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Telemonitoring Of HB & BT 2011-2012
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1.1 Medical Background
Human Heart Anatomy
The human heart is a muscle that lies left of the chest between the lungs behind the
sternum and above the diaphragm. It is surrounded by the pericardium. It has about
the size of a fist, and its weight is about 250-350grams.
The heart has four chambers. The two lower pumping chambers of the heart are
called the right and left ventricle, while the two upper filling chambers are the right
and left atrium. In the normal circulation, the blood that returns from the body through
the superior and inferior vena cava and to the right atrium is low in oxygen. This
blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and then travels to the
lungs, through the pulmonary valve and pulmonary arteries, to receive oxygen. The
oxygenrich blood returns through the upper and lower pulmonary veins into the left
atrium, then moves to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The blood is then
pumped out to the body from the left ventricle through the aortic valve and the aorta,
which is a large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the smaller blood
vessels in the body.
The right and left atrium are separated by a middle wall, called the interatrial
septum. The right and left ventricle are separated by a middle wall, called the
interventricular septum. The main function of the right heart (right atrium and right
ventricle) is receiving the oxygen-poor blood coming from the upper and lower body
into the heart and pumping it into the lungs so that it can get oxygenated. The main
function of the left heart (left atrium and left ventricle) is to receive oxygen-rich blood
from the lungs and pump it into the body through the aorta. [1]


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The cardiac cycle is a term referring to all or any of the events related to the flow
or blood pressure that occurs from the beginning of one heart beat( pump) to the
beginning of the next. Each beat involves five major stages. The first two stages, often
considered together as the "ventricular filling" stage, involve the movement of blood
from atria into ventricles. The next three stages involve the movement of blood from
the ventricles to the pulmonary artery (in the case of the right ventricle) and the aorta
(in the case of the left ventricle). The frequency of the cardiac cycle is described by
the heart rate.
In a healthy heart, this process usually goes smoothly, resulting in a normal resting
heart rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute.[3] But if there is a problem with rate of
heartbeats that's called Cardiac Arrhythmia that including tachycardia, and
bradycardia. [3]
Bradycardia (slow heart rate) in the context of adult medicine, is the
resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute, though it is seldom
symptomatic until the rate drops below 50 beats/min. It may cause cardiac
arrest in some patients, because those with bradycardia may not be pumping
enough oxygen to their hearts. It sometimes results in fainting, shortness of
breath, and if severe enough death. [3]

Figure1.1 :The Human Heart Anatomy. [1]

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Tachycardia (high heart rate) typically refers to a heart rate that exceeds the
normal range for a resting heart rate (abnormally high cardiac rhythm >100
bpm). It can be dangerous depending on the speed and type of rhythm.

Cardiac Arrhythmia can be caused by many things or events, including :
Scarring of heart tissue (such as from a heart attack)
Changes to heart's structure, such as from cardiomyopathy
Blocked arteries in heart (coronary artery disease)
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism)
Drug abuse
Stress
Medications
Dietary supplements and herbal treatments
Electrical shock. [2]

Body Temperature
The body is very good at keeping its temperature within a narrow, safe range in
spite of large variations in temperatures outside the body. When you are too hot, the
blood vessels in your skin expand (dilate) to carry the excess heat to your skin's
surface. You may begin to sweat, and as the sweat evaporates, it helps cool your
body. When you are too cold, your blood vessels narrow (contract) so that blood flow
to your skin is reduced to conserve body heat. You may start shivering, which is an
involuntary, rapid contraction of the muscles. This extra muscle activity helps
generate more heat. Under normal conditions, this keeps your body temperature
within a narrow, safe range. [3]
The notion that illness and fever (elevation of body temperature above normal) are
linked has been known since the time of Hippocrates and Galen. However, the
concept of temperature as a quantifiable vital sign (like pulse rate and blood pressure)
that could be measured and recorded is a relatively recent phenomena. Although the
thermometer is as ancient as the microscope and older than the stethoscope, its use as
an instrument for physical diagnosis in medicine is a relatively recent phenomenon.


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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE AND BODY
TEMPERATURE:
The heart rate means the number of cardiac cycle per minutes. While the
temperature of the body is a measure of the body's ability to generate and get rid of
heat. [3] The relation between them is described by Anton Dehaen, who noted that
changes in temperature with shivering or fever. He also described an increase in heart
rate with increased body temperature. [4]
This concept has been examined in early years and results that body temperature is
an independent determinant of heart rate, causing an increase of approximately 10
beats per minute per degree centigrade. [8]
This relationship occurs because the blood vessels of the body, particularly the
peripheral blood vessels, i.e those of the skin can dilate or contract depending on body
temperature. When the temperature of the body drops, the peripheral blood vessels
contract to conserve heat. When the body's temperature increases above normal, the
peripheral blood vessels dilate to allow more heat to escape. The blood vessels
dilating lowers the blood pressure in the body, because the blood distribution has
increased to areas which previously had less distribution. The body now has to
compensate, because of the change in pressure less blood is being pumped to the vital
organs of the body. It does this by increasing the cardiac output, the amount of blood
pumped out of the heart per given time. Cardiac output can be increased by increasing
the heart rate. Thus an increase in temperature, through the vasodilation of blood
vessels causes a drop in blood pressure, which is compensated for by increasing the
cardiac output, which can be achieved through increasing the heart rate. Therefore
heart rate increases when temperature increases. [2]


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1.2 Statement Of Problems
Tachycardia and Bradycardia are arrhythmias of heart that indicate any abnormal
of the number of heart pulses per minute, which identify any damage to the heart and
investigate the effect of drugs. In addition, the body illness and Tachycardia cause
elevation of body temperature above normal. So that, any abnormal body
temperature which means the body cannot save temperature at the save range.
Therefore, these parameters should be monitor continually, and doctor or carer
should be abreast on these results continually, but it is hard to them to stay near to
patient all the time.
1.3 Objectives
Design this project for monitor some physiological parameters by using some
various electronic components and Radio Frequency Communication.
Design sensor circuits for measure the heart rate and body temperature.
Design simulation for this project by using software program (Proteus).
Implementation of the project on the real ground.
Calibrating of the project circuits.
Testing on patients and comparison between our result values and normal
values.

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1.4 Methodology
Heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the body. This pulse rate can be
measured at any point on the body where the artery'spulsation is transmitted to the
surface by pressuring it with the index and middle fingers; often it is compressed
against an underlying structure like bone. The thumb should not be used for
measuring another person's heart rate, as its strong pulse may interfere with correct
perception of the target pulse. [12]
The skin is easily accessed for temperature measurement by using a reusable
metallic disks attached to thermistors or thermocouples. The reusable probes can be
placed in a number of locations including the back, chest or abdominal wall, axilla
(armpit), or distal extremities. Measurement of skin temperature is also affected by
moisture (sweat) and pressure applied to the probe. An increase in the amount of
pressure on the probe will increase temperature measured. [4]
1.5 Overview
The first Chapter starts with the medical background about of the human heart
anatomy, body temperature and relationship between them. The chapter gives the
human heart rate range, also discusses the causes of Cardiac Arrhythmia. The second
chapter deals the functional block diagrams of project and basic units for monitoring
Process. The third chapter explains implementation of hardware and software, also the
simulation circuits and flowchart programs. The fourth chapter deals with the results
test for some students. The last chapter deals the problems faced in project and
recommendations for future work.


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1.6 Timeline Of Project


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2.1 The Basic Monitoring System
This monitoring system has three basic stages:

1. The Sensors Unit.
2. The Transmission Unit.
3. The Receiving Unit.

2.2 The Sensors Unit
A biosensors can be generally defined as a device that consists of a biological
recognition system, often called a Bioreceptor, and a transducer. In general, any
biological interaction with the Bioreceptor is designed to produce an effect measured
by the transducer, which converts the information into a measurable effect, such as an
electrical signal. [5]
The temperature sensor (DS1261) and heart beat sensor have the same general
concept.

Figure 2.1 : The Basic Three Stages For Monitoring System .

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2.2.1 Temperature Sensor ( DS1621 )
The DS1621 measures temperature using a bandgap-based temperature sensor. A
delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the measured temperature to a
digital value that is calibrated in C. The DS1621 Digital Thermometer and
Thermostat provides 9-bit temperature readings with range of -55C to + 125C in
0.5C increments. [6]

Figure 2.2 : DS1621 Functional Block Diagram. [6]

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2.2.2 Heart Beat Monitor
Heart beat is sensed by using a high intensity type LED and LDR(Light Dependent
Resister), whose resistance depends on the amount of light that is induced on it. [7]
The finger is placed between the LED and LDR, the skin may be illuminated with
visible (red) using transmitted or reflected light for detection. The very small changes
in reflectivity or in transmittance caused by the varying blood content of human tissue
are almost invisible. Various noise sources may produce disturbance signals with
amplitudes equal or even higher than the amplitude of the pulse signal. Valid pulse
measurement therefore requires extensive preprocessing of the raw signal. [9]

The setup described here uses a red LED for transmitted light illumination and a
LDR as detector. If light falling on the detector (LDR) is of high enough frequency,
photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump
into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct
electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The voltage signal is then passed through a
dual operational amplifier (LM358). Output is given to another non-inverting input of
the same LM358; here the second amplification is done. The value is preset in the
non-inverting input. [11]

Figure 2.3 : The Probe Body.[10]
]

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2.3 The Transmission Unit
This unit is to monitor biosignals from patient by sensors unit, and the data
collected by (Microcontroller) and displaying on LCD. Then encoded data by
(Encoder), after this process done coming the process of sending data through the air
by (AM Transmitter Circuit).
Figure 2.4 : Heart Beat Monitor Functional Block Diagram. [11]
Figure 2.5 : Transmission Functional Block Diagram.

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2.4 The Receiving Unit
When receiving data from the air by (AM Receiver Circuit), then this data passed
to decoded process by (Decoder), then insert this data to (Microcontroller) that collect
them and display those values on the LCD. After the displaying, the microcontroller
compares values of heart beat and body temperature . If there is abnormal value in
patient's status the switch the alarm on.

Figure 2.6 : Reception Functional Block Diagram.

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3.1 Sensors Simulation Circuit
3.1.1 Temperature Sensor Circuit Diagram
Description
The DS1621 Digital Thermometer and Thermostat, measures temperature using a
bandgap-based temperature sensor. Provides 9-bit temperature readings, which
indicate the temperature of the device. The thermal alarm output Tout, is active when
the temperature of the device exceeds a user-defined temperature TH. The output
remains active until the temperature drops below user defined temperature TL,
allowing for any hysteresis necessary. User-defined temperature settings are stored in
nonvolatile memory so parts may be programmed prior to insertion in a system.
Temperature settings and temperature readings are all communicated to/from the
DS1621 over a simple 2-wire serial interface. [6]

Bandgap based digital sensors
Bandgap based digital temperature sensors are silicon semiconductors that rely on
the characteristic variation in energy states between electrons occupying the top of the
valence band and the bottom of the conduction band as the temperature changes.
Sensor circuits based on this technology can be matched with a microcontroller that
activates the circuit, performs analog to digital conversion, stores the result in
memory, and receives and transmits data digitally. [14]

Figure 3.1 : Temperature Sensor Circuit Diagram.

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Pin Description

SDA 2-Wire Serial Data Input/Output
SCL 2-Wire Serial Clock
GND Ground
TOUT Thermostat Output Signal
A0 Chip Address Input
VDD Power Supply Voltage

Features
Temperature measurements require no external components.
Measures temperatures from -55C to +125C in 0.5C increments.
Fahrenheit equivalent is -67F to 257F in 0.9F increments -67F to 257F
in 0.9F increments
Temperature is read as a 9-bit value (2-byte transfer)
Wide power supply range (2.7V to 5.5V)
Converts temperature to digital word in less than 1 second
Thermostatic settings are user definable and nonvolatile Data is read
from/written via a 2-wire serial interface (open drain I/O lines)
Applications include thermostatic controls, industrial systems, consumer
products, thermometers, or any thermal sensitive system
8-pin DIP or SO package (150mil ,208mil and 300mil)

Operation
The temperature reading is provided in a 9-bit, twos complement reading by
issuing the read temperature command. Table 3.1 describes the exact relationship of
output data to measured temperature. The data is transmitted through the 2-wire serial
interface, MSB first.

Table 3.0


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TEMPERATURE DIGITAL OUTPUT
(Binary)

DIGITAL OUTPUT
(Hex)
+125C 01111101 00000000 7D00h
+25C 00011001 00000000 1900h
+C 00000000 10000000 0080h
+0C 00000000 00000000 0000h
-C 11111111 10000000 FF80h
-25C 11100111 00000000 E700h
-55C 11001001 00000000 C900h

Since data is transmitted over the 2-wire bus MSB first, temperature data may be
written to/read from the DS1621 as either a single byte (with temperature resolution
of 1C) or as two bytes. The second byte would contain the value of the least
significant (0.5C) bit of the temperature reading. Note : that the remaining 7 bits of
this byte are set to all "0"s.
Temperature is represented in the DS1621 in terms of a C LSB, yielding the
following 9-bit format:

T = 25C

Higher resolutions may be obtained by reading the temperature and truncating the
0.5C bit (the LSB) from the read value. This value is TEMP_READ. A Read
Counter command should be issued to yield the COUNT_REMAIN value. The Read
Slope command should then be issued to obtain the COUNT_PER_C value. The
higher resolution temperature may be then be calculated by the user using the
following:

The DS1621 always powers up in a low power idle state, and the Start Convert T
command must be used to initiate conversions. The DS1621 can be programmed to
perform continuous consecutive conversions (continuous-conversion mode) or to
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
MSB

LSB

Figure 3.2 : Temperature , TH, and TL Format.
.[ @Te ]
Table 3.1 : Temperature / Data Relationships


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perform single conversions on command (one-shot mode). The conversion mode is
programmed through the 1SHOT bit in the configuration register as explained in the
Operation and Control section. In continuous conversion mode, the DS1621 begins
continuous conversions after a Start Convert T command is issued. Consecutive
conversions continue to be performed until a Stop Convert T command is issued, at
which time the device goes into a low-power idle state. Continuous conversions can
be restarted at any time using the Start Convert T command.
In one-shot mode, the DS1621 performs a single temperature conversion when a
Start Convert T command is issued. When the conversion is complete, the device
enters a low-power idle state and remains in that state until a single temperature
conversion is again initiated by a Start Convert T command.
Thermostat Control
In its operating mode, the DS1621 functions as a thermostat with programmable
hysteresis as shown in Figure 3.3. The thermostat output updates as soon as a
temperature conversion is complete.
When the DS1621s temperature meets or exceeds the value stored in the high
temperature trip register (TH), the output becomes active and will stay active until the
temperature falls below the temperature stored in the low temperature trigger register
(TL). In this way, any amount of hysteresis may be obtained. The active state for the
output is programmable by the user so that an active state may either be a logic "1"
(VDD) or a logic "0" (0V). This is done using the POL bit in the configuration
register as explained in the Operation and Control section.
DQ (Thermostat output, Active = High)

Figure 3.3 : Thermostat Output Operation . [6]

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Operation and Control
The DS1621 must have temperature settings resident in the TH and TL registers
for thermostatic operation. A configuration/status register also determines the method
of operation that the DS1621 will use in a particular application, as well as indicating
the status of the temperature conversion operation.
The configuration register is defined as follows:
MSb Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit3 Bit 2 Bit 1 LSb
DONE THF TLF NVB X X XX POL 1SHOT
Where:
a) DONE = Conversion Done bit. 1 = Conversion complete, 0 =
Conversion in progress.
b) THF = Temperature High Flag. This bit will be set to 1 when the
temperature is greater than or equal to the value of TH. It will remain 1
until reset by writing 0 into this location or removing power from the
device. This feature provides a method of determining if the DS1621 has
ever been subjected to temperatures above TH while power has been
applied.
c) TLF = Temperature Low Flag. This bit will be set to 1 when the
temperature is less than or equal to the value of TL. It will remain 1 until
reset by writing 0 into this location or removing power from the device.
This feature provides a method of determining if the DS1621 has ever been
subjected to temperatures below TL while power has been applied.
d) NVB = Nonvolatile Memory Busy flag. 1 = Write to an
memory cell
in progress, 0 = nonvolatile memory is not busy. A copy to
may take
up to 10 ms.
e) POL = Output Polarity Bit. 1 = active high, 0 = active low. This bit is
nonvolatile.
f) 1SHOT = One Shot Mode. If 1SHOT is 1, the DS1621 will perform one
temperature conversion upon receipt of the Start Convert T protocol. If
1SHOT is 0, the DS1621 will continuously perform temperature
conversions. This bit is nonvolatile.
g) X = Reserved.
For typical thermostat operation the DS1621 will operate in continuous mode.
However, for applications where only one reading is needed at certain times or to

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conserve power, the one-shot mode may be used. Note: that the thermostat output
(TOUT) will remain in the state it was in after the last valid temperature conversion
cycle when operating in one-shot mode.
Wire Serial Data Bus
The DS1621 supports a bidirectional 2-wire bus and data transmission protocol. A
device that sends data onto the bus is defined as a transmitter, and a device receiving
data as a receiver. The device that controls the message is called a master." The
devices that are controlled by the master are slaves." The bus must be controlled by a
master device which generates the serial clock (SCL), controls the bus access, and
generates the START and STOP conditions. The DS1621 operates as a slave on the
2-wire bus. Connections to the bus are made via the open-drain I/O lines SDA and
SCL.
The following bus protocol has been defined (See Figure 3.4):
Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy.
During data transfer, the data line must remain stable whenever the clock
line is HIGH. Changes in the data line while the clock line is high will be
interpreted as control signals.

Accordingly, the following bus conditions have been defined:
a) Bus not busy: Both data and clock lines remain HIGH.
b) Start data transfer: A change in the state of the data line, from HIGH to
LOW, while the clock is HIGH, defines a START condition.
c) Stop data transfer: A change in the state of the data line, from LOW to
HIGH, while the clock line is HIGH, defines the STOP condition.
d) Data valid: The state of the data line represents valid data when, after a
START condition, the data line is stable for the duration of the HIGH
period of the clock signal. The data on the line must be changed during the
LOW period of the clock signal. There is one clock pulse per bit of data.
Each data transfer is initiated with a START condition and terminated with
a STOP condition. The number of data bytes transferred between START
and STOP conditions is not limited and is determined by the master device.
The information is transferred byte-wise and each receiver acknowledges
with a ninth-bit.

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Within the bus specifications a regular mode (100kHz clock rate) and a fast mode
(400kHz clock rate) are defined. The DS1621 works in both modes.
e) Acknowledge: Each receiving device, when addressed, is obliged to
generate an acknowledge after the reception of each byte. The master
device must generate an extra clock pulse which is associated with this
acknowledge bit.
A device that acknowledges must pull down the SDA line during the acknowledge
clock pulse in such a way that the SDA line is stable LOW during the HIGH period of
the acknowledge related clock pulse. Of course, setup and hold times must be taken
into account. A master must signal an end of data to the slave by not generating an
acknowledge bit on the last byte that has been clocked out of the slave. In this case,
the slave must leave the data line HIGH to enable the master to generate the STOP
condition.

Figure 3.4 : Data Transfer On 2-Wire Serial Bus. [6]

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Figure 3.4 details how data transfer is accomplished on the 2-wire bus.
Depending upon the state of the R/W bit, two types of data transfer are possible:
Data transfer from a master transmitter to a slave receiver.
The first byte transmitted by the master is the slave address. Next follows a
number of data bytes. The slave returns an acknowledge bit after each received
byte.
Data transfer from a slave transmitter to a master receiver.
The first byte, the slave address, is transmitted by the master. The slave then
returns an acknowledge bit. Next follows a number of data bytes transmitted by
the slave to the master. The master returns an acknowledge bit after all
received bytes other than the last byte. At the end of the last received byte, a
not acknowledge is returned.
The master device generates all of the serial clock pulses and the START and
STOP conditions. A transfer is ended with a STOP condition or with a repeated
START condition. Since a repeated START condition is also the beginning of the
next serial transfer, the bus will not be released.
The DS1621 may operate in the following two modes :
Slave receiver mode: Serial data and clock are received through SDA and
SCL. After each byte is received an acknowledge bit is transmitted. START
and STOP conditions are recognized as the beginning and end of a serial
transfer. Address recognition is performed by hardware after reception of the
slave address and direction bit.
Slave transmitter mode: The first byte is received and handled as in the
slave receiver mode. However, in this mode the direction bit will indicate that
the transfer direction is reversed. Serial data is transmitted on SDA by the
DS1621 while the serial clock is input on SCL. START and STOP conditions
are recognized as the beginning and end of a serial transfer.
Slave Address
A control byte is the first byte received following the START condition from the
master device. The control byte consists of a 4-bit control code; for the DS1621, this
is set as 1001 binary for read and write operations. The next 3 bits of the control byte
are the device select bits (A2, A1, A0). They are used by the master device to select
which of eight devices are to be accessed. These bits are in effect the 3 least
significant bits of the slave address. The last bit of the control byte (R/W ) defines the

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operation to be performed. When set to a 1 a read operation is selected, when set to
a 0 a write operation is selected. Following the START condition the DS1621
monitors the SDA bus checking the device type identifier being transmitted. Upon
receiving the 1001 code and appropriate device select bits, the slave device outputs
an acknowledge signal on the SDA line.
Command Set
Data and control information is read from and written to the DS1621. To write to
the DS1621, the master will issue the slave address of the DS1621 and the R/W bit
will be set to 0. After receiving an acknowledge, the bus master provides a
command protocol. After receiving this protocol, the DS1621 will issue an
acknowledge and then the master may send data to the DS1621. If the DS1621 is to
be read, the master must send the command protocol as before and then issue a
repeated START condition and the control byte again, this time with the R/W bit set
to 1 to allow reading of the data from the DS1621. The command set for the
DS1621 as shown in Table 3.2 is as follows:
a) Read Temperature [AAh]
This command reads the last temperature conversion result. The DS1621
will send 2 bytes, in the format described earlier, which are the contents of
this register.
b) Access TH [A1h]
If R/W is 0 this command writes to the TH (HIGH TEMPERATURE)
register. After issuing this command, the next 2 bytes written to the
DS1621, in the same format as described for reading temperature, will set
the high temperature threshold for operation of the TOUT output. If R/W is
1 the value stored in this register is read back.
c) Access TL [A2h]
If R/W is 0 this command writes to the TL (LOW TEMPERATURE)
register. After issuing this command, the next 2 bytes written to the
DS1621, in the same format as described for reading temperature, will set
the high temperature threshold for operation of the TOUT output. If R/W is
1 the value stored in this register is read back.
d) Access Config [ACh] If R/W is 0 this command writes to the
configuration register. After issuing this command, the next data byte is the
value to be written into the configuration register. If R/W is 1 the next
data byte read is the value stored in the configuration register.
e) Read Counter [A8h] This command reads the value Count_Remain. This
command is valid only if R/W is 1.

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f) Read Slope [A9h] This command reads the value Count_Per_C. This
command is valid only if R/W is 1.
g) Start Convert T [EEh] This command begins a temperature conversion.
No further data is required. In one-shot mode the temperature conversion
will be performed and then the DS1621 will remain idle. In continuous
mode this command will initiate continuous conversions.
h) Stop Convert T [22h] This command stops temperature conversion. No
further data is required. This command may be used to halt a DS1621 in
continuous conversion mode. After issuing this command, the current
temperature measurement will be completed and the DS1621 will remain
idle until a Start Convert T is issued to resume continuous operation.

NOTES:
1. In continuous conversion mode a Stop Convert T command will halt
continuous conversion. To restart the Start Convert T command must be
issued. In one-shot mode a Start Convert T command must be issued for
every temperature reading desired.
2. Writing to the
requires a maximum of 10ms at room temperature. After

issuing a write command, no further writes should be requested for at least
10ms.

INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION PROTOCOL
2-WIRE
BUS DATA
AFTER
ISSUING
PROTOCOL
NOTES
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION COMMANDS
Read
Temperature
Read last converted temperature
value from temperature register.
AAh <read 2
bytes data>

Read Counter Reads value of Count_Remain A8h <read data>
Read Slope Reads value of the Count_Per_C A9h <read data>
Start Convert T Initiates temperatureconversion. EEh idle 1
Stop Convert T Halts temperature conversion. 22h idle 1
THERMOSTAT COMMANDS
Access TH Reads or writes high temperature
limit value into TH register.
A1h <write data> 2
Access TL Reads or writes low temperature
limit value into TL register.
A2h <write data> 2
Access Config Reads or writes configuration
data to configuration register.
ACh <write data> 2
Table 3.2 : DS1621 Command Set.


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3.1.2 Heart Beat Monitor Circuit Diagram
Heart rate measurement is one of the very important parameters of the human
cardiovascular system. The heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is around 72 beats per
minute (BPM). Babies have a much higher heart rate at around 120 bpm, while older
children have heart rates at around 90 bpm, as shown in Table 3.3. The heart rate
rises gradually during exercises and returns slowly to the rest value after exercise.
Lower than normal heart rates are usually an indication of a condition known as
Bradycardia, while higher than normal heart rates are known as Tachycardia. [14]

Heartbeat is sensed by using a high intensity type LED and photo detector(LDR) it
is shown in Figure 3.5.

AGE RANGE AVERAGE RATE
0-1 Month 100-180 140
2-3 Month 110-180 145
4-12 Month 80-180 130
1-3 Years 80-160 120
4-5 Years 80-120 100
6-8 Years 70-115 92.5
9-11 Years 60-110 85
12-16 Years 60-110 85
>16 Years 60-100 80
Table 3.3 : Average Heart Beat Rate. [14]

Figure 3.5 : Fingertip Placement Over The Probe Sensor.

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Figure 3.6: Heart Beat Monitor Circuit Diagram .
The red high intensity light emitted by led initially falls on LDR .This is the
condition where the heartbeat is calibrated to zero using resistor R16. When a patient
places his finger in between LED and LDR the light is restricted by the finger .The
intensity of light penetration decreases if the blood is pumped into the finger .If the
blood is not pumped then the light intensity is high .This high and low light intensity
helps to measure heartbeat .Actually light falling on LDR cuts due to blood movement
.The duration of light disturbed is measured which gives the time duration of each
heart beat pulse ,inverse of this time gives the heartbeat count per minute . This signal
is amplified in two stages using dual operational amplifiers. This resistors R 14,R15
,R16 are used to provide a reference voltage to the input of the comparator and R 17
resistor is used to adjust the square wave pulse obtained, C4 is used as feedback
capacitor .The output after amplification is obtained at pin number 7 of Op-Amp and
fed to microcontroller. It is Shown in Figure 3.6.


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The main components that are used in heart beat monitoring system are:
1. A light-emitting diode (LED): is a semiconductor light source.

2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): is made from cadmium sulphide
containing no or very few free electrons when not illuminated. Its
resistance is then quite high. When it absorbs light, electrons are liberated
and the conductivity of the material increases.

3. Comparator Voltage
Finally, the signal is compared to a reference voltage using R17 for
output voltage comparator and adjust the square wave pluse.An output
LED is illuminated if the signal is greater than the desired threshold,
indicating a heartbeat.

valence bands
conduction band
band
band
gap
Cadmium
Sulphide track
Figure 3.8: Structure of a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). [7]
Figure 3.7: Photo Diode (LED) .

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4. Dual Operational Amplifiers (LM358):

General Description
The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from
a single power supply over a wide range of voltages Operation from split power
supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the
magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer
amplifier, DC gain blocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can
be easily implemented in single power supply systems. Some of the features are:
a. Internally Frequency Compensated for Unity Gain
b. Large DC Voltage Gain: 100dB
c. Wide Power Supply Range: LM258/LM258A, LM358/LM358A : 3V~32V
(or 1.5V ~ 16V)
d. Input Common Mode Voltage Range Includes Ground
e. Large Output Voltage Swing: 0V DC to Vcc -1.5V DC
f. Power Drain Suitable for Battery Operation.

Pin Diagram

Figure 3.9

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3.2 The Monitoring System Circuit
The data which is input through the sensors to Pre-monitoring are shown on the LCD
display, then it will be sent to the Post-monitoring via RF communication.

Figure 3.10 : Pre-Monitoring Circuit Diagram.


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The main components of monitoring system:

1. Microcontroller (AT89C2051)

Description

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-
only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit
CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a power-ful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution
to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the
following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O
lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt
Figure 3.11 : Post-Monitoring Circuit Diagram.


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architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on
chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed
with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to
continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.
Pin Configuration

Pin Description
VCC Supply voltage
GND Ground
Port 1 The Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to
P1.7 provide internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external
pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0)
and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip
precision analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are
written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins
P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low,
they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and
verification.
Figure 3.12

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2. LCD (16x2)

Description

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module
and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic
module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These
modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.
The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This
LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register
stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing
its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins
with internal pull-ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the
output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a
general-purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20
mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by
the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current
(IIL) because of the pull-ups.
RST Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes
high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while
the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle
takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

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Pin Diagram

Pin Description

Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2
Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V
5.3V)
Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor V
EE

4
Selects command register when low; and data register
when high
Register Select
5
Low to write to the register; High to read from the
register
Read/write
6
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse
is given

Enable
7
8-bit data pins
DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight V
CC
(5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Figure 3.13
Table 3.4
Table 3.4

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3. BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically
used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or
shows. buzzer is a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Son alert
which makes a high-pitched tone. As shown on Figure 3.14.

4. Transistor BC547

Description

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for
transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current
at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547
is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum
current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549. The
transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired
region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For
amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on
for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at
the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers.
The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching
applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a
signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it
gets completely off.
Pin Diagram

Figure 3.14
Figure 3.15

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5. POWER SUPPLY

a) LM7805 (Voltage Regulator IC)

Description

It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated
DC current into regulated DC current.
Pin Diagram

Pin Description

b) Battery
A battery +9V is to provide electrical energy to electronic devices
which are connected to it.

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.17
Table 3.5

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3.3 The RF Wireless Remote Module
The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The
corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system,
is a form of modulation that represents the digital data as variations in the amplitude
of carrier wave. This kind is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). [15]
Transmission through RF is better for many reasons. Firstly signals through RF can
travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications, secondly
RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter &
receiver, and thirdly RF transmission is more strong , reliable and RF communication
uses a specific frequency.
This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 315 MHz to 434 MHz.
An RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through
its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps -
10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same
frequency as that of the transmitter. The RF module is often used along with a pair of
encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed
while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648,etc. are
some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.[16]
Typical Applications of RF modules:
1. vehicle monitoring
2. remote control
3. RF contactless smart cards
4. small-range wireless network
5. wireless data terminals
6. biological signal acquisition
7. wireless data transmissions
8. Remote control of appliances and electronics devices.
9. many other applications field related to RF wireless controlling.


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1) TX- RX MODULES (434 MHz)

Pin Diagram

RF Transmitter
Pin Description

RF Receiver
Pin Description

1 Antenna input pin ANT
4 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
6 Serial data input pin Data

4 Antenna output pin ANT
Figure 3.18 : The Transmitter & Receiver Diagram.
Table 3.6
Table 3.7

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2) HT12E-Encoder IC

Description

HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of
series of encoders.
They are paired with
series of decoders for use in remote control

system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared
circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number
of addresses and data format.
Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It
encodes the 12 bit parallel data into serial for transmission through an
RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data
bits. HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a
trigger signal is received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are
transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon
receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is
kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output completes
its final cycle and then stops.
Pin Diagram

Figure 3.19

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Operation Description

The
series of encoders begin a 4-word transmission cycle upon

receipt of a transmission enable (TE for the HT12E, active low). This
cycle will repeat itself as long as the transmission enable (TE) is held
low. Once the transmission enable returns high the encoder output
completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.

Pin Description

1
8 bit Address pins for input
A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
5 A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
10
4 bit Data/Address pins for input
AD1
11 AD2
12 AD3
13 AD4
14 Transmission enable; active low TE
15 Oscillator input Osc2
16 Oscillator output Osc1
17 Serial data output Output
18 Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Vcc
Figure 3.20
Table 3.8

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3) HT12D- Decoder IC

Description

HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to
series of
decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control
system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security
system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared
circuits. They are paired with
series of encoders. The chosen pair

of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data
format.
In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel
outputs. It decodes the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF
receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The
serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times
continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or
unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high
signal at VT pin. HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are
address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4 bit latch type output pins
remain unchanged until new is received.
Pin Diagram

Figure 3.21

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Operation Description

The
series of decoders provides various combina-

tions of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair
with the
series of encoders. The decoders receive data that are

transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as
addresses and the last 12-N bits as data, where N is the address code
number. A signal on the DIN pin activates the oscillator which in turn
decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will then check
the received address three times continuously. If the received address
codes all match the contents of the decoder's local address, the 12-N
bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set
high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address
code is incorrect or no signal is received.
The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid.
Otherwise it is always low.
Pin Description

1
8 bit Address pins for input
A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
5 A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
10
4 bit Data/Address pins for output
AD1
11 AD2
12 AD3
13 AD4
14 Serial data output input
15 Oscillator input Osc2
16 Oscillator output Osc1
17 Valid transmission; active high VT
18 Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Vcc

Table 3.9

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3.4 Software Description
3.4.1 Flowchart Of Transmission Program
The pre-microcontroller prints an instructions on LCD that shows the time for
putting sensor. After that the controller starts to calculate the number of beats and
initializes the temperature sensor (DS1621).
The DS1621 operates as a slave (device that is controlled by the microcontroller)
on the 2-wire bus. Connections to the bus are made via the open-drain I/O lines SDA
(data line) and SCL(clock line). with transfer any command or data it may be initiated
only when the bus is not busy. During data transfer, the data line must remain stable
whenever the clock line is HIGH. Changes in the data line while the clock line is high
will be interpreted as control signals. Each data transfer is initiated with a START
condition and terminated with a STOP condition, so at the first step the controller
sends START condition then send value (90H) that indicates write mode then send
the command`s value (EEH) that includes to the DS1621 to start conversion
temperature's value then sends STOP condition.
In the second step the microcontroller initializes the beats counter through timer
with mode (60H) that means using timer 1 in mode 2 with external clock then delay
for 30 seconds for calculate the number of heart beats. When delay is be completed
the microcontroller reads the number of beats from timer low. In the third step the
microcontroller sends START condition then send value (90H) that indicates write
mode then send the command`s value (AAH) that includes to the DS1621 to read the
last converted value then sends STOP condition. In the forth step the microcontroller
sends START condition then send value (91H) that indicates read mode to read the
temperature value and save this value in new register then send stop condition. After
reading values, the microcontroller prints those values on LCD and sends them to the
post-microcontroller via wireless communication.


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Figure 3.22 : Flowchart Of Transmission Program.

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3.4.1 Flowchart Of Reception Program
In the post-microcontroller, the VT pin of the HT12D decoder is be monitored
until it comes high that indicates valid transition. Then the microcontroller reads the
transmitted values from decoder, and prints them on LCD . After this finished, the
microcontroller compares those values with the normal ranges, if they are in the
normal range the controller goes back and monitors the VT pin for new readings. But,
if the values are not within the normal range the controller sends to switch on the
buzzer then go back to read the new values.

Figure 3.23 : Flowchart Of Reception Program.

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Description
This project used the Telemonitoring for physiological parameters, such as Heart
beat rate, Body temperature and it could be used for other parameters in the future.
All results of this project have good accuracy with a real values and an abnormal
values range, some of this results are shown below:

Biosensors Module
Measured
Parameters
Display Type Normal Rang
Heart Beat Monitor Heart Rate Numerical 60 - 120
Temperature Sensor
(D1621)
Body Temperature Numerical 35 - 38
Figure 4.1 : The Normal Range Values.
Table 4.1 : The Normal Range Values.


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4.1 Implementation Parts

1. Simulation
The simulation done by two microcontrollers ( Pre and Post
Microcontrollers ), two LCD and Buzzers. The pre-micro connect to
temperature sensors via two lines ( SDA SCL ) and connects to pulse
generator by one line, then to LCD via 6 lines that indicates the first
simulation circuit.
The connection this circuit and the second simulation circuit done by 5
lines for sending data serially. These lines are alternative of wireless
communications which we couldn't find it in simulation's programs. This
lines connect to post-micro that connect to LCD by 6 lines and to buzzer
via one line to provide an alarm for any abnormal range values.

Figure 4.2 : The Abnormal Range Values.
Note: Show in Receiver Circuit The Led ON.

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Figure 4.3 : The Simulation Serial Circuits.

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2. Design Of Sensors
The main function of DS 1621 temperature sensor is measuring the
environment temperature which means that it's a fixed chip sensor on
board. In our project we developed the same function of sensor but with
replacement position which provides the ability to measure body
temperature by putting the sensor in underarm. And connect the sensor with
board by long wires.

Figure 4.4 : The DS 1621 By Using A Long Wires.
Figure 4.5 : The Heart Beat Monitor.

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3. Design Of Wireless

a) RF Transmitter
The transmitter module is connect with Encoder IC via one line for
transfer data. The Antenna connected with transmitter via one line for
transmit RF within range of 434MHz. The length of antenna is 17cm for
434MHz

b) RF Receiver
The receiver module receives signal from Transmitter module via
antenna, that connects with Decoder IC via one line for data then send
them to post-Micro that displayed same data.

Figure 4.6 : The Transmitter Module.
Figure 4.7 : The Receiver Module.

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4.2 Test the Work Of Sensors
We will Comparison the test results HR and Temperature for some patients
between our device and Lab device.
a) Heart Beat

Patient No. Lab Device Our Device %Error
1 104 108 % 3.6
2 80 82 % 2.5
3 95 92 % 3.2

As shown in table previous the Accuracy =%96.8
The Line Chart

20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3
Our Device
Lab Device
Patient No.
HB
Table 4.2 : Percentage Error Of HB.

Figure 4.8 : The Variation Of Heart Beat Result Values From Our Device With Other Devices.
.

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b) Temperature

As shown in table previous the Accuracy =%99.5
The Line Chart

4.3 Wireless Communications
The Transmitter (MO-SAWR-A) and Receiver (MO-RX3400-A) Modules are
extremely small, excellent for applications requiring short-range RF. In project
used frequency of 315MHz and antenna length 23 cm and approximately Receiver
range is 100m. Your results may vary depending on your surroundings.
Antenna length about : 23cm for 315MHz ,17cm for 434MHz
(MO-RX3400-A434M) module About150m with MO-RX3
(Tested in open space)

35.8
36
36.2
36.4
36.6
36.8
37
37.2
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3
Our Device
Lab Device
Patient No.
Temp
Patient No. Lab Device Our Device %Error
1 36.3 C 36 C %0.83
2 37 C 37 C %0
3 36.3 C 36 C % 0.83
Table 4.3 : Percentage Error Of Temperature.

Figure 4.9 : The Variation Of Body Temperature Result Values.

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Conclusion
Biomedical engineering (BME) is the application of engineering principles and
techniques to the medical field. It combines the design and problem solving skills of
engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve patients health care and
the quality of life of individuals. A medical device is intended for use in the diagnosis
of disease, or in the cure, treatment, or prevention of diseases. Thus in
Implementation of The Telemonitoring for condition of Patients , the heart beat and
body temperature are successfully sensed. Temperature is measured using DS1621,
where it follows on board proprietary temperature measurement technique. Heart beat
is measured using LED, LDR and operational amplifier. Hence both parameters are
displayed on a LCD display. Then both the parameters are transmitted and received
displayed in a distant location.
Recommendations

EEG, ECG and other biological parameters can also be monitored.
Continuous monitoring and future diagnosis can be performed via the
same system (TELEMEDICINE).
More than a single patient at different places can be monitored using
single system.
We will work in the field of biomedical engineering we must raise awareness
among the sociality and in all hospitals and health centers about techniques wireless
health monitoring, and make it available to use.
Problems Faced
In sending data via wireless we got some problems. Firstly, the data was not
received with the first reading in other way when transmitter sends the second data the
receiver receives the first one, we solve this problem by sending the same data twice
at time. The second problem was at send first data the first integer number was be
random which make a shift values when receiving them, for solve this problem we
ignored this integer number at the first then start real reading from the second integer
number at each time in receiving data. The last problem that we couldn't solve it was
when we send data from away we get some random values if there is a noise around
the circuits.

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References

1. Dr.Villafane (2008 - 2009, April 2008). "A Normal Heart." From
http://www.mykentuckyheart.com/information/NormalHeart.htm.
2. Research., M. F. f. M. E. a. (Feb.11, 2011, Aug. 10, 2012). "Heart
arrhythmias." From
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heartarrhythmias/DS00290/DSECTIO
N=causes.
3. DANIEL J. SCHNECK, J. D. B. (2003). Biomechanics: Principles and
Applications. Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
4. Wiley, J. (2006). Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation.
Hoboken, New Jersey, simultaneously in Canada.
5. Rashid Bashir, S. W. (2006). Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and
Analysis. Purdue University,West Lafayette, Indiana, Library of Congress
Cataloging.
6. Maxim, D. S. DS1621 Digital Thermometer and Thermostat. Data Sheet
DS 1621.
7. Diffenderfes, Robert (2005). electronic devices: system and applications.
new Delhi: Delmar. pp. 480.
8. Emerg Med J. 2009 Sep (Sep,26 2009 ). "The relationship between body
temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate in children.". from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19700579.
9. J.Binu (Jun 2007). "Biomedical monitoring system (at89c2051 + tx/rx)."
from http://www.8051projects.info/forum/doubts-my-projects/24-
biomedical-monitoring-system-at89c2051-tx-rx-3.html#post2108.
10. Haydon, T. (2011 ). "How Does Pulse Oximetry Work." from
http://homecaremag.com/senior-care-products/abcs-pulse-oximetry.
11. Prof Bitar. (10.6,2009) Heartbeat Monitor _Lab_LM741.
12. Regulation of Human Heart Rate. Serendip. Retrieved on June 27, 2007.
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate
13. Mikal K. Hendee, P. E. Comparison of Thermistor Sensors to Bandgap-
Based Digital Sensors.


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14. D.J.R.Kiran Kumar, N. K. (August 2012 ). "Design and Implementation of
Portable Health Monitoring system using PSoC Mixed Signal Array chip
" International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
Vol.1.
15. Bales, C. W., "A Comparison of Logarithmic and K-th Law Detectors",
IEEE Trans. AES, July 1978, pp. 693-696
16. EngineersGarag (2012). "RF Module (Transmitter & Receiver)." from
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/rf-module-
transmitter-receiver.


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Appendix (A)
Software Code
;Transmission Code
;---------==========----------==========---------=========---------
Ds1621W EQU 90h
DS1621R EQU 91h

DB0 EQU P1.1
DB1 EQU P1.0
DB2 EQU P3.7
DB3 EQU P3.1
SDA EQU P3.4
SCL EQU P3.3
LCD_RS EQU P1.7
LCD_E EQU P1.6
LCD_DB4 EQU P1.5
LCD_DB5 EQU P1.4
LCD_DB6 EQU P1.3
LCD_DB7 EQU P1.2
Heart EQU P3.5

;******************************
DSEG
ORG 20H
FLAGS: DS 1
Lastread bit flags.0
Cancel bit flags.1
Cancel1 bit flags.2
Alarm bit flags.3
SQW bit flags.4
ACK bit flags.5
Bus_Flt bit flags.6
_2W_BUS bit flags.7

BitCnt: DS 1
TempM: DS 1
TempL: DS 1
Valut_1:DS 1
Valut_2:DS 1
Valut_3:DS 1
Valut_4:DS 1
Beats: DS 1

ValuB_1:DS 1
ValuB_2:DS 1

SCL_High Macro
setb SCL
jnb SCL ,$

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ENDM
; ###################################
CSEG AT 0
org 00H
clr p3.0
Call Reset_LCD
mov r4,#80h
Call WLCDCom
Call Title
mov r4,#0c2h
Call WLCDCom
Call Title2

mov r6,#10
H0: Call SDelay
Djnz r6,H0

Top: mov Tmod,#60h
mov Th1,#00h
mov Tl1,#00h
mov r4,#01h
Call WLCDCom
mov r4,#82h
Call wlcdcom
Call Notes
mov r4,#0c0h
Call WLCDCom
Call Notes2

mov r6,#15 ;7.5 second delay for puting sensors
H1: call SDelay
djnz r6,H1
setb Heart
Call Send_Start
mov a,#DS1621W
Call Send_Byte
mov a,#0eeh
Call Send_Byte
Call Send_Stop
Call MDelay
Setb Tr1
mov r6,#60 ;30 seconds for reading beats and temp.
H2: Lcall SDelay
Djnz r6,H2
mov Beats,Tl1
Clr Tr1
Clr Tf1
Call Send_Start
mov a,#DS1621W
Call Send_Byte
mov a,#0aah
Call Send_Byte

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Call Send_Stop
Call MDelay
Call Send_Start
mov a,#DS1621R
Call Send_Byte
Call Read_Byte
mov TempM,a
Call Read_Byte
mov TempL,a
Call Send_Stop

setb P3.0 ; On Buzzer
mov r4,#01h ;processing
Call WLCDCom
mov r4,#82h
Call WLCDCom
Call Processing
mov r6,#10 ;5 seconds for buzzer
H3: Call SDelay
djnz r6,H3
Clr P3.0 ; Off Buzzer

mov r4,TempL ;if there is 0.5c temp reading
cjne r4,#80h,L0w
mov valuT_4,#05h
Ajmp next
L0w: mov ValuT_4,#00h

Next: mov r2 ,TempM ;start conversion numbers
Call Hex2B
mov ValuT_1,r5
mov ValuT_2,r4
mov ValuT_3,r3
mov a,Beats
add a,Beats ; take beats value square
mov r2,a
Call Hex2B
mov ValuB_1,r4
mov ValuB_2,r3 ;end conversion numbers

mov r4,#01h ;start printing temp. value on LCD
Call WLCDCom
mov r4,#80h
Call WLCDCom
Call Disp_Temp
Call MDelay
mov a,ValuT_1
CJNE a,#00h,H10
Ajmp Next2

H10: add a,#30h

61 | P a g e

mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay

Next2: mov a,ValuT_2
add a,#30h
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
mov a,ValuT_3
add a,#30h
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
mov r4,#'.'
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
mov a,ValuT_4
add a,#30h
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
mov r4,#'C'
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay

mov r4,#0c0h ;start printing beats value to LCD
Call WLCDCom
Call Disp_HB
Call MDelay
mov a,ValuB_1
add a,#30h
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
mov a,ValuB_2
add a,#30h
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
Call BPM
Call MDelay

; start sending all values to other device by pins
mov a,ValuT_1
Call Send_Data
Call SDelay
mov a,ValuT_1
Call Send_Data
Call SDelay
mov a,ValuT_2

62 | P a g e

Call Send_Data
Call SDelay
mov a,ValuT_3
Call Send_Data
Call SDelay
mov r6,#10
H14: Call SDelay
DJNZ r6,H14
mov a,ValuT_4
Call Send_Data
Call SDelay

mov a,ValuB_1
Call Send_Data
Call SDelay

mov a,ValuB_2
Call Send_Data
Call SDelay

mov a,#0DH
Call Send_Data
Call SDelay

mov r6,#60 ; 30 seconds delay befor the new reading
H4: Call SDelay
djnz r6,H4
Ajmp Top


63 | P a g e

;############### Functions################
;######################################################
Title:
mov DPTR,#Masg1
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
Masg1: DB '#BIOMONITOR SYS#',00H

Title2:
mov DPTR,#Masg2
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
Masg2: DB 'For NMN Group',00H

Notes:
mov DPTR,#Masg3
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
Masg3: DB 'Put Sensors',00H

Notes2:
mov DPTR,#Masg4
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
Masg4: DB 'until Buzzer On',00H
Processing:
mov DPTR,#Masg5
Call LCD_Masg
Ret

Masg5: DB 'Processing...',00H
Disp_Temp:
mov DPTR,#Masg6
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
Masg6: DB 'Temp: ',00H
Disp_HB:
mov DPTR,#Masg7
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
Masg7: DB 'HR: ',00H
BPM:
mov DPTR,#Masg8
Call LCD_Masg
Ret

Masg8: DB ' BPM',00H

;######################################################


64 | P a g e

SEND_DATA:
JNB ACC.0,MF1
SETB DB0
AJMP MF2
MF1: CLR DB0
MF2: JNB ACC.1,MF3
SETB DB1
AJMP MF4
MF3: CLR DB1
MF4: JNB ACC.2,MF5
SETB DB2
AJMP MF6
MF5: CLR DB2
MF6: JNB ACC.3,MF7
SETB DB3
AJMP MF8
MF7: CLR DB3
MF8: RET

;##########################################################
INITLCD4:
CLR LCD_RS
CLR LCD_E
MOV R4, #28h
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #0ch
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #06h
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #01h
CALL WLCDCom
RET

; **********************************************************
RESET_LCD:
CLR LCD_RS
CLR LCD_E
CLR LCD_DB7
CLR LCD_DB6
SETB LCD_DB5
SETB LCD_DB4
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #4
CALL MDELAY
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #1
CALL MDELAY
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #1

65 | P a g e

CALL MDELAY
CLR LCD_DB4
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #1
CALL MDELAY
MOV R4, #28h
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #08H
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #1
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4,#06h
CALL WLCDCom
JMP INITLCD4

; **********************************************************
LCD_Masg:
Clr A
movc A,@A+DPTR
jz LCD_End
mov r4,A
Call WLCDData
inc DPTR
Call MDelay
jmp LCD_Masg

LCD_End:
Ret
; **********************************************************
Hex2B:
mov r3,#00d
mov r4,#00d
mov r5,#00d
mov b,#10
mov a,r2
Div ab
mov r3,b
mov b,#10
Div ab
mov r4,b
mov r5,a
Ret

; **********************************************************
READ_BYTE:
MOV BITCNT,#08H
MOV A,#00H
SETB SDA

READ_BITS:
SCL_HIGH

66 | P a g e

MOV C,SDA
RLC A
CLR SCL
DJNZ BITCNT,READ_BITS

JB LASTREAD,ACKN

CLR SDA

ACKN:
SCL_HIGH
CLR SCL
RET

; **********************************************************

SEND_START:
SETB _2W_BUS
CLR ACK
CLR BUS_FLT
JNB SCL,FAULT
JNB SDA,FAULT
SETB SDA
SCL_HIGH
CLR SDA
ACALL DEELAY
CLR SCL
RET
FAULT:
SETB BUS_FLT
RET
; **********************************************************
SEND_STOP:
CLR SDA
SCL_HIGH
SETB SDA
CLR _2W_BUS
RET
; **********************************************************
Deelay:
NOP
RET

; **********************************************************
SEND_BYTE:
MOV BITCNT,#08H
SB_LOOP:
JNB ACC.7,NOTONE
SETB SDA
JMP ONE
NOTONE:
CLR SDA

67 | P a g e

ONE:
SCL_HIGH
RL A
CLR SCL
DJNZ BITCNT,SB_LOOP
SETB SDA
SCL_HIGH
CLR ACK
JNB SDA,SB_EX
SETB ACK

SB_EX:
CALL DEELAY
CLR SCL
ACALL DEELAY
RET

; **********************************************************
WLCDCom:
CLR LCD_E
CLR LCD_RS
PUSH ACC
MOV A, R4
MOV C, ACC.4
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.5
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.6
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.7
MOV LCD_DB7, C
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV C, ACC.0
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.1
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.2
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.3
MOV LCD_DB7, C
CLR LCD_E
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
CALL MADELAY
POP ACC
RET

; **********************************************************
WLCDData:
CLR LCD_E
SETB LCD_RS

68 | P a g e

PUSH ACC
MOV A, R4
MOV C, ACC.4
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.5
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.6
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.7
MOV LCD_DB7, C
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV C, ACC.0
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.1
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.2
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.3
MOV LCD_DB7, C
CLR LCD_E
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
NOP
NOP
Call MDelay
POP ACC
RET
; **********************************************************
MDELAY: ;one millisecond delay
PUSH ACC
MOV A,#30H
MD_DEL:
INC A
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
JNZ MD_DEL
NOP
POP ACC
RET
MADELAY:
PUSH ACC
MOV A,#036H
MAD_DEL:
INC A
NOP

69 | P a g e

NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
JNZ MAD_DEL
NOP
POP ACC
RET
;**********************************************************
SDELAY: ;half second delay routine
MOV R0,#02H
MFAM3: MOV R1,#0FFH
MFAM1: MOV R2,#0FFH
MFAM2: NOP
NOP
DJNZ R2,MFAM2
DJNZ R1,MFAM1
DJNZ R0,MFAM3
RET
END

70 | P a g e

;Receiving Code
;---------==========----------==========---------=========---------

D0 EQU P1.1
D1 EQU P1.0
D2 EQU P3.7
D3 EQU P3.0
VT EQU P3.5

LCD_RS EQU P1.7
LCD_E EQU P1.6
LCD_DB4 EQU P1.5
LCD_DB5 EQU P1.4
LCD_DB6 EQU P1.3
LCD_DB7 EQU P1.2
;=================
DSEG
Org 20H
Flags Data 20H
D10 Bit Flags.0
D11 Bit Flags.1
D12 Bit Flags.2
D13 Bit Flags.3

Flaags: DS 1
StatusT Bit Flaags.2
StatusB Bit Flaags.3
TempM: DS 1
ValuT_1: DS 1
ValuT_2: DS 1
ValuT_3: DS 1
ValuT_4: DS 1
Beats: DS 1
ValuB_1: DS 1
ValuB_2: DS 1
;==================
CSEG At 0
Org 00H
clr p3.1
Call Reset_LCD
mov r4,#80H
Call WLCDCom
Call Title
mov r4,#0c2h
Call WLCDCom
Call Title2
mov valuT_1,#00H
mov valuT_2,#00H
mov valuT_3,#00H
mov valuT_4,#00H
mov valuB_1,#00H
mov valuB_2,#00H

71 | P a g e

Top:

CALL READ
CALL MDELAY

CALL READ
mov ValuT_1,FLAGS
CALL MDELAY

CALL READ
MOV VALUT_2,FLAGS
CALL MDELAY

CALL READ
MOV VALUT_3,FLAGS
CALL MDELAY

Call READ
mov ValuT_4,FLAGS
Call MDelay

CALL READ
MOV VALUB_1,FLAGS
CALL MDELAY

CALL READ
MOV VALUB_2,FLAGS
CALL MDELAY

CALL READ
CALL MDELAY

mov r4,#01H ; printing temp. value to LCD
Call WLCDCom
mov r4,#80H
Call WLCDCom
Call Disp_Temp
mov a,ValuT_1
cjne a,#00H,H10
ajmp Next

H10: add a,#30H
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay

Next: mov a,ValuT_2
add a,#30H
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay


72 | P a g e

mov a,ValuT_3
add a,#30H
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
mov r4,#'.'
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay

mov a,ValuT_4
add a,#30H
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
mov r4,#'C'
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay

mov r4,#0c0H ;printing beats value to LCD
Call WLCDCom
Call Disp_HB
call Mdelay
mov a,ValuB_1
add a,#30H
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay

mov a,ValuB_2
add a,#30H
mov r4,a
Call WLCDData
Call MDelay
Call BPM
Call MDelay
; monitoring with buzzer
mov a,ValuT_2
SWAP a
ORL a,ValuT_3
mov TempM,a
clr Cy
Subb a,#35H
jnb cy, Next2
Setb StatusT
ajmp Other

Next2: mov a,TempM
clr Cy
Subb a,#38H
jb cy,Other
Setb Statust

73 | P a g e

Other: mov a,ValuB_1
SWAP a
ORL a,ValuB_2
mov Beats,a
Clr Cy
Subb a,#60H
jnb cy,Next3
Setb StatusB
Ajmp Finish

Next3: mov a,Beats
Clr Cy
Subb a,#90H
Jb cy,Finish
Setb StatusB

Finish: Jb StatusT,on_Buzzer
Jb StatusB,on_Buzzer
AJmp Last

on_Buzzer: Setb P3.1
Last: mov r6,#30 ;15 secands delay for buzzer and showing values
Here: Call SDelay
Djnz r6,Here

mov r4,#01H
Call WLCDCom
mov r4,#80H
Call WLCDCom
Call Done
mov r4,#0c2H
Call WLCDCom
Call Group
Ajmp Top


74 | P a g e

;**************=== Functions ===*****************:
;#####################################;
;##########################################################
READ: SETB VT
JNB VT,$
MOV FLAGS,#00H
SETB D0
JNB D0,MF1
SETB D10
MF1: SETB D1
JNB D1,MF2
SETB D11
MF2: SETB D2
JNB D2,MF3
SETB D12
MF3: SETB D3
JNB D3,MF4
SETB D13
MF4: JB VT,$
RET
;##########################################################
Title:
mov DPTR,#Masg1
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
Masg1: DB '#BIOMONITOR SYS#',00H
Title2:
mov DPTR,#Masg2
Call LCD_Masg
Ret

Masg2: DB 'For NMN Group',00H
Disp_Temp:
mov DPTR,#Masg6
Call LCD_Masg
Ret

Masg6: DB 'Temp: ',00H
Disp_HB:
mov DPTR,#Masg7
Call LCD_Masg
Ret

Masg7: DB 'HR: ',00H
BPM:
mov DPTR,#Masg8
Call LCD_Masg
Ret

Masg8: DB ' BPM',00H
Done:

75 | P a g e

mov DPTR ,#M1
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
M1: DB 'Done By:',00H

Group:
mov DPTR,#M2
Call LCD_Masg
Ret
M2: DB 'NMN Group',00H
;**********************************************************
INITLCD4:
CLR LCD_RS
CLR LCD_E
MOV R4, #28h
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #0ch
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #06h
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #01h
CALL WLCDCom
RET
; **********************************************************
RESET_LCD:
CLR LCD_RS
CLR LCD_E
CLR LCD_DB7
CLR LCD_DB6
SETB LCD_DB5
SETB LCD_DB4
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #4
CALL MDELAY
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #1
CALL MDELAY
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #1
CALL MDELAY
CLR LCD_DB4
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV A, #1
CALL MDELAY
MOV R4, #28h
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #08H

76 | P a g e

CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4, #1
CALL WLCDCom
MOV R4,#06h
CALL WLCDCom
JMP INITLCD4

; **********************************************************
LCD_Masg:
Clr A
movc A,@A+DPTR
jz LCD_End
mov r4,A
Call WLCDData
inc DPTR
Call MDelay
jmp LCD_Masg

LCD_End:
Ret
; **********************************************************
WLCDCom:
CLR LCD_E
CLR LCD_RS
PUSH ACC
MOV A, R4
MOV C, ACC.4
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.5
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.6
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.7
MOV LCD_DB7, C
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV C, ACC.0
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.1
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.2
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.3
MOV LCD_DB7, C
CLR LCD_E
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
CALL MADELAY
POP ACC
RET
; **********************************************************
WLCDData:

77 | P a g e

CLR LCD_E
SETB LCD_RS
PUSH ACC
MOV A, R4
MOV C, ACC.4
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.5
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.6
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.7
MOV LCD_DB7, C
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
MOV C, ACC.0
MOV LCD_DB4, C
MOV C, ACC.1
MOV LCD_DB5, C
MOV C, ACC.2
MOV LCD_DB6, C
MOV C, ACC.3
MOV LCD_DB7, C
CLR LCD_E
SETB LCD_E
CLR LCD_E
NOP
NOP
Call MDelay
POP ACC
RET
; **********************************************************
MDELAY: ;one millisecond delay
PUSH ACC
MOV A,#30H
MD_DEL:
INC A
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
JNZ MD_DEL
NOP
POP ACC
RET
MADELAY:
PUSH ACC
MOV A,#036H
MAD_DEL:

78 | P a g e

INC A
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
JNZ MAD_DEL
NOP
POP ACC
RET
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SDELAY: ;half Second Delay Routine
MOV R0,#02H
MFAM3: MOV R1,#0FFH
MFAM1: MOV R2,#0FFH
MFAM2: NOP
NOP
DJNZ R2,MFAM2
DJNZ R1,MFAM1
DJNZ R0,MFAM3
RET

END

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