PROGRAM NO 1

TO PLOT A GRAPH OF FRICTION FACTOR (F) VERSUS REYNOLDS

NUMBER (NRE), FOR THE GIVEN RANGE OF REYNOLDS NUMBERS.
/* PROGRAM*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float f,nre;
clrscr();
printf(" Laminar Range \n NRE \t\t F ");
for(nre=1500;nre<2100;nre+=1000)
{
f=16/nre;
printf("\n %f \t %f ",nre,f);
} /* end for*/
printf("\n Transition Range ");
printf("\n NRE \t\t F ");
for(nre=2500;nre<10000;nre+=1000)
{
f=0.076*pow(nre,-0.33);
printf("\n %f \t %f ",nre,f);
}/* end for*/
printf("\n Turbulent Range ");
printf("\n Nre \t\t F");
for(nre=10000;nre<1e5;nre+=10000)
{
f=0.076*pow(nre,-0.33);
printf("\n %f \t %f ",nre,f);
} /* end for*/
getch();
}/* end main*/
OUTPUT:Laminar Range
Nre
1500

F
0.010667

Transition Range
Nre
2500
3500
4500
5500
6500
7500
8500
9500

F
0.005748
0.005144
0.004734
0.004431
0.004193
0.004000
0.003838
0.003700

Turbulent Range
Nre
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000

F
0.003638
0.002894
0.002531
0.002302
0.002139
0.002014
0.001914
0.001831
0.001762

PROGRAM 2
A PROGRAM TO FIT A CURVE FOR ARRHENIUS EQUATION USING LEAST
SQUARE METHOD.
/*PROGRAM*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i;
double x[10], y[10], sumx=0,sumy=0,sumsq=0,sumxy=0,numr,denr,m,c;
clrscr();
/* n is the total number of data points*/
printf("\n Enter the total number of data points: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter the data points one by one: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n Enter values of X and Y when i is %d : ",i+1);
scanf("%lf%lf",&x[i],&y[i]);
}/* end for*/
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
/* Least Squares Method */
sumx=sumx+x[i];
sumy=sumy+y[i];
sumsq=sumsq+(x[i]*x[i]);
sumxy=sumxy+(x[i]*y[i]);
}/* end for*/
numr=n*sumxy-sumx*sumy;
denr=n*sumsq-sumx*sumx;
m=numr/denr;
c=(sumy-(m*sumx))/n;
printf("\n Slope = %lf ",m);
printf("\n Intercept = %lf ",c);

getch();
}/* end main*/

OUTPUT:Enter the total number of data points: 5

Enter the data points one by one:
Enter values of X and Y when i is 1 :
Enter values of X and Y when i is 2 :
Enter values of X and Y when i is 3 :
Enter values of X and Y when i is 4 :
Enter values of X and Y when i is 5 :

-7.75
-6.87
-6.32
-5.69
-4.94

Slope = -0.000298
Intercept = 0.001359

3.93e-3
3.13e-3
3.09e-3
3.04e-3
3.00e-3

PROGRAM 3
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF A ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
BY RUNGE KUTTA METHOD.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:A reaction mixture contains propyl benzene, dipropyl benzene. The rate of
formation of propyl benzene is given by dp/dt = 4-0.3p-0.1p. The rate of
disappearance of dipropyl benzene is given by dp/dt = -0.5d. Here p and d are molar
concentrations in mol/lit of propyl benzene and dipropyl benzene respectively. It is
given that at t =0, p = 6 mol/lit and d = 4 mol/lit. Using 4th order Runge Kutta
method, find the concentration at t = 2 second.
/*PROGRAM*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* Function decalarations*/
double func1(double, double);
double func2(double, double);
void main()
{
int i,n;
double k1, k2,k3,k4,l1,l2,l3,l4, p,d,h,t=0.0,tn;
clrscr();
p = 6.0;
d = 4.0;
h = 0.5;
tn = 2.0;
n = (int) ((tn - t) / h);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
/*Runge Kutta Method*/
/* Functions called*/
k1 = func1(p,d);
l1 = func2(p,d);
k2 = func1(p + 0.5 * k1* h, d + 0.5 * l1 * h);
l2 = func2(p + 0.5 * k1* h, d + 0.5 * l1 * h);
k3 = func1(p + 0.5 * k2* h, d + 0.5 * l2 * h);
l3 = func2(p + 0.5 * k2* h, d + 0.5 * l2 * h);

k4 = func1(p + k3 * h, d + l3 * h);
l4 = func2(p + k3 * h, d + l3 * h);
p = p + h / 6.0 * (k1 + 2.0 * k2 + 2.0 * k3 + k4);
d = d + h / 6.0 * (l1 + 2.0 * l2 + 2.0 * l3 + l4);
t = t+h;
} /*end for*/
/* Output display*/
printf("At t = %lf\t seconds p = %lf\t mol/lit d= %lf\n mol/lit ", t, p ,d);
getch();
} /*end main*/
/* Function func1*/
double func1(double x1, double x2)
{
double temp;
temp = (4.0 - 0.3 * x1 - 0.1 * x2);
return(temp);
} /*end function*/
/* Function func2*/
double func2(double x1, double x2)
{
double temp;
temp = (0.0 * x1 - 0.5 * x2);
return(temp);
} /*end function*/
OUTPUT:At t = 2 seconds

p = 8.946865 mol/lit d= 1.471577 mol/lit.

PROGRAM 4
TO FIND THE AVERAGE SPECIFIC HEAT OF A GAS BY TRAPEZOIDAL
METHOD AND SIMPSONS 1/3rd RULE.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:The molar heat capacity of n-butane is given by the expression Cp = a + bT + cT 2
where Cp is in cal / gm mol K, T is in K. The parameters a, b and c are as follows:
a = 3.844.
b = 73.35e-3.
c = 22.655e-6.
Determine the average heat capacity of n-butane in the temperature range 100- 300
degree Celsius by Trapezoidal rule and Simpsons 1/3rd rule.
/* PROGRAM*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* Global declarations */
double a, b, c;
void main()
{
int n;
double f1, f2, f3, t1, t2,x, h, avgcp, inttrap, intsimp;
double sumtrap = 0, sumsimp = 0;
/* Function Declaration */
double func(double);
clrscr();
/* Constants a, b and c have been assigned */
a = 3.844;
b = 73.35e-3;
c = 22.655e-6;
printf("Enter the temperature limits t1 and t2 in oC\n");
scanf("%lf%lf", &t1, &t2);

printf("Enter the number of segments\n");

scanf("%d", &n);
/* Conversion from oC to K */
t1 = t1 + 273.12;
t2 = t2 +273.12;
h = (t2 -t1) / n;
for(x = t1; x <= t2; x += 2 * h)
{
/* Simpsons 1/3rd rule and Trapezoidal rule */
/* Functio called */
f1 =func(x);
f2 = func(x + h);
f3 = func(x + 2 * h);
sumtrap += (f1 + f3)/ 2;
sumsimp += (f1 + 4 * f2 + f3);
} /*end for*/
inttrap = 2 * h * sumtrap;
intsimp = (h * sumsimp)/ 3;
printf("Integral value by trapezoidal method = %lf\n", inttrap);
/* Calculation of average specific heat */
avgcp = inttrap / (t2-t1);
printf("Average specific heat by trapezoidal method is = %lfcal/gm mol K\n",avgcp);
printf("Integral value by Simpson's 1/3rd rule is = %lf\n", intsimp);
/* Calculation of average specific heat */
avgcp = intsimp / (t2-t1);
printf("Average specific heat by Simpson's 1/3rd rule is = %lfcal/gm mol K\n",avgcp);
getch();
}/*end main*/
/* Function */
double func(double x)
{
double temp;
temp = (a + b * x + c * x * x);
return (temp);
} /* end function */

OUTPUT:
Enter the temperature limits t1 and t2 in oC: 100
300
Enter the number of segments: 100
Integral value by trapezoidal method = 8952.906654
Average specific heat by Trapezoidal method is = 44.764533 cal / gm mol K
Integral value by Simpson's 1/3rd rule is = 8952.894330
Average specific heat by Simpson's 1/3rd rule is = 44.764472 cal / gm mol K

PROGRAM 5
CALCULATION OF BUBBLE POINT TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE FOR
AN IDEAL MULTI COMPONENT MIXTURE.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:1. Write a C program to calculate the temperature at which an ideal mixture
consisting of 33 mol% methyl acetate, 34 mol % acetone and 33 mol % methanol
would boil at 2 bar. Also compute the composition of the vapour formed.
2) Write a C program to calculate the bubble point pressure and corresponding
vapour composition of an ideal 3 component mixture consisting of 33 mol% methyl
acetate, 34 mol% acetone and 33 mol% methanol would boil at 2 bar. Also compute
the composition of the vapour formed.
Component
Methyl acetate
Acetone
Methanol

Tc
506.8
508.1
512.6

Pc
46.9
47
80.9

A
-8.0541
-7.4551
-8.5480

B
2.5638
1.202
0.7689

C
-5.1299
-2.4393
-3.1085

The pure component vapour pressure is given by the Wagners equation:

Ln(P/Pc) =
1
[Aq + Bq1.5 + CQ3 + Dq6]
(1- q)
where q = 1 T
Tc
/* PROGRAM */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* Function declaration */
double psat(double,double,double,double,double,double,double);
void main()
{
double k[10],pc[10],tc[10],a[10],b[10],c[10],d[10];
double x[10],y[10],ysum,totp,temper;
int i,choice,compo;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the number of components : ");

10

D
0.1613
-3.3559
1.5448

scanf("%d",&compo);
/* for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
{
printf("\n For component number %d ",i+1);
printf("\n Input the liquid mole fraction : ");
scanf("%lf",&x[i]);
printf("\n Input the critical temperature and pressure : ");
scanf("%lf%lf",&tc[i],&pc[i]);
printf("\n Input A,B,C and D for vapour pressure equation : ");
scanf("%lf%lf%lf%lf",&a[i],&b[i],&c[i],&d[i]);
}/* end for */
*/
/* Mole fractions of feed, tc, pc values and the Wagners constants have been
assigned */
x[0] = 0.33;
x[1]= 0.34;
x[2]= 0.33;
tc[0]= 506.8;
tc[1]= 508.1;
tc[2]= 512.6;
pc[0]= 46.01;
pc[1]= 47;
pc[2]= 80.9;
a[0]= -8.0541;
a[1]= -7.4551;
a[2]= -8.5480;
b[0]= 2.5638;
b[1]= 1.202;
b[2]= 0.7689;
c[0]= -5.1299;
c[1]= -2.4393;
c[2]= -3.1085;
d[0]= 0.1613;
d[1]= -3.3559;
d[2]= 1.5448;
AGAIN:
printf("\n Enter 1 For bubble point pressure or \n Enter 2 for bubble point temperature
or\n Enter 0 to exit :");
scanf("%d",&choice);
/* Part 2 of the problem */
if(choice==1)
{
printf("\n To calculate bubble point pressure ");

11

printf("\n Give Temperature in oC : ");

scanf("%lf",&temper);
/* Converting from oC to K*/
temper+= 273.12;
totp=0;
for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
totp+=x[i]*psat(temper,tc[i],pc[i],a[i],b[i],c[i],d[i]);
printf("\n The bubble point pressure is : %lf bar",totp);
for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
{
k[i]=psat(temper,tc[i],pc[i],a[i],b[i],c[i],d[i])/totp;
y[i]=k[i]*x[i];
printf("\n The mole fraction of component %d in vapor is y[%d] = %lf ",i+1,i+1,
y[i]);
ysum = y[0] + y[1] + y[2];
printf("\nysum = %lf\n", ysum);
} /*end for */
getch();
goto AGAIN;
} /*end if */
/* Part 1 of the problem */
else if(choice==2)
{
printf("\n To calculate bubble point temperature ");
printf("\n Give pressure in bar : ");
scanf("%lf",&totp);
do
{
printf("\n Give a guess value of temperature in oC : ");
scanf("%lf",&temper);
/* Converting from oC to K*/
temper+=273.12;
ysum=0;
for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
{
k[i]=psat(temper,tc[i],pc[i],a[i],b[i],c[i],d[i])/totp;
y[i]=k[i]*x[i];
ysum+=y[i];
printf("The mole fraction of component %d in vapor is y[%d] = %lf\n", i
+1, i+1, y[i]);
} /* end for */

12

printf("ysum= %lf\n ",ysum);

} /*end while */
while(fabs(ysum-1)>0.001);
printf("\n Bubble point temperature is %lf oC",temper-273.12);
getch();
}/* end else if */
else
{
printf("\n Press any key to exit ");
} /*end else */
getch();
} /* end main */
/* Function */
double psat(double t,double tc,double pc,double a,double b,double c,double d)
{
double p,q,lnp;
/* Vapour pressure calculation using Wagners equation */
q=1-t/tc;
lnp=1/(1-q)*(a*q+b*pow(q,1.5)+c*pow(q,3)+d*pow(q,6));
p=pc*exp(lnp);
return(p);
} /* end function */
OUTPUT:
Enter the number of components : 3
Enter 1 for bubble point pressure or
Enter 2 for bubble point temperature or
Enter 0 to exit :
1
To calculate bubble point pressure
Give temperature in oC:
50
The bubble point pressure is: 0.717481 bar
The mole fraction of component 1 in vapor is 0.356546
The mole fraction of component 2 in vapor is 0.388006
The mole fraction of component 3 in vapor is 0.255448
ysum = 1.000000

13

Enter 1 For bubble point pressure or

Enter 2 for bubble point temperature or
Enter 0 to exit :
2
To calculate bubble point temperature
Give pressure in bar : 2
Give a guess value of temperature in oC: 79.79
The mole fraction of component 1 in vapor is y[1] = 0.341283
The mole fraction of component 2 in vapor is y[2] = 0.363486
The mole fraction of component 3 in vapor is y[3] = 0.296180
y[1] = 0.341283
y[2] = 0.363486
y[3] = 0.296180
ysum= 1.000949
The bubble point temperature is 79.79 oC
Enter 1 For Dew point pressure or
Enter 2 for Dew point temperature or
Enter 0 to exit :
0
Press any key to exit

14

PROGRAM 6
CALCULATION OF DEW POINT TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE FOR AN
IDEAL MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURE.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:1. Write a C program to calculate the temperature at which an ideal mixture
consisting of 33 mol% methyl acetate, 34 mol % acetone and 33 mol % methanol
would condense at 2 bar. Also compute the composition of the liquid formed.
2) Write a C program to calculate the dew point pressure and corresponding liquid
composition of an ideal 3 component mixture consisting of 33 mol% methyl acetate,
34 mol% acetone and 33 mol% methanol at 65oC.
Component
Methyl acetate
Acetone
Methanol

Tc
506.8
508.1
512.6

Pc
46.9
47
80.9

A
-8.0541
-7.4551
-8.5480

B
2.5638
1.202
0.7689

C
-5.1299
-2.4393
-3.1085

The pure component vapour pressure is given by the Wagners equation:

Ln(P/Pc) =
1
[Aq + Bq1.5 + CQ3 + Dq6]
(2- q)
where q = 1 T
Tc
/* PROGRAM */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* Function declaration */
double psat(double,double,double,double,double,double,double);
void main()
{
double k[10],pc[10],tc[10],a[10],b[10],c[10],d[10];
double x[10],y[10],xsum,totp,temper;
int i,choice,compo;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the number of components : ");
scanf("%d",&compo);

15

D
0.1613
-3.3559
1.5448

/* for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
{
printf("\n For component number %d ",i+1);
printf("\n Input the Vapor mole fraction : ");
scanf("%lf",&y[i]);
printf("\n Input the critical temperature and pressure : ");
scanf("%lf%lf",&tc[i],&pc[i]);
printf("\n Input A,B,C and D for vapour pressure equation : ");
scanf("%lf%lf%lf%lf",&a[i],&b[i],&c[i],&d[i]);
} /* end for */
*/
/* Mole fractions of feed, tc, pc values and the Wagners constants have been
assigned */
y[0] = 0.33;
y[1] = 0.34;
y[2] = 0.33;
tc[0] = 506.8;
tc[1]= 508.1;
tc[2]= 512.6;
pc[0]= 46.9;
pc[1]= 47.0;
pc[2]= 80.9;
a[0]= -8.0541;
a[1]= -7.4551;
a[2]= -8.5480;
b[0]= 2.5638;
b[1]= 1.202;
b[2]= 0.7689;
c[0]= -5.1299;
c[1]= -2.4393;
c[2]= -3.1085;
d[0]= 0.1613;
d[1]= -3.3559;
d[2]= 1.5448;
AGAIN:
printf("\n Enter 1 For Dew point pressure or \n Enter 2 for Dew point temperature or\n
Enter 3 to exit :");
scanf("%d",&choice);
if(choice==1)
{
/* Part 2 of the problem */
printf("\n To calculate Dew point pressure ");
printf("\n Give Temperature in oC: ");
scanf("%lf",&temper);

16

/* Converting from oC to K*/

temper += 273.12;
do
{
printf("\n Give a guess value of pressure in bar : ");
scanf("%lf",&totp);
xsum=0;
for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
{
k[i]=psat(temper,tc[i],pc[i],a[i],b[i],c[i],d[i])/totp;
x[i]=y[i]/k[i];
xsum+=x[i];
} /* end for */
printf("\n xsum = %lf ",xsum);
} /* end while */
while(fabs(xsum-1)>0.001);
printf("\n Dew point pressure is %lf bar\n ",totp);
for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
printf("\n Mole Fraction of component %d in liquid is %lf ",i+1,x[i]);
getch();
goto AGAIN;
} /* end if */
/* Part 1 of the problem */
else if(choice==2)
{
printf("\n To calculate dew point temperature ");
printf("\n Give pressure in bar : ");
scanf("%lf",&totp);
do
{
printf("\n Give a guess value of temperature in oC: ");
scanf("%lf",&temper);
/* Converting from oC to K*/
temper+= 273.12;
xsum=0.0;
for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
{
k[i]=psat(temper,tc[i],pc[i],a[i],b[i],c[i],d[i])/totp;
x[i]=y[i]/k[i];
xsum+=x[i];
printf("x[%d] = %lf\n", i, x[i]);
} /* end for */

17

printf("\n xsum = %lf ",xsum);

} /* end while */
while(fabs(xsum-1)>0.01);
printf("\n Dew temperature is %lf oC",temper-273.12);
for(i=0;i<compo;i++)
printf("\n Mole Fraction of component %d in liquid is x[%d] = %lf ", i+1, i+1,
x[i]);
getch();
goto AGAIN;
} /* end if */
else
{
printf("\n Press any key to exit ");
} /* end else*/
getch();
}/ * end main */
/* Function */
double psat(double t,double tc,double pc,double a,double b,double c,double d)
{
/* Vapour pressure calculation using Wagners equation */
double p,q,lnp;
q=1-t/tc;
lnp=1/(1-q)*(a*q+b*pow(q,1.5)+c*pow(q,3)+d*pow(q,6));
p=pc*exp(lnp);
return(p);
} /* end function*/

OUTPUT:Enter the number of components : 3

Enter 1 For Dew point pressure or
Enter 2 for Dew point temperature or
Enter 3 to exit :
1
To calculate Dew point pressure
Give Temperature in oC: 65
Give a guess value of pressure in bar: 1.223

18

Xsum = 1.000415
Dew point pressure is 1.223 bar
Mole Fraction of component 1 in liquid is 0.303586
Mole Fraction of component 2 in liquid is 0.305743
Mole Fraction of component 3 in liquid is 0.391086
Enter 1 For Dew point pressure or
Enter 2 for Dew point temperature or
Enter 3 to exit :
2
To calculate dew point temperature
Give pressure in bar: 2
Give a guess value of temperature in oC: 79.5
x[0] = 0.315738
x[1] = 0.320733
x[2] = 0.371509
xsum = 1.007981
Dew temperature is 79.500000 oC
Mole Fraction of component 1 in liquid is 0.315738
Mole Fraction of component 2 in liquid is 0.320733
Mole Fraction of component 3 in liquid is 0.371509
Enter 1 For Dew point pressure or
Enter 2 for Dew point temperature or
Enter 3 to exit :
3
Press any key to exit

19

PROGRAM 7
FLASH CALCULATIONS OF AN IDEAL MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURE.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:A mixture of 33 mol% n-hexane, 37% n-heptane and 30% octane is subjected to
lash distillation at 1.217 bar pressure. Write a C program to:
1) calculate the temperature of the flash and the composition of the liquid and
vapour products for 60% vapourisation.
2) find the percentage vapour formed at 109 oC and the composition of the two
phases.
Component
Tc
Pc
A
B
C
n-hexane
507.5
30.1
-7.4677
1.4421
-3.2822
n-heptane
540.3
27.4
-7.6747
1.3707
-3.5362
n-octane
568.8
24.9
-7.9121
1.3801
-3.8044
The pure component vapour pressure is given by the Wagners equation:
Ln(P/Pc) =
1
[Aq + Bq1.5 + CQ3 + Dq6]
(3- q)
where q = 1 T
Tc
/*PROGRAM */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* Function declarations */
double psat (double,double,double, double, double, double,double);
void main()
{
double k[10], tc[10], pc[10], a[10], b[10], c[10], d[10];
double t, x[10],f, y[10], z[10], xsum, ysum, totp, flasht, bubt, dewt;
int i, compo;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number of components\n");
scanf("%d", &compo);

20

D
-2.5094
-3.2024
-4.5013

/* Mole fractions of feed, tc, pc values and the Wagners constants have been
assigned */
z[0] = 0.33;
z[1] = 0.37;
z[2] = 0.30;
tc[0] = 507.5;
tc[1] = 540.3;
tc[2] = 568.8;
pc[0] = 30.1;
pc[1] = 27.4;
pc[2] = 24.9;
a[0]= -7.4677;
a[1]= -7.6747;
a[2]= -7.9121;
b[0]= 1.4421;
b[1]= 1.3707;
b[2]= 1.3801;
c[0] = -3.2822;
c[1] = -3.5362;
c[2] = -3.8044;
d[0]= -2.5094;
d[1]= -3.2024;
d[2]= -4.5013;
printf("Entert he system pressure in bar\n");
scanf("%lf", &totp);
do
{
printf("DEW POINT CALCULATION: GIVE A TEMPEARTURE TO TRY\n");
scanf("%lf", &dewt);
/* Converting from oC to K*/
dewt =dewt + 273.12;
xsum = 0.0;
for(i = 0; i < compo; i++)
{
k[i] = psat(dewt, tc[i], pc[i], a[i], b[i], c[i], d[i])/ totp;

21

printf("k[%d] = %lf\n", i, k[i]);

x[i] = z[i]/ k[i];
printf("x[%d] = %lf\n", i, x[i]);
xsum+= x[i];
} /*end for */
printf("xsum = %lf\n", xsum);
} /*end while */
while(fabs(xsum-1) > 0.001);
printf("Dew point temperature is: %lf oC \n", dewt-273.12);
do
{
printf(" BUBBLE POINT TEMPERATURE CALCULATION: GIVE A
TEMPERATURE TO TRY\n");
scanf("%lf", &bubt);
/* Converting from oC to K*/
bubt = bubt + 273.12;
ysum = 0.0;
for(i = 0; i < compo; i++)
{
k[i] = psat(bubt, tc[i], pc[i], a[i], b[i], c[i], d[i])/ totp;
y[i] = k[i] * z[i];
ysum+= y[i];
printf("y[%d] = %lf\n", i, y[i]);
} /* end for */
printf("ysum = %lf\n", ysum);
} /* end while */
while(fabs(ysum - 1) > 0.001);
printf("Bubble point temperature is: %lf oC\n", bubt - 273.12);
printf("Give the percentage of feed vapourised\n");
scanf("%lf", &f);
f = f / 100.0;
/* Part 1 of the problem */
do
{
printf(" FLASH TEMPERATURE CALCULATIONS: GIVE A TEMPERATURE TO
TRY in oC \n");
scanf("%lf", &flasht);

22

/* Converting from oC to K*/

flasht = flasht + 273.12;
xsum = 0.0;
for(i = 0; i < compo; i++)
{
k[i] = psat(flasht, tc[i], pc[i], a[i], b[i], c[i], d[i])/ totp;
x[i] = z[i] / (1.0 - f + f * k[i]);
xsum += x[i];
}/* end for */
printf("xsum = %lf\n", xsum);
} /* end while */
while(fabs(xsum -1) > 0.001);
printf(" Flash point temperature is %lf\n oC", flasht - 273.12);
/* Part 2 of the problem */
printf("Enter the flash temperature\n");
scanf("%lf", &flasht);
/* Converting from oC to K*/
flasht = flasht + 273.12;
do
{
printf(" enter the feed percent vapourised: A guess valus\n");
scanf("%lf", &f);
f = f/ 100.0;
xsum = 0.0;
for(i = 0; i < compo; i++)
{
k[i] = psat(flasht, tc[i], pc[i], a[i], b[i], c[i], d[i])/ totp;
x[i] = z[i] / (1.0 - f + f * k[i]);
xsum += x[i];
} /* end for */
printf("xsum = %lf\n", xsum);
} /* end while */
while(fabs(xsum -1) > 0.01);

23

printf(" Percentage of feed vapourised is %lf %\n", f * 100);

for(i = 0; i < compo; i++)
{
printf(" mole fraction in liquid of component %d is %lf\t\n", i +1, x[i]);
printf(" mole fraction in vapour of component %d is %lf\t\n", i+1, y[i]);
printf("xsum = %lf\n ysum = %lf\n", xsum, ysum);
} /* end for */
} /* end main*/
/* Function */
double psat(double t, double tc, double pc, double a, double b, double c, double d)
{
/* Vapour pressure calculation using Wagners equation */
double p, q, lnp;
q = 1.0 - t/ tc;
lnp = (1.0/ (1.0 - q)) * ( a * q + b * pow(q, 1.5) + c * pow(q, 3.0) + d * pow(q, 6.0));
p = pc * exp(lnp);
return(p);
} /* end function */
OUTPUT:
PART 1 OF THE PROBLEM:
Enter the number of components 3
Enter the system pressure in bar: 1.217
DEW POINT CALCULATION: GIVE A TEMPEARTURE TO TRY IN oC: 110.55
x[0] = 0.125842
x[1] = 0.315826
x[2] = 0.558672
xsum = 1.000339
Dew point temperature is: 110.55 oC
BUBBLE POINT TEMPERATURE CALCULATION: GIVE A TEMPERATURE IN oC:
96.48
y[0] = 0.607683
y[1] = 0.290397
y[2] = 0.102912
ysum = 1.000992

24

Bubble point temperature is: 96.48 oC

Give the percentage of feed vapourised: 60
FLASH TEMPERATURE CALCULATIONS: GIVE A TEMPERATURE TO TRY IN oC,
A GUESS VALUE: 105.1
Xsum = 1.000425
Flash point temperature is 105.1 oC
PART (2) OF THE PROBLEM
Enter the flash temperature in oC: 109.1
Enter the feed percent vapourised: A guess value: 87
Xsum = 0.997302
Percentage of feed vapourised is 87%
Mole fraction in liquid of component 1 is 0.141786
Mole fraction in vapour of component 1 is 0.607683
Mole fraction in liquid of component 2 is 0.334271
Mole fraction in vapour of component 2 is 0.290397
Mole fraction in liquid of component 3 is 0.521245
Mole fraction in vapour of component 3 is 0.102912
Xsum = 0.997302
Ysum = 1.000992

25

PROGRAM 8
TO CALCULATE THE THEORITICAL FLAME TEMPERATURE FOR
CARBON MONOXIDE BURNING AT CONSANT PRESSURE WITH 100%
EXCESS AIR WHEN REACTANTS ENTER AT 100 DEGREE CELCIUS
AND 1 ATM
PROBLEM STATEMENT: Calculate the theoretical flame temperature for Carbon monoxide burnt at constant
pressure with 100% excess air when the reactants enter at 100 degree celsius and 1
atm pressure.
The reaction is :
CO + O2 -- CO2
Heat of formation data:CO = -110,520 J/Mol
CO2 = -393,510 J/mol
Specific heat data: Cp= a + bT+ cT2
Component
Carbon monoxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide

a
27.11
25.29
27.02
26.75

b
6.55e-3
13.25e-3
5.81e-3
42.26e-3

/* PROGRAM */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include <math.h>
/* Function declaration */
double intdq(double,double,double,double,double);
void main()
{
/* Specific heat data have been assigned */
double aco=27.11,bco=6.55e-3,cco= -0.999e-6;
double ao2=25.29,bo2=13.25e-3,co2= -14.20e-6;

26

C
-0.999e-6
-14.2e-6
-0.029e-6
-14.25e-6

double an2=27.02,bn2=5.81e-3,cn2 = -0.29e-6;

double aco2=26.75,bco2=42.26e-3,cco2 = -14.25e-6;
/* Heat of formation data have been assigned */
double dhfco=-110520;
double dhfco2=-393510;
double rmoleco,rmoleo2,rmolen2,pmolen2,pmoleo2,pmoleco2;
double dhr,dhp,dh,t2,temp1,temp2;
clrscr();
//printf(" Enter the reactant moles : ");
// scanf("%lf%lf%lf",&rmoleco,&rmoleo2,&rmolen2);
/* Number of moles of reactants have been assigned */
rmoleco = 1.0;
rmoleo2=1.0;
rmolen2=3.76;

//printf("\n Enter the product moles : ");

// scanf("%lf%lf%lf",&pmoleo2,&pmoleco2,&pmolen2);
/* Number of moles of products have been assigned */
pmoleco2= 1.0;
pmoleo2= 0.5;
pmolen2= 3.76;
//printf("\n Enter the initial temperature in K : ");
// scanf("%lf",&temp1);
/* Initial temperature in Kelvin */
temp1 = 373;
dhr=rmoleco*(dhfco+intdq(298.0,temp1,aco,bco,cco))
+rmoleo2*intdq(298.0,temp1,ao2,bo2,co2)+rmolen2*intdq(298.0,temp1,an2,bn2,cn2);
printf("\n dhr = %lf J/mol",dhr);
printf("\n Input a guess value for adiabatic flame temperature : ");
scanf("%lf",&temp2);

27

do
{
t2 =temp2;
dhp=pmoleco2*(dhfco2+intdq(298.0,temp2,aco2,bco2,cco2))
+pmoleo2*intdq(298.0,temp2,ao2,bo2,co2)+pmolen2*intdq(298.0,temp2,an2,bn2,cn2);
printf("\n dhp = %lfJ/mol",dhp);
dh=dhp-dhr;
printf("\n dhp-dhr = %lf ",dh);
printf("dhp - dhr must be equal to zero\n");
printf("\n Enter another temperature in degree Kelvin to try or 0 to stop : ");
scanf("%lf",&temp2);
} /*
while(temp2 >1);
printf("\n The adiabatic flame temperature is T = %lf K",t2);
}
/*Function*/
double intdq(double t1,double t2,double a,double b,double c)
{
double val;
val=a*(t2-t1)+b*(t2*t2-t1*t1)/2+c*(t2*t2*t2-t1*t1*t1)/3;
return(val);
}

OUTPUT:dhr = -98060.540684 J/mol

Input a guess value for adiabatic flame temperature in K: 1880.2749
dhp = -98060.539828 J/mol
dhp-dhr = 0.000857,
dhp - dhr must be equal to zero
Enter another temperature in K to try or 0 to stop :
0
The adiabatic flame temperature is T = 1880.2749 K

28

CALCULATION OF THE VOLUME OF A TUBULAR REACTOR (PFR).

PROBLEM STATEMENT :Jefferys in a treatment of an acetic anhydride manufacturing facility states that one
of the key steps is the vapour phase reacting acetone to ketone and methane.
The reaction is:
CH3COCH3

---- CH2CO + CH4

He further states that this reaction is I order with respect to acetone and that the
specific reaction rate can be expressed by
LnK = 34.34 34222/T
Where K, is in reciprocal seconds and T is in Kelvin. In this design, it is desired to
feed 8000 kg/hr to a tubular reactor. If the reactor is adiabatic, the pure acetone
and inlet temperature is at 1035 K and pressure of 162 KPa, a tubular (PFR) of
what volume is required for 20% conversion?
Heat capacity data:CH3COCH3 : Cpa = 26.63 + 0.183T 45.86 x 10-6 T2 J/mol K
CH2CO
: Cpb = 20.04 + 0.0945T 30.05 x 10-6 T2 J/mol K
CH4
: Cpc = 13.39 + 0.077T 18.71 x 10-6 T2 J/mol K
Note:
delalpha
= C + B - A = 13.34 + 20.04 26.63 = 6.8
delbeta
= C + B A = 0.0777+ 0.0945 0.183 = 0.0115
delgamma = C + B A = -18.7 x 10-6 30.95 x 10-6 + 45.86 x 10-6 = 3.8e-6
/* PROGRAM */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* Function declarations */
double func(double,double);
/* Global declarations */
double dhr=80770,tr=298,alpha=26.63,beta=0.183,gamma=-45.86e-6;
double delalpha=6.8,delbeta=-0.0115,delgamma=-3.8e-6;

29

void main()
{
int i;
double feed,p,r=8.31,to,xf,fao,cao,v,vo,dh, mw_feed;
float xx;
double k[6],f[6],x[6],t[6], curr_xdiff, prev_xdiff, tempvar;
clrscr();
/* Feed rate in kg/h */
feed=8000;
/* Pressure in Pa */
p=162000;
/* Inlet temperature in K */
to=1035;
/* Final conversion */
xf=0.2;
/* Molecular weight of feed */
mw_feed = 58;
/* Molar feed rate in kgmol/s*/
fao=(feed/58*1000/3600);
/* Initial concentration in kgmol/m3 */
cao=(p)/(r*to);
/* Volumetric flow rate of feed in m3/s
vo=fao/cao;
x[1]=0.0;
t[1]=to;
/* Calculation of rate constant */
k[1]=exp(34.340-34222/t[1]);
f[1]=(1+x[1])/(k[1]*(1-x[1]));
dh=xf/4;
printf("\n Fao = %lf kgmol/s ",fao);
printf("\n Cao = %lf kgmol/m3 ",cao);
printf("\n vo = %lf m3/s",vo);
printf("Initial conversion is %lf\t and temperature is %lf K\n", x[1], t[1]);
curr_xdiff= 0.0;
for(i=2;i<=5;i++)
{
x[i]=(i-1)*dh;
t[i] = t[i-1];
do
{
t[i] = t[i] - 1.0;
xx = func(t[i], to);

30

prev_xdiff = curr_xdiff;
curr_xdiff = xx - x[i];
} /* end while */
while((fabs(x[i]- xx) > 0.01) || (prev_xdiff * curr_xdiff) > 0.0);
printf("Calculated conversion is %lf\t for temperature %lf\n K", xx, t[i]);
getch();
/* Calculation of rate constants */
k[i]=exp(34.340-34222/t[i]);
tempvar = t[i] / to;
f[i]= tempvar * ((1+x[i])/(k[i]*(1-x[i])));
} /* end for */
dh = xf/4.0;
printf("\n Conversion \t\t Temperature \t\t Rate constant\t\t Ratio T/To \t\t f[i] ");
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
printf("\n %lf \t%lf \t%lf \t%lf \t%lf ",x[i],t[i],k[i],t[i]/to, Rate expression f[i]\n );
/* Simpsons 1/3 rd rule to find the volume of PFR*/
v=vo*dh/3*(f[1]+4*f[2]+2*f[3]+4*f[4]+f[5]);
printf("\n The volume of the tubular reactor (PFR) is : %lf m3\n",v);
getch();
}
/* Function*/
double func(double t,double to)
{
double a,b,x;
a=(alpha*(to-t))+(beta*(to*to-t*t)/2)+(gamma*(to*to*to-t*t*t)/3);
b=dhr+(delalpha*(t-tr))+(delbeta*(t*t-tr*tr)/2)+(delgamma*(t*t*t-tr*tr*tr)/3);
x=a/b;
return(x);
} /* end function */
OUTPUT:
Fao = 38.314176 kgmol/s
Cao = 18.835348 kgmol/m3
vo = 2.034163 m3/s

31

Initial conversion is 0.0 and temperature is 1035 K

Calculated conversion is 0.050398
Calculated conversion is 0.101922
Calculated conversion is 0.150462
Calculated conversion is 0.200075
Conversion
0.000000
0.050000
0.100000
0.150000
0.200000

Temperature
1035.000000
1011.000000
986.000000
962.000000
937.000000

for temperature 1011 K

for temperature 986 K
for temperature 962 K
for temperature 937 K

Rate constant Ratio T/To

3.579652
1.000000
1.632881
0.976812
0.692179
0.952657
0.291183
0.929469
0.112709
0.905314

The volume of the tubular reactor (PFR) is : 1.207326 m3

32

Rate expression f[i]

0.279357
0.661183
1.682164
4.318651
12.048465

TO CALCULATE NUMBER OF TRAYS IN A DISTILLATION COLOUMN BY

LEWIS SORREL METHOD.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:- Calculate the number of trays required to produce
distillate and bottoms products with distillate composition = 0.95 and residue
composition = 0.1 from 100 kg moles/h of saturated liquid feed with composition =
0.5. The reflux ratio is 2 and a constant relative volatility of 2.5
/* PROGRAM */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float d,f,xf,xd,xb,b,er,rr,vr,ls,vs,alpha,q;
float xi,yi,yb;
int i,j;
clrscr();
/*printf(" Enter the flow rate and composition of feed : ");
scanf("%f%f",&f,&xf);
printf("\nEnter the composition of distillate and bottoms : ");
scanf("%f%f",&xd,&xb);
printf("\n Enter the reflux ratio and condition of feed : ");
scanf("%f%f",&rr,&q);
printf("\n Enter the relative volatility : ");
scanf("%f",&alpha); */
/* Flow rate, xf, xb, q, alpha, rr have been assigned */
/* Flow rate */
f=1000;
/* Mole fraction of MVC in feed */
xf=0.5;
/* Mole fraction of MVC in distillate */
xd=0.95;
/* Mole fraction of MVC in residue */
xb=0.1;
/* Reflux ratio */
rr=2;
/* Condition of feed */
q=1;
/* Relative volatility */
alpha=2.5;

33

d=(xf-xb)*f/(xd-xb);
b=f-d;
er=rr*d;
vr=d+er;
ls=er+q*f;
vs=ls-b;
//printf("\n %f %f %f %f %f %f ",d,b,er,vr,ls,vs);
/* Calculating number of trays in stripping section */
i=1;
yb=(alpha*xb)/(1+(alpha-1)*xb);
printf("\n Table giving Tray no:, composition for stripping : ");
printf("\n Tray no: \t Xi \t Yi ");
printf("\n %d \t %f \t %f ",i,xb,yb);
xi=xb;
yi=yb;
while(xi<xf)
{
i++;
xi=((yi*vs)+(xb*b))/ls;
yi=(alpha*xi)/(1+(alpha-1)*xi);
printf("\n %d \t %f \t %f ",i,xi,yi);
}
//getch();
/* Calculating number of trays in rectifying section */
j=0;
printf("\n Table giving Tray no:, composition for rectifying : ");
printf("\n Tray no: \t Xi \t Yi ");
while(yi<xd)
{
i++;
j++;
xi=((yi*vr)+(xb*b)-(xf*f))/er;
yi=(alpha*xi)/(1+(alpha-1)*xi);
printf("\n %d \t %f \t %f ",i,xi,yi);
}
printf("\n The number of trays in stripping section is equal to %d",i-j);
printf("\n The number of trays in rectifying section is equal to %d",j);
printf("\n The total number of trays is %d",i);
getch();
}

34

OUTPUT:
Enter the flow rate and composition of the feed
1000
0.5
Enter the compositions of the distillate and bottoms 0.95
0.1
Enter the Reflux ratio and q
2.0
1.0
Enter the relative volatility
2.5
Table giving the tray no. composition of liquid and vapour in stripping section
_______________________________________________________
Trayno.
xi
yi
_______________________________________________________
0
0.100000
0.217391
1
0.185375
0.362610
2
0.290989
0.506426
3
0.395583
0.620668
4
0.478668
0.696547
5
0.533853
0.741141
Table giving the tray no. composition of liquid and vapour in rectifying section
_______________________________________________________
Tray no.
xi
yi
_______________________________________________________
6
0.636712
0.814181
7
0.746272
0.880283
8
0.845425
0.931849
9
0.922774
0.967609
The no. of trays in stripping sections = 5
The no. of trays in rectifying sections = 4
The total no. of trays for the given separation = 9

35

TO DETERMINE THE HEAT TRNASFER AREA OF A DOUBLE PIPE HEAT

EXCHANGER.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:In a counter current double pipe heat exchanger, 9840 kg/hr of a cold liquid is
heated from 80 to 120 degree Celsius by exchanging heat with a hot liquid which is
cooled from 160 to 100 degree Celsius. The properties of the hot fluid are:
Cp = 0.44 W/ kg oC
Mu = 0.085 N-s/m2
K = 0.99 W/ m2 oC and the properties of the cold fluid are
cp = 0.425 W/ kg oC
mu = 0.091 N-s/m2
k = 1.91 W/ m2 oC
Determine the following:
1) Rate of heat transfer
2) Mass flow rate of hot fluid
3) The surface area for heat transfer
4) Overall heat transfer co-efficient.
/* PROGRAM */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* Function declarations */
float func1(float,float,float,float,float,float);
float func2(float,float,float,float,float,float);
void main()
{
float h,hio,ho,ud,uc,area,rd,m,M;
float t1,t2,T1,T2,tavg,td,Tavg,Td,diff,div;
float lmtd,cp,k,mu,Cp,K,Mu,q;
float dio,dii,doi,aa,ap,de;
clrscr();
//printf(" Enter the flow rate of cold fluid : ");
//scanf("%f",&m);
m=9820;
//printf("\n Enter T1,T2,t1,t2 in C : ");
//scanf("%f%f%f%f",&T1,&T2,&t1,&t2);

36

/* Inlet and outlet temperatures have been assigned */

T1=160;
T2=100;
t1=80;
t2=120;
/* Average temperature of cold fluid calculation */
tavg=(t1+t2)/2;
/* Average temperature of cold fluid calculation */
Tavg=(T1+T2)/2;
printf("\n The average temperature for hot fluid is %f oC ",Tavg);
printf("\n The average temperature for cold fluid is %f oC ",tavg);
//printf("\n Enter the Cp, Mu and K for hot fluid at %f oC: ",Tavg);
//scanf("%f%f%f",&Cp,&Mu,&K);
//printf("\n Enter the Cp, Mu and K for cold fluid at %f oC: ",tavg);
//scanf("%f%f%f",&cp,&mu,&k);
/* Properties of hot fluid have been assigned */
Cp=0.44;
Mu=0.85;
K=0.99;
/* Properties of cold fluid have been assigned */
cp=0.425;
mu=0.091;
k=1.91;
/* Heat load calculation */
q=m*cp*fabs(t1-t2);
/* Mass flow rate of hot fluid calculation */
M=q/(Cp*fabs(T1-T2));
printf("\n The flow rate of hot fluid is = %f kg/s",M);
printf("\n The Value of Q is %f Watt",q);
/* Display statements have been commented */
//printf("\n Enter the inner dia of the outer tube : ");
//scanf("%f",&doi);
//printf("\n Enter the outer dia of the inner tube : ");
//scanf("%f",&dio);
//printf("\n Enter the inner dia of the inner tube : ");
//scanf("%f",&dii);
/* Inner diameter of outer tube has been assigned */
doi=0.1725;
/* Outer diameter of inner tube has been assigned */
dio=0.138;

37

/* Inner diameter of inner tube has been assigned */

dii=0.112;
/* Calculation of Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) */
Td=fabs(T1-t2);
td=fabs(T2-t1);
diff=fabs(Td-td);
if(Td>diff)
div=Td/td;
else
div=td/Td;
lmtd=diff/log(div);
printf("\n LMTD = %f oC ",lmtd);
/* Calculation of area of annulus */
aa=3.142*(doi*doi-dio*dio)/4;
/* Calulation of area of pipe */
ap=3.142*dii*dii/4;
/* Calculation of equivalent diameter */
de=(doi*doi-dio*dio)/dio;
printf("\n aa = %f m2\t ap = %f m2\t de = %f m",aa,ap,de);
if(aa<ap)
{
if(M<m)
ho=func1(cp,k,mu,m,de,aa);
else
ho=func1(Cp,K,Mu,M,de,aa);
} /* end if */
else
{
if(M<m)
hio=func2(cp,k,mu,m,dii,ap);
else
hio=func2(Cp,K,Mu,M,dii,ap);
} /* end else */
if(aa>ap)
{
if(M>m)
ho=func1(cp,k,mu,m,de,aa);
else
ho=func1(Cp,K,Mu,M,de,aa);

38

} /* end if */
else
{
if(M>m)
hio=func2(cp,k,mu,m,dii,ap);
else
hio=func2(Cp,K,Mu,M,dii,ap);
} /* end else */
/* Reading Fouling Factor (m2 oC / W) */
printf("\n Enter the value of rd : ");
scanf("%f",&rd);
/* Calculation of Clean Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient */
uc=hio*ho/(hio+ho);
/* Calculation of design Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient */
ud=uc/(1+2*rd*uc);
printf("\n Uc = %f W / m2 oC",uc);
printf("\n Ud = %f W / m2 oC",ud);
/* Calculation of Heat Transfer Area*/
area=q/(ud*lmtd);
printf("\n Surface area of heat transfer = %f m2\n",area);
getch();
}
/* Function */
float func1(float cp,float k,float mu,float m,float d,float a)
{
float ga,nre,jh,ho,d1,d2;
/* Calculation of mass velocity */
ga=m/a;
printf("\n The mass velcoity is = %f kg / m2 sec",ga);
/* Calculation of Reynold number */
nre=ga*d/mu;
printf("\n The value of Nre = %f ",nre);
/* Reading jh factor */
printf("\n Enter the value jh : ");
scanf("%f",&jh);

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d1=k/d;
/* Calculation of Prandtl number*/
d2=cp*mu/k;
/* Calculation of outside heat transfer coefficient */
ho=jh*d1*pow(d2,0.33);
printf("\n The value of ho is = %f W / m2 oC ",ho);
return(ho);
}
float func2(float cp,float k,float mu,float m,float d,float a)
{
float ga,nre,jh,hio,hi,d1,d2,d3,d4;
/* Calculation of mass velocity */
ga=m/a;
printf("\n The mass velcoity is = %f kg / m2 sec",ga);
/* Calculation of Reynold number */
nre=ga*d/mu;
printf("\n The value of Nre = %f ",nre);
/* Reading jh factor */
printf("\n Enter the value jh : ");
scanf("%f",&jh);
/* Reading doi and dio */
printf("\n Enter the value of D1 and D2 : ");
scanf("%f%f",&d1,&d2);
d3=k/d;
/* Calculation of Prandtl number*/
d4=cp*mu/k;
/* Calculation of inside heat transfer coefficient */
hi=jh*d3*pow(d4,0.33);
printf("\n The value of hi is = %f W / m2 oC\n",hi);
/* Calculation of inside heat transfer coefficient based on outside area */
hio=hi*d2/d1;
printf("\n The value of hio is %f W / m2 oC\n",hio);
return(hio);
}

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OUTPUT:
The average temperature for hot fluid is 130 oC
The average temperature for cold fluid is 100 oC
The flow rate of hot fluid is = 6323.484863 kg/s
The Value of Q is 166940 Watt
LMTD = 28.853901 oC
aa = 0.008414 m2
ap = 0.009853 m2
de = 0.077625 m
The mass velcoity is = 1167036.75 kg /m2 sec
The value of Nre = 995508.125
Enter the value jh : 167
The value of ho is = 1134.642822
The mass velcoity is = 641762.3125 kg /m2 sec
The value of Nre = 84561.625
Enter the value jh : 236
Enter the value of D1 and D2 : 0.1725 0.138
The value of hi is = 1512.924316 W / m2 oC
The value of Hio is 1210.339478 W / m2 oC
Enter the value of rd : 0.002 m2 oC / W
Uc = 585.634705 W / m2 oC
Ud = 175.206543 W / m2 oC
Surface area of heat transfer = 33.022167 m2

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