HOUSING LECTURE NOTES

Module 2: State of Housing in the Philippines

.
I PHILIPPINE E!PERIENCE IN HOUSING
PRE" #$R PERIO%
o After Burnham prepared the plan for Manila in 1904, large area of nipa neighborhoods were
transformed into sanitary barrios in which streets, alleys, surface drainage and other sanitary
facilities were proided!
o "ater, models of sanitary single family and apartment dwellings were introduced to replace the nipa
houses!
o #n the 19$0%s, the concept of &barrio obreros', the wor(ing class districts, was introduced and
established as a response to the needs of the low)income labor families.
o #n 19**, a housing committee was created to underta(e slum clearance and housing pro+ects.
o ,ociali-ed housing traces its roots to the social +ustice policy enunciated by then .hilippine
/ommonwealth .resident Manuel "uis 0ue-on. #n 1uly 19*2, at brea(fast in the house of 3on
Ale+andro 4oces, ,r. in 5ito /ru-, Manila, .res. 0ue-on as(ed his host, what in his mind would be
an ideal pro+ect to gie the social +ustice program a tangible reality. 3on Ale+andro suggested to
buy a big tract of land not far from Manila which would be subdiided into small lots to sell to the
poor people at a price so low it would be within their reach. #mpressed, .res. 0ue-on turned to
4amon 4oces, son of 3on Ale+andro to loo( for an estate about four hundred thousand hectares
the got. could purchase for the purpose. 4amon obliged.
o 19*26 the first goernment housing agency was established on 14 7ct. 19*2, called the .eople%s
8omesite /orporation 9.8/: this was a subsidiary of the ;ational 3eelopment /ompany 9;3/:
with offices at A-carraga 9now /.M. 4ecto Ae.: cor. <angelista, in downtown Manila.
POST #$R PERIO%
o ;ational 8ousing /ommission was created on 1= ,eptember 194>.
o 194?, the ;ational @rban .lanning /ommission 9;@./: was created by .res. 7smeAa. .lanning
in Manila during the post war years started. Bhe ;@./ was a centrali-ed body planning to
reconstruct, rehabilitate and deelop the country. 7ne of its functions was specifically to rebuild
cities destroyed during the war, particularly Manila
o 7n 7ct. 4, 194=, the .8/ and the ;8/ were eentually merged into the .eople%s 8omesite and
8ousing /orporation 9.88/:
o #n 1942, 4A *** which created the /apital /ity .lanning /ommission 9//./: to ta(e up the city
planning responsibilities. Bhe 4A also declared 0ue-on /ity as the capital city of the .hilippines,
and planning efforts were thus redirected to the newly declared capital. Bhe ;@./ had the
following powers and duties6
o Cormulation of a general plan for the physical deelopment of the /apital /ity, with
graphicDisual guides and descriptie eEplanations, stating the specifications for different
types of land use and deelopment
o Bo establish the necessary districts and -ones for industry, trade, transportation,
residence, public or semi)public, ciic actiities and recreation, regulating the physical
specifications thereof,
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o 8aing rules and regulations on acGuisitions of priate lands and their subdiision into
small lots for residential, industrial and commercial purposes, with guidelines as to
physical land use and deelopment
o Bo appoint the necessary technical eEpertise for the program
o Bo hae such powers necessary to enact the law towards reali-ing a coordinated,
ad+usted, harmonious construction and future deelopment of the /apital /ity H promoting
the general welfare, economy and efficiency, functional public conenience 9including
conenient distribution of the population:, the promotion of good ciic design and
arrangement, etc.
o 3uring the term of then .res. Magsaysay, 4.A. 1400, the Agricultural Benancy Act was created,
also (nown as the "and 4eform Act of 19>>. #t was designed to established democratic
agricultural economy by limiting the si-e of large estates in certain cases by buying estates to resell
in the form of small holdings to tenants. Bhus, giing greater security against illegal eiction of
landowners. Bhis act was passed but in mutilated form as the landowners succeeded in
introducing so many amendments that it could neer hae the result originally intended of helping
the tenants and easing the problem of agrarian unrest.
o Ihile the aim of 4.A. 1400 was to abolish tenancy, it was later applied to tenants to large holdings
in urban areas. Bhus, "and Benure Administration was also inoled in urban sGuatter problem by
way of acGuiring lands in the city fringes, most of which were already slums and sold these to
occupants on an as is where is basis.
o #n 19>0, <.7. *? abolished the ;@./ and created a central body, the ;ational .lanning
/ommission tas(ed with6
o .lanning of urban and regional areas
o Master plan for the city of Manila in 19>4
o Merges the ;@./, //./ and 4eal .roperty Board
o ,anctioned by the /ongress in 19>?, the act een proided the goernment with the authority to
subdiide reclaimed portion of the Bondo Coreshore land in Manila and sell the plots to seeral
thousands of sGuatter families who were already there.
o Agencies especially created to perform housing and resettlement functions was the 8ome
Cinancing /ommission 98C/:, a corporate body which was created in 19>? for the promotion of
home building and land ownership for families, particularly the low income and middle income
groups. #ts function is its mortgage insurance which induces and encourages ban(s and financial
institutions to grant housing loans in easy terms of payment.
o ,ocial ,ecurity ,ystem 9,,,: was established in 19>4 as counterpart of F,#,, its actual
operations in proiding social security benefits to priate employees only in 19>=. Aside from the
benefits of helping families oercome the insecurity arising from conseGuences of the arious ris(s
in life and industry, ,,, also grants loans to Gualified members, limited to ?0J of the appraised
alue of the property.
o Between 19>4)19>?, some =,000 8u( families were moed from "u-on and resettled on
permanent plots in Mindanao and .alawan despite local ob+ections from the Muslim minority.
o 19>26 $)man Abrams and Koenigsberger of @.;. made recommendations with regards to general
housing policy and drew up estimates of housing reGuirement and targets including the proisions
of infrastructure. Bhey suggested
o the use of multi)storey construction for low)income housing,
o the better use of local building materials,
o the improement of housing administration,
o the reision of taE policies and
o the control of sGuatters area.
o Again, little was implemented and the situation got worse
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o 19>9, another @.;. team sureyed the post war situation and recommend the adoption of a sound
financing policy and a saing mechanism to help low income families to own homes at cost they
could afford, the reduction of house construction costs, rehousing of sGuatters, the proision of
welfare houses for the indigent and ery low income group, the formulation of a national housing
policy that would chec( land cost inflation. Bhe goernment howeer, failed to act
o #n 19>9, the local Autonomy Act under 4.A. $$?4 granted the cities and municipalities the power to
enact -oning and subdiision regulations and rendered the ;ational .lanning /ommission an
adisory body on these and planning matters. .rogram failed its implementation due to the
following reasons6
o "ac( of forward wor(ing tradition of city planning
o Iidespread adherence to local officials and some national goernment people to the
doctrine of local autonomy%
o Cailure of the national goernment to proide the energy and leadership in facing up to
city and metropolitan problems
o Ihile agencies for the administration and operation of urban housing deelopment
program eEist, they wor( independently instead of together and funds and technical
personnel to do the +ob were unaailable, in most cities no planning was done at all.
o ? 8ousing related agencies were formed to respond to separate and distinct shelter reGuirements,
namely6
o 19?4, .residential Assistant on 8ousing and 4esettlement Agency 9.A84A: to sere as
the oer)all coordinator of all agencies related to housing! as liaison office between
goernment and priate sector. Cunctions are6
3raft minimum housing standards for mass housing
/oordination of all goernment relocation programs
.repareDimplement housing program nationwide
o Bondo Coreshore 3eelopment Authority 9BC3A:
o /entral #nstitute for the Braining and 4elocation of @rban ,Guatters 9/#B4@,:
o .residential /ommittee for 8ousing and @rban 4esettlement 9.4</8@4:
o ,apang .alay 3eelopment /ommittee 9,.3/:
o #nter)Agency Bas( Corce to @nderta(e the 4elocation of Camilies in Barrio ;abacaan,
5illanuea, Misamis 7riental
M$RCOS ER$ 9;ew ,ocitey: 19?>)192?
o According to .res. Marcos6 &8ousing is not merely the proision of shelter but also the
enhancement of the enironment. #t inoles the improement of enironmental conditions in
marginal settlements and the deelopment of iable communities with the necessary facilities,
serices and amenities so that food, nutrition, education, recreation and culture are integrated into
the lies of the residents.'
o .lanning programs under his term6
;ational 8uman ,ettlements .lanning .rogram
Metro Manila Area 3eelopment .rogram
4egional Monitoring and .lanning Assistance .rogram H dispersal of the population to a
sufficient number of growth centers! an attempt to utili-e land resources to the maEimum
<nironmental Management .rogram
8uman ,ettlements Bechnology .rogram H use of arious technologies in constructing models
for settlement plans
o .olicies aimed at dealing with Manila%s urban poor6
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,hanty Bown 3eelopment H the sub)diision of shanty lands and the sale to sGuatters of
serice lots on which to build their houses. Bhe ;8A and Iorld Ban( carried this out
@rban Bliss 3eelopment H ertical and hori-ontal physical maEimi-ation of urban land, aimed
to proide more conentional and low cost flat accommodations! A pro+ect of the Ministry of
8uman ,ettlements. Bhe result was still insufficient and too eEpensie for the target class
"ogic of these policies6
Bhey proided the urban poor with access to residential lots affordable on eEisting wage
leels, thus aoiding the need for social redistribution of wealth
#t proides for the eEtension of additional state controls oer the urban poor
#t seres to open up sGuatter settlements to the urban real estate mar(ets and to
undermine eEisting communal relations, in allowing for the further deelopment of priate
residential property.
o .ro+ects6
KA.#BBA8ALA; 919=?: H an eEample of the sites and serices approach to urban
redeelopment applied in particular to Manila%s biggest slum community in 3agat)3agatan in
Bondo, a foreshore area
.AMBA;,A;F BAF7;F ;AL7; 919==: H a scheme +oining the efforts of local goernment
and the ;ational 8ousing Authority for housing deelopment and community building aimed at
establishing model barangays in identified growth centers.
o A Bas( Corce headed by #melda Marcos was created to loo( into the country%s housing problems
under the 3eelopment Academy of the .hilippines, called Bas( Corce on 8uman ,ettlements
o 19=> H .res. Marcos promulgated ..3. =>= /4<AB#;F B8< ;ational 8ousing Authority as the
sole housing agency. ;8A, a got.)ownedDcontrolled corporation, too( oer and integrated the
functions and resources of the .88/ and siE other housing)related agencies which were then
abolished
o 19=? H the tas( force was renamed 9.3 9**: the 8uman ,ettlements /ommission 98,/:
o 19=2 H Bhe Ministry of 8uman ,ettlements 9M8,:
was created to further bolster the housing effort and forge new plans and directions for accelerated
housing deelopment on a national scale. @nder the Ministry are different arms in assisting the
masses, access to shelter6 .AF)#B#F, 83#/, ;8A, 8,3/, ;C/. .rominent among the pro+ects
initiated by the M8, were the Bagong "ipunan /oncominium in Cort Bonifacio, Baguig and the
Kapitbahayan, the first human settlements model of the goernment located in 3Agat)3agatan,
;aotas.
Bhe ;8A, together with other housing
related got. agencies were put under the aegis of the Ministry. Bhe M8, espoused &the
total system approach' and ;8A was mandated to pursue construction of medium rise
housing, slum upgrading, sites and serices and resettlement.
8,/ was re)organi-ed to the 8uman
,ettlements 4egulatory /ommission 98,4/:. #t was designated as the regulatory arm of
the Ministry of 8uman ,ettlements.
o 1921, 8,4/ became a Guasi)+udicial arm. Bhe order also transferred the implementation of .3
9>= to 8,4/. ,ome functions of ;8A were also transferred to 8,4/ as well.
POST M$RCOS PERIO%
o After the <3,A 4eolution of 192?, <7 90 of 192? abolished the Ministry of 8uman ,ettlements
and created the 8ousing and @rban 3eelopment /oordination /ouncil 98@3//: as the umbrella
agency for shelter charged with the main function of coordinating the actiities of fie goernment
agencies including the ;8A, ;ational 8ome Mortgage Cinance /orporation 9;8MC/:, 8ome
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#nsurance Fuarantee /orporation 98#F/: the 8ome 3eelopment Mutual Cund or .ag)#B#F
Cund983MC:, and the 8"4B as (ey agencies under the 8ousing and @rban 3eelopment
/oordinating /ouncil 98@3//: for accomplishment of the ;,.. 8"4B is the regulatory arm of the
8@3//
o 8,4/ was abolished and in its place, the 8"4B was created. 8"4B assumed the functions of the
8,4/ as per <7 ?42.
o <7 90 mandated these shelter agencies to implement the ;ational ,helter .rogram in defined
areas of responsibility
II GO&ERNMENT $GENCIES IN&OL&E% IN HOUSING
o Housing and U'(an %e)elop*ent Coo'dinating Coun+il ,HU%CC- Cunctions are6
o Cormulate policies on housing and urban deelopment
o 4ecommend legislations on housing and urban deelopment
o /oordinate the functions of (ey agencies in housing
o <aluate and monitor the effectie eEercise of the functions of the (ey agencies
o MaEimi-e priate sector participation in the national shelter program
o National Housing $utho'it. ,NH$- Han agency under the administratie superision of the
8@3// 98ousing and @rban 3eelopment /oordinating /ouncil: and classified under the
#nfrastructure @tilities Froup. #t is the sole national agency mandated to engage in direct shelter
production with emphasis on housing assistance to the lowest *0J of urban income)earners
through slum upgrading, sGuatter relocation, deelopment of sites and serices, and construction
of core housing units.
o Housing and Land Use Regulato'. /oa'd ,HLUR/- H,ec. * of B. $$0 and also under ,ec. *?
of .3 9>= mandates the 8"@4B to establish and promulgate different leels of standards and
technical reGuirements for the deelopment of all types of housing pro+ects, with minimum design
standards and reGuirements for sociali-ed, economic, medium cost and open mar(et housing
pro+ects established. #t is charged as the sole regulatory body for housing and land deelopment,
and encouraging priate sector participation through liberali-ation of deelopment standards,
simplification of rules and decentrali-ation of approals for permits and licenses
o National Ho*e Mo'tgage 0inan+e Co'po'ation ,NHM0C- ) tas(ed with operating a iable home
mortgage mar(et, utili-ing long)term funds fo ,,,, F,#, and .ag)ibig to purchase mortgages
originated by priate and public financing institutions
o Ho*e Insu'an+e and Gua'ant. Co'po'ation ,HIGC:H encourages commercial lenders to finance
housing deelopment and long)term mortgages through a iable system of guarantees, loan
insurance and other incenties.
o Pag"i(ig 0und @nder the .ag)ibig <Epanded 8ousing "oan .rogram, the member may borrow
to be used to finance6
o Bhe construction of a residential unit on a lot owned by the member)borrower
o .urchase of a residential unit
o .urchase of a lot not eEceeding .hp$=>,000.00
o 8ome improement
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o 4efinancing of an eEisting loan
o AcGuisition of a foreclosed residential property
@nder the .ag)ibig Multi)purpose "oan .rogram 9M.":, the member may borrow for
Medical
<ducational
"ielihood
Minor home improement
.urchase of appliance and furniture
7ther important needs
III L$#S POLICIES $00ECTING HOUSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
/atas Pa*(ansa /lg 221 ,/P221-
o ,igned in March $>, 192$
o An act establishing and promulgating leels of standards and technical reGuirements for
economic and sociali-ed housing
o @nder this act, it would be the official policy of the goernment to promote and encourage the
deelopment of economic and sociali-ed housing pro+ects, with direct participation by the
priate sector, in order to ma(e aailable adeGuate economic and sociali-ed housing units for
aerage and low income earners in urban and rural areas
o #t defines economic and sociali-ed housing as housing units which are within the affordability
leel of the aerage and low income earners that is *0J of the gross family income as
determined by the ;ational <conomic and 3eelopment Authority from time to time
o #t shall also refer to the goernment initiated sites and serices deelopment and construction
of economic and sociali-ed housing pro+ects in depressed areas
o #t also mandates standards and technical reGuirements to be established with proisions for
enironmental ecology, hygiene and cleanliness, physical, cultural and spiritual deelopment
and public safety.
P'esidential %e+'ee 234 ,Su(di)ision and Condo*iniu* /u.e'5s P'ote+ti)e %e+'ee P%234-
.romulgated on 1uly 1$, 19=?
7therwise (nown as the ,ubdiision and /ondominium Buyers .rotectie 3ecree, aimed
to regulate the safe of subdiision lots and condominiums
"aws applicable to open mar(et and medium cost subdiision and condominium pro+ects.
Mandates 8"@4B to issue necessary standards, rules and regulations for the effectie
implementation of the proisions of this decree!

Repu(li+ $+t 4242 ,U'(an %e)elop*ent and Housing $+t of 6222- U%H$
o 3ated March $4, 199$, this is an act to proide for a comprehensie and continuing urban
deelopment and housing program
o ;8A was tas(ed to proide technical and other forms of assistance to local goernment units
in the implementation of their housing programs to underta(e identification, acGuisition and
disposition of lands for sociali-ed housing! and to underta(e relocation and resettlement of
families with local goernment units
o 7b+ecties6
@plift the liing conditions of underpriileged and homeless citi-ens
.roide for the rational use of land
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Adopt wor(able policies to regulate and direct urban growth and eEpansion towards a
dispersed urban net and more balanced urban)rural interdependence
.roide for an eGuitable land tenure system
<ncourage more people%s participation in the urban deelopment process, and
#mproe the capability of "F@s in underta(ing urban deelopment and housing programs
and pro+ects
o 8as tas(ed ;8A to identify, acGuire and dispose of lands for sociali-ed housing H identify
lands for sociali-ed housing and resettlement areas for immediate and future needs of the
underpriileged and the homeless in the urban areas, in coordination with the "ocal
Foernment @nits 9"F@s:, 8ousing and "and @se 4egulatory Board 98"@4B:, ;ational
Mapping 4esource #nformation Authority 9;AM4#A:, and the "and Management Bureau 9"MB:
9Art. #5, ,ection 2:
o AcGuire goernment owned and foreclosed properties for sociali-ed housing through
negotiated purchase 9Art. #5, ,ection 10:
o AcGuire and dispose goernment owned lands that hae not been used for the purpose for
which they hae been resered or set aside for the past ten 910: years from effectiity of this
Act and identified as suitable for sociali-ed housing 9Art. #5, ,ec. 2 M 1$:
o /arry out programs of land acGuisition for resettlement purposes 9Art. N#, ,ec. 4$:
o Cormulate and ma(e aailable arious alternatie schemes for the disposition of lands to the
beneficiaries of the .rogram in coordination with concerned ;ational Foernment agencies
and
o "F@s 9Art #5, ,ec. 1$:
Repu(li+ $+t 4783 ,R$ 4783- dated 3ec. 2, 1994! ;8A was tas(ed with the implementation of the
following components of the ;ational ,helter .rogram6 the 4esettlement .rogram, Medium 4ise
.ublic and .riate 8ousing, /ost 4ecoerable .rograms and the "ocal 8ousing .rogram.
E9e+uti)e O'de' 623 dated 3ec. *1, 1999, ;8A was mandated to focus on sociali-ed housing through
the deelopment and implementation of a comprehensie and integrated housing deelopment and
resettlement! fast trac(ing and determination and deelopment of goernment land suitable for
housing! and ensuring the sustainability of sociali-ed housing funds by improing the collection
efficiency, among others.
E9e+uti)e O'de' 21 H 3ecember 1=, 192?, National Shelte' P'og'a*!
o ;8A was tas(ed to proide technical and other forms of assistance to local goernment units
in the implementation of their housing programs! to underta(e identification, acGuisition and
disposition of lands for sociali-ed housing! and to underta(e relocation and resettlement of
families with local goernment units
o ,ole goernment agency engaged in direct shelter production
o #t shall focus its efforts in proiding housing assistance to the lowest *0J of urban income)
earners through slum upgrading, sGuatter relocation, deelopment of sites and serices and
construction of core housing units
o @nderta(e programs for the improement of blighted urban areas and proide technical
assistance to priate deelopers underta(ing low)cost housing pro+ects
o May continue deelopment of housing pro+ects for income)earners aboe the lowest *0J
proided that funds generated thereon are utili-ed for the attainment of its primary mandate
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P'esidential %e+'ee No 434 ,P% 434- H presidential decree creating the ;ational 8ousing Authority
dated 1uly *1, 19=> 9 ;8A /harter:
o 3eelop and implement a comprehensie and integrated housing deelopment and
resettlement program
o Cormulate and enforce general and specific policies for housing deelopment and
resettlement
o .rescribe guidelines and standards for the reseration, conseration and utili-ation of
public lands identified for housing and resettlement
o <Eercise the right of eminent domain or acGuire by purchase priately)owned lands
for purposes of housing deelopment, resettlement and related serices and facilities
o 3eelop and underta(e housing deelopment andDor settlement pro+ects through +oint
entures or other arrangements with public and priate entities
o .romote housing deelopment by proiding technical assistance
I& HOME 0IN$NCING
&a'ious Suppo't $gen+ies:
1. ,ocial ,ecurity ,ystem
$. Foernment ,erice #nsurance ,ystem
*. .AF)#B#F Cund
0inan+ing S+he*es6
a Unified Ho*e Lending P'og'a*
.urpose of "oan
i. 4esidential lot purchase
ii. "ot purchase and house construction
iii. 8ouse construction on lot owned by applicant
i. .urchase of house newly constructed or oer one year old on first occupancy basis
. .urchase of residential units foreclosed by goernment financing institutions
i. /onstructionDpurchase of house in military reserations
<ligibility 4eGuirements
i. Membership with ,,,, F,#, or .ag)ibig for 1$ months
ii. 8as not aailed of housing loan either as principal or co)borrower
iii. 3oes not own residential unit as sole owner or co)owner
"oan .ac(ages 99J, 1$J, 1?J, interest depends on loan amount:
"oanable Amount6
i. Based on actual need
ii. Based on borrower%s affordability
iii. /ollateral alue based on appraised alue
i. MaEimum allowed
"oan .eriod H not more than $> years, but in no case to eEceed the difference between
present age and =0
th
year of principal borrower. 8oweer, no loan shall be granted to a
borrower who is more than >> years at the time of deliery of the mortgage to ;8MC/.
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Bac(ing proision H not more than three 9*: indiidual entitlements may be tac(ed into a single
loan, proided that, the borrowers are related to each other up to the second ciil degree of
consanguinity or affinity, i.e., applicant and either his father, mother, brother, sister, parents)in)
law, or brotherDsister)in)law. Bac(ed)in borrowers may be members of the different funding
institutions
( Pag"i(ig Housing Loan
.urposes of "oan
i. .urchase of lot 9not eEceeding .hp$=>,000:
ii. /onstructionDcompletion of house on lot owned by applicant
iii. "ot purchase and house construction
i. .urchase of residential unit
. Ma+or improement of residential unit
i. 4efinancing of eEisting loan
ii. 4edemption of foreclosed property
<ligibility 4eGuirements
i. .ag)ibig member for at least ? months
ii. Made at least 1$ monthly contributions
iii. ;ot more than ?> years old at the date of loan maturity
i. 8as not aailed of .ag)ibig housing loan either as principal borrower or co)borrower
eEcept in the case of lot purchase
"oanable Amount
i. Affordability factor
ii. MaEimum loanable amount
iii. "oan to alue ratio, i.e. home improement O 90J of appraised alue
#nterest 4ates H 9J, 1$J, 1?J, 1=J
"oan .eriod H not more than $> years but in no case to eEceed the difference between present
are rec(oned from borrower%s nearest birthday and his ?>
th
year.
c. Co**unit. Mo'tgage P'og'a* H a financing scheme under the unified home lending program to
enable residents in depressed areas to initially own their lot and ultimately their house and lot by
organi-ing themseles into a cooperatie. 4eGuirements for site eligibility are6
Bhe land coered by a Borrens title
Bhe area is certified as depressed by the .hilippine /ommission on @rban .oor or
;ational 8ousing Authority
Bhe respectie areas occupied by the residents are identifiable
Bhe landowner is agreeable to sell and the residents are agreeable to buy
Bhe residents organi-e themseles into a cooperatie
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