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Encoder
Decision 1
20, 11
Decision 2
00, 11
Or
Receiver
duobinary
code
binary
code
1 bit delay
Decoder
Xor
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Because the encoder prevents transitions between the zero-level and the two-level, the duobinary
format requires less bandwidth than the standard non-return to zero (NRZ) format. The
following power spectrum shows the relative bandwidth requirements of binary (NRZ) formats
versus duobinary.
Rb 2Rb 0 -Rb -2Rb
binary
duobinary
Figure 7. Power spectrum of binary and duobinary codes (excluding DC component)
Rb = bit rate
One significant advantage of duobinary encoding is that since the signal uses approximately one-
half the bandwidth, the dispersion tolerance of a duobinary system is three to four times longer
than when NRZ formats are used [4]. Also, the narrower spectrum will also allow twice as many
channels in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems to be packed into the
same bandwidth.
IX. Advanced Fiber Designs
As carriers look to new amplifier and transmission technologies to increase the capacity and
distances that they can transmit information, optical fiber types will evolve to add further value
to a network. The design of optical fibers is a multi-dimensional balancing act which requires
precise tuning of a fibers optical characteristics to achieve a design that will maximize value
when installed a network. As an example, Corning LEAF fiber was designed to provide a
balance between a large effective area to minimize non-linear effects and a low dispersion across
the 1550 nm region to reduce the costs associated with dispersion compensation.
Although, it has been the case for submarine cable systems for many years, it is possible that
within a few years terrestrial networks may begin to employ dispersion managed cables. The use
of dispersion managed cable in a terrestrial network may be to facilitate very high TDM rates
such as 80 Gb/s. Such a terrestrial dispersion managed cable system would likely utilize two or
more different fibers distinctly optimized for different performance features. These systems
differ from those utilizing dispersion compensation modules in that the compensation is
accomplished in a distributed fashion as opposed to discrete placement of modules. Of course
there are numerous, primarily logistical, issues that have so far precluded the use of dispersion
managed cables terrestrially. However, there have been recent demonstrations of TDM rates up
to 80 Gb/s utilizing dispersion managed cable with very real implications for terrestrial use.
X. Summary
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This paper has taken a brief look at the evolution of optical fiber used in todays terrestrial long
haul telecommunications networks. NZ-DSF has become the fiber of choice for new network
builds or expansions. This is primarily the result of economic and technical advantages over
SMF which allow a carrier more flexibility with respect to future optical networking
technologies, and reduced dispersion compensation requirements. Additionally, this paper
addressed emerging technologies for terrestrial networks such as Raman amplification, FEC, and
duobinary modulation. These advancements have the potential to increase transmission
distances and the data carrying capacity of fiber.
References:
[1] Lin and Costello, Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice-Hall
1983
[2] Sab and Fang, Concatenated Forward Error Correction Schemes for Long-Haul DWDM
Optical Transmission Systems, ECOC99
[3] Taylor, Neal, Internal Technical Report Duobinary Coding, BICC Cables Limited. April
1998.
[4] Katsaros et al, Experimental Demonstration of the Reduction of FWM with Duobinary
Modulation, ECOC99
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