228

Chapter 12 Problem Solutions

12.1 A 60-Hz turbogenerator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. It is V-connected and solidly grounded and is operating at rated voltage at no load. It is disconnected from the rest of the system. Its reactances are X~ = Xl = X2 = 0.15 and Xo = 0.05 per unit. Find the ratio of the subtransient line current for a single line-toground fault to the subtransient line current for a symmetrical three-phase fault.

Solution:

Single line-to-ground fault:

1(1) =

a

= -j2.857 per unit jO.15 + jO.15 + jO.15

Ia = 31£1) = -j8.571 per unit

Three-phase fault:

1

L; = = -j6.667 per unit

jO.15

The ratio is 8.571/6.667 = 1.286/1.

12.2 Find the ratio of the subtransient line current for a line-to-line fault to the subtransient current for a symmetrical three-phase fault on the generator of Prob. 12.1.

Solution:

1(1) 1 -j3.333 per unit
=
a jO.15 + jO.15
1(2) = _1(1) = j3.333 per unit
a a
I{l) = a2I(1) = 3.333; 150° per unit
b a
Ib2 = aI(2) = 3.333; 2100 per unit
a
t, = IiI) + h2 = -5.773 per unit Line-to-line fault:

Using the three-phase fault value for Ia from Prob. 12.1, the ratio is now

5.773/6.667 = 0.866/1

12.3 Determine the inductive reactance in ohms to be inserted in the neutral connection of the generator of Prob. 12.1 to limit the subtransient line current for a single line-to-ground fault to that for a three-phase fault.

229

Solution:

From Prob. 12.1, L; = -j6.667 per unit for a three-phase fault. Let x be the inductive reactance in per unit to be inserted. Then, for a single line-to-ground fault,

I = 31(1) = 3

a a j(0.15 + 0.15 + 0.05 + 3x)

For a three-phase fault, fa = I/jO.lS = -j6.667 per unit. Equating the values for fa, we have

3 = -j2(0.35 + 3x)(6.667)
x 0.0333 per unit
BaseZ = (22)2 = 0.968 n
500
x = 0.0333 x 0.968 = 0.3226 n 12.4 With the inductive reactance found in Prob. 12.3 inserted in the neutral of the generator of Prob. 12.1, find the ratios of the subtransient line currents for the following faults to the subtransient line current for a three-phase fault:

(a) single line-to-ground fault, (b) line-to-line fault and (c) double line-toground fault.

Solution:

( a) The ratio equals one since reactance was added to achieve this ratio.

(b) The ratio is 0.866 (see Prob. 12.2; this is because the fault current in the line-to-line fault is not affected by the reactance on the neutral).

(c) For a double line-to-ground fault,

Zo = j(0.05 + 3 x 0.0333) = j0.15

JO.15

jO.15

1.0 1

'0 15 + jO.15xjO.15 = )'0.225 = -j4.44 per unit

) . jO.15+jO.15

I~O) = j4.44 (~:;~ ) j2.22 per unit

3I~O) = j6.67 per unit

4.44;-900 + 2400 + 2.22;900 + 1200 + 2.22/900

-3.85 + j2.22 - 1.923 - j1.11 + j2.22 = -5.7i3 + j3.33 = 6.67; 1500 per unit

For a three-phase fault,

1(1) =
a
1(2)
a
I, =
Ib =
= 1

I« = jO.15 = -j6.67 per unit

Ratio =

6.67 6.67

= 1.0

230

12.5 How many ohms of resistance in the neutral connection of the generator of Prob. 12.1 would limit the subtransient line current for a single line-to-ground fault to that for a three-phase fault?

Solution:

For a three-phase fault:

2.222

_1_ = -j6.667 per unit jO.15

3Ij(0.15 + 0.151+ 0.05) + 3Ri 1

R

0.0943 per unit

1-6.6671

BaseZ

(22)2 = 0.968 n 500

.J9R2 + (0.35)2

R = 0.0943 x 0.968 = 0.0913 n

4.9383 = 9R2 + 0.1225

1

12.6 A generator rated 100 MVA, 20 kV has X:; = Xl = X2 = 20% and Xo = 5%.

Its neutral is grounded through a reactor of 0.32 n. The generator is operating at rated voltage without load and is disconnected from the system when a single line-to-ground fault occurs at its terminals. Find the subtransient current in the faul ted phase.

Solution:

Base Z

= (20)2 = 4.0 n 100

0.32 .

Xn = -4- = 0.08 per urut

10. = 31;'1) = -j4.347 per unit

Basel =

100,000 = 2887 A Y3 x 20

11.:'1 = 4.347 x 2887 = 12,550 A

Zo = jO.05 + 3 x jO.08 = jO.29 per unit

1 '1 9 .

'0 2 '0 2 '0 29 = - J .44 per unit

J . +J . +J .

12.7 A 100-MVA lS-kV turbogenerator having X~ = Xl = X2 = 20% and Xo = 5% is about to be connected to a power system. The generator has a currentlimiting reactor of 0.162 n in the neutral. Before the generator is connected to the system, its voltage is adjusted to 16 kV when a double line-to-ground fault develops at terminals band c. Find the initial symmetrical rms current in the ground and in line b.

Note to Instructor: Since Zl = Z2 = Zo we see from Prob. 12.4 that IIfl = Ihl = IIel and fewer calculations are needed. Of course, the problem may be worked in the usual manner, but here we will take advantage of Prob. 12.4. A good variation is to make Zn = 0.243 n.

Solution:

Base Z =

( 18)2 100 0.162

3.24

= 0.05 per unit

231

jO.05 + 3 x jO.05 = jO.20 per unit 16

= 18 = 0.8889 per unit

At this point we may recognize that Prob. 12.4 has shown that when Zl = Z2 = Zo, both Ihl and 11,1 for a double line-to-ground fault are equal to Ilal for a single line-to-ground fault, which is

Solution:

jo.i

jO.2

On the high-voltage side,

1(2) - 1(0) - 1(1) __ A - A - A

1

3.24 !J

Zo

Basel =

100,000 = 3207.5 A v'3 x 18

4.444 x 3207.5 = 14,254 A

jO.3 + jO.3 + jO.1

Note that the above calculation is valid only because Zl = Z2 = Zoo If this were not the case, lb must be found by first determining l~l), 1£2) and liO).

12.8 The reactances of a generator rated 100 MVA, 20 kV, are X3 = Xl = X2 = 20% and Xo = 5%. the generator is connected to a ~-Y transformer rated 100 MVA, 206-230Y k V, with a reactance of 10%. The neutral of the transformer is solidly grounded. The terminal voltage of the generator is 20 kV when a single line-toground fault occurs on the open-circuited, high-voltage side of the transformer. Find the initial symmetrical rms current in all phases of the generator.

0.8889

= 4.444 per unit 0.20

where

= -j1.429 = 1.429/-90° per unit

-

232

In the generator, I~' ) =c ° and

I~l) I~:) /_30° = 1.429/-120° per unit

I~2) I~) / 30e = 1.429 / _600 per unit

un [::':, ][ ::;;~'o 1 ~

[ 2.475~ 1

~.4751 90° per unit

Calculating current values we have

Basel 100,000 = 2887 A
= J3 x 20
IIal = 1101 = 2.475 x 2887 = 7145 A
IIel = OA 12.9 A generator supplies a motor through a Y-.6. transformer. The generator is connected to the Y side of the transformer. A fault occurs between the motor terminals and the transformer. The symmetrical components of the subtransient current in the motor flowing toward the fault are

I~l) _ -0.8 - j2.6 per unit I~2) _ - j2.0 per unit

1~0) - j3.0 per unit

From the transformer toward the fault

1(1)

a

1(2)

a

1(0) _

a

0.8 - jO.4 per unit -j1.0 per unit

o per unit

Assume X~ = Xl = X2 for both the motor and the generator. Describe the type offault. Find (a) the prefault current, if any, in line a, (b) the subtransient fault current in per unit and (c) the subtransient current in each phase of the generator in per unit.

Solution:

Xl>

The fault occurs at point P in the above diagram. The sum of I~l) from the motor and from the transformer gives IiI) in the fault. So in the fault,

Gen.

Motor

Jil) = -0.8 - j2.6 + 0.8 - JDA = -j3.D per unit

233

Similarly,

I~2) = 0-j1.0+0-j2.0 I~O) = -j3.0 per unit

-j3.0 per unit

which means a single line-to-ground fault. The connection of the sequence networks is shown as

(a) Currents are marked on the network diagram. The division of the current due to the fault between the branches of the positive-sequence network is the same as between the branches of the negative-sequence network since all Xl values equal the X2 values in corresponding branches. The prefault current in line a toward the motor is

0.8 - jO.4 - (-j1.0) = 0.8 + jO.6 per unit or - [-0.8 - j2.6 - (-j2.0)] = 0.8 + jO.6 per unit

(b) I, = 3(-j3.0) = -j9.0 per unit

(c) Assume that the generator is on the high-voltage side of the transformer such that

I~) = l~1)ej300 = (0.8 - jO.4)ej300 = 0.894( 3.430 per unit

l:1) = l~2)e-j300 = (_jl.O)e-j300 = 1.0/-1200 per unit

l(O) = 0

A

[ lI/cB] = [il aa12 ~ ] [~.894 (3.430] = . [ ~:~~~5~~:;3° ] per unit

a2 1.0/-1200 1.893;121.60

12.10 Using Fig. 12.18, calculate the bus impedance matrices Z~~s, Z~~ and Z~~ for the network of Example 12.6.

Solution:

From Fig. 12.18,

[ -j40/3 )·10]

yO) = y(2) _ per unit

bus bus - jl0 -j2O

234

Hence,

Z(l) = Z(2)

bus bus

[ -j40/3 jl0 ] -1 =

jlO -j20

[ jO.12 jO.06]

jO.06 jO.08 per unit

By inspection,

Z(O) = [j(0.09 + 0.06)

bus jO

jO

j 0.2xO.1) 0.2+0.1)

1 [ jO.15 jO] .

= jO jO.066i per unit

12.11 Solve for the subtransient current in a single line-to-ground fault first on bus CD and then on bus ~ of the network of Example 12.6. Use the bus impedance matrices of Prob. 12.10. Also find the voltages to neutral at bus (2) with the fault at bus CD.

Solution:

From Eq. (12.12), under single line-to-ground fault conditions at bus 0,

1(0) = 1(1) = 1(2) =

fa fa fa

Z(l) + Z(2) + z(O) + 3Z

kk kk kk f

Fault at bus (1):

= 1(1) = 1(2) =

fa fa

Z(l) + Z(2) + z(O) + 3Z

11 11 11 f

1.0~

= -j2.564 per unit

=

j(0.12 + 0.12 + 0.15 + 0)

Fault current calculation yields

Ifa = 1(0) + 1(1) + 1(2)

fa fa fa

3 X -j2.564 = -j7.692 per unit

Fault at bus (2):

1(2) = fa

Z~~ + zg) + Z~~ + 3Zf 1.0~

= -j4.411 per unit

=

j(0.08 + 0.08 + 0.0667 + 0)

Fault current calculation yields

Ifa = Ij~ + Ij~) + Ij~) = 3 x -j4.411 = -jI3.233 per unit

Voltage at bus @ with fault at bus (1):

VP) = 1.0L.it-Ij~)Z~1{ = 1.0-(-j2.564)(jO.06) = 0.84616 per unit V,p) = -I}:) z~21 = -( -j2.564)(jO.06) = -0.15384 per unit

V(O) = _1(0) z(O) = 0 per unit

a fa 21

235

[ Va(O) 1

v.(1) b

VP)

1 1 [ 0 1 [ 0.692& 1

a 0.84616 = 0.933/-111.8° per unit

a2 -0.15384 0.933/111.8°

12.12 Calculate the subtransient currents in all parts of the system of Example 12.6 with prefault current neglected if the fault on the low-voltage side of the transformer is a line-to-line fault. Use Z~~s' Z~~s and Z~~ of Prob. 12.10.

Solution:

With a double line fault (between phases b and c) at bus CD,

= _1(2) = Vi

fa Z(l) + Z(2)

1 1 11

1.0

= = -j4.167 per unit

j(O.12 + 0.12)

! 1 [-j4~167l = [-7~217l per unit

a2 j4.167 7.217

During this type of fault, no zero-sequence current flows through the system.

1 jO.3 -jl.607

(Posicive Sequence I

(Negacive Sequence I

(i) No current flows in any of the grounding connections. (ii) In the low-voltage side of the transformer:

1(0) = 0

"

I~l) = -j2.50 per unit

I~2) = j2.50 per unit

[ -4~33l per unit

4.33

(iii) In the generator and the high-voltage side of the transformer:

The Y-Do connection introduces a 30° phase lead to positive-sequence currents and a 30° phase lag to negative-sequence currents. Therefore,

I~l) = 2.50/-60° per unit

I~2) = 2.50/60° per unit

236

1 ] [ 0 ]

a 2.50( -60c

a2 2.50; 60c

[ 2.50]

-:;5~0 per unit

_.~O

( iv) In the motor section (towards the fault):

1(0) = °

a

I~l) = -j1.667 per unit

I~2) = j1.667 per unit

[ -2~88] per unit

2.88

= [_j0.j3] (_ j 1.667) = j.j3

(Each motor supplies 1/4 of these currents)

12.13 Repeat Prob. 12.12 for a double line-to-ground fault.

Solution:

Under double line-to-ground (phases b, c and ground) fault conditions,

1(1) VI 1.0~ -j5.357 per unit
= Z(I) zi2,) zl~) = =
la j (0 12 + 0.15XO.15)
1 1 + z(2f· z(o} . 0.12+0.15
II"" II
Z(O)
1(2) = ll) 11 = j2.976 per unit
fa - fa Z(O) + Z(2)
11 1 1
1(0) = _1(1) _ 1(2) = j2.381 per unit
fa fa fa Currents toward the fault from the three phases are

=

[ 1 1 1] [ }2.381]

1 a2 a -j5.357

1 a a2 j2.976

= [~.052/ 153.7°] per unit 8.052/26.3°

Sequence current flows through various parts of the network as shown below:

237

( i) In the generator grounding connection, no current flows since zero-sequence current in that part of the network is zero.

( ii) Current in the motor grounding section (toward motors):

3I~0) = 3 x j2.381 = j7.143 per unit (Each motor handles 1/4 of this current) (iii) In the low-voltage side of the transformer:

1(0) = 0

a

1£1) = -j3.214 per unit

I~2) = j1.786 per unit

[ ~I:c ] [~1 ~2 ~ ] [ -j3~214] = [!:~~~~o] per unit

a a2 j1. 786 4.388~

(iv) In the generator and high-voltage side of the transformer:

As in Prob. 12.12,

1(1) = 3.214 / _600 per unit
a
1(2) = 1.786; 600 per unit
a
1(0) = 0
c.
[ ~: 1 U 1 :' 1 [~214(-6QO 1 [ 2.189(-26.30 1
= a2 = 5.0/1800 per unit
a 1.786/60° 2.789 ( 26.3° ( v) In the motor section:

I~O) = j2.381 per unit

I~l) = -j2.143 per unit

I~2) = j1.190 per unit

[ ~: 1 = [~ ~2 : 1 [ -;;:i:~ 1 = [!:~~;7ifs.30 1 per unit

t, 1 a a2 j1.190 4.062/ 44.70

(Each motor carries 1/4 of these currents)

12.14 The machines connected to the two high-voltage buses shown in the singleline diagram of Fig. 12.32 are each rated 100 MVA, 20 kV with reactances of X; = Xl = X2 = 20% and Xo = 4%. Each three-phase transformer is rated 100 MVA, 345Y 120b. kV, with leakage reactance of 8%. On a base of HiO ~VA, 345 kV the reactances of the transmission line are Xl = X2 = 15% and Xo = 50%. Find the 2 x 2 bus impedance matrix for each of the three sequence networks. If no prefault current is flowing in the network, find the subtransient current to ground for a double line-to-ground fault on lines Band C at bus CD. Repeat for a fault at bus (2). When the fault is at bus ~, determine the current in phase b of machine 2 if the lines are so named that Vr) leads V';l) by 30°. If the phases are named so that 1~1) leads 111) by 30°, what letter (a, b or c) would identify the phase of machine 2 which would carry the current found for phase b above?

Note to Instructor: Although this very simple two-node problem is solved just as easily by not resorting to the Zbus method, the problem is useful to point out the great advantage of Zbus where fault calculations are needed at many nodes beacuse the computer takes the labor out of finding Zbus. With Zbus, the problem is easily extended to find the voltage of unfaulted buses.

1 I

I

1

238

Solution:

The negative-sequence network shown below is identical to the positive-sequence network with emfs short-circuited.

jO.08
io'e
y(2) = y;Cl) =
11 11
y;(2) = y(2) = y(1) =
22 11 11
yCl) = y;(2) =
12 12 CD

I jO.l5

'__-t--"fYY'

G)

I l:]iO'

1 1

-- + -- = -jlO.24 per unit jO.28 jO.15

-j10.24 per unit

-1 '667 .

·0 1- = J. per unit J . ;)

The zero-sequence network is shown as

Since the impedance jO.08 connected to bus ~ is not connected to any other bus, it is not . I ded i v(O)

me u In .l22 •

y,CO) 1 1 -j14.5O per unit
= --+-- =
1 1 jO.08 jO.50
yCO) y,(O) -1
= = - = j2.0 per unit
12 22 jO.5
Z(l) Z(2) [ -jlO.24 j6.67 ]-1 [ jO.170 jO.ll0 ] .
= = = jO.170 per unit
bus bus j6.67 -j10.24 jO.110
z(O) = [ -j14.50 j2.00 ]-1 [ jO.08 jO.08 ] .
= jO.58 per unit
bus j2.00 -j2.00 jO.08 Zbus equivalent networks are shown below (mutual impedances not indicated) for a double line-to-ground fault on bus (1):

239

For the fault on bus CD (as shown): 1(1) = A

= -j4.456 per unit

J. (0 170+ 0.170XO.08)

. O.170~O.08

1

vel) = 1.0 - jO.170( -j4.456) = 0.2425 per unit
A
1(2) -0.2425 j1.426 per unit
= =
A jO.170
1(0) -0.2425 j3.031 per unit
=
A jO.08
In = 3[(0) = 3(j3.031) = j9.093 per unit
A Calculations for magnitude of the fault current yields

Base I = 100,000 = 167.3 A J3 x 345

IInl = 167.3 x 9.093 = 1521 A

For the fault on bus (2): [(1) = A

= -j3.317 per unit

J. (0 170 + 0.170XO.58)

. 0.170+0.58

1

vel) = 1.0 - jO.170( -j3.317) = 0.4361 per unit
A
1(2) -0.4361 = j2.565 per unit
=
A jO.170
[(0) -0.4361 = jO.7519 per unit
=
A jO.58
[n = 3[(0) = j2.256 per unit
A The magnitude of the fault current is

IInl = 167.3 x 2.256

377 A

From the transformer at bus (2) to the fault at bus (2):

1(1) = -j3.317 x jO.28 + jO.15 = -j2.009 per unit

A jO.28 + jO.28 + jO.15

[(2) J·2.56o~ X jO.28 + jO.15

A = j1.553 per unit

jO.28 + jO.28 + jO.15

240

In generator 2:
reO) =
-a
1(1) =
a
1(2) =
a
Ib = o

Iil)e-j300 = 2.009/-120° per unit Ii2)ej300 = 1.553/120° per unit

[1 a2 a] [ ~.009!-120° 1 = 1.824/167.5° per unit 1.553/120°

Calculating for the fault current value yields

Base I = 100,000 = 2887 A v'3 x 20

IIbl = 2887 x 1.824 = 5266 A

12.15 Two generators GI and G2 are connected respectively through transformers TI and T2 to a high-voltage bus which supplies a transmission line. The line is open at the far end at which point F a fault occurs. The prefault voltage at point F is 515 kV. Apparatus ratings and reactances are

1000 MVA, 20 kV, x, = 100% X~ = Xl = X2 = 10% 800 MVA, 22 kV, X, = 120% X~ = Xl = X2 = 15% 1000 MVA, 500Y /20b:. kV, X = 17.5%

800 MVA, 500Y /22Y kV, X = 16.0%

Xl = 15%, Xo = 40% on a base of 1500 MVA, 500 kV

Xo=5% Xo=8%

The neutral of G1 is grounded through a reactance of 0.04 n. The neutral of G2 is not grounded. Neutrals of all transformers are solidly grounded. Work on a base of 1000 MVA, 500 kV in the transmission line. Neglect prefault current and find subtransient current (a) in phase c of G 1 for a three-phase fault at F, (b) in phase B at F for a line-to-line fault on lines B and C, (c) in phase A at F for a line-to-ground fault on line A and (d) in phase c of G2 for a line-to-ground fault on line A. Assume Vjl) leads VP) by 30° in T1.

Solution:

F

Base kV for Gen. 1 = 20kV Gen. 2 = 22 kV

241

The base currents are calculated as

Line:

1,000,000 = 1155 A v'3 x 500

1,000,000

v'3 x 20 1,000,000

v'3 x 22

= 28,868 A

Gen. 1:

Gen. 2:

= 26,243 A

Impedances in per unit are

Gen. 1: X~ = X2 = 0.10

Xo = 0.05

Gen. 2:

X" d

1000

= X2 = 0.15 x 800 = 0.1875

1000 T2: X = 0.16 x 800 =

~ 1000

X2 = 0.10 x -- = 0.10 1500

1000

0.40 x -- = 0.267 1500

515

0.175

0.20

r.. X =
Line: Xl =
Xo =
Operating voltage 500

= 1,03 per unit jO.10

F

Positive Sequence Network

Gi + 1.03

+<32 1.03

The above network reduces to

Zero-sequence Network

jO.IO F

(a) Three-phase fault at F

1(1) = 1.03 = -j3.946 per unit

A jO.261

In Gen. 1: I~l) = (-j3.946 jO.3875 ) -j300 = 2.308;-120° per unit

jO.275 + jO.3875 e -

L; = 2.308 i 0° per unit

242

In all three phases IIfl = 2.308 x 28,868 = 66,630 A.

(b) Line-to-line fault at F (Zl = Z2)

1(1) 1(2) 1.03 '1973 it

A = - A = 2(j0.261) = -). per um

IE = (a2-a)I~) = -jv3(-j1.973) = 3.417/180° per unit lIs I = 3.417 x 1155 = 3947 A

(c) Single Iine-to-ground fault at F

1.03

----------- = -j1.068 per unit jO.261 + jO.261 + jO.175 + jO.267

3(1.068) x 1155 = 3700 A

II~I

(d) Single line-to-ground fault at F

In Gen. 2: 1(1) = 1(2) 1(0) = 0
a a a
'02r
1(1) = -'1.068 J. 0 = -jO.443 per unit
a J jO.275 + jO.3875
Ie = 0.443 I 120° - 90° + 0.443 1240° - 90°
= 0.384 + jO.222 - 0.384 + jO.222 = j0.444 per unit
II~'I = 0.444 x 26,243 = 11,652 A 12.16 In the network shown in Fig. 10.17, Y-Y connected transformers, each with grounded neutrals, are at the ends of each transmission line not terminating at bus @. The transformers connecting the lines to bus @ are Y-A with the neutral of the Y solidly grounded and the A sides connected to bus @. All line reactances shown in Fig. 10.17 between buses include the reactances of the transformers. Zero-sequence values for these lines including transformers are 2.0 times those shown in Fig. 10.17.

Both generators are Y -connected. Zero-sequence reactances of the generators connected to buses CD and @ are 0.04 and 0.08 per unit, respectively. The neutral of the generator at bus CD is connected to ground through a reactor of 0.02 per unit; the generator at bus @ has a solidly grounded neutral.

Find the bus impedance matrices Z~~s' Z~~s and Z~o~ for the given network and then compute the subtransient current in per unit (a) in a single line-to-ground fault on bus ~ and (b) in the faulted phase of line CD-~. Assume no prefault current is flowing and all prefault voltages at all the buses is 1.0~ per unit.

Solution:

243

The schematic diagram is shown as

The positive- and negative-sequence network is shown as

The zero-sequence network is shown as

From Prob. 10.9,

jO.04

jO.06

Z(l)

bus

[ jO.1447 jO.1195 jO.0692]

= jO.1195 jO.2465 jO.1006 per unit

jO.0692 jO.1006 jO.1635

z(2)

bus

244

By examining the zero-sequence network,

yeO) = bus

[ -jI3.5 j2.5 jO 1
j2.5 -j3.75 jO per unit
jO jO -j12.5
[ jO.0845 jO.0563 jO 1
jO.0563 jO.3042 jO per unit
jO jO jO.08 For a fault at bus ~,

1(0) = 1(1) = 1(2) =

fa fa fa

Z(O) + Z(l) + Z(2) 22 22 22

1.0~

= -j1.254 per unit

=

j (0.2465 + 0.2465 + 0.3042)

1" = 1(0) + 1(1) + i2) = -)'3.762 per unit

fa fa fa fa

Currents through line CD-~:

( Z(1) Z(l») ( 1(1») j(0.1195 - O.2465)(j1.254)
1(1) 12 - 22 - fa -jO.796 per unit
= (1) = =
12, a jO.2
Z12
1(2) = I~~ a = -jO.796 per unit
12,a
(z(O) _ z(O») (_1(0») j(0.0563 - 0.3042)(j1.254)
1(0) 12 22 fa -jO.777 per unit
= (0) = =
12, a jO.4
Z12
112, a (0) (1) (2) . .
= I12,a+I12,a+I12,a = -J2.369perumt 12.17 The network of Fig. 9.2 has the line data specified in Table 9.2. The two generators connected to buses CD and @ have X; = Xl = X2 = 0.25 per unit each. Making the usual simplifying assumptions of Sec. 10.6, determine the sequence matrices Z~~s = Z~~ and use them to calculate

(a) the subtransient current in per unit in a line-to-line fault on bus @ of the network

(b) the fault current contributions from line CD-(2) and line @-(2).

Assume that lines (D-(6) and @-(6) are connected to bus (6) directly (not through transformers) and that all positive- and negative-sequence reactances are identical.

Note to Instructor: The text requests for current contributions from line @-~ while it does not exist in Fig. 9.2. The solution below uses line @-Cf).

245

Solution:

Zbus is shown in the solution for Prob. 10.13 and

Z(l) = Z(2) = Z

bus bus bus

(a) For a fault at bus <ZJ:

1(1) 1(2) - Vf 1.0LQ.': - j3.411 per unit
= - fa - Z(1) + Z(2) =
fa j0.1466 + jO.1466
22 22
[ If 0 1 [: 1 1][ 0 1 ~ [ -j~I)~ 1 ~ [ -Sg08 ] pee unit
Ifb a2 1(1)
Ife a :2 -I}~) j.j3 P) 5.908
fa (b) Currents through line CD-(2):

[ I12,a 1

I12,b

112, e

j(0.1234 - 0.1466) (j3.411) jO.0504

= - j 1.5iO per unit

=

= [-2.~20 1 per unit 2.i20

Currents through line @-(2):

]<1) =

42, a

(Zi~-Z~~)(-IJ~)) = j(0.1266-0.1466)(j3.411) =

(1) )'0.0372

Z42

[ -jV3~i~,a 1 = [ -3.~76l per unit

jV3I(l) 3.176

42, a

-j1.834 per unit

=

12.18 In the system of Fig. 12.9a consider that Machine 2 is a motor drawing a load equivalent to 80 MVA at 0.85 power factor lagging and nominal system voltage of 345 kV at bus @. Determine the change in voltage at bus @ when the transmission line undergoes (a) a one-open-conductor fault and (b) a two-openconductor fault along its span between buses ~ and @. Choose a base of 100 MVA, 345 kV in the transmission line. Consult Examples 12.1 and 12.2 for

Z(O) Z(l) d Z(2)

bus' bus an bus'

Solution:

For lir:e @-@:

Zl = jO.15 per unit

Z2 = jO.15 per unit

Zo = jO.50 per unit

123 = \~\L.:::.i = 80/100;_cos-lO.85 = 0.8;-31.i9°perunit 1.0

246

From Eqs. (12.28) and (12.32),

z(1) Z(2) -z;
pp' = pp' = Z(l) + Z(l) 2Z(I) - Z
22 33 - 23 1
= jO.7120 per unit
Z(O) -Z6
pp' .- z(O) + z(O) 2Z(0) Z
22 33 - 23 - 0
= j 1.0399 per unit -(j0.15)2

=

j(0.1696 + 0.1696 - 2 x 01104 - 0.15)

-(jO.50)2

=

j(0.1999 + 0.1999 - 2 x 0.0701 - 0.50)

(a) One open conductor fault:

From Eq. (12.38),

yeO) = v(1) = V(2) =

a a a

From Eq. (12.27),

1 1 1

ZToT+zm-+zm-

PI" PI" 1'1"

=

0.8; -31.79°

= 0.2122/58.21° per unit

1 1 I"

jO.7120 + jO.7120 + j1.0399

Z(1) Z(l)

32 - 33 V(l)

ZI a

= jO.1104 - jO.1696 02122 5821° =

jO.15 x. I.

Z(O) z(O)

32 - 33 yeO)

Zo a

= jO.0701 - jO.1999 x 0.2122 58.210 =

jO .50 <-I ==-=-

0.0837 1-121.79° per unit

.6. ~(O) = 3

0.0551/-121.79° per unit

Change in a-phase voltage at bus @ is

~V3 = .6.VP)+.6.V;?)+.6.V3(O) = (2xO.0837+0.0551)/-121.79° = 0.2225/-121.79° per unit (b) Two open conductor fault:

From Eq. (12.43),

V(l) =

a

V(2) =
a
=
yeO) =
a
= Z(I) (Z(2) + z(O»)

pp' pp' pp'

123 Z(I) + Z(2) + z(O)

pp' pp' pp'

0.8/-31.79° X jO.7120 X (j0.7120 + j1.0399) __ °

- 0.4050/58.21 per unit

jO.7120 + jO.7120 + j1.0399

_Z(1)Z(2)

pp' pp'

123 Z(I) + Z(2) + z(O)

pp' pp' pp'

0.8;-31.79° x. -jO.7120 x jO.7120 °

- = 0.1646/-121.79 per unit

)0.7120 + jO.7120 + j1.0399

_Z(I)Z(O)

pp' pp'

123 Z(I) + Z(2) + z(O)

pp' pp' pp'

0.8/-31.79° x -jO.7120 x j1.0399 °

- jO.7120 + jO.7120 + j1.0399 = 0.2404/-121.79 per unit

247

From Eg. (12.27),

= ]0.1104 - ~0.1696 x 0.4050; 58.21v = 0.1598/-121.79' per unit )0.10

jO.1104 - jO.1696 x 0.1646/-121.790 0 06~O ~8 2 0

_ _ . O! 0 . 1 per unit

jO.15

= jO.07010-~~0.1999 x 0.2404/-12{.79° = 0.0624( 58.21° per unit ) .0

Change in a-phase voltage at bus @ is

.6.V3 = .6.VP)+.6.VP)+.6.V3(O) = (0.1598-0.0650-0.8624)/-121.79° = 0.0324/-121.790 per unit

Chapter 13 Problem Solutions

13.1 For a generating unit the fuel input in millions of Btu/h is expressed as a function of output Pg in megawatts by 0.032P; + 5.8Pg + 120. Determine

(a) the equation for incremental fuel cost in dollars per megawatthour as a function of Pg in megawatts based on a fuel cost of $2 per million Btu.

(b) the average cost of fuel per megawatthour when Pg = 200 MW.

(c) the approximate additional fuel cost per hour to raise the output of the unit from 200 MW to 201 MW. Also find this additional cost accurately and compare it with the approximate value.

Solution:

( a) The input-output curve in dollars per MWh is

f (0.032P; + 5.8Pg + 120) x 2

= O.064P; + 11.6Pg + 240 $jMWh

The incremental fuel cost is

df = 0.128Pg + 11.6 $jMWh dPg

(b) The average cost of fuel when Pg = 200 MW is

L I -_ 0.064(202)2 + 11.6(200) + 240

= 25.6 $jMWh

Pg P.=200 200

(c) The approximate incremental cost for an additional 1 MW generation when Pg = 200 MW is

df I

dP = 0.128(200) + 11.6 = 37.2 $jb

9 Pg=200