Chapter

Overview
Perkahwinan/
Marriage
Konsep
Perkahwinan
Perkahwinan
Menurut Islam
Quran
Hadith
Keluarga/
Family
Definisi Keluarga
Persoalan Tentang
Definisi
Perspektif
Sosiologi
Perspektif
Teoritikal
Functionalism
Conflict
Symbolic
Interactionism
Fungsi Keluarga
Tischer, 2011
Functionalist View
Jenis Keluarga
System of Descent
Authority Patterns
Family Life Cycle/
Kitaran Kehidupan
Keluarga
Divorce/
Penceraian


Marriage is a lifetime relationship that should
never be ended except under extreme
circumstances.






Agreed

76%

Disagreed

6%

When a marriage is troubled and unhappy, it
is generally better for the children if the
couple stays together


Agreed

25%

Disagreed

Why?
Andrew Cherlin, a sociologist who has spent his life studying
the American family, believes the answer lies with two
divergent beliefs in American culture.
First, we think marriage is the best way to lead ones life. It
should be permanent, loving relationship with divorce as a
last resolt.
Yet, the strong cultural belief in individualism that urges
people to examine their personal situations and make
changes if they are not satisfied. The individual pursuit of
happiness has been elevated of the changes in the American
family that have occured during the past 50 years (Cherlin,
2009).
Konsep Perkahwinan
Marriage is an institution found in all societies which is the
socially recognized, legitimized and supported union of
individuals of opposite sexes. It differs from other unions
(such as friendships) in terms of:

a) it is initiated in a public (and usually formal) manner;
b) it includes sexual intercourse as an explicit element of the
relationship;
c) it provides the essential condition for legitimizing offspring (i.e. it
provides newborns with socially accepted statuses); and
d) it is intended to be a stable and enduring relationship.

Thus, although almost all societies allow for divorce, no
society endorses it as an ideal norm (Tischler, 2011, p. 270).

Perkahwinan Menurut Islam
Quran Says
Marriage is a highly recommended deed. Allah
says,
"Marry the spouseless among you...if they are poor, God will
enrich them of His bounty.
(An Nur:32)

"And among His signs is that He has created for you spouses from
among yourselves so that you may live in tranquility with them;
and He has created love and mercy between you. Verily, in that
are signs for those who reflect.
(Ar Rum:21 )



In another verse Allah says,

"... Then marry such women as seem good to you two, three
or four. But if you fear that you will not do justice between
your wives, then marry only one...
(An Nisa: 3)
According to the principles of Islamic
jurisprudence...
any communication in imperative form from God can
have two levels of meaning: either it is an obligatory
command or a very high recommendation.
From these few verses of the Qur'an, one can
easily understand that according to Islam:

a. marriage is a sign of God's power and blessings;
b. marriage is a highly recommended act of virtue
which should not be avoided because of
poverty;
c. sexual urge is a creative command of God placed
in human nature.

The Prophet Said
The Prophet said, 'Whosoever likes to follow my
tradition, then he should know that marriage is from
my tradition.

The Prophet said, No house has been built in Islam
more beloved in the sight of Allah than through
marriage.
Definition
1. A social group characterized by common residence,
economic cooperation and reproduction, including
adults of both sexes, at least one of whom maintain
a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or
more children, own or adopted, of the sexually
cohabiting adults

(Murdock, 1949).

2. Family - consists of people who consider themselves
related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

(Allyn and Bacon, 2003)
3. a group of persons united by ties of marriage,
blood, or adoption; constituting a household;
interacting and communicating with each other in
their respective social roles of husband and wife,
mother and father, son and daughter, brother and
sister, and creating and maintaining a common
culture

(Burgess et al., 1971).
4. any group of persons united by the ties of
marriage, blood, or adoption, or any sexually
expressive relationship in which
(1) the people are committed to one another in an
intimate, interpersonal relationship,
(2) the members see their identity as importantly
attached to the group, and
(3) the group has an identity of its own

(Rice, 1990).

5. Family refers to a collection of people, related to
each other by marriage, ancestry, adoption, or
affinity, who have a commitment to each other and
a unique identity with each other. This collection
forms an economic unit. The adults in the collection
have varying degrees of responsibility for young
members that might be a part of the collection

(Bidwell and Vander Mey, 2000).
6. A family consists of two or more people living
together who are related by birth, marriage, or
adoption.

(U.S. Census Bureau)

7. A family is a relationship by blood, marriage, or
affection, in which members may cooperate
economically, may care for any children, and may
consider their identity to be intimately connected to
the larger group

(Seccombe and Warner, 2004:6)

Beberapa persoalan tentang definisi keluarga
ditimbulkan di sini, iaitu;

1. Adakah keluarga itu secara mutlaknya berasaskan
darah?
menyebabkan anak angkat itu menjadi a lesser children, dan keluarga
tiri itu a lesser family?
Pada tahun 1993, seorang remaja dari Florida yang telah diserahkan
selepas kelahirannya kepada keluarga yang salah, tidak mahu
kembali kepada keluarga biologikalnya setelah kesilapan itu
diketahui.
Semasa perbicaraan kesnya, peguam remaja tersebut telah
memulakan debatnya dengan soalan "What constitutes a family?"
dan membuat kenyataan bahawa [biology] alone--without more--
does not constitute or sustain a family.


2. Adakah istilah itu perlu difahami sebagai: mereka
yang tinggal di bawah bumbung yang sama, yang
membawa makna semua isirumah (household)
tergolong di dalamnya?
3. Adakah istilah ini didefinisi berdasarkan fungsi yang
dimainkan?
George Peter Murdock argues that the family is "a social
group characterized by common residence, economic
cooperation, and reproduction. ... [it] includes adults of
both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially
approved sexual relationship, and one or more children."
4. Bagaimana pula perakuan undang-undang kepada
hubungan tersebut?
Sociological Perspective
Dari sudut sosiologi, dikenali sebagai ahli keluarga membawa
makna wujudnya perbezaan hak dan obligasi sosial terhadap
mereka yang dikenali (oleh masyarakat dan anggotanya)
sebagai keluarga berbanding dengan orang yang tidak
dikenali (stranger), rakan sekerja, jiran, teman sebilik, rakan
atau saudara mara yang jarak (e.g., fifth cousin twice
removed) yang tidak dikira sebagai keluarga (of course,
where a culture draws this line between family and not-family
is highly variable; one is no more distantly related from any
other person on earth than a fifty-second cousin or so. Pet
owners and their pet owning friends may view Fido as
"family"--and Fidos have been known to inherit the bulk of
their deceased owners' estates).
Marriage & Family in
Theoretical Perspective
T
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Functionalists
believe the family is
universal because it fulfills
basic needs.
Conflict Theorists
believe within the family
there is a struggle over
scarce resources.
Most men resist doing
housework.
Women pull a second-shift at
home.
Symbolic
Interactionist
examine how our ideas, beliefs
and attitudes shape our daily
lives.
Functions of the Family
Kepentingan keluarga tergambar dalam kenyataan
yang dikemukakan oleh Michael Novak iaitu:

if the family breaks down, not all of the remaining
institutions can put society back together again.
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Regulating Sexual
Behavior
Patterning
Reproduction
Organizing Production
and Consumption
Socializing Children
Providing Care and
Protection
Providing Social Status
1. Regulating Sexual Behavior
No society permits random sexsual behavior. All societies have
a incest taboo, which forbids intercourse among closely
related individuals, although who is considered to be closely
related varies widely. Almost universally, incest rules prohibit
sex between parents and their children and between brothers
and sisters. However, there are exceptions. The royal families
of ancient Egypt, the Inca nation, and early Hawaii did allow
sex and marriage between brothers and sisters (Tischler,
2011, p. 268).

Incest

Incest refers to sexual relations with a close relative.
The incest taboo is a cultural universal.
What constitutes incest varies widely from culture to culture.
In societies with unilineal descent systems (patrilineal or
matrilineal), the incest taboo is often defined based on
the distinction between two kinds of first cousins: parallel
cousins and cross cousins.
Sexual relations with a parallel cousin is incestuous, because they
belong to the same generation and the same descent group.
Sexual relations with a cross cousin is not incestuous because they
belong to the opposite group or moiety.
2. Patterning Reproduction
Every society must replace its members. By regulting
where and with whom individuals may enter into
sexual relationships, society also patterns sexual
reproduction. By permitting or forbidding certain
forms of marriage (multiple wives or multiple
husband for example) a society can encourage or
discourage reproduction.
3. Organizing Production and
Consumption
In preindustrial societies, the economic system often
depended on each family producing much of what it
consumed. In almost all societies, the family
consumes food and other necessities as a social unit.
Therefore, a societys economic system and family
structures often are closely correlated.

4. Socializing Children
Not only must a society reproduce itself biologically by
producing children, it also must ensure that its children are
encouraged to accept the lifestyle it favors, to master the skills
it values, and to perform the work it requires. The family
provides such a context almost universally, at least during the
period when the child is dependent on the constant attention
of others. The family is ideally suited to this task because its
members know the child from birth and are aware of its
special abilities and needs.
5. Providing Care and Protection
Every human being needs food and shelter. In addition, we all
need to be among people who care for us emotionally, who
help us with the problems that arise in daily life, and who
back us up when we come into conflict with others. Although
many kinds of social groups are capable of meeting one or
more of these needs, the family often is the one group in a
society that meets them all.
6. Providing Social Status
Simply by being born into a family, each individual
receives both material goods and a socially
recognized position defined by ascribed status. These
statuses include social class or caste membership
and ethnic identity. Our inherited social position, or
family background, probably is the single most
important social factor affecting the predictable
course of our lives.
Family serves six functions
for society according to
Functionalist View
Protection Socialization Reproduction
Regulation of
Sexual Behavior
Affection and
Companionship
Provision of
social status
Types of Family
Types of Family Types of Family
Keluarga Orientasi
(the family in which an
individual grows up)
Keluarga Orientasi
(the family in which an
individual grows up)
Keluarga Prokreasi
(the family formed when a
couple have their first
child)
Keluarga Prokreasi
(the family formed when a
couple have their first
child)
Richard T. Schaefer, 2003
Types of Family
Keluarga Nuklear
(Nuclear Family)
A living arrangement in
which spouses and
children live together
Keluarga Luas
(Extended Family)
A living arrangement in
which spouses, children and
other relatives live together
Richard T. Schaefer, 2003
Types of Family Types of Family
Polygamy Polygamy
when an individual
has several husbands
or wives
simultaneously
when an individual
has several husbands
or wives
simultaneously
Polygyny Polygyny
Multiple Wives Multiple Wives
Polyandry Polyandry
Multiple Husbands Multiple Husbands
Richard T. Schaefer, 2003
Nuclear Family
Nuclear family is the most basic family form and is made up of
a married couple and their biological or adopted children. The
nuclear family is found in all societies, and it is from this form
that all other (composite) family forms are derived.
Setiap keluarga nuklear mengandungi pasangan yang
berkahwin dan anak-anak yang bergantung kepada mereka
dan tinggal bersama.


Extended Families
Extended families include other relations and
genrations in addition to the nuclear family, so that
along with married parents and their offspring, there
might be the parents parents, siblings of the
parents, the siblings spouses and children, and in-
laws. All the members of the extended family live in
one house or in homes close to one another, forming
one cooperative unit.
Sistem keluarga luas adalah tipikal wujud dalam
masyarakat bukan industri dan sektor desa dalam
masyarakat moden.


Polygamous Families
Polygamous families and nuclear families linked
together by multiple marriage bonds, with one
central individual married to several spouses.

Polygynous
The family is polygynous when the central person is
male and the multiple spouses are female.
Polygyny is more common than polyandry because,
where sex ratios are not equal, there tend to be
more women than men.
Multiple wives tend also to be associated with
wealth and prestige (the Kanuri of Nigeria and the
Betsileo are used as examples).


Polyandrous
The family is polyandrus when the central person is female and the
multiple spouses are male.
Polyandry is rare and only 1% of all societies permit a woman to take
several husbands simultaneously, and the women have to be wealthy
members of those societies to do so.
The Tlingit of southern Alaska are one example.
Polyandry also occurs among well-to-do Tibetan families in the highlands
of Limi, Nepal.
Polyandry is quite rare, being practiced almost exclusively in South Asia.
Among the Paharis of India, polyandry was associated with a relatively low
female population, which was itself due to covert female infanticide.
Polyandry is usually practiced in response to specific circumstances, and in
conjunction with other marriage formats.
In other cultures, polyandry resulted from the fact that men traveled a
great deal, thus multiple husbands ensured the presence of a man in the
home.

Families, whether nuclear or extended,
trace their relationships through the
generations in several ways.

System of Descent
(the way people trace kinship over
generations)
Patrilineal System
(descent is traced only to the fathers side)
Matrilineal System
(descent is traced only to the mothers
side)
Bilateral System
(being related to both the mothers and
fathers side of the family)
Under the patrilineal system, the generations are
tied together through the males of a family which is
all the members trace their kinship through the
fathers line.
Under the matrilineal system, exactly the opposite is
the case. The generations are tied together through
the females of a family.
Under the bilateral system, descent passes through
both females and males of a family.

In patrilineal society, social, economic, and political affairs
usually are organized around the kinship relationships among
men, and men tend to dominate public affairs. Polygyny often
is permitted, and men also tend to dominate family affairs.
Sociologists use the term patriarchal family to describe
situations in which most family affairs are dominated by men.
The matriarchal family, in which most family affairs are
dominated by women, is relatively uncommon but dows exist.
Therefore, whatever form the family takes and whatever
functions it serves, it generally requires a marriage to exist.
Like the family, marriage varies from society to society in its
forms (Tischler, 2011, p. 269).

Authority Patterns
(Who Rules?)
Patriarchy
males are expected to
dominate in all family
decision making
Matriarchy
women have greater
authority than men
Egalitarian family
family in which spouses
are regarded as equals
THE FAMILY LIFECYCLE
A source of roles, responsibilities
and challenges for families!
What is a lifecycle?
A lifecycle is a series of stages families
go through as the structure of the
family changes.
However, not every family follows the
life cycle in order or description
because each family is unique.

Understanding the stages in the lifecycle
of a family can help prepare parents and
other family members for the challenges
and demands each stage brings.
FAMILY
LIFECYCLE
STAGE 1
(Beginning
Family)
STAGE 2
(Expanding
Family)
STAGE 3
(Developing
Family)
STAGE 4
(Launching
Family)
STAGE 5
(Aging
Stage)
In this stage, two
people form a family
unit separate from
each ones original
family unit
There are no children
in this stage of the life
cycle
STAGE 1
What challenges face
the beginning family as
they prepare for the
parenting process?
What roles may be
assumed by the family
members in this stage?
CHALLENGES
STAGE 2
During this stage, children are added
to the family.
CHALLENGES
What challenges face the expanding family as
they begin the parenting process?
How will roles change in the family when the
first child is born?
This stage begins when
the last child starts
school
STAGE 3
What challenges face
the developing family
with children from ages
6-20 years?
Will these challenges
affect family roles?
CHALLENGES
STAGE 4
This stage begins with the departure
of the oldest child and ends with the
departure of the youngest child from
the family unit.
CHALLENGES
This stage holds many challenges for families.
What are some of them?
S
T
A
G
E

5

This stage is
sometimes called
the empty nest
stage, because
the children have
left the original
family unit. This
stage has parents
with children
who are now
independent and
living on their
own.
C
H
A
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L
E
N
G
E
S

What challenges
would face
parents in the
empty nest
stage?
How do roles
change for family
members in this
stage of the
cycle?
Remember.
The family life cycle is one way to
look at the roles and responsibilities
of parenting.
In real life, the life cycle may be a
combination of several stages at one
time!
Divorce
Divorce is found in many different societies.
Marriages that are political alliances between groups are
harder to break up than marriages that are more
individual affairs.
Payments of bridewealth also discourage divorce.
Divorce is more common in matrilineal societies as well as
societies in which postmarital residence is matrilocal.
Divorce is harder in patrilocal societies as the woman may
be less inclined to leave her children who, as members of
their fathers lineage, would need to stay with him.