1

Chapter 3 - Circuit Theorems

Superposition Theorem

Thevenins Theorems

Nortons Theorems

Maximum Power Transfer

2
Linearity
Linearity
Aitivity
!omo"eneity
Let say
#Aitivity$
#!omo"eneity$
3
%in"&e-'aria(&e Linear )*uations+
Mu&ti-varia(&es Linear )*uations+
,
Linear Circuit
A linear circuit is a circuit that can (e escri(e (y linear equations-
2I
1
+ 0I
2
+ 4I
3
= 2 ---#1$
0I
1
+

I
2
+ 4I
3
= 6 ---#2$
I
1
+ I
2
- I
3
= 0 ---#3$
Linear e*uations ----
.
Motivation
A Lar"e Comp&ex
Circuit
%imp&ifie
Circuit Ana&ysis
Circuit
Theorems
)xamp&e+
/
L
0
Superposition Theorem

%uperposition is usefu& for ana&ysis when there are

mu&tip&e sources in the circuit-
'o&ta"e across #or current
throu"h$ an e&ement in a
&inear circuit
1
A&"e(raic sum of vo&ta"es across
#or currents throu"h$ the e&ement
ue to each source actin"
independently-
%uperposition Princip&e+
2
3
3 %teps to app&y %uperposition Theorem+
1$ %e&ect one source 4 turn off all other source
5 %hort circuit a 'o&ta"e source
5 6pen circuit a Current source
2$ 7or each source8 etermine the contri(ution9output
#vo&ta"e9current$ of the active source-
3$ %um the tota& contri(ution of each source-
- A vo&ta"es9currents in same irection
- %u(tract vo&ta"es9currents in opposite irection
Superposition Theorem
:
%hort circuit a 'o&ta"e source
6pen circuit a Current source
Short circuit voltage
source
Open circuit current
source
Superposition Theorem
;
Superposition Theorem
Example 1:
Apply superposition to find i in the circuit.
Note+ there are two sources here-
1<
= se&ect this current
source an turn-off
other sources-
%o&ution
%hort-circuit--
11
i
1
=
6
6+4
(5)=3 A >Current ivier ru&e---?
12
= se&ect this vo&ta"e
source an turn-off
other sources-
6pen circuit-
13
i
2
=
20
6+4
=2 A
>6hm@s Law?
1,
Thus i = i
1
+ i
2
= 3 + 2 = 5 A
1.
A
-
A
-
A
-
A
-
0'
2ohm
2ohm
1:'
,ohm
<-2.'x
A
'x
-
B+ 7in 'x (y usin" superposition theorem-
10
A
-
A
-
A
-
A
-
0'
2ohm
2ohm
1:'
,ohm
<-2.'x
A
'x
-
A -
A
-
A
-
A
-
A
-
0'
2ohm
2ohm
1:'
,ohm
'x
A
'x
-
%ource conversion
%imp&ify
12
A -
A
-
A
-
0'
2ohm
2ohm
,ohm
A
'x
-
%hort
circuit
vo&ta"e
source-
%e&ect this vo&ta"e
source as
reference-
1:
A -
A
-
A
-
0'
2ohm
2ohm
,ohm
'x
A
'x
-
,ohm
A
-
A
'x
-
'x
No current f&ow throu"h
A
-
A
'x
-
'x
,ohm
6r
Thus8
>'o&ta"e of 2 ohm resistor
ue to 0' vo&ta"e source-?
1;
A -
A
-
A
-
2ohm 2ohm
1:'
,ohm
'x
A
'x
-
%hort-circuit the
0' vo&ta"e
source-
%e&ect 1:'
vo&ta"e source-
2<
A -
A
-
A
-
2ohm 2ohm
1:'
,ohm
'x
A
'x
-
Cnoa& ana&ysisD
21
A -
A
-
A
-
2ohm
2ohm
1:'
,ohm
A
'x
-
A
-
A
-
0'
Thus8
E
22
Any *uestionsF