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A direct modulation method for matrix converter with SVPWM at inverter and

rectier sides
Deepak Devassy M
1
, Shiny G
2
Dept. of Electronics and Communication
College of Engineering Trivandrum.
deepakdevassy1987@gmail.com
1
, shinyjayan@yahoo.com
2
Abstract
A matrix converter(MC) is an AC to AC power converter
topology that receives extensive research attention as a sub-
stitute to conventional AC-DC-ACconverters. Unlike a con-
ventional inverter, MC does not contain any bulky life lim-
ited capacitor which in turn increases the reliability of MC.
Applying the concept of space vector pulse width modula-
tion at rectier and inverter side and combining the duty
ratios of both sides we can easily realize a MC. Instead of
directly nding the duty ratios of MC using conventional
equations, we can nd the duty ratios with reduced com-
plexity. The goals of this paper are to reduce the compu-
tational complexity in nding the duty ratios of direct ma-
trix converter and to regulate the output current with re-
duced ripple. The theory and simulation results presented
in this paper demonstrate the validity of the proposed con-
trol method. The results conrm the improved performance
of MC with reduced current ripple at the output side.
1. Introduction
Matrix converter is a direct power converter topology
which is used to convert AC input voltage into variable
frequency and magnitude output voltage with controllable
power factor. Matrix converter concept was rst put for-
ward by M. Venturini and Alesina in 1980 [1]. The most
desirable features of matrix converter are the following:
Simple and compact power circuit without life limiting
bulky Capacitors.
Generation of load with arbitrary amplitude and fre-
quency.
Sinusoidal input and output current.
Operation with unity power factor for load.
Bidirectional power ow and longer life span.
Many papers introduced in the eld of MC [2] [3] [4]
[5] [6] in recent years reects the increasing interest in the
eld of matrix converter. Mainly two different methods are
used for the modulation strategy of matrix converter. The
rst one is indirect matrix converter modulation strategy us-
ing a rectier side and inverter side and using a ctitious
DC link between them. This has considerable advantages
such as high voltage transfer ratio without adding the third
harmonics, operation under unbalanced voltage conditions
and a simple control algorithm [7]. The second method
is direct matrix converter strategy which was introduced by
M. Venturini and Alesina [8]. Output voltage ripple and
current ripple are the disadvantages of direct matrix con-
verter. In this paper, a short introduction of existing three
phase direct matrix converter principle and its timing calcu-
lation is given(considering timing constraints and switch-
ing states). The new proposed method is given with the
timing calculation and switching state selection. A sys-
tem level simulation and study has been conducted in MAT-
LAB/SIMULINK to verify the validity of the method.
Figure 1. Conventional Direct Matrix Converter
14th National Conference on Technological Trends | 30 - 31, August 2013 | College of Engineering Trivandrum
339
Rotating Vectors Stationary Vectors Zero vectors
abc cba abb(1) baa(10) bab(4) aba(13) bba(7) aab(16) aaa
cab acb bcc(2 ) cbb(11) cbc(5) bcb(14) ccb(8) bbc(17) bbb
bca bac caa(3) acc(12) aca(6) cac(15) aac(9) cca(18) ccc
Figure 2. Switching Voltage Vectors
2. Conventional Direct Matrix converter
2.1. Switching Vector analysis
A conventional matrix converter contains nine bi-
directional switches between input source and load. So it
has 2
9
different switching states. A matrix converter con-
sists of 3 different sources and these sources must never be
short circuited. Since the nature of the load is inductive, the
output must be never left open. Taking these conditions into
consideration, the effective switching states will be reduced
to 27 i.e. in a direct matrix converter there are 27 effective
switching combinations. With respect to the position of the
switches, the vectors can be divided into rotating, station-
ary and zero vectors which are represented in g. 2. The
switching vector state abb representing load 1 is connected
to phase a, load 2 is connected to phase b and load 3 is con-
nected to phase b.
Figure 3. Output voltage space vectors
For the space vector modulation scheme we have to de-
ne the space vectors in the rectier and inverter sides. In-
put and output phase voltage and current space vectors are
dened in the following equations [9],
V
ip
= 2/3(v
a
+ v
b
e
j(2/3)
+ v
c
e
j(4/3)
) (1)
V
op
= 2/3(v
A
+ v
B
e
j(2/3)
+ v
C
e
j(4/3)
) (2)
Figure 4. Input current space vectors
I
ip
= 2/3(i
a
+ i
b
e
j(2/3)
+ i
c
e
j(4/3)
) (3)
I
op
= 2/3(i
A
+ i
B
e
j(2/3)
+ i
C
e
j(4/3)
) (4)
Where V
ip
is input phase voltage, V
op
is output phase
voltage, I
ip
is input phase current and I
op
is output phase
current. Combining the space vectors in rectier side and
inverter side and switching the stationary vectors we will
obtain resultant vectors in complex planes with varying am-
plitudes and frequencies. The output voltage space vectors
and input current space vectors are shown in g. 3 and 4.
By combining the input current and output voltage space
vectors we obtain the PWM signals required to drive the
MC.
2.2. Time interval calculation using space vector
approach
In the application of space vector modulation in MC, we
have to nd separately the input current and output voltage
space vectors(shown in g. 5 and 6). The input current
angle
ip
is obtained by the equation [ [10],

ip
= mod(w
ip
t, /3) (5)
where w
ip
t = 0 is dened as the positive zero crossing
of the phase A input voltage.Similarly the output voltage
angle
op
is obtained by the equation
14th National Conference on Technological Trends | 30 - 31, August 2013 | College of Engineering Trivandrum
340

op
= mod(w
op
t + /6, /3) (6)
where w
0p
t = 0 is dened as the zero crossing of the
output voltage phase a.
The positions of output voltage and input current space
vectors are at arbitrary points in space. Therefore, in order
to combine both we will have to divide both the current and
voltage vectors. The output voltage reference V
op
can be
divided into V

op1
and V

op2
[11].
Figure 5. Voltage Space vector
V
op1
= |V

op
|.sin(/3
op
).2/

3
=
1
.cos(
op
/3)|V
op
|.2/

3

2
.cos(
op
)|V
op
|.2/

3 (7)
V
op2
= |V

op
|.sin(
op
).2/

3
=
3
.cos(
op
/3)|V
op
|.2/

3

4
.cos(
op
)|V
op
|.2/

3 (8)
where
1,2,3,4
are on time durations of the corresponding
applied vectors. In each sector the voltage corresponds to
two stationary vectors and a zero vector. The input current
vectors are also considered likewise,
I
ip1
= |I

ip
|.sin(/3
ip
).2/

3
=
2
.i
x
.2/

3
4
.i
y
.2/

3 (9)
I
ip2
= |I

ip
|.sin(
ip
).2/

3
=
1
.i
x
.2/

3
3
.i
y
.2/

3 (10)
In the equation above i
x
and i
y
are instantaneous values
of output phase currents. Considering output currents as
symmetrically distributed, the relationship between i
x
and
i
y
are
Figure 6. Current Space Vector
i
y
= i
x
.sin(w
op
t 2/3)/sin(w
op
t) (11)
By comparing the equations (7), (8), (9), (10) and (11)
we will obtain the value of
1,2,3,4
which is given by

1
= (2/

3).(|V

op
|/|V
ip
|).sin(
ip
).sin(/3
op
)
(12)

2
= (2/

3).(|V

op
|/|V
ip
|).sin(/3
ip
).sin(/3
op
)
(13)

3
= (2/

3).(|V

op
|/|V
ip
|).sin(
ip
).sin(
op
) (14)

4
= (2/

3).(|V

op
|/|V
ip
|).sin(/3
ip
).sin(
op
)
(15)

0
= 1 (
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
) (16)
From the above equations we can nd which vector has
to be activated and how long each vector has to be activated
to obtain the corresponding output vector. Condition for the
time constraints is
1,2,3,4
>= 0. As seen from the recti-
er side the two lines with maximum line to line voltage
is switched according to the condition of the correspond-
ing output inverter side vector position. In addition to that
inverter side vectors are switched to get the corresponding
rotating current vector at the input.
3. Modied Direct Matrix converter
The main idea behind modied approach towards the
MC is to separately apply the space vector modulation
14th National Conference on Technological Trends | 30 - 31, August 2013 | College of Engineering Trivandrum
341
REC Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Sector 4 Sector 5 Sector 6
INV 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 abb cbb aab ccb acc abb aac aab bcc acc bbc aac baa bcc bba bbc caa baa cca bba cbb caa ccb cca
2 aab ccb bab bcb aac aab cac bab bbc aac cbc cac bba bbc aba cbc cca bba aca aba ccb cca bcb aca
3 bab bcb baa bcc cac bab caa baa cbc cac cbb caa aba cbc abb cbb aca aba acc abb bcb aca bcc acc
4 baa bcc bba bbc caa baa cca bba cbb caa ccb cca abb cbb aab ccb acc abb aac aab bcc acc bbc aac
5 bba bbc aba cbc cca bba aca aba ccb cca bcb aca aab ccb bab bcb aac aab cac bab bbc aac cbc cac
6 aba cbc abb cbb aca aba acc abb bcb aca bcc acc bab bcb baa bcc cac bab caa baa cbc cac cbb caa
Figure 7. Voltage Vectors of matrix converter
method to inverter side and rectier side, then combine their
respective switching stages to obtain the nal gating signals
to drive the MC. By using traditional SVM in rectier side,
we can consider the rectier side as a current source recti-
er(CSR). In space vector diagram the input current vector
that is to be switched is shown in g. 4.
In the space vector diagram the synthesis of the refer-
ence vector is shown in g. 6. The stationary vectors (I
0
-
I
6
) correspond to the positions of corresponding switching
vectors of rectier. The input CSR side is designed in such
a way that the total input DC-link voltage is constant over a
time period. For a particular sampling time period the ref-
erence time is synthesized by two active vectors and a zero
vector. The duty ratios are calculated by,
r
u
= m
c
sin(/3
ip
) (17)
r
v
= m
c
sin(
ip
) (18)
r
0
= 1 d
u
d
v
(19)
where m
c
is the rectier modulation index normally set
to unity to make the rectier side output voltage maximum.
In this case we are giving the modulation index 1. The zero
vectors do not contribute to DC link voltage. So the DC link
voltage can be written as,
V
DClink
= V
ll1
r
u
+ V
ll2
r
v
(20)
By switching the corresponding vectors we can give a si-
nusoidal input current. The three phase voltages gives bal-
anced DC link output voltage V
DClink
at the rectier side.
This constant voltage at the input side of inverter is the pre-
requisite of designing the Voltage source inverter(VSI). The
different switching states of the VSI are listed in g. 3. In
the space vector diagram in g. 5, p and n represents the
different output voltages that have to be connected corre-
sponding to the cycle of operation. p represents the DC link
voltage that must be connected to the output load and n rep-
resents the DC link voltage that must be open circuited. The
switching states of the corresponding vectors are found out
by
I
u
= m
b
sin(/3
op
) (21)
I
v
= m
b
sin(
op
) (22)
I
0
= 1 I
u
I
v
(23)
In the equations (21) and (22) m
b
represents the modu-
lation index for the inverter side which will dene the output
voltage of the matrix converter.
3.1. Switching state combination
In the previous section we found the duty ratios of in-
verter side and rectier side separately to dene CSR, VSI
part. In the coming section we are combining the CSR and
VSI timing signals. The duty ratios of the corresponding
CSR section and VSI section are converted into the timing
diagram in such a way that the zero vectors must reach at
the ends of the timing diagram in each sampling time .
Rectier side Inverter Side Switching State
0 0 5
0 1 5
0 2 5
1 0 5
1 1 2
1 2 4
2 0 5
2 1 1
2 2 3
Table 1. Switching state comparison table
After that we will combine the switching states of the
corresponding VSI and CSR section by comparing the cor-
responding switching times. The switching time for a time
sample must be designed in such a way that the zero vec-
tor switching times should come at the beginning and at the
end. This way, when we compare the switching times the
14th National Conference on Technological Trends | 30 - 31, August 2013 | College of Engineering Trivandrum
342
zero vectors of inverter and rectier side will coincide and
the effective voltage transfer ratio will be as maximum as
possible. The corresponding switching states are compared
and the switching states that have to be switched are ob-
tained. Table 1 will show the corresponding states that have
to be switched to obtain AC at output of the matrix con-
verter. In table 1 switching state 5 corresponds to zero vec-
tor in matrix converter.
According to the switching states that are represented in
g. 7, the output states are switched and the corresponding
output current and voltage wave forms are obtained.
4. Simulation results
A three phase source and R-L load driven by the
proposed method is simulated using the software MAT-
LAB/Simulink. The PWM algorithm to drive the nine
bi-directional switches are obtained. The obtained volt-
age and current waveforms are plotted. The input voltage
sources are three 50Hz 230V 120 degree phase shifted volt-
age sources. The proposed method generates a sinusoidal
output current with reduced ripple(g. 8) and a sinusoidal
input current(g. 11). The output phase voltage(g. 10)
and line voltage(g. 9) are also plotted.
Figure 8. Output current waveform
5. Conclusion and Future Works
In this paper the conventional direct MC has been ana-
lyzed and a modulation method to nd the duty ratios of
the MC has been proposed. The proposed methods design
ow is divided into two steps. First, derive the duty ratios of
the rectier side and inverter side and then combine them to
produce the PWM signals to drive the MC. The new method
for the matrix converter is simulated and results conrmthat
the output current harmonics and THD are reduced. But
in the proposed scheme the switching frequency as well as
switching losses are more than in the existing methods.
Figure 9. Output line voltage waveform
Figure 10. Output phase voltage waveform
Figure 11. input current waveform
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344

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