212 Machine Drawing

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d:\N-Design\Des15-1.pm5
Figure 15.2 shows the tolerances (in microns or in micrometres) that may be obtained
by various manufacturing processes and the corresponding grade number.

Tolerance is denoted by two symbols, a letter symbol and a number symbol, called the grade.
Figure 15.3 shows the graphical illustration of tolerance sizes or fundamental deviations for
letter symbols and Table 15.1 lists the fundamental tolerances of various grades.
It may be seen from Fig. 15.3 that the letter symbols range from A to ZC for holes and
from a to zc for shafts. The letters I, L, O, Q, W and i, l, o, q, w have not been used. It is also
evident that these letter symbols represent the degree of closeness of the tolerance zone (positive
or negative) to the basic size.
Similarly, it can be seen from Table 15.1, that the basic sizes from l mm to 500 mm have
been sub-divided into 13 steps or ranges. For each nominal step, there are 18 grades of tolerances,
designated as IT 01, IT 0 to IT 1 to IT 16, known as Fundamental tolerances.
The fundamental tolerance is a function of the nominal size and its unit is given by the
emperical relation, standard tolerance unit, i = 0.45 D
3
+ 0.001 D
where i is in microns and D is the geometrical mean of the limiting values of the basic steps
mentioned above, in millimetres. This relation is valid for grades 5 to 16 and nominal sizes
from 3 to 500 mm. For grades below 5 and for sizes above 500 mm, there are other emperical
relations for which it is advised to refer IS: 19191963. Table 15.1A gives the relation between
different grades of tolerances and standard tolerance unit i.
Table 15.1A Relative magnitude of IT tolerances for grades 5 to 16 in terms
of tolerance unit i for sizes upto 500 mm
Grade IT 5 IT 6 IT 7 IT 8 IT 9 IT 10 IT 11 IT 12 IT 13 IT 14 IT 15 IT 16
Tolerance values 7i 10i 16i 25i 40i 64i 100i 160i 250i 400i 640i 1000i
Thus, the fundamental tolerance values for different grades (IT) may be obtained either
from Table 15.1 or calculated from the relations given in Table 15.1A.
Example 1 Calculate the fundamental tolerance for a shaft of 100 mm and grade 7.
The shaft size, 100 lies in the basic step, 80 to 120 mm and the geometrical mean is
D = 80 120 = 98 mm
The tolerance unit, i = 0.45 98
3
+ 0.001 98 = 2.172 microns
For grade 7, as per the Table 15.1A, the value of tolerance is,
16i = 16 2.172 = 35 microns
(tallies with the value in Table 15.1).

The symbols used (Fig. 15.3) for the fundamental deviations for the shaft and hole are as
follows :
Hole Shaft
Upper deviation (E cart superior) ES es
Lower deviation (E cart inferior) EI ei
Limits, Tolerances, and Fits 213
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d:\N-Design\Des15-1.pm5
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Limits, Tolerances, and Fits 215
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d:\N-Design\Des15-1.pm5
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8
+

3
5

+

4
1
+

4
7
+

5
4
+

6
3
+

7
3
+

9
8
+

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+

1
8
8
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+

4
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+

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+

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5
+

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+

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8
+

1
1
8
+

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6
0
+

2
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3
0
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9
+

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7
+

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6
+

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+

4
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+

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+

6
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+

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8
+

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+

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+

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+

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5
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+

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3
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+

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+

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+

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9
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1
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+

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0
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+

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9
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+

2
2
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+

2
8
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+

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3
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+

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0
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0
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6
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1
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0
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6
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+

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0
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+

1
4
6
+

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1
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+

2
5
2
+

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1
0
+

3
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0
+

4
6
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6
0
0
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7
8
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0
0
0
T
a
b
l
e

1
5
.
2

F
u
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d
a
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a
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(
c
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t
d
.
)
Limits, Tolerances, and Fits 217
dharm
d:\N-Design\Des15-1.pm5
F
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b
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1
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2

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(
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218 Machine Drawing
dharm
d:\N-Design\Des15-1.pm5
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Limits, Tolerances, and Fits 219
dharm
d:\N-Design\Des15-1.pm5
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Limits, Tolerances, and Fits 221
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dharm
d:\N-Design\Des15-1.pm5
For each letter symbol from a to zc for shafts and A to ZC for holes; the magnitude and
size of one of the two deviations may be obtained from Table 15.2 or 15.3 and the other deviation
is calculated from the following relationship :
Shafts, ei = es IT
Holes, EI = ES IT
where IT is fundamental tolerance of grade obtained from Table 15.1.
NOTE The term shaft in this chapter includes all external features (both cylindrical
and non-cylindrical) and the term hole includes all internal features of any component.

Table 15.4 shows the formulae for calculating the fundamental deviation of shafts. The value
of D is the geometric mean diameter of the range.
Table 15.4 Formulae for fundamental deviation for shafts upto 500 mm
Upper deviation (es) Lower deviation (ei)
Shaft In microns Shaft In microns
designation (for D in mm) designation (For D in mm)
a = (265 + 1.3D) k4 to k7 = 0.6 D
3
for D 120
= 3.5 D k for = 0
for D > 120 grades 3
and 8
b (140 + 0.85 D) m = + (IT 7 IT 6)
for D 160
1.8 D n = + 5 D
0.34
for D > 160 p = + IT 7 + 0 to 5
c = 52 D
0.2
r = geometric mean of values
for D 40 ei for p and s
= (95 + 0.8 D) s = + IT 8 + 1 to 4
for D > 40 for D 50
d = 16 D
0.44
= + IT 7 + 0.4 D
for D > 50
e = 11 D
0.41
t = IT 7 + 0.63 D
f = 5.5 D
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g = 2.5 D
0.34
v = + IT 7 + 1.25 D
h = 0 x = + IT 7 + 1.6 D
y = + IT 7 + 2 D
z = + IT 7 + 2.5 D
za = + IT 8 + 3.15 D
zb = + IT 9 + 4 D
j5 to j8 no formula zc = + IT 10 + 5 D
For Js : the two deviations are equal to
IT
2
230 Machine Drawing
dharm
d:\N-Design\Des15-2.pm5

In working out limit dimensions for the three classes of fits; two systems are in use, viz., the
hole basis system and shaft basis system.

In this system, the size of the shaft is obtained by subtracting the allowance from the basic size
of the hole. This gives the design size of the shaft. Tolerances are then applied to each part
separately. In this system, the lower deviation of the hole is zero. The letter symbol for this
situation is H.
The hole basis system is preferred in most cases, since standard tools like drills, reamers,
broaches, etc., are used for making a hole.

In this system, the size of the hole is obtained by adding the allowance to the basic size of the
shaft. This gives the design size for the hole. Tolerances are then applied to each part. In this
system, the upper deviation of the shaft is zero. The letter symbol for this situation is h.
The shaft basis system is preferred by (i) industries using semi-finished shafting as raw
materials, e.g., textile industries, where spindles of same size are used as cold-finished shafting
and (ii) when several parts having different fits but one nominal size is required on a single
shaft.
Figure 15.14 shows the representation of the hole basis and the shaft basis systems
schematically. Table 15.5 gives equivalent fits on the hole basis and shaft basis systems to
obtain the same fit.
Hole
Hole
Shaft Shaft
Shaft Hole
Hole
Hole
B
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Shaft
Shaft
Shaft
Shaft
Hole Hole
Hole
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line
Examples taken from
shaft-basis system
Examples taken from
hole-basis system
Fig. 15.14 Examples illustrating shaft basis and hole basis systems
Application of various types of fits in the hole basis system is given in Table 15.6.
Table 15.5. Equivalent fits on the hole basis and shaft basis systems
Clearance Transition Interference
Hole basis Shaft basis Hole basis Shaft basis Hole basis Shaft basis
H7 c8 C8 h7 H6 j5 J6 h5 H6 n5 N6 h5
H8 c9 C9 h8 H7 j6 J7 h6
H11 c11 C11 h11 H8 j7 J8 h7 H6 p5 P6 h5
H7 p6 p7 h6
H7 d8 D8 h7 H6 k5 K6 h5
H8 d9 D9 h8 H7 k6 K7 h6 H6 r5 R6 h5
(Contd.)...
Limits, Tolerances and Fits 231
dharm
d:\N-Design\Des15-2.pm5
H11 d11 D11 h11 H8 k7 K8 h7 H7 r6 R7 h6
H6 e7 E7 h6 H6 m5 M6 h5 H6 s5 S6 h5
H7 e8 E8 h7 H7 m6 M7 h6 H7 s6 S7 h6
H8 e8 E8 h8 H8 m7 M8 h7 H8 s7 S8 h7
H6 f6 F6 h6 H7 n6 N7 h6 H6 t5 T6 h5
H7 f7 F7 h7 H8 n7 N8 h7 H7 t6 T7 h6
H8 f8 F8 h8 H8 t7 T8 h7
H8 p7 P8 h7
H6 g5 G6 h5 H6 u5 U6 h5
H7 g6 G7 h6 H8 r7 R8 h7 H7 u6 U7 h6
H8 g7 G8 h7 H8 u7 U8 h7
Table 15.6. Types of fits with symbols and applications
Type of fit Symbol of fit Examples of application
Interference fit
Shrink fit H8/u8 Wheel sets, tyres, bronze crowns on worm wheel
Heavy drive fit H7/s6 hubs, couplings under certain conditions, etc.
Press fit H7/r6 Coupling on shaft ends, bearing bushes in hubs, valve
Medium press fit H7/p6 seats, gear wheels.
Transition fit
Light press fit H7/n6 Gears and worm wheels, bearing bushes, shaft and
wheel assembly with feather key.
Force fit H7/m6 Parts on machine tools that must be changed without
damage, e.g., gears, belt pulleys, couplings, fit bolts,
inner ring of ball bearings.
Push fit H7/k6 Belt pulleys, brake pulleys, gears and couplings as
well as inner rings of ball bearings on shafts for
average loading conditions.
Easy push fit H7/j6 Parts which are to be frequently dismantled but are
secured by keys, e.g., pulleys, hand-wheels, bushes,
bearing shells, pistons on piston rods, change gear
trains.
Clearance fit
Precision sliding fit H7/h6 Sealing rings, bearing covers, milling cutters on
milling mandrels, other easily removable parts.
Close running fit H7/g6 Spline shafts, clutches, movable gears in change gear
trains, etc.
Normal running fit H7/f7 Sleeve bearings with high revolution, bearings on
machine tool spindles.
Easy running fit H8/e8 Sleeve bearings with medium revolution, grease
lubricated bearings of wheel boxes, gears sliding on
shafts, sliding blocks.
Loose running fit H8/d9 Sleeve bearings with low revolution, plastic material
bearings.
Slide running fit H8/c11 Oil seals (Simmerrings) with metal housing (fit in
housing and contact surface on shaft), multi-spline
shafts.