A

FIELD TRAINING REPORT

On
ARCH VENTED CAUSEWAY
For the partial fulfillment of degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Mr. .........................
(B.E. CIVIL)

Under the guidance of
..............


Department of Civil Engineering
M.G.M.s College Of Engineering, Nanded
Maharashtra State, India
2014 2015


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled ................ which is being submitted here
with for the partial fulfillment of B.E in Civil Engineering. of Swami Ramanand Teerth
Marathwada University, Nanded. This is the result of the Field training by ....................
under my supervision and guidance. The work embodied in this report has not formed earlier
for the basis of the award of any degree or compatible certificate or similar title of this for
any other diploma or university to the best knowledge and belief.


Mr. Rahul R. Sharma Prof. DR. D. V.
Pattewar
In charge Head of Department
Field Training Department of civil Engineering


Director
Dr. Mrs. G.S. Lathkar
M.G.Ms College of Engineering,
Nanded.
ABSTRACT:


Bridge engineering has significantly grown-up in past 50 years because of the increasing
infrastructure demands and the developments in other peripheral branches of engineering.
Many new complex bridges are coming up in reality, now. But this has resulted into a few
problem areas also. Unlike in past, the development that is taking place today, in the design
of bridges, is not going hand-in-hand with the Construction (Execution) technology
(especially in developing countries like India). In fact, in most of the modern bridges it is
observed that unless the Construction methods are excelled, there is no point in adopting any
modern theory / software in the bridge design. The increasing infrastructure demands
necessitate faster, safer, economical, yet superior quality of erection of bridge superstructure.
In certain cases, the modern bridge erection technology imposes significantly larger loads
than the design loads. On the other hand, the construction methodology has to confirm the
design requirements.












I N D E X
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Sr. No. Particulars Page No.
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1. INTRODUCTION
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.



INRODUCTION
A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way beneath.
The required passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. The
obstacle to be crossed may be a river, a road, railway or a valley.
In other words, bridge is a structure for carrying the road traffic or other moving loads over a
depression or obstruction such as channel, road or railway.
A bridge is an arrangement made to cross an obstacle in the form of allows ground or a
stream or a river without closing the way beneath.

A submersible bridge
A submersible bridge is a bridge purposely arranged to be below the level of high floods and
so designed and constructed that high floods may pass over it without damage to the
structure.

Arch type vented causeway :




There are many types of cross drainage works. The type of CD works depends on the flood
discharge and the site conditions. These may include pipe culverts, box culverts,RCC slab
culverts and causeways. Sometime s only a flushed causeway is sufficient but if a discharge
is more, a vented causeway is provided.






THE DETAILS OF OUR PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS
1. NAME OF WORK :
SEMI_CIRCULAR ARCH BRIDGE A/C SUDHA RIVER

2. LOCATION :
PALAJ-DIVASHI ROAD NEAR DIVASHI VILLAGE (MDR-11) AT KM 29/00 TQ
BHOKAR DISTRICT NANDED.

3. CONSTRUCTION :
PUBLIC WORKS DIVISION BHOKAR

4. SUB-DIVISIONAL ENGINEER :
P.W.D DIVISION BHOKAR

5. EXECUTIVE ENGINEER :
P.W.D DIVISION BHOKAR

6. SUPERITENDING ENGINEER
P.W.D CIRCLE , NANDED

7. SITE ENGINEER
ABDUL LATIF assigned by construction company


8. CONTRACTOR
M/S NAIM CONSTRUCTION




SALIENT FEATURES OF WORK :

Raft top level 93.4m
Bank material hard MURUM + BC soil
Bed material pebble sand
Wearing coat 0.75m
P.C.C M10 0.15m
Thickness of arch 0.19m
Height of pedestal with base block 1.335m.
Height of pedestal (pier) 1.035m
Assumed afflux 0.45m



TECHNICAL NOTES GENERAL REPORTS:
The clear road width is 7.5m.
The arch bridge is design for double lane wide single lane of IRC -70R loading on
two lane of class A loading.
As per design guidelines road top level is constructed 2m below HFL.

FOUNDATION :
The geological survey shows that a hard stratum is not available below 1.5 m of
the bed.
Raft foundation is proposed in R.C.C. m20 and cut off are proposed in P.C.C. for
2.3m depth.
Raft foundation is spread over the bed concrete in m10 and granular filling for 900
mm thick.
SUBSTRUCTURE :
The pedestals are in P.C.C M20 with pier cap in R.C.C M20.
The width of pedestals and base blocks are 450 mm wide and every 5
th
pier and
abutments are 600mm wide
SUPERSTRUCTURE :
R.C.C semi circular arch of 190mm thick are in M20 grade of concrete for
1920mm dia (960mm radius)
WEARING COURSE :
R.C.C wearing coarse for 75mm thick is proposed in M20 supported by sprayed in
haunches 40mm metal layers and P.C.C M10 layer for 150mm thick
RETURN:
R.C.C box returns are proposed for 3.96m length for the ht of 3m on both sides in
R.C.C M20.
PROTECTIVE MEASURE:
The U/S and D/S beds are protected by apron of stone individually not less than
25kg weight for width of 3m on U/S side and 5m on D/S side.

WORK SEQUENCE
1. Excavation for foundation for a depth of 1.5 m
2. Dewatering for foundation and other parts of work
3. Stabilisation for raft foundation with approved sand
4. Laying of PCC Cement of M10
5. Laying of steel reinforcement for raft foundation
6. Concreting of reinforcement
7. Extension of reinforcement from raft foundation for pier and abutment
8. Concreting of pier and abutments
9. Laying and fixing of semi circular arch pipes to the reinforcement and piers
10. Concreting of RCC wearing coarse
11. Simultaneous Curing of completed portion of each concreting work.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
EXCAVATION:
Excavation for foundation:
Foundations for almost all types of structure are constructed below the surface
of the ground.
Note that foundation is strictly constructed on hard strata hard and tough
surface. Therefore to obtain the hard strata or hard surface, the soil or rocks
above the base level of the foundation have been excavated.
The trenches are dug by hand tools like pick-axe, phawarah , chisel, hammer,
hammer ghamela, etc. For the foundation of walls for single wall buildings
where as the trenches are dug by mechanical diggers for large scale work of the
foundation of building structure.
FIRST of all excavation is done for cut off wall deep inside the ground as
mentioned in tender. Excavation is done up to 3.4m.

DEWATERING:
It is the process of removal of water from the foundation pit when it is situated
below the ground water table .the purpose of dewatering is to keep the
excavation dry so that concreting can be done .it is followed by restoration to its
original water table after the structure has been completed .permanent
dewatering is require for removing sub surface gravitational water throughout
life of structure.
This helps in stabilisation of soil. Single stage well point is used for
dewatering in our site. The pipes are used for draining out the water from the
place of work.

STABILISATION:
Soil stabilisation is the process of improving the engineering properties of the
soil and thus making it more stable. It is required when the soil available for
construction is not suitable for the intended purpose. In its broadest senses,
stabilisation includes compaction, preconsolidation, drainage and many other
such processes. However, the term stabilisation is generally restricted to the
processes which alter the soil material itself for improvement of its properties. A
cementing material or a chemical is added to a natural soil for the purpose of
stabilisation.

MECHANICAIL STABILISATION:
Mechanical stabilisation is the process of improving the properties of the soil by
changing its gradation.two or more types of natural soils are mixed to obtain a
composite material which is superior to any of its component. To achieve the
desired grading ,sometimes the soil with coarse particles are added or the soils
with fine particles are removed.

Uses of mechanical stabilisation :
It is simple method of soil stabilisation. It is generally used to improve the
subgrades of low bearing capacity. It is extensively used in the construction of
bases , sub bases and surfacing of roads.



CUT OFF WALL:
It is constructed because it prevent the ground water from entering into the
construction site Active earth pressure of soil act on the wall hence it confines
the base coarse soil .depth of cut off wall is 2.35m
BASE COARSE:

















TOOLS USED IN CONSTRUCTION WORK
1. Iron pan:
It is used for manual transportation of concrete, sand, cement mortar etc. in small
quantity
2. Trowel:
It is used for placing mortar where irregularities are observed on the concrete surface
for giving finishing and also used for masonry and plastering.
3. Shovels:
It is used for gathering concrete, sand, mortar, excavation material and placing them in
iron pans.
4. Rammer:

5. Tri-square:
It is a right angle made of steel of this is used to check the right angle of shuttering
work, plastering etc.
6. Wooden float:
It is used for finishing the concrete or the plastered surface.
7. Gauge box:
It is used for batching the fine and coarse aggregate by volume on the site always
capacity of one gauge box is equal to volume of one bag of cement.
8. Plum bob:
It is used to check the plumb or vertically of work for column block masonry work.
Concrete, plastering etc. it is used for transfer of the points in the same vertical plane. It is
usually made of wood or iron. It is suspended by means of string tied in its concrete.
9. Hammer:
It is used for injecting the nail on the nails on the form work with the impact on nails.
10. String:
It is thin Nylon string used in the fixing and checking the alignment of any kind of
shuttering masonry and plastering work.
11. Hook:
It is used for typing the reinforcement tube of internal diameter 5mm and length as
required are used to be training that no air is trapped inside.
12. Level tube:
The thin transparent tube of internal diameter 5mm and length as required are used to be
taking that no air is trapped inside.

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

The different equipment used at out site is as follows:
1. Excavator
2. Tipper
3. Water tank
4. Concrete mixer
5. Ready Mix Concrete
6. Vibrator ( Needle Vibrator )
7. Trolley
8. Bar Cutter

1. EXCAVATOR
Excavators are also called diggers , JCB , mechanical shovels or 360 degree
excavators (sometimes abbreviated simply to 360). Tracked excavators are sometimes called
track hoes by analogy to the backhoe , wheeled excavators are sometimes known as "rubber
ducks.
2. TIPPER
A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand gravel) for
construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a open-box bed, which is hinged at the
rear and equipped with hydraulic pistons to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to
be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery
3. WATER TANKER
We are one of the renowned manufacturers and suppliers of the wide assortment of
Dev Tanker, which is having 4000LT capacity. The products is provided with the 4x2
channel of double chassis and 3"x3" square 6' axel to offer easy usages of the tanker. These
are useful to irrigate the large amount of fields in few amounts of times.
4. CONCRETE MIXER
We hold expertise in the manufacturing and supplying of the Dev Concrete Mixerwith
Hooper. The product is having heavy steel Chassis sections to ensure durability of the
products. Additional four Pneumatic wheels of size 6.00x16 are offered wit this range. The
product is available with us in varied length ranging from 8'-10", Height of 8' Width of 6'9
and Weight is of approx 1300 Kg.
TILTING TYPE:
It has a conical drum which resolves about an inclined axis of 50 with the
horizontal. The drum can be brought into different position for mixing and
discharging. In small mixers the material are charge directly and in mixers of large
capacity for loading skip are used. Blades are fixed in the internal surface of the
rotating drum, which does the mixing, the mixed concrete discharged on iron sheet.

5. READY MIX CONCRETE
Ready-mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant,
according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted intransit
mixers. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be
developed and implemented on construction sites. The first ready-mix factory was built in the
1930s, but the industry did not begin to expand significantly until the 1980s, and it has
continued to grow since then.
Ready mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of
the precision of the mixture and reduced work site confusion. However, using a pre-
determined concrete mixture reduces flexibility, both in the supply chain and in the actual
components of the concrete.
Ready Mixed Concrete is also referred as the customized concrete products for
commercial purpose. the Ready-mix Concrete Company offer different concrete according to
user's mix design or industrial standard.
6. VIBRATOR ( Needle Vibrator ) :
Needle vibrators are used to compact and ensure the perfect bone of concert and steel.
It consist of an electric motor having vibrating conductor cable and vibrating elements
attached with long still needle of dia. Of various sizes depending upon the concrete
member these vibrators are portable and can be shifted from one place to another.
Length of cable is usually about 7 to 10 m and speed of motor is about 1800 rpm. The
size of needle used at out site is of 60 mm diameter for footings and 40 mm diameter
for, slabs, beams and columns.
7. TROLLEY:
It is used for transporting concrete of other materials from lifts to the placing point
over the vertical distances. Also the trolley is used for horizontal transportation with
the help of rails.
8. BAR CUTTER
It is used to cut the reinforcement. The conventional methods are very tedious,
requires more time and more efforts. So now a days bar cutters are mostly used on
construction sites.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Each and every Engineering structure are composed of various materials and those are
called as construction material. Generally every construction is made up of Cement, Sand,
Aggregate, Steel and Water .These are the basic construction materials. In order to improve
quality and life of structure, it is necessary to study the materials at site. Details regarding
some of the Construction materials are given below
1. Cement:
Cementing materials are being used since the period when man started construction
activities. Cementing means any substances, which acts as binding agent for different
materials. 53 grade ordinary Portland cement was used on the site.
2. Fine Aggregate:
The aggregate passing through 4.75mm I.S. sieve is termed as fine aggregate
Natural sand is the fine aggregate chiefly used in concrete mix may be obtained from river,
lake or pit. Sand when used in a concrete mixture, it should be properly washed and tested to
as certain that it is free from clay silt and other organic matter. Sea sand is not directly used
in its natural state for R.C.C. work. The salt present is water sand is liable to attack the steel
reinforcement.
3. Coarse Aggregate:
The aggregate which retain at 4.75 mm I.S. sieve is termed as Coarse aggregate.
The maximum size of coarse aggregate for mass concrete is 20mm and for plain concrete is
60mm. Crushed hard stone and gravel are common materials used as coarse aggregate is
usually obtained by crushing granite, crystalline lime, Stone and good variety of sand stone.
4. Steel Reinforcement:
Steel is the one of the largest used material in field of construction though strong is
compression, concrete is extremely weak, in tension on the other hard steel is strong in
tension and extremely weak in compression. Thus the combination of steel and concrete has
proved to the idea take up stresses.
The minimum size of bar used is 8mm used for shear reinforcement and maximum
size used is 25mm used mainly for columns and beams.
5. Water:
Water acts as lubricant for the fine and coarse aggregates and acts chemically with
cement to form the binding paste for the aggregate and reinforcement. Water used for both
mixing and curing should be free from injurious amount of deleterious materials.
Portable waters are generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of concrete. If
water contains any sugar or an access of acid, alkali or salt, it should not be used.

7. RUBBLE STONE :
SIZE OF RUBBLE UPTO 25 kg
8. MURUM :
a. HARD MURUM
b. SOFT MURUM

9. :

FORM WORK
Form work is defined on the complex system of temporary structure built to contain fresh
concrete. So as to form a homogenous mass of concrete at required shape and dimensions
and for support until it get hardened. It is used for construction of beams, columns.

Materials for form work:
Material to be used for form work should be cheap stronger and easy to work timber is
the most commonly used material. Timber to be used should be soft wood free from
knots and other defects should have concrete gains.
Timber shuttering panels are assembled at site and these shows greater strength. These
days for large work, steel form on also intensively used. The whole formwork must be
stable and the individual parts must be connected in such a manner that the joints are safe.

Removal of Form work for various components
1.for box casion 4 days
2.for the piers 4 days
3.for pier cap 3 days
4.for the arch 5 days
CURING
INTRODUCTION:
It is the process of maintaining the internal moisture in concrete so that complete hydration of
cement can take place. Concrete derives its strength from hydration of cement particles. The
hydration of cement is not momentary action but a process continued long time. The quantity
of the prompt of hydration and amount of gel formed depends upon the extent of hydration.

In the field a higher water cement ratio is used because water in the concrete evaporate the
concrete to the atmosphere. If the hydration is continued unstopped, extra water must be
added to replenish the loss of water on account of evaporation . Therefore curing can be
defined as a process of keeping the concrete most and warm enough so the hydration of
cement can continue.

OBJECTIVES OF CURING:
1. To maintained sufficient water content in the concrete for complete hydration of
cement .
2. To maintain a uniform temperature of the concrete.
3. To reduce shrinkage of the concrete.
4. To preserve the properties of concrete such as impermeability, durability,
strength etc.




DAILY REPORT
Sr no Date work
1
27-06-2014
Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
2 4-07-2014 Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
3 11-07-2014 Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
4 18-07-2014 Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
5 24-08-2014

Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
7


RATE ANALYSIS
MATERIAL RATE:
Sand : 490 rs/-per cu.m
Cement :340 rs/-per bag
20 mm Metal : 3500 rs/-per brass
40 mm Metal : 3000 rs/-per brass


Rubble stone (size of rubble upto 25 kg ) : 375 rs/-per cu.m
Hard murum : 193 rs/-per cu.m
Soft murum : 124 rs/-per cu.m

CHARGES:
Dismantling charges : 300 rs/-percu.m
Excavation : 125 rs/-per cu.m
Dewatering charges : 750 rs/-per cu.m
Construction of sub base by providing close graded material mixing in mechanical
mix plant of OMC : 1102 rs/-per Sq.m
Vibrator operator : 700 rs/-per day

Mixer operator : 700rs/-per day









CONCLUSION
Implant training has been a boon to the B.E. Civil Engineer as it given us an insight
for future professional carrier and the confidence for commanding the work allotted at hand.
This training has given us lot of experience and knowledge regarding the actual construction
methods employed at site. The Project Manager, Engineers and Supervisors while carrying
out several works cleared many aspects of the Work. Observation of Maintenance or Quality
and Completion of Work within stipulated time was done.

We learnt the better fact the Civil Engineering is not a theoretical study but it comes
to life only after you are on field and take command of the adverse situation arising of the
site. We also got to meet the very professional people of this field and their way of working.
Many a fundamental concepts were cleared of during the training period.

Thus we conclude that we are amongst those fortunate few who are not thrown on
with theoretical study alone. But we are well equipped with practical knowledge and ready to
face the world of construction in future






Importants terms
Causeways :
It is a Pucca Submersible bridge which allows floods to pass over
it. It is provided on less important road

Arch bridge :
It is a bridge which produced inclined pressures on supports under
vertical loads.

Piers :
These are the intermediate support of the bridge. And may be solid
or open type.

Abutments :
It is the end support of the super structure

Effective span :
It is the centre to centre distance of adjacent piers

Curtain wall :
It is a thin wall used as a protection against a scouring action of a
stream

Clear span:
Clear distance between two adjacent supports of a bridge


Afflux:
Due to construction of a bridge there is rise in water level above
normal water level of stream while passing under it/this rise is known as afflux
Highest water level
It is the level of highest flood ever recorded for the highest possible
flood




RAFT FOUNDATION

It is a combine footing that covers a entire area beneath a bridge and support all
the piers and abutments when allowable soil pressure is very low and the load
coming on it is very heavy.
They are also used where soil mass contains compressible soil content
(clayey soil) so that the differential settlement would be difficult to control.
It may be also used to reduce settlement above highly compressible soils by
making weight of bridge and raft approximately equal to the weight of soil
excavated, raft may undergo large settlement without causing harmful
differential settlement usually when the hard soil is not available within 1.5 to
2.5 m raft foundation is adopted .
Raft foundations consist of thick reinforced concrete slab covering the entire
area of the bottom of the structure on sub-soil. The slab is reinforced with bars
running at right angles to each other. The rigidity of the slab bridges over loose
patches in the soil.


PIER CAP:
The top of the pier provides the immediate bearing surface for the support
of superstructure it distribute the loads from the bearing to the pier more
uniformly .Generally the pier cap covers the entire area of the top of the pier.
The pier cap is built up of reinforced concrete. Normally the pier cap is 45 to 60
cm thick over the straight portion of the pier.