an element has
more or fewer electrons
than protons.
1) Ion
199. When in compounds,
__________ always has
an oxidation state of -1,
which means it can only
make one bond, while
other halogens can make
more than one bond.
1) Fluorine
200. When nuclear charge is
reduced by one electron
so the second electron
doesn't feel the entire
nuclear charge.
1) Shielding
201. When the transition
metals form ions, they
lose electrons from their
__________ subshell
first and then from their
__________ subshell.
1) s
2) d
202. Why can't large atoms
easily form pi bonds?
1) The p orbitals on atoms that
are too big don't overlap
significantly, so it is more
difficult to form pi bonds.
203. Why is the second
ionization energy always
greater than the first?
1) After removing the first
electron, the effective nuclear
charge on the other electrons
incases (the positive pull on the
electrons from the nucleus; a
loss of electrons causes this to
increase due to decreased
shielding)
204. The willingness of an
atom to accept an
additional electron.
1) Electron affinity