Vocabulary terms for Unit 2, Chapters 2-5: Chemistry of Life

Chapter 2 Key Terms: element, atom, proton, neutron, electron, atomic number, atomic mass, isotope,
valence electrons, covalent bond, molecule, polar vs. non-polar, anion, cation, hydrogen bond
Chapter 3 Key Terms: surface tension, specific heat, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydrogen ion,
hydroxide ion, pH scale, buffer
Chapter 4 Key Terms: organic chemistry, isomer, functional group hydrocarbon, and hydroxyl,
carbonyl, carboxyl, amino groups
Chapter 5 Key Terms: polymer, dehydration or condensation synthesis, hydrolysis, carbohydrate,
monosaccharide, disaccaride, polysaccharide, starch vs. cellulose vs. glycogen, alpha and beta
glucose molecules, 1-4 glycosidic linkages, lipids, saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids,
hydrogenated fats, trans-fats, phospholipid, amino acid, polypeptide, peptide bond, primary,
secondary, alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, tertiary, quaternary structure, R-groups, hydrophobic
interactions, disulfide bridges, denaturation, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid
ssays!
1. "escribe hydrogen bonds and explain ho# these bonds contribute to each of the five special
properties of #ater. "escribe and discuss each of the five properties of #ater #ith some detail.
$. xplain #hat makes a molecule polar or non-polar. "escribe #hat happens to %a& polar and %b& non
polar molecules #hen placed in #ater and explain #hy for each.
'. "escribe dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. (se a dra#ing)diagram for each.
4. *e able to describe each macromolecule %carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acids& in terms of
monomers and polymers. +hen given the structure, you should be able to identify it by its name, type
of macromolecule, and monomer)dimer)polymer.
,. +hat is the difference bet#een starch, cellulose, and glycogen in terms of molecular arrangement
and #here it is found- *e sure to describe the difference bet#een starch and cellulose.& +hy is
cellulose not digestible in your stomach-
.. +hat is the difference bet#een saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons found in lipids
and phospholipids. +hich is found in plants and #hich is found in animals- +hat state of matter is
each expected to form at room temperature- +hy are lipids not considered to be true polymers-
/. xplain the four different levels of arrangement associated #ith proteins and the importance of each.
0. 1ive a brief overvie# of ho# en2ymes function and #hy they are called catalysts. 1ive one factor
that affect en2yme activity %denature& and explain ho# they alter the en2ymes ability to function. "ra#
a graph for that factor sho#ing its optimal activity level. 3abel axes.
4. +hat is the structural difference bet#een "56 and R56- +hat are the three components of a
nucleotide- Ho# is the '7 and ,7 directionality of nucleic acids determined- +hat does it mean to be a
purine- pyrimidine-