FRANCISCO, Ma.

Francesca DL
2ASN2
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS :
CHAPTER 18 : LABOR UTILIZATION OUTSIDE THE TRADITIONAL
CULTURE

Colonial period
o the non-agricultural sector of the South Asian economy was
deeply affected same with the agricultural sector.
o The Europeans brought with them their own types of light
manufacturing and their agricultural processing industries
o they did tend to put some pressures on the traditional urban
handicrafts
o decrease in the support for national crafts
o TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING
The dominant form of manufacturing industry in all
South Asian countries
o CRAFT INDUSTRY
Tended to take on many of the latter-day characteristics
of indigenous culture
o WAGES were often so low that men were forced to leave their
families behind
o Managerial practices in South Asia also failed to create an
environment conducive to high labor efficiency
o The large scale entrepreneur tended to take some advantage
on some of the attributes of the big absentee landowner
EFFECTS OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION
o The difficult bargaining position of workers when they are so
far moved economically and socially from their employers and
there are so many jobless
o The strategic position of the jobber also frustrates the
formation of a solidly based labor organization
o Modern enterprises governed the utilization of labor and
affecting its performance
o There was the emergence of a third group of economic
activities
o Most of the forms of economic activity outside the traditional
agriculture lack the institutional checks on the duration and
efficiency of work
o Large scale manufacturing
SOUTH ASIANS

o Those who are dismissed from jobs in the organized segment

of the economy simply cannot afford the luxury of
unemployment
o The mounting size of urban population
The strongest influence on the availability of nonagricultural jobs
o MIGRATION
Caused by the decline in peasant ownership of land and
the recession in traditional rural crafts
Official attitudes that presuppose the rural-urban
migration is a normal healthy by-product of
industrialization
BASIC REASONS FOR THE EXISTENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF LOW
LABOR EFFICIENCY IN SOUTH ASIA :
o The bulk labor force is accustomed to the rhythm of sustained
and diligent work
o Management has often been lax in instilling discipline
o Employers frequently tolerate slack performance on the
ground that it provides a form of social insurance
o As long as wage scales remain low employers have no strong
inducement to economize
DETERMINANTS OF EFFICIENCY IN THE SOUTH ASIAN REGION :
o Fear or substitution of machines for labor has generally been
acute and has had an impact on official policy
o Caste, religious and ethnic stratification impose artificial
rigidities on occupational mobility in urban areas as well as in
tradition-bound villages
o The occupational distribution of workers help explain the low
average levels of productivity achieved by those who are
economically active
CROWDING OF THE SERVICES AND THE COMMERCIAL
TRADES
o Constant demand that the governments take on more
employees especially to those who would otherwise remain in
the ranks of the educated unemployed
THE EDUCATED CLASS
o Have preserved a singular position in the labor market
o Have displayed a remarkable ability to sustain themselves
even without gainful work
By relying on family assistance and support
o Demonstrates a high degree of geographical mobility
ANALYSIS

The educated class including us college students visualizes out future

as people who work in large offices ordering their subordinates and
people under them. That is exactly the same thing that I see myself
doing in the near future. In our future work life we need our
connections to get us somewhere. After reading the chapter I realized
how discriminating the vision is no matter how wonderful and easy that
life would be. That the educated people would just be ordering around
the uneducated class.