98

TABLES 78-S4.-EMISSIVITTES
T A B L E 78.-NORMAL

OF A NUAIBER OF MATERIALS

SPECTRAL E M l S S l V l T l E S FOR SOME E L E M E N T S

A N D ALLOYS

The emissivity, spectral or total. of any non-hlackbody shows the relation between the
intensity of its radiation and that of the blackbody when both are a t the same temperature.
Spectral emissivities have been measured for a number of materials for different temperatures and different wavelength intervals and are shown in Part 1.
Part 1.-At

temperatures generally above 1000

O K

Room temperature values are given in a few instances where they, along with values a t
higher temperatures, form a connected series and where the values given for the higher.
temperatures depend on those given for low temperatures.
Emissivity
I

Tempyature

Material

.........

Konal

cx

&

eA

Remarks

ex

1600
2500

.66
.66

39
.84

1500

.66
.66
.66
.66
.66

.lo5
.120
,150
.I40
.I3

Solid
Solid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid

1000
1480-1500

.66
.65

.27
.37

Solid
Solid and liquid

..........

1200

.665

.43

....

300
1300
2000
2750

.665
.665
,665
.665

.420
,378
.353
.332

Carbon

Iron

Green
Blue
*
*
h in
X in
A in
Red

...........

Molybdenum

.......... 1200-1650 .665

Nickel

Tantalum

.......

300
1400
2100
2800

.665
.665
,665
.665

,375

.467
.467
.467
.467
.535

.425

,493
.442
.415
.390

.425
.395
.380
.365

,460

.450

.467
.467
.467
.467

.565
.505
.460

Solid

...

% Worthing, A. G., Temperature radiation emissivities and emittances, Temperature, Its Measurement and Control, p. 1184, Reinhold Publishing Co., 1941.

P a r t 2.-Emissivity

(CA

x = .55&

5zG&G
Beryllium ..... 61
81
Chromium ..... 53
..
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copper ........ 38
36
Erbium . . . . . . . . .
30
Gold ..........<38 <38
Iridium . . . . . . . . . . .
Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manganese . . . . . . . .
Molybdenum . . . . . . .
Nickel ........ 44
46
Metal

expressed in percent)

X = .65&
f-----7

Solid Liquid

61
39
36
10
55
14
30
37
59
43
36

61
39
37
15
38
22

..

37
59
40
37

Metal

A = .55&
A- , 6 5 1 ~
Solid
-7,-1,iquld Solld Llquld

Niobium ..... 61
Palladium .... 38
Platinum ..... 38
Rhodium ......
Silver ........<jS
Thorium ..... 36
Titan.ium ..... 75
Uranium ..... 77
Vanadium ._.. 29
Ytterbium . . . . .
Zirconium . . . . .

International Critical Tables.

(continucd)
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

o f a number of metals a t their melting points

..

..

..

<ji

..

75

..

..
...
...

49
33
33
29
4
36
63
54
35
35
32

40
37
38
30

7
40
65
34
32
35
30

9
T A B L E 78.-NORMAL

S P E C T R A L E M I S S I V I T I ~ E SFOR SOME E L E M E N T S
A N D A L L O Y S (concluded)
Part 3.-Emissivities

Tempe!ra.
ture
I
,301.~ .38
"K
,495
.SO3
I200
,502
.so0
,498
,496
,493
,492

1500
1x00
2000
2200
2500
2600
2700
2x00

.491

,490

.4x9
..

'900

3000
3200
3400
3(1

.4XX
.486
.484

Wavelength
-h

.-I92
.4xx
.4x5
.AX3

.477
,476
,475
,473
,472
,470
,468
,465

,467
,482
,476
,472
,469
,466
,463
,460

,665
,452
.445
,439
.435
,431
,425
,423

.8
,428
.422
.417

.459
,458

,421

,401

,419
,417

,399
.39x
,396
,392
,388

,456
,455
,452
.450

of tungsten *I'

,414
,410

.-lo5
,403

,415
.4 11

,407

1.0
,390
.385
.386
.3xo
.378

,375

,373
,372
,371
.370
.36X
,366
,363

1.5
275
.2XO
,284
.2x7
,290
,295
,297
.29x
,299
,300
,302

,305
,308

1.8
.I77
.I91
,206
,215
275
,240
,245
,149
.?54

,259
,264
,273
,283

-7

.I80
,191
.201

2.5
.127
.145
.I61
,170
.I80

,217

.I95

,222
,228

200

2.0
,148
,164

,205

,233
,239
,245

,255
,265

4.0

3.0
.116
,132
.I48
,158
,167
,180
.184
.I 88
,192
,197
,200

,210
,215
220
,231
,241

.loo

,138

.I15

,192

.I27
,135
,144

.236
.259
.278
.301
.309
.315
.321
.329
.334
,341
.348

,155
.I59
,163
,167
,170
.I73
,180
,186

,208
,216

To!al
emissivity

Forsythe, W.E., and Ailanis. E. Q.. Joui-n. Opt. SOC..\mer., vol. 35, p. 108. 1945.
For X

= 1.27s

Part 4.-Emissivities

X in I.L

Element

Ch ronii um . . . . .66
Cobalt . . . . . . . .
Iron a . . . . . . . .

. . .. . . ..
Molybdenum . ,
Nickel . . . . . . .
Niobium . . . . .
Y

i .. . . . .. .

the spectral emissivity is constant and equals 0.335.

of some metals specially prepared by heat-treating and

out-gassing 3i
Eniissivity

Teniperatiire
"K

.334
.327
.342
.344
.325
.337
.382
.350
.374

1050-1560
1240-1378
1378-1450
below 1178
1178-1677
1677-1725
1300-2100
1200-1400
1300-2200

Element

X in /I

Palladium . .
Platinum . . .
Rhodium . . .
Tantalum

Thoiiun;
Tungsten
Uranium

..

. ..
.. .
...

Temperature

Emissivity

,311
.291
.295-.310
,242
.439-384
..
,380
.46
.6605 .453
.416

"K
1200-1400
1200- 1400
1200-1800
1300-2000
1200-2400
1300-1706
1200 2200
1180-1320
1325-1370

si Private communication from Wahlin, taken from data hy Wahlin and Knop, I,. V. Whitney, Wahlin
and Wright, Worthing, Fiske, Phys. Rev.

T A B L E 79.-CORRECTlONS
I N ' C T O ADD T O B R I G H T N E S S T E M P E R A T U R E
READINGS, FOR D I F F E R E N T E M I S S I V I T Y , T O O B T A I N T H E
TRUE TEMPERATURE *

Emissivity

.10
20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.85

.90

.95

Pyrometer using red light, wavelength, X = .665p, and cI

temperatures degrees Kelvin. of

= 14380s

"K at observed

A.

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

119.2
80.4
59.0
44.2
33.1
24.2
16.8
10.4
7.5
4.9
2.4

145.9
98.1
71.8
53.8
40.2
29.3
20.3
12.6
9.3
5.9
2.9

175.8
117.7
85.9
64.3
48.0
35.0
24.2
15.1
10.9
7.1
3.4

208.9
139.3
101.4
75.8
56.5
41.2
28.5
17.7
12.6
8.3
4.0

245.3
162.8
118.3
88.3
65.8
47.9
33.1
20.5
14.9
9.6
4.7

285.1
188.5
136.7
101.8
75.8
55.1
38.0
23.6
17.1
11.0
5.3

328.6
216.3
156.5
116.4
86.5
62.9
43.4
26.9
19.5
12.6
6.1

375.7
246.2
177.7
132.0
98.0
71.1
49.0
30.3
22.0
14.2
6.9

426.8
278.4
200.5
148.6
110.2
79.9
55.1
34.1
24.7
15.9

7.7

*The values given in this table also give the correction for a window having a transmission given in
column 1 for different temperatures of the source when this window is used between the source and the
pyrometer.

(continued)

SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

100
T A B L E 79.-CORRECTIONS
I N "C T O A D D T O B R I G H T N E S S T E M P E R A T U R E
READINGS, FOR D I F F E R E N T E M I S S I V I T Y , T O O B T A I N T H E
T R U E T E M P E R A T U R E (concluded)
Pyrometer using red light, wavelength, X = , 6 6 5 ~ .xnd rl
temperatures degrees tielvin, of
Em+
SlVltY

.10
.20
.30
.40

.so

.60
.7n
...
.80
.85
.90
.95

.= 14380~'K

at olisrrvecl

1900

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3600

481.9
312.9
224.8
166.3
123.2
89.3
61.5
38.0
27.5
17.7
8.6

541.2
349.8
250.6
185.2
137.0
99.2
68.2
42.1
30.5
19.7
9.5

673.0
430.7
307.0
226.1
166.9
120.6
82.8
51.1
37.0
23.8
11.5

823.9
521.9
370.1
271.7
200.0
144.2
98.9
60.9
44.1
28.4
13.7

995.2
623.8
440.0
330.4
236.4
170.1
116.5
71.6
51.8
33.3
16.1

1189.5
737.2
517.2
377.0
276.1
198.3
135.6
83.3
60.2
38.7
18.7

1408.3
862.5
601.6
436.9
319.2
228.9
156.2
95.9
69.2
44.5
21.5

2237.8
1317.6
902.4
648.0
469.6
334.6
227.2
138.9
100.1
64.2
31.0

T A B L E 80.-COMPUTATION
OF T O T A L E M l S S l V l T Y V A L U E S FOR V A R I O U S
GLASS S A M P L E S A T L O W T E M P E R A T U R E S Iyl

Sample
Vused quartz
Corex D
Nonex

Apprfnt.
emissivtty
Thick-. - -A- ,
ne w
200
;ZO
to0

.....

.........
...........

(mm)
1.96
3.40
1.57

.78
.SO
.82

.SO

.75
.76
.78

.80

.82

Computed
transmittance

Temperature
differential t

Coyre5ted
emlsslvlty

G,266
.I13
.I45

,134
.041

,023
,002

,041

.004

19
49
31

8
18
12

1
2
1.5

.67
.91
.X2

.76
.90
.87

,775
.83
335

Dissipating of energy b y l a m p bulbs.-The bulb of a 120-volt 500-watt lamp dissipates 18.5 percent of the input energy to the lamp. About 10 percent is lost by radiation
and 8.5 percent by conduction and convection by the surrounding air. The losses from other
similar lamp bulbs probably agree with this.
%B arn e s , B . T., Forsythe, W. E . , , a n d Adams, E . Q. Journ. Opt. SOC.Amer., vol. 37, p. 804, 1947.
Assuming no radlatton transmltted through sample from heater and no temperature gradtent.
$ Between front and back surfaces.
t Assuming all of sample at heater temperature.

T A B L E 81.-RELATIVE

Emissive power of blackbody

at 600
"C.

E M l S S l V l T l E S F OR T Q T A L R A D I A T I O N

= 1. Receiving surface platinum black at 25C; oxidized

Temperature, "C

Silver ........................................
Platinum (1) .................................
Oxidized zinc .................................
Oxidized aluminum ............................
Calorized copper, oxidized.. ....................
Cast iron .....................................
Oxidized nickel ...............................
Oxidized monel ...............................
Calorized steel; oxidized.. ......................
Oxidized copper ..............................
Oxidized brass ................................
Oxidized lead .................................
Oxidized cast iron .............................
Oxidized steel ................................

' 200

400

600

.020
.060
.113
.180
.210
369
.411
521
.568
.610
.631
.643
.790

.030
.086
.153
.185

.038
.110
.192
.190

.424
.439
547
.568
.600

.478
.463
.570
.568
.589

.710
.788

.777
.787

110

For radiation properties of bodies at temperatures so low that the radiations of wavelength greater than 2Op or thereabouts are important, doubt must exist because of the
possible and perhaps probable lack of blackness of the receiving body to radiations of those
wavelengths or greater. For instance, see Tables 568 and 573 for the transparency of soot.
SMITHMNIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

101
E M l S S l V l T Y V A L U E S OF VARIOUS MATERIALS A T
LOW T E M P E R A T U R E S *

T A B L E 82.-TOTAL

Material

Alleghany alloy No. 66.. . . . . . .

Alleghany metal
. . . . . . . . .. . .
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aluminum ....................
Aluminum . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ..
Aluminum paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..
. ..
.

Chromium

.. . ... ..............

Iron .........................
Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lamp black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nickel-silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiator paint, black
.....
Radiator paint, bronze . . . . . . . . .
Radiator paint, cream . . . . . . .
Radiator paint, white . . . . . . . . . .
Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stainless steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
. .. ..

Zinc

Condition

......

.........................

320'C

500C

.77
.75

.72
.71

.ll
.13
.09
.095
.18
.29
,059
.77
.76
.075
.052
,059
.31
.27
.84
,071
.072
.135
.84
.51
.77
.79
.052
,074
.066
.06Y
.084
.066
.21

Polished
Rough plate
Rough plate
Polished
Polished
Polished
Dark gray surface
Roughly polished
Rough deposit
Polished
Polished
Polished

. ..
.
.

At 100C

Polished
No. 4 polish
Commercial sheet
Polish
Rough polish

......

......
Polished
Polished
Polished
Polished
Commercial coat
Polished coat
Commercial coat

.78

For reference, see footnote 38, p. 100.

T A B L E 83.-PERCENTAGE
True temperature " C

E M l S S l V l T l E S O F M E T A L S A N D OXIDES

500

600

700

800

906

1000

1100

1200

60 Fe0.40 FezOz Total

= Fe heated
in air ......... . . A = .65p

85

85

86

87

87

88

88

89

98

97

95

93

92

...............Total

54

62
98

68
96

72
94

75
92

81
88

86
87

NiO

..............h =

.65p

Platinum :
True temp. ZC ... 0 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000
App.* temp. C . . . - - - - - 486
Total emiss. Pt.. . 3 1 4.0 5.1 6.1 7.0 8.0 10.3 12.4
Oxides : = .65p NiO Co:tO, Fe:%O,Mm0. TiOr ThOs Y?Os B e 0
Splid ...... .... 89
77 63
.. 52 57 61 37
Liquid ........ 68
63
53 47
51
69
.. ..

1200 1400 1600 1700

630 780 930 1005
14.0 15.5 16.9 17.5
KhOx Vp0s Cr20s

71

..

69

..

60

..

1-30s

30
31

As observed with total radiation pyrometer sighted on the platinum.

T A B L E 84a-TOTAL

R A D I A T I O N F R O M B A R E A N D SOOT-COVERED NICKEL sa

(watts/cm2)
"K

400

Soot-covered Ni ..... ... ,096

Poli:hed
initial heat. . ,0092
after above.. .0066

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1-700

1400

.28
.032
.023

.59
.079
.058

1.87
.166
.123

3
.31
.24

3
.55
.44

4.8
.91
.76

2.ij

4.49
4.49

sa Barnes, Phys. Rev., vol. 34, p. 1026, 1929.

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

2.04